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DutchGrammar

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Dutch Grammar Contents

Grammar: The Dutch Alphabet & Pronunciation ..............................3

Grammar: Dutch Spelling .....................................................................61. Dutch spelling..................................................................................6

2. Open and closed syllables............................................................... 6

3. Writing consonants..........................................................................8

4. Capitali ation................................................................................... 8

!. Diacritics.......................................................................................... "

Grammar: Dutch plural nouns .............................................................9

Forming the plural in Dutch.................................................................10

Grammar: De/Het/Een .........................................................................13

#he 3 articles.....................................................................................13

$ules %or helping you remember &hen to use 'de( or 'het(................13

Grammar: Ad ecti!es ..........................................................................18

Pronouns ...............................................................................................

Grammar: "i !s# "e / $i !s# $e / %i !s# %e ...................................... !

#he mar)ed and unmar)ed pronouns................................................24

*o &hen do &e use mar)ed pronouns+..............................................24,o& do &e emphasi e the pronoun+.................................................2!

- amples........................................................................................... 2!

Grammar: The Possessi!e pronouns in Dutch ................................ 8

1. /n o0er0ie& o% the pronouns pronouns and ad ecti0es o% possession..................................................................................................... 28

2. #he Dutch s 5 %orm......................................................................3

b ect Pronouns .................................................................................. 31

Grammar: The Dutch Personal Pronouns 'Sub ect !s# b ect( ....331. #he personal pronouns in their sub ect %orms................................33

2. #he uses o% the sub ect personal pronouns...................................34

3. #he personal pronouns in their ob ect %orms.................................34

4. #he uses o% the ob ect personal pronouns.....................................3!

Simple Present .....................................................................................36

Grammar: The Dutch present simple ...............................................38

1. #he con ugation o% 0erbs in the present tense 7present simple ... .38

2. #he irregular 0erbs in the present tense 7present simple .............38


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Dutch Grammar 3. 9unctions o% the present simple.....................................................3"

Grammar: )niet) and )geen) ..............................................................!0

*egation ............................................................................................ !0

,et is niet een belangri )e mar)t. ........................................................!3

+uestions ..............................................................................................!3

Dutch ad!erbs ...................................................................................... !"

Grammar: Dutch numbers ..................................................................!6

Grammar: The Dutch Prepositions ...................................................!8

1. :repositions; introduction................................................................4"

2. *hort o0er0ie& o% the most important prepositions.........................4"

3. :repositions o% place........................................................................ !

4. :repositions o% mo0ement............................................................... !1!. :repositions o% time.........................................................................!2

Grammar: Dutch %ord rder ............................................................."6

1. General &ord order.......................................................................... !6

2. ore on &ord order.........................................................................!=

4. Word order in main clauses............................................................. !8

!. Word order in subclauses................................................................ !8

6. Word order in ?uestions...................................................................!"

,on unctions .........................................................................................60

,ontinuous ............................................................................................61

Dutch Grammar- Aan Het . The ,ontinuous Aspect .......................61

Grammar: $i n/$itten/ iggen/Staan ..................................................6!

Te0in1niti!e ......................................................................................... 69

Demonstrati!e pronouns ....................................................................69

2mperati!e ............................................................................................ #03odal !erbs .......................................................................................... #0

$eading the cloc%& half to or half past'...................................................#0

Er !s# 'T(here .......................................................................................#1

Grammar: Present per4ect .................................................................#

:resent per%ect ...................................................................................#6

Passi!e ..................................................................................................##

Grammar: The Dutch past simple .....................................................80

1. #he con ugation ...............................................................................80


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Dutch Grammar 2. #he Dutch :ast *imple .....................................................................81

Simple Past ........................................................................................... 8

Passi!e !oice in the simple past .......................................................83

The 5uture Tense .................................................................................83

5uture Per4ect ......................................................................................8!

,omparati!e and Superlati!e ............................................................8!

The ,onditional Present & Per4ect ...................................................86

elati!e pronouns ............................................................................... 8#

Pluper4ect ............................................................................................. 88

Grammar& (he Dutch )lpha*et +,ronunciation

Content

1. (he Dutch alpha*et

. Dutch pronunciation

3. -o els and Diphthongs

!. Consonants

7# The Dutch alphabet

/ur modern Dutch alpha*et simpl consists of the 6 letters of the 2 /*asic 4atin alpha*et5. e ha7e a*out 7e 7o els and t ent oneconsonants. hereas the letter E/e is the most fre:uentl used letter inour language; the letters + and are used least fre:uentl .

9# Dutch pronunciation


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Dutch Grammar pronounced di?erentl ; and there can *e com*inations that ma thro oufor a loop. Don@t orr ; e@re here to help>

#;o


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Dutch Grammar

=# ,onsonants

(he consonants in Dutch *; c; d; f; g; h; =; %; l; m; n; p; :; r; s; t; 7; ; x; H

are not too di?erent from the consonants in English. Iou also ha7e Bch ;Bc% ; Bng ; Bn= ; Bsch ; Bs= and Bt= .

(he ma=or di?erences are the Bg ; B= ; Br ; and B .

>g>

(he Bg sound is not found in English. 2t sounds a%in to coughing up aloogie; *ut 25d li%e to thin% it5s :uite a *it more elegant.

(he sound is made hen air passes through an opening made in the *ac%of the throat here the tongue and u7ula Athe dangl thing in the *ac% ofour mouth meet. (his is around the same area here our tongue andthe roof of our mouth meet hen ma%ing the English Bg sound.

2f ou are familiar ith German pronunciation; the Dutch Bg sound is li%ethe Bch sound in the ord BDach .

Chec% out this great 7ideo for an explanation.

2n some foreign ords; the Bg is pronounced as it is in the language the

ord as *orro ed from.> >

(he B= sound in Dutch is straightfor ard it is essentiall the B sound asin the English ord B ou . . >r>

(hen there5s the Br in Dutch. (here are se7eral a s of pronouncing it.


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Dutch Grammar >

(he Dutch B is not pronounced exactl li%e B in English; nor li%e a B7sound.

(he B in Dutch is actuall called a Bla*iodental approximant Aoohfanc > .

2t is a *it li%e pronouncing the English B hile ha7ing our teeth in lips inthe same position as hen pronouncing the English consonant B7 .

-ideo explanation

,onsonant combos?

) :uic% explanation of Bch ; Bc% ; Bng ; Bn= ; Bsch ; Bs= and Bt= .

• @ch> is pronounced li%e the Dutch Bg

• @c > is pronounced as a B% sound

• @ng> is li%e the Bng in the English Bsing

• @n > is %ind of li%e the Bn in Bonion or for ou language *u?s outthere li%e the panish BK

• @sch> is often a com*ination of Bs and Bch Aas a Bg sound ; *utcan also *e pronounced as an Bs at the end of a ord; for exampleBfantastisch

• @s > is pronounced li%e the English Bsh sound

• )t > is pronounced li%e the English Bch sound; *ut softer

Grammar& Dutch pelling

Content

1. Dutch spelling& intro

. /pen and closed s lla*les

3. riting consonants

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRvBDgnk-uwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRvBDgnk-uw


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Dutch Grammar !. CapitaliHation

". Diacritics

7# Dutch spelling

(he Dutch spelling s stem is actuall prett logical. 25m not =ust tr ing toease our mind hereL there are actuall a lot of concrete rules. o sit *ac%and *reathe deep. e can do this.

9# pen and closed sBllables

(he length of the 7o els in a ord are determined * the t pe of s lla*le. (he s lla*le can *e open or closed. )s explained *efore in thepronunciation section; a closed s lla*le is essentiall a consonantsand ich; here the 7o el is the delicious meatMcheeseMmustard. 2n aclosed s lla*le the 7o el is short. 2n an open s lla*le; hich doesn5t ha7ethat second slice of *read; the 7o el is pronounced long; =ust as thetoppings on our sand ich ill ine7ita*l spill out if ou don5t ha7e asecond slice of *read.

No ; ho does this loo% ith regards to the spelling'

Short vowels


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Dutch Grammar (his happens *ecause other ise the rst s lla*le ill remain open and *epronounced as a long 7o el A hich can lead to di?erences in meaning; orusing an entirel nonexistant ord .

Long vowels


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Dutch Grammar • de 7r ou Q de 7r ou en

# %riting consonants

ome consonants undergo a change hen a ord is con=ugated orinOected in some a .

(he letters ! and C are ne7er at the end of a s lla*le and thus ne7er at theend of a ord. (he are instead replaced * 4 and s respecti7el &

! . 4

• schri= ! en Aopen s lla*leL Bto rite Q schri= 4 Aclosed s lla*le

• le ! en Ato li7e Q lee 4

C . s

• le Cen Aopen s lla*leL Bto read Q lee s Aclosed s lla*le

• 7erlie Cen Ato lose Q 7erlie s

For ords that end in 4 or s it usuall re7erses&

• lie 4 A%ind Q lie ! e

• het hui s Athe house Q hui Cen

%ords ne!er end in double consonants?

=# ,apitaliCation

Rost ords in Dutch are not capitaliHed. (he follo ing are cases in hich the are &

• at the *eginning of a sentence

• for proper nouns

Snli%e in English; the names of the ee%da s; months; seasons; andcardinal directions are not capitaliHed.

2f a sentence *egins ith a ord ith an apostrophe; the second ord iscapitaliHed&


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Dutch Grammar • s 3 orgens drin% i% ater.

Joth letters in the diphthong Bi= must *e capitaliHed if the situation callsfor it&

• 2"s is %oud.

F# Diacritics

(here are some diacritics in Dutch that are used in certain situations. (here5s are tremas; accent mar%s; and apostrophes.

The trema

) trema is used to denote the separate pronunciation of t o consecuti7e7o els. (he trema is put on the 7o el ith hich the a ne s lla*le*egins.

• Jelgi

• astero de

• gecre erd

• ge nteresseerd

The accent

)ccents can *e used to help understand the meaning of a ord in a certaincontext.

• 2% *en 7oor haar ge%omen. A2 came for her.

• 2% *en !IIr haar ge%omen. A2 came *efore her.

Apostrophes

)n apostrophe is used in the follo ing cases&

• to textuall represent spo%en language in hich something is left out

o R5n oma draagt %lompen. Am5n P mi=n

• as part of the a**re7iation of the geneti7e form des

o Js morgens ABdes morgens


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Dutch Grammar • for the plural of nouns that end in a 7o el A here the long 7o el

must *e conser7ed

o auto Q auto Js

• for mar%ing possession for ords ending in an Bs or a 7o el

o 5ransJ *oe%

o 3ariaJs =ur%

• plural form of ords that consist of one letter or a short com*inationof letters

o t ee bJs

o de


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Dutch Grammar 2f ou57e read the thread a*out Dutch spelling ou no %no that a ordli%e Bman *ecomes Bma nn en due to a spelling rule.

(his is to *e noted hen adding the plural ending .en &

• de %at Acat T .en P de %a tt en

• de maan Amoon T .en P de m a nen

• de man Aman T .en P de ma nn en

/ther spelling rules; such as 4 . ! and s . C ; must also *e o*ser7ed&

4 . !• de *rie 4 Aletter Q *rie ! en

• het *edri= 4 Acompan Q *edri= ! en

s . C

• de pri= s Aprice Q pri= Cen

• het hui s Ahouse Q hui Cen


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Dutch Grammar

(here are also nouns that ha7e a short 7o el in the singular get a long7o el after .en is added&

• het *ad A*ath Q *aden

• het *edrag Aamount Q *edragen

• de dag Ada Q dagen

• het da% Aroof Q da%en

• het gat Ahole Q gaten

2n other ords; the 7o el sound changes.

For these ords&

• het lid Amem*er Q l e den

• het schip Aship Q sch e pen

• de stad Acit Q st e den

)nd for ords ending in .heid &• de mogeli=% heid Apossi*ilt Q mogeli=% heden

2f a noun ends in .ee or a stressed .ie ; a trema is added&

• het id ee Aidea Q ideeUn

• de %op ie Acop Q %opieUn

Note& 2f there is no stress on the .ie ; the plural is formed * adding an .s ending.

Plurals


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Dutch Grammar • Nouns ith t o or more s lla*les ending on an unstressed .el ; .em ;

.en ; .er ; .erd ; .aar ; .aard ; and all diminuti7es&

o de taf el Ata*le Q tafels

o het mod em Amodem Q modems

o de =ong en A*o Q =ongens

o de 7ad er Afather Q 7aders

o de stomm erd Adumm Q stommerds

o de adel aar Aeagle Q adelaars

o de lui aard Asloth Q luiaards• Rost loan ords that end in a consonant; hich also end in s in the

language of origin&

o de lm A lmMmo7ie Q lms

o de computer Acomputer Q computers

o de roman Ano7el Q romans

• Nouns ending in an unstressed .ie &

o de famil ie Afamil Q families

o de organisat ie AorganiHation Q organisaties

o Exceptions to this are Bde *acterie A*acteria Q B*acteriUnand Bde porie Apore Q BporiUn

(he ending Js Aapostrophe s is added to ords ending in .a ; .i ; .o ; .u or.B . (his is necessar *ecause other ise the 7o el length ould changeAthin% of the spelling rules &

• de rm a A rm Q rma5s

• de tax i Ataxi Q taxi5s

• de aut o Acar Q auto5s

• de parapl u Aum*rella Q paraplu5s

• de *a* B A*a* Q *a* 5s


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Dutch Grammar

Plurals


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Dutch Grammar • (he man P De man

• (he child P


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Dutch Grammar Het.


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Dutch Grammar it is featured in spo%en Dutch. 2f ou ant to *e safe; 2 ould onl use het for referring to het


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Dutch Grammar (he most li%el reason for @%ind@ ha7ing the @het@ article is that @child@; initself; does not ha7e an identi ed gender and can thus either *e a girl or a*o .


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Dutch Grammar . anneer het geHegde een *i=7oegli=% naam oord *e7at dat als

Helfstandig naam oord ge*rui%t ordt Ageen *i=7oegli=% naam oordop Hich .

English Ahieronder staan 7oor*eelden

Iou use the pronoun het as the su*=ect of the 7er* Hi=n Aand lessfre:uentl ith the 7er*s orden ; *li=7en ; *li=%en and li=%en for allnouns and persons

1. hen the predicate Athe part that follo s after the con=ugated 7er*contains a noun.

. hen the predicate contains an ad=ecti7e used as a noun Aso not =ustan ad=ecti7e .

Ji=7oor*eeld Afor example &

• De familieleden Hi=n aardig Athe famil mem*ers are friendl

• Wi= Hi=n aardig Athe are %ind

•


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Dutch Grammar Geef gerust commentaar anneer =e 7ragen he*t of 7indt dat mi=n uitlegaangepast moet orden.

(he follo ing t pe of ords use )de) &• %ords that describe a certain state and ha!e an ad ecti!e at its

coreL 4or eMample: *li=dschap Ahappiness ; dron%enschap Adrun%enness ;H angerschap Apreganc .

• ,ollecti!e namesL 4or eMample: *roederschap A*rotherhood .• %ords that are deri!ed 4rom !erbsL such as: etenschap

AscienceM%no ledge ; eddenschap A*et ; nalatenschap Alegac .ords that use )het) &

• %ords that indicate a certain status or 4unction: dichterschap A*einga poet ; pausschap A*eing a pope ; *urgerschap A*eing a citiHen . (he rstpart of these ords indicate a person or a function.

• rganisations: genootschap Asociet ; as in @secret societ @ ;7ennootschap Aa t pe of compan Ma rm .) andschap) is indeed an exception. (his is *ecause it deri7ed from the

ord )graa4schap) ; meaning a @count @ Aa piece of land o ned * a count Aor anearl . )nd since the ord graa4 is a certain status or a function; it falls in the@het@ categor .

de or het

https&MM .memrise.comM=oinM's%ipZon*oardingPMcourseM3"60!1Mdutch duolingode or het 7oca*ular M

Grammar& )d=ecti7esContent

1. )d=ecti7es and de nite articles AhetMde

. )d=ecti7es and inde nite articles Aeen

3. )d=eci7es ith no article

!. ,redicate ad=ecti7es

". Snchanging ad=ecti7es

6. )d=ecti7es used on their o n

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Dutch Grammar /h dear. )ll these articles to remem*er and no e ha7e to gure out hothe a?ect ad=ecti7es''

Don5t orr dear users. een) comes *efore a het.


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Dutch Grammar • genoeg & i= he**en genoeg %oud ater. A e ha7e enough cold ater.

• ieder & 2eder %lein meis=e draagt een ro%. AE7er little girl is earing as%irt.

•

!eel & 2% %oop 7eel le%%er *ier. A2 am *u ing a lot of tast *eer.•


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Dutch Grammar (hese include&

Tad=ecti7es ending in .en Athis includes participles of 7er*s acting asad=ecti7es that end in .en T eigen & mi=n eigen hond Am o n dog Tte!reden & de te7reden %atten Athe satis ed cats T gebro en & dege*ro%en lamp Athe *ro%en lamp T open & het open *oe% Athe open *oo%T opge


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Dutch Grammar 2t is also possi*le to use ad=ecti7es independentl ; hich means that thedon5t ha7e to *e used in direct association ith a noun.

(here are t o instances here this occurs&

• the ad=ecti7e can *e used as a noun itself if the noun it refers to hasalread *een mentioned&

el%e hoed il =e he**en; de rode of de


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Dutch Grammar

)fter a possessi7e; an ad=ecti7e al a s gets the e; =ust li%e after a de nitearticle.

• Een nieu *oe%

•


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Dutch Grammar


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Dutch Grammar 3rd example& (his example is a little tric%; imagine that in the rst form; ourmother is reall mad at ou and gi7es ou an entire speech a*out ho *ad it is to*rea% the 7ase; and ith the unstressed pronoun she could *e in a hurr *ecauseshe@s late for or%; and in all the chaos ou suddenl *rea% the precious thing;she :uic%l turns to ou and as% h ou al a s *rea% it and then sa s& @@/%a ;2@ll deal ith the 7ase hen 2@m *ac% from or%. J e>@@

Iou can see that in some cases; the sentence@s meaning changes a *it; andsometimes it doesn@t reall matter and changes *ecause of the situation. 2f ou@rereall unsure of hich one to use; most of the time e use the unstressedpronouns.

Grammar& Yi= 7s. Ye M Wi= 7s. We M i= 7s. e)s the title suggests; this grammar explanation thread concerns thedi?erence Ain use *et een mar ed and unmar ed pronouns . (his isreall a*out the di?erence in Dutch *et een the pronouns that recei!eemphasis ; and those that do not .

The mar ed and unmar ed pronouns

(husl ; e ha7e se7eral pronouns hich ha7e a mar%edMstressed and astandard; unmar%ed form. (hese are the ones e5re tal%ing a*out&

)s ou ma ha7e guessed; the 2% AP 2 ;


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Dutch Grammar Anecdote: 2nterestingl ; there5s a di?erence *et een the Dutch spo%en inthe Netherlands and that spo%en in Flanders AFlemish in this respect.Flemish; in fact; uses He5 for the inanimate feminine nouns. 2n contrast; inthe Netherlands; inanimate entities; or things; are not descri*ed as *eingfeminine and generall approached ith either the it5 pronoun or the

masculine hi=5.

So


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Dutch Grammar B$i il 7andaag H emmen. P B She ants to s im toda .A*ut 2 don5t^.B$e il 7andaag H emmen. P B he ants to s im toda .

3. Dat 7s.


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Dutch Grammar 2@m a nati7e spea%er so 2 rarel put much conscious thought into m use of mar%ed 7s. unmar%ed pronouns. 2 onl reall thin% a*out hich pronoun 2use hen 2 ant to get a speci c message across; hich emphasiHes aparticular indi7idual. For instance& $i heeft dat gedaan A P she has doneit Ait asn@t me . (his happens a*out less than once a ee%. &

2n sum & Ies; mar%ed pronouns are used !erB fre:uentl . E7en though thedistinction can *e usefull used for clari cation purposes and the use ofone pronoun o7er the other does ma%e a di?erence Ain certain situations ;the mar%ed and unmar%ed pronouns are also 7er much usedinterchangea*l .

dit en dat &this and that

de e en die &these and those A*ut die also has other meanings

2n general; hen referring to a de ord or plural; deHe is this and die isthat 2n general; hen referring to a het ord or something unspeci ed;Dit is this and dat is that DeHe and dit can refer to something ith anear* point of origin. Die and dat are further a a .

/*7iousl there are exceptions as e all %no * no there are fore7er thing in Dutch *ut 2 hope this helped and if ou ha7e an :uestions

=ust as%.

5rom discussions:

=oha:uila

(his ma *e the con7entional a of explaining the di?erence; *ut itappears to me that at least for i @ e i @ e &i @&e it is misleading. Forexample; Google Joo%s has almost t ice as man hits for i= Hi=n as fore Hi=n . (his ouldn@t ma%e sense if &i ere =ust the

stressedMemphasisedMmar%ed 7ersion of &e . tressed; emphasised andmar%ed are relati7el precise linguistic terms hich in the ma=orit of usesof &i o*7iousl don@t appl .

(here is hat 2 consider a much clearer explanation here ; in German; froma nati7e Dutch spea%er. he refers to the 7ariants as 4ull and reduced and explains that the full 7ersion can *e either stressed or unstressed; *ut

the reduced 7ersion can onl *e used hen the pronoun is unstressed. he

https://www.duolingo.com/johaquilahttp://www.buurtaal.de/blog/je-jij-jou-jouwhttps://www.duolingo.com/johaquilahttp://www.buurtaal.de/blog/je-jij-jou-jouw


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Dutch Grammar also explains that there is a *ias to ards the full forms in the rittenlanguage and to ards the reduced forms in the spo%en language.

(his is completel logical as the reduced 7ersions are hat comes outnaturall hen ou pronounce the full 7ersions sloppil . (his helps to

predictMremem*er some usage distinctions that ould other ise *ear*itrar &

• h can@t the reduced 7ersions *e stressed' Jecause stress isincompati*le ith slopp pronunciation.

• h can the full 7ersions *e unstressed' Jecause carefulpronunciation doesn@t impl stress.

• h is there a preference for the full 7ersions in riting; and an

extremel strong one in older literature' Jecause the full 7ersionscan *e thought of Aor at least ere once thought of as @morecorrect@ in the same fuHH sense in hich some nati7e Englishspea%ers thin% of it is as @more correct@ than it s .

• h can some of the reduced 7ersions also stand for more than onepronoun' Jecause slopp pronunciation can ma%e t o di?erentords such as i and ou& sound the same.

, & hen 2 came *ac% to add a reference to some linguistic literature; 2found that someone has do n7oted this comment ithout commenting. 2thin% that@s *ad form. 2f 2 am rong 2 ould lo7e to get an explanation &hy 2 am rong. 2t@s hard to learn from a do n7ote.

2 don@t %no ho to search for literature on Dutch linguisticss stematicall .


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Dutch Grammar semantic role. 2n other ords; the reduced forms ma ha7esemanticall 7acuous uses; hereas the full forms are al a sreferential.

(o sum this up; linguists refer to the t o %inds of pronouns as %ull and

reduced ; or as ma or and minor ; and it appears the ha7e good reasons forthis choice of terminolog .

Asame user

• 2 am :uite unhapp a*out our @mar%ed@M@unmar%ed@ terminolog .here does it come from'

@Rar%ed@ has a Asome hat precise linguistic de nition; see e.g. thei%ipedia article on mar%edness . Iour dou*tless correct statement thatthe fullMma=orMtonic pronouns are used 7er fre:uentl ; e7en though thereducedMminor pronouns are often preferred; *asicall contradicts ourterminolog . 2f something is 7er fre:uent it can@t *e mar%ed.

(he de nition of mar%edness depends on context. (o sa that i is mar%edin a speci c context and e is unmar%ed in that context implies that oneould expect e to *e used; and if someone uses i instead peopleconsciousl ta%e note of the fact. (his ma *e true in man contexts; *utthere are fre:uent contexts in hich either is perfectl normal; and there

are also fre:uent contexts in hich i is not onl unmar%ed *ut is in factre:uired; since e isn@t =ust mar%ed *ut is outright rong. No*od chooses e hen the ant to stress it. E7en hen not stressing the rst ord in Yi=met =e eeu ige geHeur ; no*od ould replace it * e . )nd; 2 supposeAthis is the onl example 2 made up on m o n ; no*od ould repl to the:uestion ie *en i%' * sa ing e rather than i .

Ae *eing so reduced in applica*ilit in comparison to i ; i4 there is ano*=ecti7e measure of mar%edness Ai.e. independent of context ; then itseems to *e e that is mar%ed; and i that is unmar%ed; *ecause i is anormal full pronoun li%e those in most 2ndoeuropean languages; hereasthere are special rules for hen e is allo ed.

(he @emphasiHed@M@unemphasiHed@ terminolog isn@t *etter; either; since7er often i is not actuall emphasiHed at all.

Grammar& (he ,ossessi7e pronouns in Dutch

7# An o!er!ie< o4 the pronounsL pronouns and ad ecti!eso4 possession

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markedness


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hen ou don5t ant to repeat the noun ou possess; ou can also use thepossessi7e pronouns included *elo . Rind that depending on the genderand article used for the noun; ou use de5 or het5 and that there is nosuch form for =ullie5&

Example sentences of the di?erent possessi7e pronoun forms&

1. 2t is mine


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Dutch Grammar . (he car is ours De auto is 7an =ouMDe auto is 7an =ullieMDe auto is

de =ou e

3. (he pants are ours De *roe% is 7an onsMDe *roe% is de onHe.

9# The Dutch Qs - 4orm

)nother a in hich ou can indicate possession in Dutch; li%e the s formin English; is * adding s to the end of proper names and mem*ers of thefamil. 2f there ill *e pronunciation issues; the [ s \ ill recei7e a [ \ infront. 2f pronunciation is no issue; the s is simpl stuc% to the end of thenameMnoun&

1. Yohn5s *oo% Yans *oe%

. Grandma5s car oma5s auto

2n Dutch; in more collo:uial speech it is also possi*le to use the unstressedforms of the possessi7e ad=ecti7es instead of the s form. (he unstressedforms of the possessi7e ad=ecti7es are as follo s&

• mi=n P m@n

• =ou P =e

• Hi=n P H@n

• haar P d@r

• ons P ons

• =ullie P =e

• hun P hun

Examples&

1. Yohn5s *oo% Yan Hi=nMH5n *oe%

. Grandma5s car /ma haarMd5r aut

5rom Discussions:for the 3rd person singular neuter gender; e see er7an and hier7an in

the same tips + notes section;


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Dutch Grammar Iou use =e to a7oid sa ing =ullie t ice in a ro . For example& 2 gi7e ou

our *oo%s 2% geef =ullie =ullie *oe%en 2% geef =ullie =e *oe%en ; *ut thisinformation is not gi7en here. e onl see =ullie as nd person possessi7ead=ecti7e.

2s it 0an hen or 0an hun ' 2n the tips and notes it sa s 0an hen *ut here itsa s 0an hun .

@7an hun@ is rong; it has to *e @7an hen@

/ ciall it is -)N


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Dutch Grammar (he inde nite pronoun men ma *e translated into English as one ;

the ; ou ; people; or sometimes ith a passi7e construction. (hemain idea is that of action performed * an unspeci ed agent or agents.

(he focus of attention is the acti7it and not the agent; and so the agentneed not *e identi ed. >en al a s re:uires a 7er* in the third person

singular&

1. Ren Hegt dat Hi= een grote Hangeres is P (he sa she is agreat singer.

. Ren heeft hem erg *e onderd P


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Dutch Grammar • directl after a preposition; e.g.& 2% geef aan hen het *oe% 2 gi7e Ato

them the *oo%

• as a direct o*=ect Ali=dend 7oor erp ; e.g. &


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Dutch Grammar

7# The personal pronouns in their sub ect 4orms

2n Dutch; e use A hat man Dutch grammarians con7entionallrefer to as *oth stressed and unstressed personal pronouns Aof hich oucan nd a more in depth explanation and discussion here . )n a s; euse *oth of these forms in spo%en and ritten Dutch. 2t5s *een said thatthe unstressed pronouns are used more fre:uentl than the stressed7ariants; *ut don5t :uote dear (eam Dutch on that^ Jelo ou can nd ata*le hich includes the stressed and unstressed forms; or full5 andreduced5 forms Aas some linguists prefer; see this discussion ; of thepersonal pronouns&

Je are that the short forms J ; ie are Agenerall spea%ing not usedin riting.

9# The uses o4 the sub ect personal pronouns1. )s is the case in English; the second person singular and the

third person plural can denote an inde nite pronoun and in ourcase; these are the e and Ce pronouns.

BDat doe =e toch niet> P BIouM/ne shouldn5t do that>

BWe Heggen 7an el. P B(he sa so.

. /n the one hand; some personal pronouns are suited foraddressing the people that e %no ell. (hese are i L e and

https://www.duolingo.com/comment/3734337https://www.duolingo.com/comment/3734337https://www.duolingo.com/comment/3734337https://www.duolingo.com/comment/3734337


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Dutch Grammar ullie . ,eople ou ould address ith this form could *e&famil ; friends; co or%ers and %ids.

3. /n the other hand; e also ha7e the formal personal pronounu . e tend to use this pronoun hen e intend to *e politeA es; reall and hen addressing strangers. 2n formalcontexts; this pronoun can *e used for addressing one personor multiple indi!iduals Ain this sense; ou could also regardu as the formal form of =ullie5; *ut u5 is not used in this a7er often .

BGaat u mee' P B ill ou go ithMalong'

!. 4astl ; hen ou are referring to an inanimate o*=ect; sa a

thing5 or an idea5; e use the pronoun hetJ or hi J . henou refer to a het


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Dutch Grammar =# The uses o4 the ob ect personal pronouns

1. hen it comes to referring to thingsL ideas or inanimateob ects ; e use het and hem . )gain; hen the ordconcerned is a het


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Dutch Grammar dL tL dtN

,erhaps the most di cult thing for nati7e Dutch spea%ers; is to put a t at the endof a 7er* at the right time.

Especiall hen the 7er* stem ends ith a d; as is the case ith houden Athestem is; of course; houd . Iou ill often hear nati7es tal%ing a*out the dtending; *ut in truth this ending does not exist& if ou simpl follo thecon=ugation rules it@s =ust stem T t.

)s a refresher; the 7er* con=ugation ta*le for the present&

Pronoun ,on ugation EMample

2% [stem\ 2% drin% A2 drin%

Yi= [stem\ T t Yi= drin%t AIou drin%


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Dutch Grammar


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Dutch Grammar ". Hi=n P to *e

6. Hullen P ill

/f these irregular 7er*s; Hi=n Ato *e and he**en AP to ha7e areused the most fre:uentl and feature as *oth auxiliar and main 7er*s.

(hese are the con=ugations of the t o 7er*s&

*ote >& BShee4t is also an accepted; a correct; con=ugation of@he**en@. (hus; for the formal ou form; the formal second person singular;*oth hee4t and hebt can *e used. 2 am not putting this in the schemea*o7e *ecause it is easier to learn @u he*t@ as the standard formcon=ugation; @u@ *eing a second person singular pronoun.


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Dutch Grammar 5rom discussions:

Joth u hebt and u hee4t are correct forms.

(his means that hen ou@re spea%ing or riting Dutch; using eitherform is ne.

S hebt is a fre:uentl used form and ma ma%e more sense tolearners; since @u@ is a second person singular e are tal%ing a*out. Iet; uhee4t is a little *it more common. &

(he fact that *oth forms can *e used for @u@ pro*a*l has somethingto do ith the origins of the pronoun @u@; for hich there are t o theories

ADutch source . 2t ma either ha7e something to do ith the cases thatDutch used to ha7e centuries ago; or ith @u@ *eing deri7ed from @S eEdelheid@ A@Iou no*le one@ .

(hose are the onl 7er*s ith an irregular simple presentcon=ugation. &

(hese also tend to *e the 7er*s that are irregularl con=ugated in othertenses.

(here ma *e other 7er*s hich ha7e exceptions in theircon=ugation; *ut those 2@d ha7e to search for. For no ; these 7er*s are theonl irregular ones hich reall need to *e learned. &

Grammar& niet and geen

*egation

2n Dutch; ou use the ords niet and geen hen negating things.

>geen>

geen is used to negate a noun that; if not negated; ould *e preceded* een .

• 2s dat een %oe' Nee; dat is geen %oe.

https://onzetaal.nl/taaladvies/advies/u-hebt-heefthttps://onzetaal.nl/taaladvies/advies/u-hebt-heeft


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Dutch Grammar o A2s that a co ' No; that is not a co .

2t can also negate nouns that aren@t preceded * an article; li%e somenouns in the plural and uncounta*le nouns.

• niet>

niet is essentiall used in all other situations&

• to negate 7er*s; thoughts; ad=ecti7es and an other sentence

elements that aren@t nouns&o 2% ren niet . 2 do not run.

o 2%niet . Not me.

o


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Dutch Grammar ,ut niet here; and ou ill li%el *e right.

Despite the place usuall *eing in the middle part of a sentence; nietusuall comes *efore it hen it indicates a direction.

• i= gaan niet naar huis. e are not going home.


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Dutch Grammar

Closed !estions

Closed :uestions can onl *e ans ered ith @ es@ A=a or @no@ Anee .

- ample;

Does he or%' Ies

2s she ill' No

hat ou@ll notice a*out English closed :uestions; is that the are often formedith an auxiliar 7er* li%e @to do@.

- ample;


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Dutch Grammar Yi= H emt Iou s im

W em =i=' Do ou s im'

"pen !estions

/pen :uestions normall start ith a so called interrogati7e pronoun li%e&

@ ho@ A ie

@ hat@ A at

@ here@ A aar etc.

- ample;

ie is dat' ho is that'

at doe =e' hat are ou doing'

aar %om =e 7andaan' here are ou from'

Dutch ad7er*s

)d7er*s sa something a*out a 7er*; an ad=ecti7e or another ad7er*. )d7er*sonl ha7e one form.

• Duo )an goed &emmen @Duo can s im


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Dutch Grammar Ad!erbs o4 place

(hese are&

• hier A@here@

• daar A@there@

• lin)s7a% A@Ato the left@

• rechts7a% A@Ato the right@

• uit A@from@

• ergens A@some here@

Wonen i hier + @Do the li7e here '@

Ad!erbs o4 time

(he ad=ecti7es of time&

• nu A@no @

• toen A@then@

• morgen A@tomorro @

• soms A@sometimes@

• daarna A@after ards@

• dan A@then@

• 0aa) A@often@

,et is n! mooi &eer @(he eather is nice no< .

Note> 2n an a rmati7e clause; an ad7er* of time mostl comes *efore an ad7er*of place.

,i &as gisteren hier @


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Dutch Grammar ome ad7er*s are used to connect t o parts. (he are&

• daarom A@soMtherefore@

• daardoor A@thereforeMconse:uentl @

,i snoept heel 0eel daardoor &ordt hi erg di) @


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Dutch Grammar

Pointers & ules

1. From 97 up


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Dutch Grammar t eede Asecond ; derde Athird ; tiende Atenth ; achttiendeAeighteenth etcetera. Exceptions to this rule are Beerste A rst L BderdeAthird and Bachtste Aeighth

(he ordinal num*ers of 9 and higher recei7e .ste as a su x.

B


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Dutch Grammar Rind the irregular cardinals dertien M tig Anot drietien @ Ftig 0eertien

7not 7iertien M tig ; tachtig Anot achttig and the ordinals eerste 7noteende or eenste and derde 7not driede .

(a%en from& http&MM .omniglot.comMlanguageMnum*ersMdutch.htm

Grammar& (he Dutch ,repositions

Content

1. ,repositions& introduction

. hort o7er7ie of the most important prepositions

3. ,repositions of place

!. ,repositions of mo7ement

". ,repositions of time

7# Prepositions: introduction

,repositions are short ords hich indicate a relation *et een di?erentords in a sentence. (his can *e a relation of place A here' ; ofdirection A here to' and of time A hen'

Examples of prepositions&

1. here'


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Dutch Grammar • Duo the o l is opposite the )ntomium Duo de uil staat

tegeno!er het )ntomium.

• (he Jranden*urger (or is at the 4oot o4 the mountain DeJranden*urger (or staat aan de 7oet 7an de *erg.

• Duo de o l is on the top o4 the mountain Duo de uil staatbo!enop de *erg.

• (he *ench is in 4ront o4 the )tomium


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Dutch Grammar

During a period o4 time

EMtra

Flashcards ,repositions 7isualiHed * means of images

5rom discussions:

@Dicht*i=@ is a *it farther a a than @7la%*i=@. (he translation could *e@close* @ and @near* @.

http://quizlet.com/94794/dutch-prepositions-flash-cards/http://www.heardutchhere.net/BasicDutchPage3.htmlhttp://quizlet.com/94794/dutch-prepositions-flash-cards/http://www.heardutchhere.net/BasicDutchPage3.html


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Dutch Grammar EMpressing possession

(his t pe is *asicall the same as the pre7ious t pe. hen in English ousa @of it@ or @of them@ Aas in @2 ha7e three of them@ ; ou can sa er0an inDutch.


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Dutch Grammar 1. /m kleden to e press@con0ey Ato put into ords

2% Hal er redenen mee om )leden . 2 ill gi7e reasons for it.

2n situations such as this ou ha7e to determine here the stress liesithin the ord. 2f the stress lies o7er the pre1M then it is li%el to *esepara*le.

• (he rst 7ersion has stress upon m Q Separable

• (he second has stress upon Vleden Q &nseparable

(his concerns pre es that can also pla roles as prepositions & @om@;@*i=@; @aan@; etc. L hereas pre xes such as @7er@; @*e@; etc. are not separable .


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Dutch Grammar EMamples:

1. BGisteren schreef i% een *oe%. P B2 rote a *oo% esterda .

. B-aa% ga i% H emmen. P B2% go s imming often .

e often use in7ersion. hen e ant to emphasiHe a certainelement; e ill place that element at the *eginning of the sentence. ealso use in7ersion in :uestions; f.i.&

1. BXomt Hi= 7andaag' P B2s she coming toda '

. B laap =i= nu' P B)re ou sleeping no '

(he ord order in these :uestions ith in7ersion is& con ugated !erbT sub ect T the rest o4 the sentence .

# 3ore on B/o% Hi= Hingen> P B(heare singing as ell>

=# %ord order in main clauses


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Dutch Grammar (o main clauses are to *e =oined together * means of a

coordinating con unction ; such as JenJ A P and . 2n these cases there isno in!ersion .

For example&

1. B2% %i=% naar de eenden en Hi= %i=%t naar de lucht P B2 am loo%ing atthe duc%s and she is loo%ing at the s% .

. B


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Dutch Grammar hen it comes to :uestions; in!ersion al


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Dutch Grammar 2f the su*ordinating clause is placed *efore the main clause Aforemphasis ; then the main clause ill *e in7ertedL that is; the su*=ect andthe 7er* ill s itch places.

Omdat het oud is is het boek duur.

Clauses that follo a coordinating con=unction Ali%e &ant ; o% or dus canne7er *e mo7ed to the *eginning of the sentence.

Continuous

2n Dutch; the continuous is not as common as it is in English; *ut it@sstill fairl common. (here are six a s of ma%ing a continuous&

• (he most common a is to start ith a form of i n ; follo ed* aan and then a gerund A7er* used as a noun . @


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Dutch Grammar Dutch Grammar\ )an


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Dutch Grammar

S P u*=ect. @2%@ @ .

Ye *ent Nederlands aan het spre%en. Iou are spea%ing Dutch Arightno > .

2 reall hope 2 helped someone here c& :lease %eel %ree to as)anythingH

5rom discussions:

http://www.dutchgrammar.com/en/?n=WordOrder.14http://www.dutchgrammar.com/en/?n=WordOrder.14


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Dutch Grammar • )lthough this grammar o7er7ie is total correct; ou should

%no that in fact the hole @aan het@ construction is not right. 2t@s true thate use it to descri*e right no actions; *ut actuall e =ust should usethe present simple there.

Yust %eep in mind& hen ou@re hanging out ith friends& use asmuch times @aan het@ as ou ant. Jut in formal; especiall ritten;con7erstationsMtexts& tr not to do so.

• 2 made and rote that ord order chart; *ut there is an extendedone at dutchgrammar.com that ill gi7e ou a much more indepth outloo% on it cL

2% *en een indmolen aan het ont erpen& sentence structure

Finite /*=ect Non nite Acontinuous form

• 2%ben [o*=ect here\ aan het ont


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Dutch Grammar

9# $i n

First of all; ou translate @to *e@ ith the 7er* @Hi=n@ in sentences li%ethese&

• Wi= Hi=n mooi. P (he are prett .

• e Hi=n er niet. P e are not there.

•


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Dutch Grammar • BRi=n Hoon is 7andaag in )msterdam. P R son is in

)msterdam toda.

# iggen

(he 7er* liggen5 AP to lie is used to descri*e the location of&

1. an o*=ect that is actuall lBing do


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Dutch Grammar 2f in Dutch ou simpl ant to explain that someone is Apresent

some here; ou are *etter o? using the ord @Hi=n@.

b ects

hen e@re dealing ith o*=ects; e al a s ha7e to as% oursel7esh it is located there. hen e are tal%ing a*out a closet; e refer to itstanding some here. )fter all; a closet is prett 7ertical right' . (he Oamingo ma sit inside the *asement.


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Dutch Grammar pecial than%s to Xai.E + imius for their help gathering all this

grammar information together. AL

(eTin niti7eometimes; auxiliar 7er*s cannot *e follo ed * =ust the in niti7e; *utneed the preposition te rst. (his can happen in se7eral situations&

• ,angen liggen lopen staan and itten in a continuous are formedith te follo ed * the in niti7e.

• (he @7er*a*le@ is created ith i n bli 0en or 0allen follo ed * te .

• (he ords dur0en hebben hoe0en and )omen don@t ha7e much incommon; *ut the are all follo ed * te . For hebben this isn@t al a sthe caseL hen it means o ning something; it can *e used ithoutte . For )omen ; te is onl necessar hen it is in the sense ofsomething *eing a*out to happen.

• hort su*clauses al a s ha7e te Tin niti7e.

rom -acebook disc!ssions/


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Dutch Grammar


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Dutch Grammar $eading the cloc%& half to or half past'

(he Dutch read the cloc% as follo s&

•

6&00 Wes uur• 6&1" X art o7er Hes

• 6&30


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Dutch Grammar Er 7s. A( here

Tips and notes

+hat on earth is #r 3

-r is a eird little ord. ometimes it could *e left out of a sentence andit@s still ma%e sense; at other times lea7ing it out could instantl ma%e itnonsense. /ften it@s com*ined ith other ords. (o a non Dutch person; er mightseem random and all o7er the place.


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Dutch Grammar 2f the su*=ect is unspeci c and unde nded; in other ords it could *e

an one; ou add er at the start of the sentence. For example; @ ome omanlea7es@ ould *ecome -r gaat een 0rou& &eg . @ ome oman@ could *e anoman.

Iou do not add this er hen the su*=ect&• refers to a general categor• is part of a general statement or rule• is unde ned; *ut speci c

2n :uestions; this er can sometimes *e compulsor . (his is in the case ofinterrogati7e pronouns; li%e &ie &el) &at . @ hat could happen'@ ould *ecomeWat )an er gebeuren+

-r can get more complicated than this; *ut these are the *asics. Goodluc%>

Grammar& ,resent perfectContent

1. 2ntroduction

. ,ast participle& regular 7er*s

3. ,ast participle& irregular 7er*s

!.


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Dutch Grammar

Past participle: regular !erbs

)s ith the simple past tense; the past participle of regular 7er*s isformed using the stem as a *ase Ain niti7e ithout .en .

2f one of the 7oiceless consonants .t ; . ; .4 ; .s ; .ch ; or .p Ahelpfulmnemonic& Jt o4schip is at the end of the stem; the pre x ge. is addedto the front; and .t is added to the end.

(o simplif things; ou can thin% of the Bstem as the Bi% form . Ai.e.i%


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Dutch Grammar • i% Het i% he* geHet

• i% ant oord i% he* geant oord

A* THE * TE& -er*s ha7ing stems ending in

.! or

.C get a

.d ending for the past participle>

• le ! en Q i% leef Q i% he* geleef d

• 7erhui Cen Q i% 7erhuis Q i% *en 7erhuis d

(he participle does not get the ge. pre x if it *egins ith an of thefollo ing unstressed pre xes&

Achtung German learnersMspea%ers unli%e in German; the end of a7er* does not determine hether the pre x ge. is added&

• studeren i% he* ge studeerd Aich ha*e studiert 2 ha7estudied

• pro*eren i% he* ge pro*eerd Aich ha*e pro*iert 2 ha7e tried

Past participle: irregular !erbs

ome past participles are formed irregularl .

(he often undergo a 7o el change&

Iou can nd a list of irregular Dutch 7er*s here .

Hebben or Ci nN

http://www.cactus2000.de/uk/conjug/irrenied.phphttp://www.cactus2000.de/uk/conjug/irrenied.php


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Dutch Grammar )s stated at the *eginning; *oth hebben and Ci n are used for the

perfect tense.


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Dutch Grammar (he present perfect is created ith a form of hebben or i n ; follo ed

* the past participle. Ki n is uncommon; and there are e7en a fe forhich *oth are correct.

)n example of the present perfect con=ugation&

Person Present Per4ect Translation2% he* ge%oo%t < ha0e coo)ed

Yi= he*t ge%oo%t Lou ha0e coo)edS heeft ge%oo%t Lou ha0e coo)ed


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Dutch Grammar • De maalti d &ordt ge)oo)t. (he meal is *eing coo%ed.

Jut in some cases; especiall recurring e7ents or general truths; thepresent simple or%s as ell&

• ,et boe) &ordt 0aa) gele en. (he *oo% is read often.

2n English one can also use the informal get construction for thed namical passi7e 7oice&

• ,et boe) &ordt gele en. (he *oo% getsMis getting read.

*ote & (he su*=ect; ho performs the action; can still *e added to thesentence using the preposition door .

• ,et boe) &ordt door mi gele en. (he *oo% is *eing read * me.

'ijn 'lesson 9(

(he stati!e passi7e 7oice is constructed ith the auxiliar 7er* i n ;to descri*e the state of things after something has *een done to them.

(his corresponds to the perfect aspect& the action has *een completed; itlies in the past. (here are se7eral a s to translate this to English; themost natural one *eing the present perfect progressi7e&

• ,et boe) is gele en. (he *oo% has *een read.

•


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Dutch Grammar Snli%e English; Dutch can also use the passi7e 7oice ith intransiti7e

7er*s& 7er*s that do not ha7e an o*=ect. 2n this case; the place of theo*=ect is ta%en * that 7ersatile and infuriating little ord; er . (head7antage is that one can use a 7er* to descri*e an action ithout an

su*=ect or o*=ect. (he disad7antage is that there is simpl no good a totranslate this construction literall into English. For example&

• -r &ordt gelopen.

(his means that someone; some here; is al%ing. ho and hereshould *e deri7ed from context; the sentence onl states that al%ing ishat is happening. (he *est e can do in English is to use the gerund Aanoun created from a 7er* ith the su x ing &

• -r &ordt gelopen. (here is al%ing Agoing on .

)nother option is to introduce an undetermined su*=ect&

• ome*od is al%ing.

• ,eople are al%ing.

2n other cases; it might *e *est to completel change the structure

of the sentence.

(he impersonal passi7e 7oice is used a lot in Dutch; and nding anEnglish translation is al a s a % ard. 2t can *e used *oth ith &orden and ith i n as an auxiliar . 2f ou are confused; do not *e afraid to usethe hints.

5rom discussions:

M-r is 0eel gelachen ge ongen en gedanst.MAhttps&MM .duolingo.comMcommentM!39#990

#ranslation; #here has been much laughing singing and dancing.

ome*od as%ed B eems to *e totall random if the englishtranslation is in the present there is... or the past there@s *een... . 2s itsome ruled i don@t understand or is it faults in the solutions' ; to hichimius replied&


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Dutch Grammar

B(hat is a good :uestion. (his is a complicated construction ith nodirect analogue in English; hich is h there might some inconsistenc . 2tis %no n as the impersonal passi7e 7oice . 2f ou scroll to the Dutchsection in that lin%; there are some examples ith approximate Englishtranslations; t picall using the gerund .

(he Dutch passi7e 7oice can ha7e t o di?erent auxiliar 7er*s&orden A to become and Hi=n A to be . (hese are used to distinguish

*et een the d namic and stati7e passi7e forms ; a distinction that is notusuall made in English.


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Dutch Grammar

)s the con=ugation ta*le a*o7e ma indicate; the past simplecon=ugations of the Dutch 7er*s ha7e t o main 7ariants& the stem T

teAn 7er*s and stem T deAn 7er*s. hereas the singular 7er*con=ugation forms end ith te or de; the plural 7er* con=ugation formsend ith ten or den.

%hen does a !erb end


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Dutch Grammar )s ou ma ha7e noticed; these 7er* con=ugations reall also onl

ha7e t o forms; depending on hether the su*=ect is singular or plural&


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Dutch Grammar Yse4ul to no< & (he ad7er* QtoenQ usuall introduces the past

simple.

Examples&

1. (oen ging i% naar school P 2 ent to school A*ac% then.

. (oen deed hi= dat P


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Dutch Grammar (he Future (ense

Tips and notes

!t!re

(he future tense can *e formed in t o a s in Dutch&1. gaan T in niti7e; meaning to go. ullen T in niti7e; meaning shall or ill

(hese t o can also *e used together; =ust li%e in English.

Kullen T in niti7e is used in the follo ing cases&

1. hen sa ing something ill li%el ta%e place. hen emphasiHing that something ill de nitel happen

3. to promise or propose something

#he con ugation;

Person 5uture Translation

2% Hal schri=7en < &ill &rite Yi= HalMHult] schri=7en Lou &ill &riteS HalMHult] schri=7en Lou &ill &rite 7%ormal


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Dutch Grammar Person 5uture Translationi= gaan schri=7en We are going to &rite

Yullie gaan schri=7en Lou are going to &rite 7pluralWi= gaan schri=7en #hey are going to &rite

Future ,erfect

Tips and notes2n Dutch; e hardl e7er use the future perfectL e more naturall choose

the present perfect instead. 2t is used to sa something ill ha7e *een completed

in the future. 2t is made ith ullen shallM ill ; follo ed * the past participle andthen hebben or i n .)n example con=ugation ta*le&Person 5uture Per# Translation2% Hal geschre7en he**en < &ill ha0e &ritten

Yi=HalMHult geschre7en

he**enLou &ill ha0e &ritten

SHalMHult geschre7en

he**enLou &ill ha0e &ritten

7%ormal


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Dutch Grammar Person Past Per4ect Translation2% as ge7allen < had %allen

Yi= as ge7allen Lou had %allenS as ge7allen Lou had %allen Aformal

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