e sl booklet - sofad · pdf filecountable and uncountable nouns ... in the reference booklet,...

EssEntial KnowlEdgE

REfEREncE BooKlEt

Compulsory reference material for:

ANG-3101-2 Joining a Community

ANG-3102-1 It’s a Matter of Taste

ANG-3103-1 Communicating Information

ANG-4101-2 Dare to Compare

ANG-4102-1 Stories

ANG-4103-1 Expressing Feelings and Opinions

ANG-5101-2 Examining Issues

ANG-5102-1 Suggestions and Advice

ANG-5103-1 Influencing Others

Esl

acKnowlEdgEmEnts

Project Manager: Jo-Ann Stanton

Main Writer: Michèle Ortiz

Contributors: Alexandra Coutlée

Nicholas Gallagher

Jo-Ann Stanton

Susanne Viktora

Content Revisor: Christine Béliveau

Copy Editor: Pouzeli inc.

Graphic Designer: Robin Patterson

Proofreader: Michèle Ortiz

First Printing: February 2013

© Société de formation à distance des commissions scolaires du Québec

All rights for translation and adaptation, in whole or in part, reserved for all countries. Any reproduction by mechanical or electronic means, including micro-reproduction, is forbidden without the written permission of a duly authorized representative of the Société de formation à distance des commissions scolaires du Québec (SOFAD).

Legal Deposit—2013

Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec

Library and Archives Canada

ISBN: 978-2-89493-451-7

3© SOFAD

Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL) Contents

contEnts

List of Tables �� 10Presentation �� 13How to Use the Reference Booklet �� 13

linguistic KnowlEdgE ��15majoR linguistic catEgoRiEs ��17

adjEctivEs ��19Placement of Adjectives �� 19Adjectives Ending in –ing and –ed �� 19Proper Adjectives �� 20Possessive Adjectives �� 20Demonstrative Adjectives �� 21Adjectives Followed by an Infinitive �� 21Adjectives of Quantity �� 21Compound Adjectives and Nouns as Modifiers �� 22Order of Adjectives �� 22

advERBs ��24Adverbs of Frequency �� 24Adverbs of Degree �� 24Adverbs of Time �� 25Adverbs of Purpose �� 25Adverbs of Quantity �� 26Adverbs Used to Show Similarity and Difference �� 26Adverbs of Manner �� 26Adverbs of Place �� 27Position of Adverbs �� 27

Modifying an Adjective or Another Adverb �� 27Modifying a Verb �� 27

aRticlEs and QuantifiERs ��29Articles �� 29

Definite Articles �� 29Indefinite Articles �� 29Article Omission �� 29

Indefinite Quantifiers �� 30conjunctions ��31

Coordinating Conjunctions �� 31Correlative Conjunctions �� 31

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Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL)

Subordinating Conjunctions �� 32Cause and Effect �� 32Condition �� 32Opposition �� 32Purpose �� 32Time �� 32

gERunds ��33As Subjects �� 33As Objects �� 33After a Preposition �� 33

modal auxiliaRiEs ��34Ability / Capability: Can and Be Able To �� 35Possibility: May, Might and Could �� 37Polite Requests: Could and Would �� 38Obligation / Prohibition: Must and Have To �� 39Permission: May and Can �� 41Advice: Should �� 41

nouns ��43Proper Nouns �� 43Common Nouns �� 43

Countable and Uncountable Nouns �� 43Collective Nouns �� 44Compound Nouns �� 44Possessive Nouns �� 45

How to Form the Possessive �� 45Forming Plurals �� 46

Regular Plurals �� 46Add –s �� 46Add –es �� 46

Irregular Plurals �� 47Form Change �� 47Latin Origin �� 47No Change �� 47

PREPositions ��48Prepositions of Time �� 48Prepositions of Place �� 48Prepositions of Movement �� 50Prepositions Indicating Origin and Material �� 50

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Prepositions Indicating Subject or Topic �� 51Prepositions Indicating Omission �� 51

PRonouns ��52Personal Subject and Object Pronouns �� 52Possessive Pronouns �� 53Demonstrative Pronouns �� 53Relative Pronouns �� 54Indefinite Pronouns �� 54Reciprocal Pronouns�� 55Reflexive Pronouns �� 55Impersonal Pronouns �� 56

vERBs ��57Verb Inflections �� 57Participles: Present and Past �� 57To Be (Present and Past) �� 57Verb + Infinitive �� 59

Voice �� 59Active Voice �� 59Passive Voice �� 59

Verb Moods and Tenses �� 61Imperative Mood�� 61Indicative Mood �� 61

Simple Present Tense �� 62Present Progressive�� 63Present Perfect �� 64Present Perfect Progressive �� 65Present Perfect vs� Present Perfect Progressive �� 65Simple Past �� 66Present Perfect vs� Simple Past �� 68Past Progressive �� 68Past Perfect �� 69Past Perfect Progressive �� 70Simple Future �� 70Future With Be + Going To �� 71Future Progressive �� 72Future Perfect �� 72Future Perfect Progressive �� 73

Conditional Forms �� 74

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Conditional Tense �� 74First Conditional �� 75Second Conditional �� 75Third Conditional �� 75

Subjunctive Mood �� 75Irregular Verbs �� 76

othER linguistic ElEmEnts ��79comPaRativE and suPERlativE foRms �� 81

Comparatives �� 81Comparative Adjectives �� 81

Superiority, Inferiority and Equality �� 81With Modifiers �� 82

Comparative Adverbs �� 83Superlatives �� 83

Superlative Adjectives �� 83Superlative Adverbs �� 84

Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives �� 85Irregular Adjectives �� 85Countable and Uncountable Nouns �� 85

oRthogRaPhy ��86General Basic Spelling Rules �� 86

I Before E �� 86Final e Before –ing �� 86Double Last Consonant �� 86Changing y to ie �� 86Hyphen After Some Prefixes �� 86Adding –ly to Form an Adverb �� 87

Canadian, British, and American Spelling �� 87Capitalization �� 88Punctuation�� 88

At the End of a Sentence �� 88Period �� 88Question Mark �� 89Exclamation Mark �� 89

In a Sentence �� 89Comma �� 89Semicolon �� 89Colon �� 89

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Quotation Marks and Ellipsis �� 90Phonology ��91

Contractions �� 91The Auxiliary to be �� 91The Auxiliary to have �� 92Other Auxiliaries �� 93

Pronunciation of –ed for the Past Tense of Regular Verbs �� 93Relaxed Pronunciation �� 94Silent Letters �� 95Syllable Stress �� 95

Stress in Multi-Syllable Words �� 95Stress in Compound Words �� 96

Intonation for Questions �� 96Intonation for Emphasis �� 97

sEmantics ��98Prefixes and Suffixes �� 98

Prefixes �� 98Suffixes �� 99

Abbreviations �� 99Abbreviations with Initial Letters �� 100Acronyms �� 100

Antonyms and Synonyms �� 101Cognates and False Cognates �� 102Heteronyms �� 103Homophones �� 104Metaphors and Similes �� 105Good vs� Well �� 105Make vs� Do �� 106Phrasal Verbs �� 107

Inseparable Phrasal Verbs �� 107Separable Phrasal Verbs �� 107Separable and Inseparable According to Meaning �� 108

sEntEncE stRuctuRE ��110Spelling and Punctuation �� 110Types of Sentences �� 110

Single Clause Sentence Structure �� 110Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative (Question Form) �� 111

Compound Sentence Structure �� 111

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Complex Sentence Structure �� 112Parallel Structure �� 112Questions �� 113

Open-Ended Questions �� 113Wh– Words �� 114

Closed-Ended Questions �� 114Tag Questions �� 115

Reported Speech�� 116Direct Speech �� 116Indirect Speech �� 116Changing Direct to Indirect Speech �� 117

usEful stRuctuREs and ExPREssions ��119Expressing Emphasis �� 119Expressing Expectation �� 119Expressing Means or Methods �� 120Expressing Repeated Activities �� 121Expressing Suggestions �� 122Using There Is and There Are �� 122

Negative and Question Forms �� 123tExtual KnowlEdgE ��125

cohEREncE and cohEsion ��127oRganization of idEas ��129

Questions to Answers �� 129Chronological Order �� 129General to Specific �� 130Specific to General �� 130Climactic�� 131Statement to Example �� 131Claim to Counter-Claim �� 132Problem to Solution �� 132

tExtual cohEsion: agREEmEnt ��133Person, Number, Gender, Case Agreement �� 133Pronoun Antecedent Agreement �� 134Verb Agreement�� 134

tRansitional ExPREssions ��136Transitional Expressions of Time �� 136Transitional Expressions of Space �� 136Transitional Expressions of Comparison �� 136

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Transitional Expressions of Contrast �� 137Transitional Expressions of Summary �� 137Transitional Expressions of Concession �� 137Transitional Expressions of Emphasis �� 137Transitional Expressions of Addition �� 137Transitional Expressions for Examples �� 138Transitional Expressions of Intensification �� 138

tExtual oRganization ��139tExts: intERnal fEatuREs ��141

Language Register �� 141Formal language �� 141

Characteristics �� 141Informal language �� 141

Characteristics �� 141Development of Oral Texts �� 142Organization, Layout and Components of Written Texts �� 142

Organization of Written Texts �� 142Layout and Components of Written Texts �� 142

tExts: ExtERnal fEatuREs ��144Context �� 144Purpose �� 144

Informing �� 144Expressing �� 145Persuading �� 145

Target Audience �� 145indEx ��147

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Possessive Adjectives �� 20Demonstrative Adjectives �� 21Adjective Order �� 22Modal Auxiliaries (Summary) �� 34Modal Auxiliary – Can �� 35Be Able To, Affirmative Form �� 36Be Able To, Negative Form �� 36Be Able To, Question Form �� 36Modal Auxiliary – May �� 37Modal Auxiliary – Might �� 38Modal Auxiliary – Could �� 38Modal Auxiliary – Must �� 39Have To �� 40Do Not Have To �� 40Does Not Have To �� 41Modal Auxiliary – Should �� 42Regular Plural, Add –s �� 46Regular Plural, Add –es �� 46Prepositions of Time �� 48Prepositions of Place �� 49Prepositions of Movement �� 50Prepositions Indicating Origin and Material �� 50Prepositions Indicating Subject or Topic �� 51Prepositions Indicating Omission �� 51Personal Pronouns, Subject and Object �� 52Possessive Pronouns �� 53Demonstrative Pronouns �� 53Reflexive Pronouns �� 55Verb To Be, Affirmative Form �� 58Verb To Be, Negative Form �� 58Verb To Be, Question Form �� 58Verbs – Active and Passive Voices in Various Tenses �� 60Verb Tenses – Indicative Mood �� 61 Indicative Mood Tenses Graphic �� 62Verb Tenses – Simple Present �� 63Verb Tenses – Present Progressive �� 63Verb Tenses – Present Perfect �� 64Verb Tenses – Present Perfect Progressive �� 65Verb Tenses – Simple Past Regular and Irregular Verbs �� 67Verb Tenses – Present Perfect vs� Simple Past �� 68Verb Tenses – Past Progressive �� 69Verb Tenses – Past Perfect �� 69Verb Tenses – Past Perfect Progressive �� 70

list of taBlEs

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Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL) List of Tables

Verb Tenses – Simple Future �� 71Verb Tenses – Future with Be + Going to �� 71Verb Tenses – Future Progressive �� 72Verb Tenses – Future Perfect �� 73Verb Tenses – Future Perfect Progressive �� 73Verb Tenses – Conditional Tense �� 74Common Irregular Verbs �� 76Comparative Adjectives of Superiority �� 81Comparative Adjectives of Inferiority �� 82Comparative Adjectives of Equality or Inequality �� 82Comparative Adjectives Used with Modifiers �� 82Comparative Adverbs �� 83Superlative Adjectives of Superiority �� 84Superlative Adjectives of Inferiority �� 84Superlative Adverbs �� 84Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives �� 85Irregular Comparative Countable and Uncountable Nouns �� 85Irregular Superlative Countable and Uncountable Nouns �� 85Canadian, British, and American Spelling �� 87Contractions – To Be: Affirmative Form �� 91Contractions – To Be: Simple Past �� 91Contractions – To Have: Affirmative Form, Present �� 92Contractions – To Have: Negative Form, Present �� 92Contractions – To Have: Affirmative Form, Past �� 92Contractions – To Have: Negative Form, Past �� 93Silent Letters �� 95Common Abbreviations, Clothing and Measurements �� 101Common False Cognates �� 102Heteronyms �� 103Common Homophones �� 104Phrasal Verbs – Separable and Inseparable According to Meaning �� 109Sentence Structure – Affirmative �� 111Sentence Structure – Negative �� 111Sentence Structure – Question Form (open-ended) �� 114Sentence Structure – Question Form (closed-ended) �� 115Direct to Indirect Speech – Tense Changes �� 117Direct to Indirect Speech – Keyword Changes �� 118Expectation – Be Supposed to Present Tense �� 120Expectation – Be Supposed to Past Tense �� 120Repeated Activities – Be Used to Present Tense �� 121Repeated Activities – Be Used to Past Tense �� 121Repeated Activities – Be Used to Future Tense �� 122

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Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL) Presentation

PREsEntation

The Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet contains the linguistic and textual subject-specific knowledge specified in the English as a Second Language (ESL) program of study and the course contents.

Referred to simply as “Reference Booklet” in the workbooks, it is the compulsory reference material for the following courses:

ANG-3101-2 Joining a Community

ANG-3102-1 It’s a Matter of Taste

ANG-3103-1 Communicating Information

ANG-4101-2 Dare to Compare

ANG-4102-1 Stories

ANG-4103-1 Expressing Feelings and Opinions

ANG-5101-2 Examining Issues

ANG-5102-1 Suggestions and Advice

ANG-5103-1 Influencing Others

how to usE thE REfEREncE BooKlEt

In the workbooks for each course, explicit reference is made to the specific linguistic or textual knowledge item that is being studied.

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In the Reference Booklet, there are three ways to find the linguistic or textual knowledge item that you are looking for.1) Use the Table of Contents and the List of Tables at the beginning of the booklet.

2) Use the Index at the end of the booklet. All important words or expressions are listed in alphabetical order with the pages numbers where they appear.

3) Use the page headers: the specific linguistic or textual knowledge item appears in the exterior margin of the right-hand page.

linguistic KnowlEdgE

majoR linguistic catEgoRiEs

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Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL) Adjectives

adjEctivEs

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.

¡ This is a good job for a student; it’s also interesting�

The form of an adjective does not change. It does not matter if the noun being modified is male or female, singular or plural, subject or object. Adjectives are invariable.

¡ The green pens belong to the tall girl�

PlacEmEnt of adjEctivEs

The adjective is usually placed before the noun. It describes people, places and things.

¡ Dr� Welby is an excellent doctor� He treats sick people. ¡ The new library will attract many people from my community�

The adjective can also be placed after a verb.

¡ Isabelle’s summer job is to babysit children who are young� ¡ I’m worried about Liam, he looks sick�

adjEctivEs Ending in –ing and –ed

Adjectives of feeling or emotion are formed by adding –ing or –ed to a verb.

Adjectives ending in –ed are past participles of verbs. They are used to describe how people feel:

¡ Nadine was so excited to find an apartment in her favorite neighbourhood� She was surprised to find out the rent was reasonable�

¡ Peter was prepared for his job interview� He was not worried�

Adjectives ending in –ing are present participles of verbs. They are used to describe things:

¡ I would like to find an interesting summer job, not a boring one� ¡ My new job is very challenging.

The y in worry was replaced by an i before adding the –ed.

The e in the adjectives boring (from the verb bore) and challenging (from the verb challenge) was removed before adding the –ing.

See General Basic Spelling Rules for more details.

notEs

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Linguistic Knowledge Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL)

PRoPER adjEctivEs

Proper adjectives describe nationalities, cultures, or religions.

Proper adjectives always begin with a capital letter.

Proper adjectives are placed before the noun they modify and are invariable.

¡ My friend Amir has just become a Canadian citizen� ¡ The new restaurant down the block serves excellent Indian cuisine�

¾ Notice the adjective new. It is a common adjective; it doesn’t take a capital letter.

¡ I will need to buy a French-English dictionary for my course�

PossEssivE adjEctivEs

The possessive adjective is placed before the noun and refers to the possessor (the person who is the owner), not to the object.

PossEssivE adjEctivEs

1st Person Singular

2nd Person Singular

3rd Person Singular

3rd Person Singular

3rd Person Singular

1st Person Plural

2nd Person Plural

3rd Person Plural

Possessive Adjective

my your hisfor a man or a boy

herfor a woman or a girl

itsfor an animal or an object

our your their

¡ Joshua and his sisters are registered for the community event�

possessor possessive noun adjective

¡ Susan and her two friends are taking their yoga classes at the Community Centre� ¡ My neighbour makes her own compost� She uses it to fertilize her garden�

In the third example, we must assume the neighbour is a woman (her), even though no name is mentioned in the first sentence to give us a clue.

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dEmonstRativE adjEctivEs

The demonstrative adjective is placed directly before the noun, without an article. There are four demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those.

¡ This pen and these books are Roxanne’s, but that pencil and those books are Jarrod’s�

dEmonstRativE adjEctivEs

Singular Plural

for a person or thing that is close This cell phone right here is mine� Seb found these earphones�

for a person or thing that is far That is your workbook over there� Those students are coming to class�

adjEctivEs followEd By an infinitivE

An infinitive verb is often used after adjectives that describe or express feelings and emotions.

¡ Angela was anxious to start her new job as an executive assistant� ¡ This arts and crafts activity at the Community Centre was fun to do� ¡ It was interesting to see so many people at our fundraiser�

adjEctivEs of Quantity

Adjectives of quantity answer the questions: how much? how many?

The answer to the question how much calls for an uncountable noun.

¡ I have little time before I have to finish my homework� ¡ I have much work to do before I can leave�

The answer to the question how many calls for a countable noun.

¡ I have a few days before I have to finish my homework� ¡ There are many homework assignments in every course�

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Linguistic Knowledge Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL)

comPound adjEctivEs and nouns as modifiERs

A compound adjective is an adjective that is made up of two or more words.

Hyphens join the words when they are placed before the noun they modify.

¡ Alexandra wants to rent a one-bedroom apartment close to school� ¾ The modifier one-bedroom is an adjective because it describes the noun apartment. A hyphen

joins the words one and bedroom because they are placed before the noun.

¡ She is also looking for a part-time job because she goes to school full time� ¾ The modifier part-time is an adjective because it describes the noun job. No hyphen is

needed in the compound adjective full time because it is placed after the noun.

oRdER of adjEctivEs

Adjectives are usually placed before a noun or after a verb. However, when using more than one adjective, they have to be placed in a certain order.

¡ The ad showed three beautiful young women� ¡ Travis brought these big red apples� ¡ On the table were several delicious French pastries� ¡ That pretty new pink silk blouse matches my skirt� ¡ I wore my comfortable big new black Italian wool sweater� ¡ Many large Coke bottles were on display�

adjEctivE oRdER

Determiner Opinion Size, Shape

Age Color Nationality Religion or Label

Material Noun

three beautiful young womenthese big red applesseveral delicious French pastriesThat pretty new pink silk blousemy comfortable big new black Italian wool sweaterMany large Coke bottles

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No commas are necessary to separate the adjectives, except when they belong to the same category.

¡ Emily loves to eat fresh, juicy, crisp green apples�

opinion color noun

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e sl booklet - sofad · pdf filecountable and uncountable nouns ... in the reference booklet,...

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