dwarfism final
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Dwarfism occurs when an individual
person or animal is short in stature
resulting from a medical conditioncaused by abnormal (slow or delayed)
growth. In humans, dwarfism is
sometimes defined as an adult height ofless than 147 cm (58 inches), although
this definition is problematic because
short stature in itself is not a disorder
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism -
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Achondroplasia - The most common form ofdwarfism, achondroplasia occurs in about one out of
26,000 to 40,000 babies and is evident at birth.
People with achondroplasia have a relatively long
trunk and shortened upper parts of their arms and
legs. Other features of achondroplasia include:
a large head with a prominent foreheada flattened bridge of the nose
protruding jaw
crowded and misaligned teeth
forward curvature of the lower spinebowed legs
flat, short, broad feet
"double-jointedness"
Reference:http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments
http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments -
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Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias (SED) - A lesscommon form of dwarfism, SED affects approximately
one in 95,000 babies. Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
refers to a group of conditions characterized by a
shortened trunk, which may not become apparent until
a child is between 5 and 10 years old. Other features
can include:
club feet
cleft palate
severe osteoarthritis in the hips
weak hands and feetbarrel-chested appearance
Reference:http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments
http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments -
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Diastrophic dysplasia - A rare form of dwarfism,diastrophic dysplasia occurs in about one in 100,000
births. People who have it tend to have shortened
forearms and calves (this is known as mesomelic
shortening).Other signs can include:
deformed hands and feet
limited range of motioncleft palate
ears with a cauliflower appearance
Reference:http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments
http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments -
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Symptoms
Children with growth hormone deficiency have a slow
or flat rate of growth, usually less than 2 inches per
year. The slow growth may not appear until a child is 2
or 3 years old. The child will be much shorter than
most or all children of the same age and gender.
Children with growth hormone deficiency still have
normal body proportions, as well as normal
intelligence. However, their face often appears
younger than children of the same age. They may alsohave a chubby body build. In older children, puberty
may come late or may not come at all, depending on
the cause.
Reference:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/ -
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Signs and tests
A physical examination -- including weight, height,
and body proportions -- will show signs of slowedgrowth rate. The child will not follow the normal growth
curves.
Hand X-ray (usually the left hand) can determinebone age. Normally, the size and shape of bones
change as a person grows. These changes can be
seen on an x-ray and usually follow a pattern as a
child grows older. Testing for growth deficiency
requires more than a simple blood test. Testing isusually done after your child's pediatrician has
explored other causes of poor growth.
Reference:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003811/ -
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Growth hormone causes the body to make insulin-
like growth factor (IGF1) and insulin-like growth factor
binding protein 3 (IGFBP3). Tests can measure these
growth factors.
Accurate growth hormone deficiency testings
involves a stimulation test. This test takes several
hours.
MRI of the head can show the hypothalamus and
pituitary glands.
Tests to measure other hormones levels (lack of
growth hormone may not be the only problem) may be
done.Reference:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/ -
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Treatments
Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or lessen some
of the problems associated with dwarfism. People with dwarfism
related to growth hormone deficiency can be treated with growthhormone.
In many cases, people with dwarfism have orthopaedic or
medical complications. Treatment of those can include:
Insertion of a shunt to drain excess fluid and relieve pressureon the brain.
A tracheotomy to improve breathing through small airways.
Corrective surgeries for deformities such as cleft palate, club
foot, or bowed legs.
Surgery to remove tonsils or adenoids to improve breathing
problems related to large tonsils, small facial structures, and/or a
small chest.
Surgery to widen the spinal canal (the opening through which
the spinal cord passes) to relieve spinal cord compression.
Reference:http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments?page=2
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Other treatment may include:
Physical therapy to strengthen muscles and increase
joint range of motion.
Back braces to improve curvature of the spine.
Placement of draining tubes in the middle ear to help
prevent hearing loss due to repeated ear infections.
Orthodontic treatment to relieve crowding of teeth
caused by a small jaw.
Nutritional guidance and exercise to help
prevent obesity, which can aggravate skeletal problems.
Reference:http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments?page=2
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