E-government

Guest LectureKhan, G. F., PhD

Dept. of Media & Communication,YeungNam University

gohar.feroz@gmail.com

Table of contents

Trends for better e-societyElectronic Government

Stages of e-governmentTypes & Modes of service deliveryAdvantages and disadvantagesHow to measure?Collaborative e-government research

IssuesDigital divide

Technological issuesSocial issuesHow to overcome it?

What is e-government?

What is E-government Several definitions

Electronic government or e-government (from consumer’s point of view) is defined as the practice of public service provisioning to citizens, businesses, and other government agencies where government services can be accessed through: The internet Mobile Fax Mail Telephone and Personal

Khan et al., (2011)

E-government defined (2)

Use of information technologies and new business processes to transform how Governments interact with citizens, businesses, and other government agencies.

Transformation of.. Information about services Access channels Levels of service Business processes (front and back office) Organizational structures

E-govt. V.S traditional governance

End Goals

How does e-government develop over time?

Is it one step implementation project or process?

E-government models

To understand E-government developmental process different models are proposed

Layne and Lee (2001) Four stage Model

<Figure 1> Dimensions and stages of e-government development (Layne and Lee, 2001)

Six stage model by Silcock (2001)

Stage 1: Information publishing and dissemination,

Stage 2: Official two-way transaction, Stage 3: Multi-purpose portals, Stage 4: Portal personalization,Stage 5: Clustering of common services, Stage 6: Finally full integration and

enterprise transformation

UN (2002) five stage model

EmergingEnhancingInteractiveTransactional, and Full integration

Example of one stop service

Types of Services

Deshazo et al. (2001) identified 51 different e-governments’ services and organized them into 12 categories:

online payments, registration and permits, customer service, communication, license, images, audio/video, documents, applications, and procurement, among others.

These services are mainly provided to the users in the G2C, G2B, G2E, and G2G e-government relationships

Modes of Services

Government to Citizens (G2C)e.g. Birth certificates, Passports, home tax, etc

Government to Business (G2B)E.g. E-customs, paperless trade

Government to Employees (G2E)E.g. Payroll, paying tax, and e-learning

Government to Government (G2G) E.g. information sharing

Can you name some of the advantages of E-government?

Advantages Transparency:

what the government is working on as well as the policies they are trying to implement

Due to governments web presence citizens can easily know about projects, plans, and outcomes.

Democratization Greater citizen participation in governments policy and decision making E.g. through e-voting, blogging, chat rooms, emails etc

Convenience Any where any time services Reduction in physical contacts no need to travel to govt. office

Speed and efficiency Improved accounting and record keeping through computerization, and

information and forms can be easily accessed, updated, and modified resulting greater speed and efficiency.

Disadvantages?

Disadvantages

Reliability & Trust Reliability of information on the

web, and Hidden agendas of government

that could influence and bias public opinions.

Disadvantages (2)Surveillance & Privacy

More and more information with governments about citizens

When the government has easy access to countless information on its citizens, personal privacy is lost

False sense of transparency and accountabilityE-government system maintained by the governments

themselves. Information can be added or removed from the public eyeVery few organizations monitor and provide accountability

for these modifications

Can we measure e-government? How?

E-government readiness index

Measures the status of e-governments around the world

Several International rankings of e-government maturity are available.

UN e-Government Readiness Index are among the most frequently cited

What they measure?

E-government readiness index Web measure indexInfrastructure indexHuman capital index

Internet and PCs indexTelephone and cellular indexTV and online population indexEducation indexService deliver per stagesE-participation index

E-government development index UN 2010

UN E-participation Index

A country’s strength in e-participation is measured against three benchmarks:Does the national government publish information on

items under consideration?Are there ways for the public to engage in consultations

with policy makers, government officials and one another?

Can citizens directly influence decisions, for example by voting online or using a mobile telephone?

Digital Participation

Increasing the reach, breadth and depth of digital technology use across all sections of society, to maximize digital participation and the economic and social benefits it can bring. (The Digital Britain report of June 2009 )

www.culture.gov.uk/images/publications/digitalbritain-finalreport-jun09.pdf

How can digital participation be measured?

1) Reach Access: number of households

online, and numbers using the Internet outside the home;

2) Breadth of engagementModes of usage and consumption

(communication, retail, content consumed, public services used);

How can digital participation be measured?

3) Depth of engagement: user contributions, comments, joining networks, user generated content, self publishing, content creation, photos uploaded and shared, etc; and

4) Social and economic impact: particularly the impact on economic recovery and benefits for disadvantaged groups and communities

Collaborative research within EG domain

source: Khan et al. 2011

Collaborative research within EG domain Country level Collaboration

Figure 2: The co-authorship network of countries source: Khan et al. 2011

Country Degree Betweenness Eigenvector The U.S. 20 279.45 0.432Germany 15 161.679 0.318The UK 14 87.312 0.356Canada 12 51.25 0.333Australia 9 55.381 0.249Singapore 8 18.868 0.253France 6 42.809 0.146Greece 6 25.024 0.201Spain 6 13.263 0.174Norway 6 3.555 0.216

Table 1 Key players (countries) in terms of network centrality

Figure 3: The co-authorship network of countries: Centrality

Collaborative research within EG domain Country level Collaboration

No. of Links Density Average Degree Clustering Coefficient 170 0.055 3.036 0.498

Table 2 Network-level characteristics of the co-authorship network at the country level

Collaborative research within EG domain Country level Collaboration

Figure 4 Institution-level network in the EG research domain (only those institutions with at least three links are shown)

Collaborative research within EG domain Institution Level Collaboration

Number of Links Density Average Degree Clustering Coefficient1,142 0.002 1.462 0.712

Table 3 Network characteristics of the institution-level network

University Degree Betweenness Local EigenvectorThe University of Maryland 14 2766.167 52The National University of Singapore 14 4876.334 63The University of Illinois 12 2521.900 49The National Technical University of Athens 12 223.000 42The University of Macedonia 11 146.000 50Korea University 10 3853.732 58The University of Arizona 10 2351.500 47The University of Manchester 9 4221.000 48The University of Georgia 9 6224.296 69The State University of New York (Albany) 9 2807.500 23The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 9 71.000 36

Collaborative research within EG domain Institution Level Collaboration

Collaborative research in EG domainRegional Level Collaboration

Figure 5 The EG research domain: The regional collaboration network

Issues

Digital Divide

What is Digital Divide?

“Haves" and "Have-Nots"

V.S

Digital Divide

Digital divide can be classified as access divide and social digital divide.

Access digital divide is the gap between people who have access to digital infrastructure and information and those who have no or limited access.

Social digital divide exist due to perception, culture, and interpersonal relationships

Digital Divide (2)

Access Divide: E-service access

Resource availability and convenience of access to service E-service access quality

Timeliness (speed), Trust, and Stability of the service E-service access Skills

Technical and applied e-skills for using the service Social Divide:

E-service Awareness Knowledge of the services availability

E-service Social Support Technical assistance and emotional reinforcement from friends and family

E-service Culturability National colors, pictures, and local language

Source: Khan et al., 2010

Why we have DD?

Digital Divide: Problems

Irrelevance of the Internet• To expensive, no electricity, no skills, etc• Better things to spend money on:

•Health, water, food, roads, education

• Problem of government control and corruption

Problems

Access & Resources No internet, time, money, experience, etc

Literacy and Skills• Basic literacy• Information age literacy

Motivation• Social and individual issues • Life-stage

• We can remove barriers, but not create motivations

Result-> ‘Digital’ exclusion

Poor JobsLimited Government services (e-government)Limited Information (jobs, consumer, politics)Few Consumer benefits (cost of not shopping online) Isolation from new culture

New excluded groups - older men

Digital exclusion intensifies as society and the economy become increasingly based on the Internet

Never Catch up

Many interlocking issues. Always new technologies Increased commercialisation

Are the forerunner opening up the gap?

Global Digital Divide May be due to..

Economic division, Geographical Division, orSocial division

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjfAFsET28c&NR=1

Second level DD

E.g. Inequality in the Internet use (Hargittai, 2002)

How can we over come DD?

We need…

Economic incentivese.g. to buy computers (laptops)To have internet connection at home

Public access to computersUser friendly spaces - cybercafes, telecentres, E.g. public libraries, free internet access points

Provide skills (Technical & Applied) e.g. The European Computer Driving License (ECDL)

Free computers+ for whole communities

Government-industry partnerships E.g. One laptop per child project

We need…

We need..

Donors• Provide Education, tele-centres, etc.• Donate old computers to less developed countries

Liberalization• Foreign investment

• Infrastructure - Mobile phones• New markets• Industry (outsourcing)

References

Khan, G. F., Moon, J., Rhee, C., and Rho, J.J. (2010). E-government skills Identification and Development: Toward a Staged-Based User-Centric Approach for Developing Countries, Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, Vol.20, No.1, March 2010.http://apjis.or.kr/issue/Past_sub.asp?uid=3493

-Khan, G. F., Moon, J., Park, H. W., Swar, B., and Rho, J.J.(2011). A Socio-Technical Perspective on E-government Issues in Developing Countries: A Scientometrics Approach, Scientometrics, Vol. 87, Issue 2, p-267–286.DOI:10.1007/s11192-010-0322-5

Khan, G. F. & Park, H. W.(2011). International collaboration within e-government domain: A scientometrics analysis, presented at 2011 KAPA-ASPA International Conference, October 28-29, 2011, Seoul Korea.

http://www.kapa21.or.kr/english/2011conference.htm www.culture.gov.uk/images/publications/digitalbritain-finalreport-jun09.pdf Layne, K., & Lee, J. (2001). Developing fully function e-government: A four stage model. Government Information Quarterly,

18(1), 122-136. Deshazo, R.C. Kaylor, and D.V. Eck, Gauging e-government: A report on implementing services among small American

cities, Foundations of Electronic Government in America’s Cities: A Multi-Disciplinary Workshop, Chicago, IL, 2001 Silcock, R., "What is e-Government?," Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 54, 2001, pp. 88-101. UN, E-government index: http://unpan1.un.org/in tradoc/groups/public/documents/un/ unpan021888.pdf, 2005. UN 2008, e-Government Survey: From e Government to Connected Governance, New York, ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/112, URL:

http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan028607.pdf http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/942/864

Thank YouQuestions & Comments