dwdm fundamentals
DESCRIPTION
DWDMTRANSCRIPT
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 1
FUNDAMENTALS FUNDAMENTALS OF DWDMOF DWDM
Course Code:Course Code:
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 2
Class Round-Robin Class Round-Robin IntroductionsIntroductions
• Participant IntroductionsParticipant Introductions– NameName– PositionPosition– Location (city)Location (city)– How long with Reliance Infocom?How long with Reliance Infocom?– How long in the Telecommunications How long in the Telecommunications
Industry?Industry?• IndiaIndia• InternationalInternational
– ExpectationsExpectations
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 3
Course LogisticsCourse Logistics• PowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint Presentation
– Follow along with the trainerFollow along with the trainer• Student GuideStudent Guide
– Glossary of TerminologyGlossary of Terminology– Support informationSupport information
LogisticsLogistics• Breaks Breaks • ToiletsToilets• LunchLunch• Water and soft drinksWater and soft drinks• Mobile phonesMobile phones
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 4
Learning Objectives -Learning Objectives -On successful completion of this course the participants would be able to:• Describe the key elements of Transport in a Ring topology• Identify the limitations of PDH transmission• Define the concept of Virtual Containers• Describe the process of mapping PDH payload into SDH frame• Describe the SDH multiplexing hierarchy• Identify the Lower and Higher order Path Overheads• Define the Regenerator section & Multiplexer section overheads• Identify the Protection mechanisms• Describe the Synchronisation process• Identify the various types of Optical Fibre• Describe the various losses in Optical Fibre• Describe the concept of Dense Wave Division Multiplexing• Identify the critical elements of DWDM• Describe the functioning of Optical ADM and Amplifiers
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 5
Your QuestionsYour Questions
• The only dumb question is one that is The only dumb question is one that is notnot asked! asked!– Raise your hand!Raise your hand!– Ask on a break.Ask on a break.– Use Question Board.Use Question Board.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 6
Module 1Module 1
REVIEW OF REVIEW OF COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 7
Why CommunicateCommunication is the means
to convey one’s needs, feelings, urgency, etc. or to
provide information to someone specific, to a group or to everyone in
general.
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• Verbal (speak, listen)• Written (mail, e-mail)• Body language (video!)• Sensory, ESP (!?)
Modes of Communication
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Mediums of Communication
• Post & Telegraph• Phone & Cell-Phone• Internet, e-mail• Voice-mail• Video Phone
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 10
Model of Telecommunication
Acc
ess
Acc
ess
Switch Switch
Services
Transport
Signaling
Operation Support Systems
Access Access
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Module 2Module 2
MEDIA & TOPOLOGYMEDIA & TOPOLOGY
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Guided Media• Electrical• RF or W through Wave Guide• Optical through OFC
Un-guided Media• RF or W through free air• Optical through free air
Guided and Un-guided Media
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 13
Copper cables (UTP, STP, Co-ax, …)• Simple and easy to use, least in cost• Bandwidth-distance limitation, Attenuation, Interference, …• Maintenance problems
Tran receivers: simple electronic driver/ receivers• Simple & easy to use, least in cost• Power Output & Sensitivity is a function of various factors
Guided Media: Electrical
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 14
Optical Fiber Cable• Not so easy to use, costlier than copper cable• Very high Bandwidth, very low Attenuation, No Interference, …• Connecting is a high skill job• Maintenance problems
Tran receivers: complicated LASER driver/ receivers• Costly, difficult to maintain, hazardous• Power Output & Sensitivity has a wide range
Guided Media: Optical
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 15
W/ RF Waveguides• Difficult to use, costliest• High Bandwidth, low Attenuation, …• Connecting is a high skill job• Maintenance problems• Impractical over long distances (telecommunication)
Tran receivers: complicated W/ RF driver/ receivers• Costly, difficult to maintain, hazardous• Power Output & Sensitivity have to be fine tuned
Guided Media: W and RF
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 16
Air (media) & Frequency band (for separation)• Air is free (till now!) but Frequency bands are licensed (mostly)• Mostly Line-of-sight communication, but for low frequencies• Limited Bandwidth, Attenuation depend on several factors, …
Tran receivers: complicated W/ RF driver/ receivers• Costly, difficult to maintain, hazardous• Power Output & Sensitivity have to be fine tuned• Location and geography are factors• Maintenance problems
Un-Guided Media: W and RF
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 17
Journey through the “Optical Tunnel”
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 18
TOTAL INTERNAL REFRACTIONSnell’s Law: n1*sin1 = n2*sin 2
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 19
So all you need is TIR!
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 20
Transmitter - fundamentals of emission
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 21
Emission by P-N junction
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Source composition
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Light Source comparison
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Transmit-Receive Overview
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Transmitter & Receiver Functions
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Transmitter Simple Block Diagram
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Modulations at the Transmitter
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Transmitter Basic Specifications
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Receiver Simple Block Diagram
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Receiver Basic Specifications
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LASER Temperature Compensation
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Receiver Noise-list
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Acceptance angle 1 is the maximum angle of incidence onto a fiber such that the refracted wave inside the fiber doesn’t cross the Critical angle (of TIR).
1 = sin-1[( n12 - n22)]
Acceptance Angle
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 34
Multi Mode Fiber
• Multiple wave-fronts enter and propagate through the core
• Different wave-fronts would take different time period to travel through the entire distance of the core.
• This is because different wave-fronts are traversing different distances.
• Net effect is that a sharp square pulse gets distorted and spread out
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 35
Dispersion – eats your BW
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Number of Modes:
M = V2/2
Multi Mode Fiber
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 37
Graded Index Fiber
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Graded Index Fiber – less dispersion
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Dispersions in MM & SM Fiber
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Single Mode Fiber
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Profiles of SM Fiber
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 42
Energy Distribution in SM Fiber
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 43
LED: Typical spectral width 75-125 nm LASER: Typical spectral width 2-5 nm
Chromatic Dispersion
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 44
• Different frequency/ wavelength have different velocity of propagation
• A single pulse would have several wavelengths
• Each wavelength would travel at different speed
• Thereby causing Chromatic dispersion
Material Dispersion
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 45
Polarisation
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 46
Attenuation in Optical Fiber
A. Rayleigh Scattering
• Rayleigh scattering is caused by small variations in the density of glass as it cools.
• These variations are smaller than the wavelengths used and therefore act as scattering objects.
• Scattering affects short wavelengths more than long wavelengths and limits the use of wavelengths below 800 nm.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 47
Attenuation in Optical Fiber
B. Stimulated Raman Scattering
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)is an effect which transfers power from a signal at a shorter wavelength to a signal at a longer wavelength.
The process is caused by the interaction of signal light waves with vibrating molecules (optical phonons) within the silica fiber. Light is then scattered in all directions. This effect has its maximum for a wavelength difference between the two signals of about 100 nm (13.2 THz).
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 48
Attenuation in Optical Fiber
C. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)is a backscattering process causing loss of power.
With high power, the signal lightwaves induce periodic changes in the refractive index of the fiber.
This can be described as a virtual grating traveling away from the signal as an acoustic wave.
The signal itself is then scattered, but mostly reflected off this induced grating.
This effect occurs when only a few channels are transmitted.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 49
Attenuation in Optical Fiber
D. Absorption
• Caused by the intrinsic properties of the material itself, the impurities in the glass, and any atomic defects in the glass.
• These impurities absorb the optical energy, causing the light to become dimmer.
• Intrinsic absorption is an issue at longer wavelengths and increases dramatically above 1700 nm.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 51
Attenuation in Optical Fiber
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 52
What’s Power in dbm termsIt’s simple to relate to attenuation if Power is also expressed in terms of db.
So if mW is the reference: Power in dbm = 10log10(P/mW)
Where W is the reference: Power in dbm = 10log10(P/W)
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 53
What’s the dbm & db mathematics
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 54
Exercise 1: Attenuation in Optical Fiber
For the above please calculate the following:
1. Attenuation in dB =
2. Attenuation per km =
3. Pout in dBm =
Pout in dBm = 2 mW (i.e 3 dBm) – 9.03 dB = -6.97 dBm
Please check your calculations as per the results shown by the instructor.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 55
Optical Fiber Standards
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 56
Optical Fiber Standards
Designs of single-mode fiber have evolved over several decades. The three principle types and their ITU-T specifications are:
• Non-dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF), G.652 Minimum dispersion at 1310 nm
• Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF), G.653 Minimum dispersion at 1550 nm
Non-linear amplification for various wavelengths
• Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ-DSF), G.655 Optimum dispersion at 1550 nm
Linear amplification for various wavelengths
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 57
Optical Fiber Bandwidth
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 58
Optical Fiber vs Copper Wire
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 59
Bending Losses
Micro bendingDeformation of fiber axis (axial distortion)during cabling causes light to couple out of the fiber.
Macro bendingLoss due to excessive bending.
Fiber Bending radius < 3 mm
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 60
Bending Losses
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 61
Optical Fiber Specifications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 62
Optical Fiber Specifications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 63
Optical Fiber Specifications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 64
Optical Fiber Specifications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 65
Optical Fiber Specifications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 66
Optical Fiber Splicing
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 67
Optical Fiber Splicing
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 68
Optical Fiber Splicing
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 69
Optical Fiber Splicing
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 70
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 71
Exercise 2: Star vs Ring Topology Exercise 2: Star vs Ring Topology
Let’s consider a location with 16 Access nodes, equidistant from a Switch located at the center.
1. What would be the total distance of media in Star Topology:
2. What would be the total media distance in Ring Topology with two rings as shown:
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 72
Exercise 2: Star vs Ring TopologyExercise 2: Star vs Ring Topology contd.contd.
In a similar location let’s consider 8 Access nodes with a Switch located at the center. Now:
1. What would be the total distance of media in Star Topology:
2. What would be the total media distance in Ring Topology with two rings as shown:
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 73
Star vs Ring Topology Star vs Ring Topology
• Total media distance is not necessary more/ less for Star/ Ring topology.
• It should be examined on a case to case basis.
• In Star transmission remains point to point between each node.
• In Ring a Add-drop function/ technique is needed at each node.
• In Star link failure is isolated, in ring it needs to be overcome by protection technique.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 74
Payload Manager
Payload Manager
Ring Elements & Terminologies Ring Elements & Terminologies
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 75
Module 3
DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 76
Network scenario of near future!
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 77
OPTICAL MULTIPLEXERS
SINGLE FIBER
WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLE FIBER
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 78
Evolution of DWDM
• It took about 2 decades to perfect the technique!
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 79
DWDM Records!
• 1×40 G up to 65 km (Alcatel’98). PMD Limited.• 32× 5 G to 9300 km (1998)• 64× 5 G to 7200 km (Lucent’97)• 100×10 G to 400 km (Lucent’97)• 16×10 G to 6000 km (1998)• 132×20 G to 120 km (NEC’96)• 70×20 G to 600 km (NTT’97)• 1022 Wavelengths on one fiber (Lucent 99)
Ref: OFC’9x
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 80
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
• DWDM– Standard support 1000 colors of light, only 160 colors supported
today– Key players - Ciena, Cerent (Cisco), Lucent, Marconi, Nortel,
Siemens, Sycamore – Supports PoS – packet over Sonet to Wavelength– Supports LAMBDA routing
Attenuation
Wavelength 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6(m)
1.0 dB/KM
0.3
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 81
Fiber OpticsFiber Optics• Serves as the transmission medium for most carrier’s “backbone” networkServes as the transmission medium for most carrier’s “backbone” network• Physically links every major metropolitan area in the United States, Physically links every major metropolitan area in the United States,
Canada, and the United KingdomCanada, and the United Kingdom• Now deployed in The Reliance NetworkNow deployed in The Reliance Network
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 82
ITU-T WAVELENGTH GRID
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 83
Single & Multi Longitudinal Mode LASER
Multi Longitudinal Mode (MLM) LASER
Single Longitudinal Mode (MLM) LASER
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 84
Four Way Mixing
• Caused when multiple wavelengths travel in the same phase for long time
• New signals are generated at the same frequency spacing as original: f1,f2 2f2-f1, 2f1-f2
• Closer channels More FWM
• More power More FWM
• Less dispersion More time same phase More FWM
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 85
Four Way Mixing
Dispersion Optimized Fiber:
• Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZ-DSF)
4 ps/nm/km near 1530-1570nm band
• Avoids four-way mixing
Dispersion Compensating Fiber:
• Standard fiber has 17 ps/nm/km. DCF -100 ps/nm/km
• 100 km of standard fiber followed by 17 km of DCF zero dispersion
Standard Fiber Dispersion Compensating Fiber
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A Typical DWDM Link
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Typical DWDM Link spans
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Optical Fiber Coupling
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Monochromator
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Customized BandwidthCustomized Bandwidth
OC-48STM16
OC-3/STM1
OC-12/STM4 OC-
24/STM8
OC-N
Delhi
Bombay
Cal
Chennai
NagpurX-Connect
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 91
WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEXING
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 94
PUMP LASER
Band pass Filter
WDM Coupler
Erbium Doped
DM Coupler
Isolator
Input
Isolator
PUMP LASER980 or 1480 nm 980 or 1480 nm
ERBIUM DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIER (EDFA)
OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 95
OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION
1480 nm
1, 2, 3, n
1, 2, 3, n
Stable Sate
Unstable Sate
Meta-stable Sate
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 96
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 97
1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Gai
n co
effici
ent(
m-1)
Wavelength(nm)
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 98
Raman Amplifier
RFAs use the Raman effect – or Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) – to transfer power from the pump laser at a shorter wavelength to the optical signal.
It uses either the embedded fiber as the active medium (distributed Raman amplification), or a part of the fiber inside a structure (discrete Raman amplification).
The optical fiber is commonly counter pumped (pumped backwards) with a 600 mW laser which is most efficient with a wavelength difference of 100 nm (13.2 THz) to the signal.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 99
OPTera Long Haul 1600 Application
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 100
Unidirectional two-fiber arrangements can support up to 80 wavelengths over both the C- and L-Bands.
This offering corresponds to up to 0.8 Tbps (or 800Gbps) aggregate traffic capacity at 10 Gbps.
OPTera LH Release 3 introduces the OPTera 1600G C-Band unidirectional application.
OPTera LH Release 3 supports up to 40 wavelengths in the C-Band (or 400 Gbps).
Unidirectional topology
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Unidirectional topology
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Unidirectional topology:80 wavelengths on each fiber
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Bi-directional single-fiber arrangements can support up to 160 wavelengths or 80 channels over both the C and L-Bands.
A future release of OPTera 1600G configured as bi-directional will employ up to 80 wavelengths in the C-Band with an additional 80 wavelengths in the L-Band when required. These channels are designed to co-propagate and counter-propagate in each band.
Bi-directional topology
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 104
Bi-directional topology (future release):
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Module 4
RELIANCETRANSPORT NETWORK
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 106
Reliance Fiber, SDH and WDM/DWDM
• The infrastructureThe infrastructure– FiberFiber
• G.652G.652– G.652 SSMF – Standard Single Mode FiberG.652 SSMF – Standard Single Mode Fiber– Reliance will use to support low data rates (below 80gbps) Reliance will use to support low data rates (below 80gbps)
• G.655G.655– G.655 NZDSF – Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted FiberG.655 NZDSF – Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber– Reliance will use for high traffic areasReliance will use for high traffic areas
» Can support 80gbps Can support 80gbps
– SDHSDH• BSHR – Bi-directional Self Healing RingBSHR – Bi-directional Self Healing Ring
– WDM/DWDMWDM/DWDM• WDM: 32 channels of 2.5gbps WDM: 32 channels of 2.5gbps • DWDM (Phase I) – 40 channels of 10gbpsDWDM (Phase I) – 40 channels of 10gbps• DWDM (Phase II) – 80 channels of 10gbpsDWDM (Phase II) – 80 channels of 10gbps• DWDM (Phase III) – 160 channels of 10gbpsDWDM (Phase III) – 160 channels of 10gbps
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 107
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M a nc h e r ia l
A n a k a p al le
P er u n d u r a i
K o v il p a tt i
T in d i va n a m
N e d u m a n d a d
T ir u p a th u r
P a n d a v p u r a
D h a n m a n da l
A n k l e s h w a r
B a r dd h a m a n
M e d a r me t la
A u ra n g a b a d
T h i ru v a l la
De v a k o tt ai
Gu d i y a th a m
C h an d i g a rh
M ir y a lg u d a
K o t h a g ud e m
A m a l a p u ra m
M a nc h e r ia l
Sh o r a n m p u r
C h h in d w a r a
C h a n d ra p u r
P e r a mb a lu r
T ir u pa t tu r
V il lu p u r a m
K ri s h n a g ar
A h m e d n a g a r
T e ll ic h e rr y
B ul a n d s h a hr
Dh a r m a v a r a m
Ch a ll a p al le
R a ib a re i ll y
N a r s a ra o p e t
T ir u ve l lo r e
P a tt u k o tt a i
T i ru n e l v el i
C h i k o di
P u d u k ko t ta i
B a h
Sh o r a n m p u r
C h h in d w a r a
C h a n d ra p u r
P e r a mb a lu r
T ir u pa t tu r
V il lu p u r a m
K ri s h n a g ar
A h m e d n a g a r
T e ll ic h e rr y
B ul a n d s h a hr
Dh a r m a v a r a m
Ch a ll a p al le
R a ib a re i ll y
N a r s a ra o p e t
T ir u ve l lo r e
P a tt u k o tt a i
T i ru n e l v el i
C h i k o di
P u d u k ko t ta i
B a h a d u r g a rh
T a ra n T a r a n
Ma v e li k ka r a
N e la m a n g a la
M a n g al a g ir i
C h id a mb a r a m
K r is h n a g ir i
C h a n n a pa t n a
N a wa n s h a h a r
V a n iy a m b a d i
D h a r a ma p u ri
K u z h i th u ra i
S h ri Ra m p u r
K u r u k s h e tr a
R a ja h m u n d ryJ a g g a yy a p e t
D ro n a c h a la m
P o n d ic h e rr y
S ri n i
a d u r g a rh
T a ra n T a r a n
Ma v e li k ka r a
N e la m a n g a la
M a n g al a g ir i
C h id a mb a r a m
K r is h n a g ir i
C h a n n a pa t n a
N a wa n s h a h a r
V a n iy a m b a d i
D h a r a ma p u ri
K u z h i th u ra i
S h ri Ra m p u r
K u r u k s h e tr a
R a ja h m u n d ryJ a g g a yy a p e t
D ro n a c h a la m
P o n d ic h e rr y
S ri n iv a s p u rC h ik m a g a lu r
C h it ra d u r g a
T a lip a r a m b a
K u n n a mk u l a m
Dh a r a m p u r a m
T iru c h e n d u r
Ka l lk u r ic h i
R a ja p a la y a m
M u v a tt u p uz h a
N a g a p a tt in a m
T ir u c h e n g o d e
C h ik b a ll ap u r
O d d a n ch a t r am
B i ha r S h a ri f
M a d u r an t a k a m
V iz ia n a g a r a m
G an d h i N a g
v a s p u rC h ik m a g a lu r
C h it ra d u r g a
T a lip a r a m b a
K u n n a mk u l a m
Dh a r a m p u r a m
T iru c h e n d u r
Ka l lk u r ic h i
R a ja p a la y a m
M u v a tt u p uz h a
N a g a p a tt in a m
T ir u c h e n g o d e
C h ik b a ll ap u r
O d d a n ch a t r am
B i ha r S h a ri f
M a d u r an t a k a m
V iz ia n a g a r a m
G an d h i N a g a r
S h a hj a h a n p u r
V ir u d h u n ag a r
I ri n ja la k u d a
Go w r ib id a n u r
B a s a va k a ly a n
C h en g a l p a tt u
M a h a b u b n a g a r
A m b e r
K a n c h e e p u r a m
T h ir u m a n g la m
B h u b a n e sh w a r
Ja g a p u r Ro a d
Ja g a p u r T o w n
K h a d ak w as a l a
K a n j ir a p al ly
R a jg u r u n a g a r
A m b as a m u d ra m
I
a r
S h a hj a h a n p u r
V ir u d h u n ag a r
I ri n ja la k u d a
Go w r ib id a n u r
B a s a va k a ly a n
C h en g a l p a tt u
M a h a b u b n a g a r
A m b e r
K a n c h e e p u r a m
T h ir u m a n g la m
B h u b a n e sh w a r
Ja g a p u r Ro a d
Ja g a p u r T o w n
K h a d ak w as a l a
K a n j ir a p al ly
R a jg u r u n a g a r
A m b as a m u d ra m
I ch a l ka r a n ji
S ri G a n g a n a g a r
A r u pp u k k o tt a i
V i ru d h a c h a la m
R ib a g (K u d c h i )
V a d a k k a n c h e ry
P a th a n a m th it ta
S h ir o l
M i rz a p u r -I
J a n s a th
Ra m a c h a n d ra p u r a m
R a js a m a n d
M u z a f fa r N a g a
D o db a l la p u r
Ma y il a d u th u r a i
H u kk e r i
C h an d a u l i
M e h m d a b a
ch a l ka r a n ji
S ri G a n g a n a g a r
A r u pp u k k o tt a i
V i ru d h a c h a la m
R ib a g (K u d c h i )
V a d a k k a n c h e ry
P a th a n a m th it ta
S h ir o l
M i rz a p u r -I
J a n s a th
Ra m a c h a n d ra p u r a m
R a js a m a n d
M u z a f fa r N a g a
D o db a l la p u r
Ma y il a d u th u r a i
H u kk e r i
C h an d a u l i
M e h m d a b a d
Te k k a li
B a n g a l or e
K a r un a g a p a l ly
V is a k h a p a tn a m
A h me d a b a d
S r ik a la h a s th i
S r ip e r um p u d u r
K o v vu r
B an d a r ( M a c h ili p a tn a m )
S u re n d r a n ag a r
G a d a g -b e ti g e r
P e r in th a l m a n n
T h ir u ra i p oo n d i
T ir u v a n na m a la
G o b ic h e tt ip a la y a m
S a n k a ra n K o i
d
Te k k a li
B a n g a l or e
K a r un a g a p a l ly
V is a k h a p a tn a m
A h me d a b a d
S r ik a la h a s th i
S r ip e r um p u d u r
K o v vu r
B an d a r ( M a c h ili p a tn a m )
S u re n d r a n ag a r
G a d a g -b e ti g e r
P e r in th a l m a n n
T h ir u ra i p oo n d i
T ir u v a n na m a la
G o b ic h e tt ip a la y a m
S a n k a ra n K o il
R a m a n a th p u r a m
M e tt u p p a la y a m
S a ty a m a n g a l a m
Gi rw a (U da i p u r)
Ch h a ta ( K o s ik a )
B a s s e in ( V a s a i)
T h e n i
Go o ty ( Gu n t a ka l )
T h ir u v a n a n th a p u r am
F a t e h p ur - I
J a n g a re d d i gu d e m
Gh a tk e s h w a r ( H y d E a st )
S h a m s h a b a d ( H y d W e s t)
N a rs a p u r (P a
l
R a m a n a th p u r a m
M e tt u p p a la y a m
S a ty a m a n g a l a m
Gi rw a (U da i p u r)
Ch h a ta ( K o s ik a )
B a s s e in ( V a s a i)
T h e n i
Go o ty ( Gu n t a ka l )
T h ir u v a n a n th a p u r am
F a t e h p ur - I
J a n g a re d d i gu d e m
Gh a tk e s h w a r ( H y d E a st )
S h a m s h a b a d ( H y d W e s t)
N a rs a p u r (P a l a k o llu )
R o o r ke e - II (H a rd w ar )
D u rg
H a ss a n
C a nn a n o r e
D a rb h a n g a
P a li
Mu z a ff a rp u r
H o sk o t e
D h r o l
L im bd a
B a g o d a ra
S a y la
A m a r n a g a r
B h a d t h a r
A lin a
X ( B a rw a la )
B h a c h a u
S h i k ar p u r
Ma n d a p e ta
Od h a n
Ig a tp u r i
S h i ru r
K a le
X
X
X
K u t ti p p u ra m
T ir
l a k o llu )
R o o r ke e - II (H a rd w ar )
D u rg
H a ss a n
C a nn a n o r e
D a rb h a n g a
P a li
Mu z a ff a rp u r
H o sk o t e
D h r o l
L im bd a
B a g o d a ra
S a y la
A m a r n a g a r
B h a d t h a r
A lin a
X ( B a rw a la )
B h a c h a u
S h i k ar p u r
Ma n d a p e ta
Od h a n
Ig a tp u r i
S h i ru r
K a le
X
X
X
K u t ti p p u ra m
T iru b u v a n am
K o l lid a m
Ku m b a k o n am
H a zi g a r
G h a ts i la
A k b ar p u r
B a g o d a r
U rw a M or e
T a m a r
H a rn a u t
D in a raDu r g a w a ti
S a in i
Y a m u n a n a g a r
G a rh
S a n ri y a
B a lu a n a
A r in i E s ta t e
H o s a A g r a h a ra
U d ev a
V e l lu r
B a ilh o n g a l
N a r g u n d
Y e l a v ig i
B a s a p u rHa r p a n
u b u v a n am
K o l lid a m
Ku m b a k o n am
H a zi g a r
G h a ts i la
A k b ar p u r
B a g o d a r
U rw a M or e
T a m a r
H a rn a u t
D in a raDu r g a w a ti
S a in i
Y a m u n a n a g a r
G a rh
S a n ri y a
B a lu a n a
A r in i E s ta t e
H o s a A g r a h a ra
U d ev a
V e l lu r
B a ilh o n g a l
N a r g u n d
Y e l a v ig i
B a s a p u rHa r p a n
a h al li
D h e k u n a
N a ya B a ra d w a r
K u d o p a li
R a ir ak h o l
S a m b a l p u r
B i la s p u r
R a ig a rh
A n u g u l
B a mh a n iU ra i da b r i
Wa r o ra
B a d n a g a rA s h taT h a n d a l a
Z a la k i
Sangavi
MhasveChik hali
Khamgaon Murtijapur
Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
HyderabadMumbai
Ahmedabad
Jaipur
Nagpur
Bhopal
Vishakhapatnam
Vijayawada
Ernakulum
Krishna
Allahabad
Lucknow
Pune
SuratJamnagar
Bangalore
Reliance Optical Network - National
National Backbone
•11 rings, 80K Km OFC
• 18 out of 21 circles
• 20 Gbps bandwidth used
• 230 Tbps Capacity!
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 108
Reliance Optical Network - International
International Submarine Cable (Flag Telecom)• 22 Countries, 44 PoP’s, 180 Carriers connected world over• 42,000 km route length• India - Presently: 15 STM-1’s, Mar. ’05: 39 STM-1’s
SA NY LN, PR, FR
AL JD, TH, MU HK
SG TY
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 109
5
SDH Backbone Rings
Allahabad
Ambala
Kolkata
Mumbai
Hyderabad
Bhubaneshwar
Vijaywada
ChennaiBangalore
Ernakulum
Ahmedabad Bhopal
Trivendrum
Jallandhar
Coimbatore
Delhi
3A1A
4
Nagpur
1B
1C
3B
3C
6
Pune
7 2
Total of 22 DXAdd/Drop Locations
Surat
Lucknow
Madurai
Jaipur
Jamnagar
10G ADM
10G SDH Ring
2.5G SDH Ring
2.5G ADM
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 110
The Core Backbone Network
J
BA
D
J DX – Digital Cross-connect
LH – Optical Amplifier
OM4200 – SDH ADM
AXE10 – ILT Switch
OM4100, TN1X/1C – SDH ADM
Express Ring (DWDM)
Collector Ring (SDH)
Access Ring (SDH)
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 111
Standard OPTera 1600G shelf configurations
Standard shelf configurations supported in OPTera LH Release 3 are as follows:
C-Band Dual Amplifier followed by Booster18 C-Band. This configuration provides a single Mid Stage Access point (Single MSA).
C-Band Dual Amplifier followed by Booster21 C-Band (Single MSA).
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 112
OPTera LH Release 3 supports the extension shelf 2 with the following restrictions:
All slots must be equipped with NTCA49AA filler circuit packs.
The system provides no alarming for the second extension shelf.
A future OPTera LH software release will fully support the second extension shelf for L-Band applications.
Extension shelf 2 Equipping rules
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 113
Single MSA in C-Band supporting up to 30 wavelengths for each group (limited OADM)
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 114
Single MSA in C-Band supporting up to 40 wavelengths for each group (limited OADM/DSCM)
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 115
Dual MSA in C-Band supporting up to 40 wavelengths for each group (full OADM/DSCM)
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 116
DWDM passive bay
The DWDM passive bay can store passive components such as Mux and Demux couplers, OADM filters, and DSCMs.
This bay supports Mux, Demux, DSCMs at Terminal or ADM sites. At Line amplifier sites, the bay supports DSCMs and OADM filters as required.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 117
OPTera 1600G DWDM passive bay
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 118
The DWDM passive bay has a 24-module capacity.
The DWDM passive bay contains six shelves that can each house up to four modules.
The top two shelves house DSCMs and DCMs, if required.
One shelf can house two Mux and two Demux couplers. Since each coupler consists of 10 ports (10 channels), each shelf can support 40 wavelengths: 20 wavelengths Mux and 20 wavelengths Demux.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 119
This deals with the multiplexer (Mux) and demultiplexer (Demux) couplers that are required for the OPTera 1600G Amplifier application.
OPTera 1600G requires a new architecture for passive Mux and Demux modules to enable unidirectional amplifier configurations.
The C-Band wavelength plan is mapped into 2 grids:
C-Band Grid 1, and
C-Band Grid 2.
Grid 1 is based on 100-GHz ITU-T wavelength plan. Grid 2 is also based on a 100-GHz spacing with a 50-GHz offset from Grid 1. In a typical unidirectional application, the Mux and Demux would be based on the same grid.
OPTera 1600G DWDM filter Architecture
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 120
Up to four modules (Mux or Demux) are interconnected in cascade to support up to 40 wavelengths, plus 1 spare, in each wavelength grid.
Each module carries 10 wavelengths except for the first module that contains the spare wavelength.
Future releases of OPTera 1600G will introduce two additional grids to support L-Band applications.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 121
Each Demux module can support up to 10 wavelengths and contains a miniature variable optical attenuator (mVOA) for each wavelength.
Module 1 (first module of the four interconnected modules) includes a monitor port and a spare wavelength port.
Two patchcords (A and B) as shown are used to interconnect the modules.
Demux Modules
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 122
Standard DWDM passive bay layout - Terminal applications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 123
OPTera Long Haul 1600 passive bay – Line/ OADM applications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 124
Recommended interconnection for Demux modules
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 125
Mux modules
Each Mux module can support up to 10 wavelengths. Module 1 (first module of the four interconnected modules) includes a monitor port and spare wavelength port. The Mux modules are a mirror image of the Demux modules. Two patchcords (A and B) are used to interconnect the modules.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 126
Recommended interconnection for Mux modules
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 127
The wavelength upgrade plans for OPTera 1600G C-Band are shown in (Grid 1) and (Grid 2). The tables specify the channel wavelength-to-DWDM Mux/Demux module mapping.
Engineering rules for module deployment sequence
For all fiber types, the engineering rules for DWDM Mux/Demux module deployment sequence are:
Deploy Module 1 until all the capacity is exhausted for all fiber types.
Deploy Module 2 next for all fiber types except certain types of NZ-SF fiber.
Deploy Module 3 next for all fiber types.
Finally, deploy Module 4 for all fiber types except TrueWaveTM Classic.
Wavelength Plans
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 128
For OADM applications, choose the wavelengths according to 1-channel, 2-channel, or Band OADM drop recommendations. OADM modules will be introduced in 1-channel, 2-channel, or multichannel band drop.
Channels designated to support express or OADM channels need to be correctly assigned to either express or OADM applications.
As a result, careful planning of wavelengths before deployment is required.
For example, if all wavelengths from Module 1 are to be deployed as express channels, the wavelengths on that module must remain as express wavelengths.
In case an OADM is required at a later date, the OADM wavelengths from modules 2, 3, or 4 must be used for providing that the OADM wavelengths
OADM applications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 129
C-Band Grid 1 wavelength plan
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 130
C-Band Grid 1 wavelength plan
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 131
Coupler
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 132
Applications supported
The following applications are supported on the Repeater NE:
• Wavelength Translator
• Dense regenerator
• Wavelength Combiner
• Optical dedicated protection ring (ODPR)
• MOR Plus amplifier
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 133
Previous Applications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 134
Product Architecture
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 135
Flexible full-fill Repeater NE
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 136
Optera 1600G Amplifier applications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 137
Optera 1600G Amplifier applications
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 138
Interworking with OPTera Long Haul 1600
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 139
Dense regenerator application in a network
Note: The client-facing equipment's TFEC setting must be turned off for correct interoperability with other vendors.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 140
Wavelength Translator
Note: The client-facing equipment's forward error correction setting must be turned off for correct interoperability with other vendors.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 141
Wavelength TranslatorSectionalization of faults for the Repeater network element
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 142
Wavelength Combiner
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 143
Wavelength Combiner
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 144
Wavelength Combiner
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 145
Wavelength Combiner
Sectionalization of faults for a Wavelength Combiner application
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 146
Wavelength Combiner
Note: The Wavelength Combiner circuit pack groups at both terminalsmust be originally equipped with the same type of T/R circuit packs,either TriFEC-capable or non-TriFEC. Failure in following this rulewill probably cause a "Protection scheme mismatch" or "Channel IDmismatch" alarm to be raised on the subtending OC-48 or TN-16Xequipment and cause subsequent protection path failures.
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 147
Optical Dedicated Protection Ring (ODPR)
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 148
Optical Switch Module (OSM)
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 149
Optical Dedicated Protection Ring (ODPR)
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 150
Optical Dedicated Protection Ring (ODPR)
Proprietary & Confidential Slide 151
Standards
• ITU:G.681 Functional characteristics of interoffice and long-haul line systems using optical amplifiers including optical multiplexing
G.692 Optical Interfaces for multichannel systems with optical amplifiers (Oct 98): 50 and 100 GHz spacing centered at 193.1 THz (1553.5 nm)
G.872 Architecture for Optical Transport Networks, 1999
• ANSI T1X1.5: http://www.t1.org/t1x1/_x1-grid.htm
• IETF: MPLS over DWDM
• Optical Interoperability Forum (OIF): www.oiforum.comStarted April 1998 by CISCO, Ciena, ...Now over 128 members
Working groups on Architecture, Physical and Link Layer, OAM&P
Signaling protocols for rapid provisioning and restoration