e-portfolio

E-Portfolio – Verónica Espinoza Martínez- III CO 2012

Unit 1

In the past the term addiction was used to refer to the psychoactive dependence of a substances

that by consumed temporarily change the chemical balance of the brain; for example the alcohol,

tobacco and some drugs. In these days, psychologists and health care professionals and lay

people are considering addiction as a psychological dependency...

The new century and advanced technology, brought to the changes in the interests of the people

and their extreme attention, and why not in the way of how to release stress or feel "relaxed"

stress or problems, or just fun . Typical addiction of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes are not the

only ones that affect and manipulate the lives of people.

As mentioned above Addiction is a physical or psychological dependence to a substance or

activity despite the negative consequences that can be causing that behavior. Examples of these

modern addictions are: Plastic Surgery Addiction, Internet Addiction, Sex Addiction, Tanorexia

(Tanning Addiction), Oniomania (Shopping Addiction), Exercise Addiction, Teeth Whitening

Addiction,Television Addiction,Love Addiction, Workaholism (Work Addiction).

There are many causes why people become addicted: Factors like genetics play an important

role, also mental illness like anxiety or depression. The social environment also plays an

important role, this because the person can be joined with the wrong persons. Also a childhood

trauma can shape a child's brain chemistry and subsequent vulnerability to addiction.Also

sometimes the stress on persons can affect them in a way that they could become addicts, the

stress is cause for many factor like physical, psicologic or social and environmental,


When a person is addicted may experience certain consequences among which we can mention

the experience withdrawal symptoms, irritability, lack of concentration, insomnia. On the other

side will gradually isolating society, ie be closing in on himself and his vice because he thinks

that's all well and makes you happy, stop having friends, have bad relationships with family with

the couple, with the co-workers to the point of abandoning their work. In short, people with these

addictions suffer consequences at three levels: psychological, emotional, behavioral and social.

Whether physical or psychological, we know you can beat an addiction. Millions of people have

been helped in their recovery, and many millions remain in recovery lifetime. The goal of

psychological treatments for most of these modern addictions focuses on relearning of behavior

control, this in order to get the person knows how to act to prevent relapse risk situations are

analyzed, which assesses psychological and physical development of the person. Finally it is

vital that the person suffering from addiction have a very good organization of this leisure to

keep away from the addiction and keep your mind busy, exercise and introduce changes in its

shape or lifestyle

Vocabulary

Surf: look for information on Internet-

Engaging in: taking part in or becoming involve in.

Turning each other in: telling, denounce betrayal.

Devoting: giving or using something for a purpose like time or effort

Compulsiveness: inability to control certain behavior.

Therapy: treatment of problems by talking about them.

Putting together: organizing.

Support groups: people who meet to help each other with a problem they all share.


Present with: show signs of an illness by having a type or behavior or condition.

Coming out: becoming publicly known.

Fulfillment: personal satisfaction.

Expressions for building on others ideas

To add to your idea, I think students socialize differently online than they do when they

are face to face.

Not only that, but I would also say that people interact more creatively when they

interact face to face.

Your point makes me think of another issue, which is the trend toward using cell phone

texting more than e-mail.

Another thing I ‘like to bring up is the fact some addictions are more destructive than

others.

You speak of needing to say connected; then, can I also assume that you carry your cell

phone with you all times?

Wish Statements- Expressing unreality

Wish Situation Examples

Present and future wish

Use wish + would or could

-I wish she would be my friend or would

or could be my friend.

-I wish he could or would come tomorrow

Present wish

Use wish + past from of the verb

-I wish he knew me beter.

-I wishes he loved her more.

Present wish (verb to be)

Use past form: wish+ were-

-I wish English hadn`t been so difficult to

me

Past wishes

Use wish+ had + past participle

-I wish I had finished my carrier

-I wish she had eaten more protein ( pas )

Past wishes: could

Use wish+ could have+ past participle

-I wish I could have given her the money


Unit 2

Vocabulary

Pervasive: existing or spreading everywhere

Trivial: unimportant, of little value

Tattling on each other : tell something bad that another person has done

Mislead :continuing without stopping or losing strength

Veneer: a cover that hides the way someone or something really is

Relentless: make someone believe something that is not true.

Finely honed: sharpened; perfected

Conceal: hide something carefully

Preoccupation: the condition of thinking about only

Intrusive: affecting someone’s private life in an annoying way

Erosion: the gradual reduction or wearing down of something

Inflated: exaggerated; overly important.


Modals- Degrees of certainty

Almost Certain

Present Must

Past Must +have +past participle(must’ve)

Almost Certain, negative (Impossible)

Present /Future Can’t / Couldn’t

Past Can’t / Couldn’t +have + past participle (couldn’t’ve)

Quite Sure

Future Should / ought to

Past Should +have +past participle(shoul’ve)

Less Certain

Present/ Future Could/may / migth

Pas Could/ may /migth +have +past participle (might’ve)


Unit 3

Vocabulary

Carried away: overly excited

Draw out : encouraging

think of : point of view

widespread: common

wind up: end up

Reticent : unwilling to talk

Phobia : very strong fear

Merit: value

Extroverted: very sociable

Adverse : negative

Syndrome: condition

Chronic : continual in a medical sense

Kindred souls. people having similar interests

Misattributions: false assumptions

Handicap: disadvantage

Aloof : distant

Condescending: treating others as inferior


Adjectives Clauses

Identifying adjective clause

Has a subject and verb

Modifies specific nouns and pronouns

Can be introduce by who, whom, which, that , whose, where and when

Is not set off by commas.

Is essential to the meaning of sentence.

Nonidentifying adjective

Has a subject and a verb

Is use with the relative pronouns who, whom, which, and whose . it is also used with

where and when and cannot be used with that.

Must describe a specific person or thing

Is set off by commas

Is not essential to the meaning of the sentence and may be omitted.

Quantifying expressions

Nonidentifying adjective clauses often contain expressions of quantity such as many

of, most of, some of, none of, two of, several of, half of, all of, each of, both of and a

number of .

Use the structure quantifier+ preposition+ relative pronoun only who, whom , where,

when or which


Unit 4

Vocabulary

Transmission : passing of something from one person, place , or thing to another

Mavens : people who know a lot and talk a lot about a particular subject

Word of mouth : related to people telling people

Generate: produce or create

Got a hold of : contacted ; communicated with

Consumed by : totally involved in

Profiled :described

Root : Origin

Goes a long way toward : succeeds in

Holds : is true

Epidemic : Spread quickly, fashion wise

Win (someone )over : persuade someone to do something

Pronunciation: Stress Changing suffixes

One syllable in a word has primary stress. The vowel in that syllable is long and loud. When you add

certain suffixes to base words a different syllable may be stressed

Define + tion =definition

Proverb +ial = proverbial

Stress usually falls on the part of the word just before these suffixes

Tion/ sion = connection

Ial / cial/ tial = financial

Ity = publicity

Ic / ical =rea;istic


Adverb Clauses of result

Adverb clauses of result with such .. that and so …that present the result of a situation that is

stated in the first clause

Adverb clauses of result are introduced by

such+ noun or noun phrase+ that + clause of result

So+ adjective +that+ clause of result

So+ adverb+ that +clauses of result

So is also used before many, few.

So much and little uncountable noun +that

So+ much/few + count noun + that


Unit 5

Vocabulary

Frowned upon: disapproved of

Hard bitten : tough, experienced

Transcendent : beyond the limits of ordinary experience

Digression: idea that is unrelated to the topic

Caught off guard :surprised

Abundance: a large quantity of something

Aligning : properly positioning

Circulate : moves, flows

Sense :feel and know

Quote : repeat what someone else has said or written

Skeptically: with doubt

Anecdotes: personal stories

Spoken discourse connectors

Discourse connectors are words and expressions that can connect ideas in speaking and writing.

Contrast Addition Result

( unexpected result)

But plus so

However in addition as a result

On the other hand on top of that


Expression Explanation Boy Use an exclamation followed by an

inversion auxiliary then main verb

I wouldn’t say …but I would say Used to clarify the meaning

Would no more than… Followed by something obviously unreasonable

Talk about… Followed by an explanation

I`d have to say Used to emphasize a strong point


Unit 6

Vocabulary

Prophets : holy men

Ascetic : living without any physical pleasures or comforts, especially for

religious reasons

Fasting: eating little or no food for a special reason

Divine : coming from god or a god

Enacted a law: made a new official rule

Vibrant : full of energy and life

Hectic : very busy: full of activity

Replenish : renew and refill

Well- being : a feeling of being happy, healthy, or satisfied

Refrain from: not do something you want to do

Will :determination

Fosters : develops

Gratitude: thankfulness

Humility: not being too proud

Eastern religions: asceticism

All religions: anti materialism

Hectic: very busy; full of activity

Quest: search

Trace: finds the origins of somethings

Took on: started

Fostered: developed


Well- being :feeling of being happy healthy or satisfied

Notion of: idea

Pull back: withdraw

Refrain from :not do something you want to do

Draw: make someone willing to talk

Over time; gradually

Caught on :became popular

Royalties : money paid to a writer

Enact: make a rule or law.

Listening

Religion Reason for fasting

Eastern religions Asceticism

All religions Anti-materialism

Judaism Preservation of an ancient tradition

Episcopalianism Spiritual discipline

Mormonism Anti-competitiveness

Islam Spiritual renewal

Expressions for hesitation

Hmmm, let’s see now

Hmmm, I’m not exactly sure, but maybe

Well, let me think for a minute

Well, that’s a good question


Quantifiers before count nouns Quantifiers before non-count

A lot of

Many /a great many

Quite a few

A (large) number of certain

Not many

Very few ( just a few/only a few)

fewer

A lot of

A great deal of

Quite a bit of

A large amount of

Not much

Very little(just a little/only a little)

less

Few/ little A few / a little

Negative meaning

Similar to not much and not many

Positive meaning

Similar to some ( when talking about a

small quantity


Unit 7

Vocabulary

Employees: people who work for a company or organization

Employer: person or organization that you work for

Keep an eyes on :watch closely and continuously

Surveillance : the act of watching carefully

Safeguards: range

Eavesdropping: listen to secretly

Legitimate: lawful; reasonable

A log: an official written record

Scope: protections

Willy nilly: unpredictably; without our choosing

Dignity: respectability, seriousness

Demeaned: insulted

Driving: causing

Sinister: evil

Deter: prevent

Racial slurs: insulting comments about a person`s race.


Verbs Meaning

Forget + gerund

He will never forget having his calls

monitored.

The experience was so demeaning

Forget + infinitive

The manager was fired because he forget

to write a report about his staff`s phone

calls

Stop + gerund

She stopped calling her friends during

office hours

Stop +infinitive

When she realized how late she was

working she stopped to call home

To forget an experience usually one that is

particularly good or bad

To forget to do something

To stop doing something for an extended

time

To stop doing something for a moment in

order to do something

Speakers use special expressions to introduce their main ideas and to frame or focus their key

arguments. Framing your arguments makes it stronger and more sophisticated. Notice that these

expressions are more interesting than “I think…” or “In my opinion…”

The real question is, if we’re not doing anything wrong, what do we have to worry

about?

I mean, you would have to agree that when you’re in the office, you’re not conducting

your private life.

The point I want to make has to do with trust.

Let me just pose a question here: Isn’t it fact that we all take work home once in a

while?

I would say specifically that most employees have no idea their bosses are snooping on

them.

The thing we need to look at is the fact that balancing privacy and security is really a

delicate matter.


Unit 8

Vocabulary

Likely to explode tense: volatile

Communicating widely : disseminating

Rules: codes

Signed; officially approved : ratified

Save: spare

Support and follow: subscribe to

Moral and legal acceptability : legitimacy

Existed; lasted: prevailed

Values shared by all human beings: human universals

Completely destructive: devastating

Cruel and extremely acceptable; establish: barbarism and savagery

Control : restrain

Illogical; unexpected: counterintuitive

Direct and indirect speech

Direct speech is a quotation of someone‘s exact words.

Indirect speech reports or tells what someone said without using the person exact

words. When you use indirect speech, try to vary the reporting verbs.


Unit 9

Vocabulary Enhance : improve

Proficiency : ability and skill

Abstract reasoning: ability to understand general concepts that cannot be

immediately seen or felt

Self esteem : confidence

Underscoring : emphasizing

Neurological : related to nerves

Hallmark : outstanding feature

Sequential : in a particular order

Interventions : special activities to prevent bad results

Curriculum : list of subjects taught

Well- rounded : complete and varied

Building blocks :parts ; pieces

The passive voice and the passive causative

Subject Form of the verb

to be past participle complement

The students Are Given A well rounded education

His self- esteem Are given By the new arts curriculum

Intervention Wiil be Needed if things don’t

improve

The curriculum is going to be improve

The pieces Must be Practiced

The neurons Might have been Stimulated

Spatial reasoning Is being Improved


Unit 9

ALL NATURAL

It started as a dream, but not had the means to make it real. Pamela Umaña, a

housewife, from San Luis de Heredia, with the help of God primarily and her

husband established a small business of selling breakfast and lunch at home and

nearby businesses to earn extra income for family.

The quality in your cooking, love for their customers

and the excellent service offered, began giving great

fruit as time passed. The recipes for 10 people were

left behind and menus for 50 and 60 people were

making way for the small business that Pamela began

to grow to the point that after 6 months of hard work, their skills

were inadequate for the high demand for their customers, so he decided to hire his

first assistant cook. Boards preparing the best dishes of the sector, not realizing that

he is taking the business, and with a year of producing breakfast and lunch,

businesses and other users knew the food sector and increasingly approached her

house and taste their dishes and are impressed with the delicacy and quality with

which they were treated and even made to take orders.

Soon after, Pamela began to see that his house was no

longer a space large enough for all the guests who

came and thought he needed a new space, with larger

and more capable furniture, look and look and found

a space in a facility located in the Sabana, San Jose.

As expected the amplitude of its new store called the

attention of many more customers to the point that

reached 200 personnel daily and as expected and she and her assistant were

not enough to meet them all so third assistant contract This would prepare desserts

and drinks for the demands of their customers. Eventually he realized that it was

good for people to know your business does not like soda or coffee but with a name,

and after several ideas, chose the name "All Natural" which in Spanish means "Todo

Natural" from then the "small" business home became a famous soda - restaurant,

which already has more than 5 years of being in operation.


Zapatista Army of National Liberation

Is a revolutionary leftist group based in Chiapas, the southernmost state of

Mexico

The group takes its name from Emiliano Zapata, the agrarian reformer and

commander of the Liberation Army of the South during the Mexican Revolution,

and sees itself as his ideological heir. In reference to inspirational figures, in

nearly all EZLN villages exist murals accompanying images of Zapata,Che

Guevara and Subcomandante Marcos.

Since 1994, the group has been in a declared war "against the Mexican state,"

though this war has been primarily nonviolent and defensive against military, and

military incursions into Chiapas companies.

The leader of this movement now called Subcomandante Marcos or

Subcomandante Marcos is the nom de guerre used by Rafael Sebastian Guillen

Vicente, the chief ideologue, spokesman and military commander of the

Zapatista Army of National Liberation, which made its public appearance on 1

January 1994, to launch an offensive military which took six municipalities in the

southern Mexican state of Chiapas, demanding democracy, freedom, land, bread

and justice for indigenous people.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

The defense of collective and individual rights historically denied to indigenous

Mexicans.

The construction of a new nation that includes democracy, freedom and justice

as fundamental principles of a new way of doing politics.

The fabric of a network of resistances and rebellions alter mundistas on behalf of

humanity and against neoliberalism.


In February 1974 in San Miguel would arise Nepantla, State of Mexico, a

confrontation between a federal Army unit, commanded by then Lt. Col. Acosta

Chaparro, and members of the FLN, as a result of this confrontation, the FLN lost

its ability operational. In the early eighties some of its founding members decided

the Zapatista Army of National Liberation.

So, on November 17, 1983, a group of people, among whom were Indians and

mestizos, constituted formally declared the formation of a regular army that on 1

January 1994 would come to light under the declaration of war the Mexican

government.

Consequences of armed uprising

There were any number of people displaced from the conflict zone both

fleeing government troops, the paramilitary or the Zapatistas.

At the EZLN military attacks, followed a series of responses from government

troops and armed civilians grouped in self-defense forces with varying

degrees of support from government troops. Matanzas, riot, terrorism.

The organization Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that Mexico's guerrilla

movements against the rights and physical and mental health of children (6 to

15 years) to recruit to meet military activities.

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