dxc workshop challenges in xrf analysis: sample ... in xrf analysis.pdf · (7) wds(wdx) or...

40
DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample Preparation, Spectral Interpretation, and Soft X‐ray Detection (Tuesday Morning 9:00am‐12 Noon@South Mammoth) J. Kawai, Kyoto University S. Ichikawa, Fukuoka University U. Yasushi, Mitsubishi Electric Co. This workshop provides a technical introduction on the following topics: 1. The sample preparation (sample amount, particle size for e.g. rice as received or pulverized based on escape depth of fluorescent X‐ray, pressure to make a briquette, glass bead components and thickness, specimen diameter, synthetic standard for calibration curve, validation using reference materials ...)‐‐‐ S. Ichikawa 2Spectrometer settings (A/D conversion gain, smoothing, background subtraction, dwelling time, iteration time, WDX or EDX, X‐ray intensity and counting rate, sum peak, escape peak, diffraction peak, shaping time ...)‐‐‐ J. Kawai 3. Measurement conditions (sample thickness, monochromatic X‐ray energy, incident X‐ray beam angle ...) which will affect the results of quantitative and even qualitative results of XRF. ‐‐‐ U. Yasushi Though synchrotron radiation XRF and EPMA are compared with ordinary laboratory or handheld XRF spectrometers, the workshop is intended to make use of ordinary laboratory XRF spectrometer’s high reliability. This workshop is intended not only for XRF beginners but also for those already familiar with XRF measurements. 1

Upload: others

Post on 20-Mar-2020

9 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

DXC WORKSHOPChallenges in XRF Analysis: Sample Preparation, 

Spectral Interpretation, and Soft X‐ray Detection  (Tuesday Morning 9:00am‐12 Noon@South Mammoth)

J. Kawai, Kyoto UniversityS. Ichikawa, Fukuoka UniversityU. Yasushi, Mitsubishi Electric Co.

This workshop provides a technical introduction on the following topics:1. The sample preparation (sample amount, particle size for e.g. rice as received or pulverized based on escape depth of fluorescent X‐ray, pressure to make a briquette, glass bead components and thickness, specimen diameter, synthetic standard for calibration curve, validation using reference materials ...)‐‐‐ S. Ichikawa2.Spectrometer settings (A/D conversion gain, smoothing, background subtraction, dwelling time, iteration time, WDX or EDX, X‐ray intensity and counting rate, sum peak, escape peak, diffraction peak, shaping time ...)‐‐‐ J. Kawai3. Measurement conditions (sample thickness, monochromatic X‐ray energy, incident X‐ray beam angle ...) which will affect the results of quantitative and even qualitative results of XRF. ‐‐‐ U. YasushiThough synchrotron radiation XRF and EPMA are compared with ordinary laboratory orhandheld XRF spectrometers, the workshop is intended to make use of ordinary laboratory XRF spectrometer’s high reliability. This workshop is intended not only for XRF beginners but also for those already familiar with XRF measurements.

1

Page 2: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

DXC WORKSHOPChallenges in XRF Analysis: Sample Preparation, Spectral Interpretation, 

and Soft X‐ray Detection(Tuesday Morning 9:00am‐12 Noon

@South Mammoth)J. Kawai, Kyoto University

Spectrometer settings (A/D conversion gain, smoothing, background subtraction, dwelling time, iteration time, WDX or EDX, X‐ray intensity and counting rate, sum peak, escape peak, diffraction peak, shaping time ...)

Acknowledgements: Ryohei Tanaka, Kohei Yoshida 2

Page 3: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

(1)   SSD, Sold State Detector

3

Page 4: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Energy (keV)C

ount

s/se

cond

Long distance between PHA-amplifier as synchrotron experiments, signal reflection makes

small peak at low energy side

Reflectedsignal

Terminator

4

Page 5: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

1m 5m 5m with terminator

Function Generator

1m/5m

5

Page 6: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Function Generator

1m

Without terminator                            With terminator

When the electric contact was bad at a place. 

6

Page 7: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

(Bad 1 m electric cable) + (another good 60 m cable) 

Without terminator                            With terminator

7

Page 8: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Without terminator                            With terminator

(73 Ω 3 m)  + (50 Ω 60 m) 

8

Page 9: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Undershoot pulse form

Energy (keV)

Cou

nts/

seco

nd

time

Volta

ge

Pole zero (PZ) adjust

9

Page 10: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Pure Si (Xerophy) spectrum of an equimolar sample of V, Mn, Co, and Cu. 

Int 2 μs1st diff 2 μs2nd diff 0.5 μs.

Int 1 μs1st diff 5 μs2nd diff 1 μs

Int 1 μs1st diff 1 μs2nd diff 0.5 μs

10

Page 11: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Xerophy spectrum of MnO2. The main amplifier condition was (a) int.=1 μs, 1st diff.=1 μs, and 2nd diff.=0.5 μs, (b) int.=2 μs, 1st diff.=2 μs, and 2nd diff.=0.5 μs, (c) int.=5 μs, 1st diff.=5 μs, and 2nd diff.=0.5 μs. The FWHM of Mn Kα is (a) 265, (b) 244, and (c) 345 eV. (b) is narrowest but the shape is worse than (a).

11

Page 12: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Vanadium spectrum

Low energy tail(1) RAE: Radiative 

Auger Effect(2) Detector response

Vanadium spectrum was monochromated

by a crystal.

12

Page 13: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

(2) Sum, escape, diffraction peaks

13

Page 14: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

14

Page 15: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

15

Page 16: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

16

Page 17: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

(3) Proportional counter  (1940s)

17

Page 18: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Pulse height distribution curve of proportional counter. Monochromated V K. 

Escape peak at 2 V. Wire cleaning is needed. 

18

Page 19: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Pulse height distribution curve of proportional 

counter. 

PR gas flow rate:150cm3/min80cm3/min20cm3/min

Pulse hight distribution does not change. 

19

Page 20: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Pulse height distribution curve of proportional counter. 

Applied voltage1750 V1720 V1680 V1600 V

20

Page 21: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Pulse height distribution curve of proportional 

counter. 

Counting rate:67cps998cps126cps

Gas amplification is larger for low counting rate.Monochromated Ti K

21

Page 22: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

PHA window and X‐ray spectral profileBroadest spectral profile: Window of 5‐10 VNarrowest spectral profile: Window 0.5‐5 V

Normalized at peak maximum 

22

Page 23: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

K/K intensity ratio depends on kcps.

KEscaped from the window

Weak peak

Strong peak

window

23

Page 24: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

24

(1)   SSD, Sold State Detector

(2) Sum, escape, diffraction peaks(3) Proportional counter  (1940s)(4)  Savitzky‐Golay smoothing(5)  Fourier transform smoothing(6) Relation between concentration and sampling iterations of particles sampled(7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)?

Page 25: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

(4)  Savitzky‐Golay smoothing

5‐points7‐points 25

Page 26: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

ChannelSolid line: Noise‐less Lorentzian functionDotted: Intensity dependent noise added

Intensity

26

Page 27: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Savitzky‐Golay smoothing

Channel5‐point smoothing 1 time

Channel5‐point smoothing 10 times

Channel5‐point smoothing 100 times

Channel25‐point smoothing 1 time

Intensity

                                                                 Inten

sity

Intensity

                                                                 Inten

sity

27

Page 28: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

10, 100, 1000 iterations of 5‐points S‐G smoothingResponse to the  function = Green’s function

Smoo

thing coefficients

Channel

Iterations

28

Page 29: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Savitzky‐Golay smoothing

• 5 points 100 iterations = 25 points 1 iteration.• Point number should be less than 70 % of FWHM channel number.

• D/A conversion gain should be adjusted according to the XRF peak FWHM.  If you want to use 7 points, FWHM should be 10 or more channels.

29

Page 30: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Background line is determined by 5‐point average.

Noisy signal

Intensity

30

Page 31: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Fourier transform

(5)  Fourier transform smoothing

31

Page 32: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

ChannelSolid line: Noise‐less Lorentzian functionDotted: Intensity dependent noise added

Intensity

32

Page 33: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Amplitu

de                   Amplitu

de

Frequency

Noise‐less Lorentzian function

Noisy Lorentzian function

Fourier Transform

33

Page 34: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Low‐pass filtered as a window function

Frequency

Amplitu

de

Frequency

Low‐pass filter

34

Page 35: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Intensity

Channel

Noise‐lessLorentzian function

Noisy Lorentzian function ‐> Fourier transformed‐> Low‐pass filtered   ‐>  Inverse FT

35

Page 36: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

36

50ppm

(6) Relation between concentration and sampling iterations of particles sampled

Number of particles sampled

Concen

tration (ppm

)

Page 37: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

50ppm

• Produce 10 random numbers between 0 and 1,000,000.

• Count the times when the random number is less than 50.

• Produce additional 90 random numbers between 0 and 1,000,000.

• Count the times when the random number is less than 50, and add.

37

Page 38: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

(7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)?

• WDX is for process control in steel making.• EDX is for scrap classification in steel analysis.• The precision is completely different.• Usually EDX is enough.• The precision of SR‐WDX is worse than EDX.• EDX or WDX depends on sample preparation.

38

Page 39: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

Comparison between ICP‐AES and SR‐WDXRFPe

rkin‐Elm

er OPT

IMA

3000

XL (2

001)

Seiko SPS‐1700HVR(1998) 39

Page 40: DXC WORKSHOP Challenges in XRF Analysis: Sample ... in XRF Analysis.pdf · (7) WDS(WDX) or EDS(EDX)? •WDX is for process control in steel making. •EDX is for scrap classification

(8) Conclusions

• Intensity dependent pulse‐height distribution.• Savitzky‐Golay smoothing parameter.• Smoothing by Fourier transform.• Pole zero adjust.• Terminator is important when cable is long (100 m).• Electric circuit parameters.• Sampling amount is important for accurate concentration analysis.

• Usually EDX is enough.

40