ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPIC STUDIES ON MAJOR KARST AQUIFER IN LAKE VAN BASIN (TURKEY)

Harun AYDIN(a)

harun@yyu.edu.tr

Erkan DİŞLİ(a), Mehmet EKMEKÇİ(b), Levent TEZCAN(b), Nevin AKSOY(c) (a) Department of Environmental Engineering, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey

(b) International Research Center for Karst Water Resources (UKAM), Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey (c) 17th Regional Directory of State Hydraulic Works, Van, Turkey

27 March – 1 April 2011, Monaco

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ISOTOPES IN HYDROLOGY, MARINE ECOSYSTEMS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES OCEANOGRAPHIC MUSEUM OF MONACO

Recharge Flow

Storage Discharge

Requires Special Studies

Conceptual

Hydrogeological Model

Granular Karstic

Recharge Climate Morphology + Climate

Flow media Porosity Fractured systems + Karstic channels

Storage Saturated Zone Vadose + Saturated zone

Discharge Low High

Flow type Laminar Laminar – Turbulence

Hydraulic head Low High

Chemical composition Low High

Groundwater velocity < 10-3 m/s > 10-3 m/s

Granular Environment isotropic/homogen hydrodynamic properties

Karstic Environment anisotropic/heterogen hydrodynamic properties ?

Sudy Objective

to use physical, chemical and

isotopic techniques to evaluate

the hydrodynamic properties of

the major karst aquifer in the

Lake Van basin.

Lake Van Level 1648 m Depth 451 m Area 3577 × 106 km2

Volume 568 × 109 km3

Study Area Area 2530 km2

Min 1648 m Max 3680 m Mean 2353 m

Karst Springs

Akpınar

Dönemeç

Sakalar Gündoğan Springs

Soğuksu

Karst Springs

Şamran

Şamran Şamran

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

Feb 07 Jul 07 Nov 07 Apr 08 Sep 08 Feb 09 Jul 09 Dec 09 May 10 Oct 10 Mar 11

Dis

ch

arg

e (m

3/s

)

Daily

Monthly

Parametres Şamran Akpınar Gündoğan Sakalar

Sum (SAM) (CAM) (GND) (GUN) (SAK)

n 265 6 4 4 4 -

Average (m3/s) 4.739 0.195 0.164 0.180 0.167 5.445

Min (m3/s) 3.497 0.147 0.125 0.152 0.138 4.059

Max (m3/s) 6.669 0.233 0.188 0.226 0.223 7.549

February 7, 2007 to February 24, 2011

End of recession

period

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

Vo

lum

e (%

)

t (day - after July 17, 2007)

Discharged water volume

Remain water volume

2007 2008

(day-1) 0.002 0.0015

t (day) 242 243

Vt (*106 m3) 242.61 289.38

Vd (*106 m3) 98.1 86.43

(%) 40.42 29.9

Vr (*106 m3-%) 144.5 202.95

(%) 59.58 70.10

Recession Period

July 17, 2007 to March 15, 2008

July 3, 2008 to March 3, 2009

Maillet Equation

K T S Fractured Systems

Field measurements YSI 556 MP (T, pH, EC, TDS, etc.) Major ions Hacettepe University Trace elements Ankara, TURKEY 3H Stable isotopes Perdue University (18O ve D ) Indiana, USA

Hydrochemistry (Data Logger and Field Measurements)

February 07, 2007

Hidro

geoc

hemistr

y (Field M

easu

rement

s)

n

18577 pH T (C) ECA (mS/cm) EC25 (mS/cm)

Min 6.27 10.17 464.00 647.37

Max 7.34 10.61 685.00 944.63

Ave 6.76 10.37 593.60 823.74

SD 0.14 0.11 22.25 27.6

CV 2.02 1.06 3.75 3.3

Hidro

geoc

hemistr

y

Isotopic Studies – Local Meteoric Water Line

Sampling

nameSampling time d

2H d18O d ‰

Elevation

(m)

Snow1 26.02.2009 -143.7 -19.5 12.3 2350

Snow2 26.02.2009 -115.6 -17.1 20.9 2226

Snow3 26.02.2009 -98.9 -14.6 17.7 2120

Snow4 26.02.2009 -93.1 -13.2 12.1 2030

Snow5 26.02.2009 -88.7 -12.8 13.6 1923

Snow6 26.02.2009 -84.4 -12.9 18.5 1913

Snow7 26.02.2009 -72.3 -11.6 20.1 1823

Snow8 26.02.2009 -75.2 -11.1 13.9 1744

-72.3 -11.1 20.9

-143.7 -19.5 12.1

-96.5 -14.1 16.1

Maximum

Minimum

Average

GMVL

dD = 8 d18O + 10

MMWL

dD = 8 d18O + 22

-150

-140

-130

-120

-110

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9

dD

(‰ S

MO

W)

d18O (‰ SMOW)

LMWL

dD=8xd18O+16.5

GMWL

dD = 8 d18O + 10

MMWL

dD = 8 d18O + 22

-90

-85

-80

-75

-70

-65

-60

-55

-14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9

dD(‰

SM

OW

)

d18O (‰ SMOW)

Gürpınar Marbel Aquifer (GND, GUN,SAK, SAM)

Gürpınar Marble Aquifer (ARK, CAM, DON)

Lake Van

Zernek Dam

Isotopic Studies – Spring Waters

Isotopic Studies – Spring Waters

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

Tri

tyu

m (T

U)

Cl (ppm)

Gürpınar Marble Aquifer (GND, GUN, SAK ve SAM)

Gürpınar Marble Aquifer (ARK, DON, CAM)

SnowYoung Waters

Old WatersDeep Circulation

Isotopic Studies Recharge Altitude

dD = -0.1239 H + 155.59

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500

Elevation (m, asl)

dD

%oAverage recharge

altitudes calculated as

approximately 2200 m.

Conclusions

This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)

with Project No: 106Y040.

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Lake Van, Akdamar Church and Mt. Artos