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Dependability in theDependability in the

Home: The case of ATHome: The case of ATand Telecareand Telecare

Guy Dewsbury Guy Dewsbury Computing Dept,Computing Dept,

Lancaster University Lancaster University

www.smartthinking.ukideas.comwww.smartthinking.ukideas.com [email protected] [email protected]

Msc Dependability22nd Feb 2007Msc Dependability22nd Feb 2007
http://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/http://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/http://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/


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Whats in this Lecture?Whats in this Lecture?

1) a discussion on Dependability1) a discussion on Dependability

2) a discussion on Assistive Technology2) a discussion on Assistive Technology(AT) and Dependability(AT) and Dependability

3) a discussion on Domestic Dependability3) a discussion on Domestic Dependability

4) a discussion on Dependability and4) a discussion on Dependability andTelecare systemsTelecare systems

5) an exploration of Person5) an exploration of Person- -centredcentredDesign and DependabilityDesign and Dependability

Msc Dependability Feb 2007


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Part 1Part 1

a discussion ona discussion onDependabilityDependability


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Some Key TermsSome Key Terms Assistive Technology: Any equipment or system that assists people who have

difficulties due to age or disability in carrying out everyday activities(source R Curry) or a product or service that enables independence for older and disabled people (source: FAST)

Telecare: the remote or enhanced delivery of health and social services to people in their own home by means of communications and computerised systems (source: Barnes)

Telemedicine: the practice of medical care using interactive audio-visual and data communications this includes the delivery of medical care,diagnosis, consultation and treatment, as well as health education and thetransfer of medical data (source: WHO)

Smart House: A dwelling incorporating a communication network that connects the key electrical appliances and services, and allows them to beremotely controlled, monitored or accessed (source: Housing LIN factsheet)



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DependabilityDependability

Has been defined asHas been defined as that property of that property of a computer system a computer system such that reliance can justifiably be such that reliance can justifiably be

placed on placed on the service it delivers the service it delivers .. The The service delivered by a system is its service delivered by a system is its behaviour as it is perceptible by its behaviour as it is perceptible by its user user (s); a user is another system (human (s); a user is another system (human or physical) which interacts with the or physical) which interacts with the former former

(JCLaprie, 1995).(JCLaprie, 1995).



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Extending Laprie's ModelExtending Laprie's ModelJeanJean- -ClaudeClaude LaprieLaprie et al developedet al developedthe widely held model of the widely held model of dependability that led to thedependability that led to the

Dependability Tree Dependability Tree



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The focus of the model was:The focus of the model was:Faults, errors and failures (whichFaults, errors and failures (which

include human mistakes)include human mistakes)


... error failure fault ...fault activation propagation causation


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The difference between anThe difference between anorganisation and the home:organisation and the home:



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Task 1Task 1

What do you consider the relevantWhat do you consider the relevantelements of dependability are?elements of dependability are?

Can you see any links betweenCan you see any links betweendependability and the way in whichdependability and the way in which

technology is used in the home?technology is used in the home?If so what are they?If so what are they?



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Part 2Part 2

a discussion ona discussion onAssistive TechnologyAssistive Technology

(AT) and(AT) and

dependabilitydependability


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Assistive TechnologyAssistive TechnologyAssistive technology can be defined as informationAssistive technology can be defined as information

and communication technology that has beenand communication technology that has beendesigned to enable and improve access to adesigned to enable and improve access to arange of services for disabled users.range of services for disabled users.

Assistive Technology (AT) is used to support peopleAssistive Technology (AT) is used to support peopleby enabling them to undertake tasks they mightby enabling them to undertake tasks they mightnot otherwise be able to do.not otherwise be able to do.

AT also enables users to be monitored and alerts toAT also enables users to be monitored and alerts tobe sent should an event occur that warrantsbe sent should an event occur that warrantssuch alerts.such alerts.



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What types of AT are we talkingWhat types of AT are we talkingabout?about?

Any system that supports a person toAny system that supports a person tohave a better quality of life in theirhave a better quality of life in theirhome.home.

Hence we are talking about:Hence we are talking about:Assistive computer systemAssistive computer systemCall systemsCall systems

Smart Homes Smart Homes Telecare systemTelecare system

Any supportive Networked systemsAny supportive Networked systems



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Why look at AT?Why look at AT?Users of AT rely on the technology toUsers of AT rely on the technology tosupport their everyday lives.support their everyday lives.The technology becomes part of theThe technology becomes part of theusers everyday experience.users everyday experience.The system must support the usersThe system must support the userstotally in some cases.totally in some cases.

There are clear dependability issuesThere are clear dependability issuesto be addressed here.to be addressed here.



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Task 2Task 2

How many different forms of How many different forms of

assistive technology can you canassistive technology can you canthink of?think of?

What would you consider to be theWhat would you consider to be themain dependability issues with thesemain dependability issues with theseforms of technology?forms of technology?



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Designing AT solutionsDesigning AT solutions

From the research we have done atFrom the research we have done at

Lancaster, we have determined thatLancaster, we have determined thatthe design of AT systems is based onthe design of AT systems is based onunderstanding dependability in termsunderstanding dependability in termsof the activity patterns and processesof the activity patterns and processesof the people who are being designedof the people who are being designedfor.for.



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Designing AT solutions 2Designing AT solutions 2Lapries model does not take intoLapries model does not take into

account these patterns of use.account these patterns of use.For Laprie, a fault, error or failure canFor Laprie, a fault, error or failure can

be human derived, but this doesbe human derived, but this doesnot question the system designnot question the system designwhich might be at fault.which might be at fault.

If a system is appropriate for theIf a system is appropriate for theuser then user mistakes should beuser then user mistakes should beminimal if not avoided altogether.minimal if not avoided altogether.



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PARTPART 3

a discussion ona discussion onDomesticDomestic

DependabilityDependability


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Our Model of DependableOur Model of DependableDomestic SystemsDomestic Systems



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The Dependability AttributesThe Dependability Attributes



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The Attributes:The Attributes:Are interdependentAre interdependentAre categorised as such for convenience notAre categorised as such for convenience not

in realityin realityOverlap and interconnectOverlap and interconnectAre difficult to reclassifyAre difficult to reclassify



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Lets consider some of the attributesLets consider some of the attributes

involved in the system designinvolved in the system designprocessprocess

Design of theDesign of thesystem mustsystem must

take intotake intoaccount theaccount thecurrent andcurrent and

foreseeableforeseeableenvironmentenvironment



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StairwellStairwell

Knowingthe

layout of thehouse iscritical



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A sitting roomA sitting room

Can you spot the devices?Can you spot the devices?

Who said technology was aesthetically pleasing?Who said technology was aesthetically pleasing?



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Better design?Better design?Looking at the instructions canLooking at the instructions canyou work out how to get in?you work out how to get in?But the camera does not workBut the camera does not work



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PART 4PART 4

a discussion ona discussion onDependability andDependability andTelecare systemsTelecare systems


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Dependability and TelecareDependability and TelecareTelecare systems are networkedTelecare systems are networkedsystems that provide information on asystems that provide information on aperson, in relation to medicalperson, in relation to medicalconditions and personal activities.conditions and personal activities.A key feature of new telecare systemsA key feature of new telecare systemsis the ability to produce alerts fromis the ability to produce alerts fromanalysing normal activity (analysing normal activity ( Lifestyle

Monitoring/Lifestyle Reassurancesystem) and determining when thereand determining when thereis a deviation from the norm.is a deviation from the norm.



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Dependability and TelecareDependability and Telecare

Clearly for a telecare installation toClearly for a telecare installation tobe successful, systems must meetbe successful, systems must meet

the needs and expectations of thethe needs and expectations of thepeople who use the systems.people who use the systems.Systems need to be tailored to theSystems need to be tailored to theindividual needs and activity patternsindividual needs and activity patternsof the user and work in the way theof the user and work in the way theuser expects them to workuser expects them to work



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Some dependability issues withSome dependability issues withtechnology in the hometechnology in the home

What makes a good system?What makes a good system?Who decides what informationWho decides what information

should leave the house?should leave the house?What is going to happen to theWhat is going to happen to the

information leaving the home?information leaving the home?

will is be responded to?will is be responded to?By whom?By whom?



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Now for some fun!Now for some fun!

In the following clips you will be shown caseIn the following clips you will be shown casestudies with people using variousstudies with people using variousAssistive/telecare systems.Assistive/telecare systems.

Using your knowledge, consider whatUsing your knowledge, consider whatdomestic dependability issues might needdomestic dependability issues might needto be considered for each installation.to be considered for each installation.



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You might find this table You might find this tableusefuluseful



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Telecare systemsTelecare systemsCase 1: Housing with CareCase 1: Housing with Care



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Telecare SystemsTelecare SystemsCase 2: A person withCase 2: A person with

dementiadementia



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Telecare SystemsTelecare SystemsCase 3: Fall detector Case 3: Fall detector

fall detectionfall detection

http://../Tunstall%20video/Tunstall%20falls%20Mrs_E_256k.wmvhttp://../Tunstall%20video/Tunstall%20falls%20Mrs_E_256k.wmvhttp://../Tunstall%20video/Tunstall%20falls%20Mrs_E_256k.wmvhttp://../Tunstall%20video/Tunstall%20falls%20Mrs_E_256k.wmv


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Telecare SystemsTelecare SystemsCase 4: Flood DetectionCase 4: Flood Detection




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Telecare SystemsTelecare SystemsCase 5: Video MonitoringCase 5: Video Monitoring




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PART 5

an exploration of an exploration of PersonPerson- -centredcentred

design anddesign andDependabilityDependability


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Dependability and designDependability and designFor a system to be appropriate andFor a system to be appropriate and

meet needs, the person must be themeet needs, the person must be thestarting point of the design and thestarting point of the design and thefocus throughout.focus throughout.

Technology should support not takeTechnology should support not takeover or disempower the user.over or disempower the user.

Minimising error now can meanMinimising error now can mean

minimising system failures derivedminimising system failures derivedfrom unintentional human factors.from unintentional human factors.



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A tour of a person's homeA tour of a person's home



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MDDSMDDS

A Method for designing DependableA Method for designing DependableDomestic SystemsDomestic Systems

PersonPerson- -centred design which is built oncentred design which is built ona dependability frameworka dependability framework



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What is MDDS?What is MDDS?

MDDS is a set of Questions that allow aMDDS is a set of Questions that allow aperson to question the dependability of person to question the dependability of a system that they might be consideringa system that they might be considering

for a person.for a person.It allows the user to determine whichIt allows the user to determine whichattributes and properties are mostattributes and properties are mostimportant and question how the personimportant and question how the personwill react to a system installation.will react to a system installation.



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The Model of DependableThe Model of DependableDomestic SystemsDomestic Systems

Provides a method of exploring situatedProvides a method of exploring situatedpractice in relation of assistivepractice in relation of assistivetechnologytechnology

needs and requirements.needs and requirements.The model is based on the reframing of The model is based on the reframing of traditional notions of dependability fortraditional notions of dependability forthe context of the home.the context of the home.Provides a visual map from which toProvides a visual map from which towork through dependability questions.work through dependability questions.



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So how can we assist theSo how can we assist theappropriate choice of ATappropriate choice of AT

Choosing AT is usually the responsibility of Choosing AT is usually the responsibility of professionals, who have little knowledge of professionals, who have little knowledge of current technology systems;current technology systems;

few resources;few resources;

little time allocated; andlittle time allocated; andsmall amounts of money to spend on R&D.small amounts of money to spend on R&D.So how can they know if a system is specificallySo how can they know if a system is specifically

correct for a person and not going to causecorrect for a person and not going to causemore problems or fail to meet the needs of themore problems or fail to meet the needs of the

person?person?Currently they cant!!! That is why we beganCurrently they cant!!! That is why we began

considering MDDS!considering MDDS!



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MDDS: Providing support for MDDS: Providing support for older peopleolder people

Assisting people to ensure the technology isAssisting people to ensure the technology isappropriate, dependable, and acceptable.appropriate, dependable, and acceptable.

The MDDS checklist is a support tool for The MDDS checklist is a support tool for

assessing whether a person can benefit from assessing whether a person can benefit from an AT installation. It is a way of highlighting an AT installation. It is a way of highlighting some of the key issues that might be forgotten some of the key issues that might be forgotten in an AT installation. Most importantly it is a in an AT installation. Most importantly it is a way of producing a better, more dependable way of producing a better, more dependable system for the user that meets explicit and system for the user that meets explicit and implicit needs implicit needs ..



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MDDS ContinuedMDDS ContinuedMDDS is a qualitative checklist made upMDDS is a qualitative checklist made upof three main parts:of three main parts:

LocationLocation- -space formspace form

Main technology assessment questionsMain technology assessment questionsAssessing a system: what to look for andAssessing a system: what to look for andwhat to avoid checklistwhat to avoid checklist

MDDS is currently being evaluated withMDDS is currently being evaluated with

older people and their carers BUT YOU CANolder people and their carers BUT YOU CANHELP IN THHELP IN TH ISIS



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LocationLocation- -space formspace form

This checklist allows the user to considerThis checklist allows the user to consideraspects of design in relation to theiraspects of design in relation to their

expected and desired use of spaces inexpected and desired use of spaces intheir home.their home.The checklist allows the user to plot theThe checklist allows the user to plot the

location of devices in the home andlocation of devices in the home andhighlight/attach dependability criteria tohighlight/attach dependability criteria tothe device, and thereby focus attentionthe device, and thereby focus attentionon areas of concern.on areas of concern.



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Main Technology AssessmentMain Technology AssessmentQuestionsQuestions

This brief one page questionnaire is designedThis brief one page questionnaire is designedto allow the user to consider what type of to allow the user to consider what type of interventions would be most beneficial.interventions would be most beneficial.

The questionnaire should produce a number of The questionnaire should produce a number of key questions that can assist the user tokey questions that can assist the user toconcentrate on areas of concern whereconcentrate on areas of concern wheredecisions are required.decisions are required.

These questions also allow the user to focusThese questions also allow the user to focuson alternatives to high technology solutionson alternatives to high technology solutions



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Assessing a SystemAssessing a SystemThis extended series of questions isThis extended series of questions is

designed to allow the user todesigned to allow the user todetermine what technology to look fordetermine what technology to look for

and what technology to avoid.and what technology to avoid.The questions follow the same order asThe questions follow the same order asthe elements in the model of the elements in the model of domestic dependability This allowsdomestic dependability This allows

the diagram of the domesticthe diagram of the domesticdependability to act as a useful visualdependability to act as a useful visualaid.aid.



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Assessing a System 2Assessing a System 2

This questionnaire also provides aThis questionnaire also provides athematic/contextualising question for eachthematic/contextualising question for eachelement as well as questions relating to theelement as well as questions relating to the

sociosocio- -technical system as well as questionstechnical system as well as questionsrelating to the user themselves.relating to the user themselves.These questions draw together the socioThese questions draw together the socio- -

technical aspects of the system.technical aspects of the system.This is followed by a number of weblinks thatThis is followed by a number of weblinks that

the user might find useful.the user might find useful.



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Dependable Design principlesDependable Design principlesThe MDDS booklet contains a set of 20The MDDS booklet contains a set of 20

Dependability design principles onDependability design principles onthe important things to considerthe important things to considerwhen specifying AT solutions.when specifying AT solutions.

These are broken down into fourThese are broken down into foursections:sections:

Design principlesDesign principlesThe BuildingThe BuildingThe PersonThe PersonThe Technology/SystemThe Technology/System

These are available @These are available @http://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/Design Guidelines.htmlhttp://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/Design Guidelines.html



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Some references to have a look atSome references to have a look at ::MDDSMDDS

http://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/MDDS.htmlhttp://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/MDDS.html

ForFor TelecareTelecare seesee

http://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/telecare.htmlhttp://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/telecare.html ororhttp://www.telecareaware.comhttp://www.telecareaware.com ForFor DependabilityDependability issues and Personissues and Person- -centredcentred

design issuesdesign issues

www.smartthinking.ukidea.comwww.smartthinking.ukidea.com

http://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/MDDS.htmlhttp://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/MDDS.htmlhttp://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/telecare.htmlhttp://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/telecare.htmlhttp://www.telecareaware.com/http://www.telecareaware.com/http://www.smartthinking.ukidea.com/http://www.smartthinking.ukidea.com/http://www.smartthinking.ukidea.com/http://www.smartthinking.ukidea.com/http://www.telecareaware.com/http://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/telecare.htmlhttp://www.smartthinking.ukideas.com/MDDS.html

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