during the time of the roman empire. what is a “mystery cult”? the name says it all – it’s...
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During the time of the Roman Empire
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What is a “Mystery Cult”? The name says it all – it’s a mystery!
We don’t know much about it! Actually, it’s from the Greek word
, which means “mystery, secret rite”, because the only people who could know the secrets of the religion where those who had been initiated into it
The worship of Isis was a mystery cult as well
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What’s the difference between a Mystery
Religion and Others?
In the Roman Empire, there were a number of religions or gods that people could worship. There was still worship of the various “Olympic” gods, such as Jupiter and Juno, as well as to deified Emperors, such as Augustus, Vespasian, and Titus.
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However, there were also these other cults to specific gods that were springing up around the empire.
The worship of Mithras, Isis, and even Christianity was spreading from places other than Rome. Isis came from Egypt, Christianity from Judea, and Mithras (it is presumed) from Persia.
These were very often spread by sailors who docked in ports around the Mediterranean, or slaves who were sold, but still maintained their own religious beliefs, or soldiers stationed around the Empire.
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Worshipping Mithras did not preclude someone from worshipping other gods – it wasn’t monotheism.
So followers of Mithraism had no problem making sacrifices to deified emperors, or Jupiter if they had to.
Which means authorities didn’t have a problem with this religion, the way they did with Christianity (who couldn’t worship anyone or anything else).
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History of the Cult of Mithras Possibly originally the Indian god Veda Possibly originally the Persian god Mitra
Both of these gods were identified with the sun
In some places, he was referred to as Mithras Invictus or Sol Invictus Mithras
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Most of the Mithraeums (temples to Mithras) seem to have been constructed between the second to the fourth centuries AD
Mithraism was popular in Ostia and Rome
Also popular along the borders, where soldiers were stationed
Map of Mithraea – Mithraeum. Our Common Sun.
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Membership
No women! Ex-slaves Soldiers Each Mithraeum seems to have only
held about 20-40 or so people Even a couple of emperors, including
Commodus, Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta are believed to have been worshippers of Mithras
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Mithraeum
Small rooms made to resemble caves
Had an altar or a fresco with an image of Mithras killing a bull
They were usually lined with dining couches, so it is assumed that there were often communal meals
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The Mithraeum found under St. Clement’s
Birth of Mithras
reclining couchesAltar of Mithras
looks like a cave
Mithras killing a bull
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a typical Mithraic altarMithras sacrificing the bull
a snake and a dog drinking the bull’s blood
a scorpion biting the bull’s privates
Sol
Luna
wheat sprouting out of the bull’s tail
Cautes
Cautopates
raven
Phrygian cap
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a Mithraic altar located in the Vatican
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a Mithraic altar located in Vulci (north of Rome)
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notice the altar under St. Clements is a little different than the others – Cautes and Cautopates seem to be on the sides
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In addition, there seems to be a representation of his birth on a small shelf in the back of the Mithraeum
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Mithraic Hierarchy
1. Corax 2. Nymphus 3. Miles 4. Leo 5. Perses 6. Heliodromus 7. Pater
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Best evidence we have for these levels ?
Regio V - Insula IX - Mitreo di Felicissimus (V,IX,1)
The Mithraeum of Felicissimus at Ostia Antica