dubs neg juniors ndi 2010

8/4/2019 DUBs Neg Juniors NDI 2010

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Northwestern Debate Institute 2010 1

Juniors DUBs Neg

DUBs Neg---Juniors

DUBs Neg---Juniors ............................................................................................................................................................................... ..1

Genocide Advantage---No Solvency---Cleanup Impossible ....................................................................................................................2

Genocide Advantage---No Solvency/Alt Causes .............................................................................................................................. ...... ..3

Genocide Advantage---Depleted Uranium Impact Defense ....................................................................................................................4

Genocide Advantage---Depleted Uranium Impact Defense ....................................................................................................................5

Genocide Advantage---Depleted Uranium Impact Defense ....................................................................................................................6Genocide Advantage---Impact Defense---AT: Cancer .............................................................................................................................7Genocide Advantage---Impact Defense---Environment ................................................................................................................... ...... ..9

Genocide Advantage---Depleted Uranium Exposure Inevitable ..................................................................................... ...... .................10

Depleted Uranium Good---Military Effectiveness .................................................................................................................................11

Depleted Uranium Good---Military Effectiveness---Best Alternative ....................................................................................................12

Depleted Uranium Good---Tungsten Worse ..........................................................................................................................................13

Depleted Uranium Good---Tungsten Worse ..........................................................................................................................................14

Plan Popular---Human Rights ........................................................................................................................................................ ...... ...15

Utilitarianism Good .................................................................................................................................................................................16AT: Levinas .............................................................................................................................................................................................17




Juniors DUBs Neg

Genocide Advantage---No Solvency---Cleanup Impossible

Cleanup is impossible.

Davis 04 (Walter A. Davis is professor emeritus of English at Ohio State University, October 9 2004, “Of Pynchon, Thanatos and

Depleted Uranium,” online: http://www.counterpunch.org/davis10092004.html #tylerd)Huge chunks of radioactive debris full of DU now litter the cities and countryside of Iraq. Fine radioactive dust permeates the entire country.

The problem of clean-up is insoluble. The entire ecosystem of Iraq is permanently contaminated. The Iraq people are the newhibakusha. Their fate, like that of the "survivors" of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, is a condition of death-in-life. The long term

health effects of DU on the Iraqui people (and on our own troops) are incalculable. There is no mask or protective clothing

that can be devised to prevent radioactive dust from entering the lungs or penetrating the skin. Moreover, DU targets the DNA and the

Master Code (histone), altering the genetic future of exposed populations. Because it is the perfect weapon for delivering nanoparticles of poison, radiation,

and nano-pollution directly into living cells, DU is the perfect weapon for extinguishing entire populations. The Iraqi's are not alone. Vast regions of the

Middle East, Central Asia, and the Balkans have been permanently contaminated with radioactive dust and debris

http://www.counterpunch.org/davis10092004.html






Juniors DUBs Neg

Genocide Advantage---No Solvency/Alt Causes

No solvency, the aff fails its infinite obligation—smart bombs

Nixon 7 (Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin, “Of Land Mines and Cluster Bombs”,

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cultural_critique/v067/67.1nixon.pdf ) Showers

Seventy-one years later death from on high once again rained down on Iraq, in a spectacle choreographed to shock and awe. By now,

however, the media, primed by the pyrotechnics of the first Gulf War, embraced the idea that they were witnessing not just a miracle of

military prowess but a miracle of mercy, wherein surgical strikes would take out the enemy while sparing civilians. For many, the

2003 attack [End Page 162] marked a clean, strategic, and moral departure from the ugly traditions of total warfare. As Hendrik Hertzberg wrote in The

New Yorker: Whatever else can be said about the war against the Iraqi dictatorship that began on March 19th, it cannot be said that the Anglo-American

invaders have pursued anything remotely resembling a policy of killing civilians deliberately. And, so far, they have gone to great tactical andtechnological lengths to avoid doing it inadvertently. . . . What we do not yet know is whether a different intention, backed by technologies of precision,

will produce a different political result. 4 This war, Hertzberg asserted, was not the kind that "expanded the battlefield to encompass whole societies." Like

most American media commentators at the outset of the current Iraq War, Hertzberg remained inside the smart-war mindset that

bought into the idea that so-called smart bombs exhibit a morally exact intelligence. What Hertzberg failed to observe,

trailing behind those luminous technologies of precision streaking across the sky, was precision's technological shadow that

for years, decades, generations will threaten the lives of random innocents, inflicting untold casualties. The cluster bomb has

become a pivotal actor in the story of smart warfare's shadow deaths, not least because of the energetic efforts of today's warmongers to distinguishmorally between the precise, humane, discriminating cluster bomb and the imprecise, indiscriminate, and widely condemned land mine.

Alt causes for Iraqi genocide--UXOs/landmines

Gidley 3 (Ruth, freelance journalist specializing in social issues and the arts and writer for Reuters, “Iraq's children bear brunt of unexploded munitions, http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/IQmines.htm ) Showers

The war in Iraq has left the country littered with explosives - landmines, ammunition left behind by Iraqi forces and live bomblets from U.S. and British attacks -- which have injured at least 15 people a day since Saddam Hussein's government

fell on April 9. U.S. and British coalition officials said last week they had used cluster bombs in Iraq, in spite of pre-war pleas by

advocacy groups to avoid using them in civilian areas where inquisitive children and men looking for scrap metal have paid a high price. Sean Sutton of

U.K.-based Mines Advisory Group (MAG) told AlertNet: "There's going to be a lot of reminders around for other children not to play with the stuff. I can'

imagine there's going to be a classroom in the north without scarred children in it. It's so widespread." Many deaths and injuries are not

registered, so it is difficult to estimate casualties, but Sutton said MAG had reported 320 injuries in northern Iraq in the first monthafter April 9. He said the actual figure was probably much higher, since deaths were recorded only if they took place in hospital,

or if MAG gathered data by speaking to victims in hospital and found out from relatives or doctors that other people had been killed in the

same accident. "Averaging all of that out, it was over 500 injuries from April 10 to the end of April, and 80 deaths that we knew of," Sutton said.

Alt causes for Iraqi genocide—sanctionsDouglas 7 (Ian, visiting professor in politics at An-Najah National University, “US Genocide in Iraq,”

http://www.brusselstribunal.org/pdf/NotesOnGenocideInIraq.pdf ) Showers

Specifically, the US has sought to: 1) Destroy Iraq physically and culturally, and principally militarily, so that it can never re-emerge as

an economic, political or military force; and 2) Break Iraq as a state and nation, substituting the state with three or more conflicting

and weak entities based on ethnic and sectarian affiliations that presage the destruction of Iraq’s Muslim Arab identity. These two

objectives, if achieved, would allow for the plunder of Iraq’s resource riches, control of its median position in order to attain global preeminence, serve inthe protection of the US’s offensive regional instrument and proxy, Israel, and erase the last official remnant of the pan-Arab nationalist movement. This

project of intended destruction — the legal substance of genocide — has been going on for 17 years. All together, the pattern of intent is irrefutable. It

has led to an estimated 1,500,000 excess Iraqi deaths under sanctions, and as many as 1,000,000 excess violent Iraqi deaths since the US

illegal war of aggression. By any definition, but also defined in law, this is genocide. i. Destroying Iraq physically and permanently The destruction of Iraq

began with sanctions in 1990 and the 1991 Gulf War. On the one hand, the war was not to liberate Kuwait. It was the opening shot of a broader objective

of destroying Iraq, entailing permanently destroying its military capabilities and civil capacities, in order to replace the Iraqi state with an

unviable entity in need of constant US assistance, while breaking its economy in order to break the will of the Iraqi people

and later plunder Iraqi resources. Under sanctions, in finance and economy Iraq became a ward of the UN Security Council,its budget managed by foreign powers, and with no end in sight.55 This marks the beginning of the dismantling of Iraq as a state and

nation. Ground invasion takes place when established policy proves unable to achieve its goals.

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cultural_critique/v067/67.1nixon.pdf

http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/IQmines.htm



http://www.brusselstribunal.org/pdf/NotesOnGenocideInIraq.pdf

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cultural_critique/v067/67.1nixon.pdf


http://www.brusselstribunal.org/pdf/NotesOnGenocideInIraq.pdf




Juniors DUBs Neg

Genocide Advantage---Depleted Uranium Impact Defense

Alt cause – Depleted uranium poisoning is no worse than the toxic remains of any other military

weapons

Scientific American 01 (Harald Franzen holds a Master of Science degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of

Journalism, March 5 2001, “The Science of the Silver Bullet,” online: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-

science-of-the-silver&page=3#!tylerd)To be certain, inhaling or ingesting uranium aerosols delivers some additional radiation to the body, but the real health threat may have nothing to do with

radioactivity. "Uranium is a toxin that effects the kidneys," toxicologist Bruce Kelman says. "Once you get the uranium into biological fluids, it

mostly goes to the liver and kidneys. It breaks down the tubules in the kidneys that allow you to filter the urine out." It is difficult to say how little

depleted uranium it might take to make a person sick , Kelman says, because it depends on its physical form and whether it was

inhaled, ingested or shot into the body. "The U.S. EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] determined that the most appropriate oral

measure to use was a study in rabbits indicating that the lowest level at which there was an adverse effect observed was 2.8mg/kg/day" that is, milligrams per kilogram of body mass per day. To put that into perspective, Kelman observes, "in terms of making the

environment dirty, I don't think it makes it any dirtier than any other kind of military munition, where you have lead scattered

throughout the environment, where you have toxic components of explosives that are left over."

No impact—the negative effects of DU munitions are all hype

Rand Corporation 5 (“Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the

Scientific Literature,” http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB7544/index1.html) Showers

Because of depleted uranium’s density and metallurgical properties, DU saw widespread use during the Persian Gulf War inimproved armor and anti-armor munitions. A RAND report examines the scientific literature regarding the possible health effects on U.S. troops from

exposure to DU. While very little literature directly addresses DU, a wide body of literature deals with the health effects of natural uranium and enriched

uranium. DU is toxicologically identical to natural uranium, but because it is less radioactive, it is radiologically more benign.RAND’s literature review found no negative health effects as a result of exposure to natural uranium at levels exceeding those

levels that military personnel likely experienced during the Gulf War . This literature review pays close attention to an ongoing

study of a group of Gulf War veterans who, due to embedded fragments, received the highest DU exposure. Those with

embedded fragments have exhibited elevated levels of uranium in their urine, but the literature review revealed neither adverse

renal effects attributable to DU nor any adverse health effects related to DU radiation.

Depleted uranium doesn’t have much of a radioactive effect



science-of-the-silver&page=3#!tylerd)In fact, compared to other materials, uranium and depleted uranium are not terribly radioactive (see the side bar). The latter is used to

actually shield radiation from fuel rods in nuclear power plants. But that's not to say that they couldn't have some deleterious health effects. As uranium and its

daughter products decay, they emit alpha-, beta- and gamma-radiation all of which behave differently within the human body. Gamma-radiation can reach far into the body, but

releases its energy gradually. As a result, it has little impact on any one part or organ. Alpha- and beta-radiation, on the other hand, are more hazardous because they

have a short range and release all their energy within a small area. "The so-called RBE, the relative biological effectiveness, for alpha

particles is about 20 times higher than that of x-rays or gamma rays ," says Tom Hei, also of Columbia University, who studies radiation and cancer. Brenner agrees

that alpha-radiation is the biggest concern, but adds that its short range also makes it less harmful in some ways: "The alpha particles have to reach

sensitive cells to be of any relevance. The distance they can travel in tissue or water or something like that is in tens of

microns." In other words, if a person is exposed to alpha-radiation from the outside of the body from standing next to a pile

of uranium, for example the alpha-radiation won't penetrate the skin, if it reaches the skin at all.

Depleted uranium aerosol will not make its way into food.



science-of-the-silver&page=3#!tylerd)Of course, there are other ways that depleted uranium can enter the body. When DU projectiles hit a target, they partly burn up, creating uranium dust particles, o

aerosols. Unlike southern Iraq, Kosovo and Yugoslavia are agricultural regions, and some observers have raised the concern that uranium dust

particles might enter the food chain through crops. According to the AC-Laboratorium Spiez, an independent laboratory that tests soil

samples for the U nited Nations and other organizations, only about 17 percent of the DU particles found after a DU explosion are easily

soluble, and might thus find their way into foods. Of those, only 2 to 5 percent are actually taken into the blood stream through

the digestive system, making it a negligible source of radiation. "That would be the smallest possible source of exposure," says

Brenner. "Because, again, the alpha particles would then be within some stuff, within liquid or whatever and it wouldn’t have

enough range to get out."

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-science-of-the-silver&page=3



http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB7544/index1.html


















Juniors DUBs Neg


Disregard their Health claims – no scientific research has conclusively proved harmful effects of

depleted Uranium

Shane, 06 – (Leo Shane III, 4/15/06, Stars and Stripes, “Study: Depleted Uranium Could Damage DNA”,

http://www.stripes.com/news/study-depleted-uranium-could-damage-dna-1.47714)

WASHINGTON — Depleted uranium, used to harden vehicles and armor-piercing munitions, might cause damage to DNA in ways previously not

understood by health officials, according to a recently released study from Northern Arizona University. The research could again raise questions about themilitary’s use of depleted uranium, a practice Defense Department officials insist does not present health risks to troops. The dense metal is a by-product

of the nuclear fuel enrichment process. Theories connecting Gulf War Syndrome to radiation exposure from uranium-laced battlefields have persisted for

years. Defense Department studies show no lingering exposure danger, officials said. A 2004 study by the Defense Department concluded thatthe health risks from inhaling airborne particles of depleted uranium are “very low” in combat situations. But the new study,

conducted by biochemist Diane Stearns shows that, separate from any radiation risks, cells exposed to uranium can bond with the heavy metal particles.

That biochemical reaction can cause genetic mutations, which in turn can curtail cell growth and potentially cause cancer. Stearns said the research is too

preliminary to prove that uranium-treated ammunition can cause harmful side effects. “But it does raise the question of whether we’re testing for the right

things when we look at the health effects,” she said. “If we’re not seeing radioactivity in people being tested, maybe that’s not what we should be lookingfor.” If bullets coated with DU are used on a battlefield, their impact on a target could potentially send miniature metal fragments into the air. Stearns said

her work shows the long-term effects on what those particles could do to the human cellular system have not been fully researched. A statement from the

Defense Department on Friday said the department has investigated the toxic properties of uranium as a heavy metal, and that no evidence exists to show

that that Gulf War veterans have suffered any chromosomal or genetic damage from DU exposure. “(Stearns’) studies add another piece to the puzzle, but

there is already a lot of information in this area,” the statement said. Past studies reviewed by the Pentagon have shown that uranium at high levels can

cause kidney damage in animal experiments, but have not shown a link between the lower levels of exposure from DU munitions and

veterans’ health. A Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center research team has been tracking 80 soldiers from the first Gulf War whose vehicles were peppered with DU rounds during combat, all of whom had some inhalation exposure to the heavy metal. Officials said that, to date, none of them has

developed kidney problems or uranium-related cancers. In addition, the group has fathered 68 children, none of whom has

birth defects . Still, Rep. Jim McDermott, D-Wash., has been petitioning for more extensive testing on DU for more than a year, and recently called on

Congress to renew discussions on the issue at a rally featuring Physicians for Social Responsibility and the punk-rock group Anti-Flag. “All I’m really

asking for is an independent study,” he said in an interview earlier this month. “It’s clear this issue about the health effects is out there and floating around

But it’s also clear the Pentagon does not want to study it.” Last summer, McDermott introduced legislation which would mandate a series of research

projects on the material’s effects on troops, civilians and the environment. The bill hasn’t moved since then. A Defense Department spokeswoman said anumber of independent groups — including the United Nations, researchers from the New England Journal of Medicine, and the Rand Corporation —

have all published studies in recent years supporting the Pentagon’s conclusion that depleted uranium munitions are not a health risk for U.S. troops.

Misinformation about the supposed dangers continues to be a problem, the spokesman said, despite the department’s own extensive testing of troops.

Since May 2003, 2,122 troops who served in Iraq and Afghanistan and who may have been exposed to DU have undergone

radiation screenings. Only eight showed elevated levels , all of whom were still within prescribed health standards, and all of them had munitions fragments in their body at the time. Defense officials said they have no plans to phasing out the use of DU munitions or a

ban on its use.

DUB’s will only cause cancer if there is prolonged exposureWHO, 01, report to the UN general assembly on depleted uranium,http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_SDE_PHE_01.1.pdf

Potentially depleted uranium has both chemical and radiological toxicity with the two important target organs being the kidneys and the lungs.

Healt h consequence s ar e determine d b y the physica l an d chemica l natur e o f th e deplete d uraniu m t o whic h a n

individua l i s exposed , and t o th e leve l an d duratio n o f exposure . Long-ter m studie s o f worker s expose d t o uraniu m

hav e reporte d som e impairmen t o f kidney functio n dependin g o n th e leve l o f exposure . However , ther e i s als o som e

evidenc e tha t this impairmen t ma y b e transien t an d tha t kidne y functio n return s t o norma l onc e th e sourc e of

excessiv e uraniu m exposur e ha s bee n removed. Insoluble inhaled uranium particles, 1-10 µm in size, tend to be retained in the lung

and may lea d t o irradiatio n damag e o f th e lun g an d eve n lun g cance r i f a hig h enoug h radiatio n dose result s ove r a

prolonge d period. Direc t contac t o f deplete d uraniu m meta l wit h th e skin , eve n fo r severa l weeks , i s unlikel y to produc e radiation-induce d erythem a (superficial inflammation of the skin) or other short term effects. Follow-up studies of veterans

with embedded fragments in the tissue have shown detectable levels of depleted uranium in the urine, but without apparent health consequencesTh e radiatio n dos e t o militar y personne l withi n a n armoure d vehicl e i s ver y unlikely t o exceed th e averag e annua lexterna l dos e fro m natura l backgroun d radiatio n fro m al l sources. There is a major gap in scientific research that can WHO, 01,

report to the UN general assembly on depleted uranium Gaps i n knowledg e exist an d furthe r researc h i s recommende d i n key area s

tha t woul d allow bette r healt h ris k assessment s t o b e made . In particular, studie s ar e neede d t o clarif y our

understandin g o f th e extent , reversibility an d possibl e existenc e o f threshold s fo r kidney damag e in peopl e

expose d to deplete d uranium. Important information could come from studies of populations exposed to naturally elevated concentrations of

uranium in drinking water.




Juniors DUBs Neg


The calls by Iraqi nationsalists to remove depleted uranium munitions are politicized

BBC, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/2860759.stm, Indepth- Depleted Uranium, 18 marchA United States defence official has said moves to ban depleted uranium ammunition are just an attempt by America's enemies to blunt its military might.

Colonel James Naughton of US Army Materiel Command said Iraqi complaints about depleted uranium (DU) shells had no medical

basis. "They want it to go away because we kicked the crap out of them," he told a Pentagon briefing. If war starts, tonnes of depleted

uranium (DU) weapons are likely to be used by British and American tanks and by ground attack aircraft. Some believe people are still suffering ill healthfrom ammunition used in the Gulf War 12 years ago, and other conflicts. In the House of Commons in London on Monday, Labour MP Joan Ruddock

said a test of the UK Government's pledge to keep civilian casualties to a minimum in an attack on Iraq would include not using depleted uranium

weapons. Military uses Apparently anticipating complaints, the US defence department briefed journalists about DU - making it plain it would continue

to be used. Depleted uranium, a by-product of uranium enrichment for nuclear weapons or nuclear reactors, has valuable military properties. Useddefensively as armour, it tends to make ordinary munitions bounce off. These properties contributed to the relative success of American

tanks against Iraq's in 1991. For the M1 Abrams tank there is no other option: it uses only DU-tipped shells and has DU armour. It is very dense,

about 1.7 times heavier than lead, and not only very hard but unlike other materials is self-sharpening when it penetrates

armour. 'Who says?' "In the last war, Iraqi tanks at fairly close ranges - not nose to nose - fired at our tanks and the shot

bounced off the heavy armour... and our shot did not bounce off their armour ," Col Naughton told the briefing. "So the result was

Iraqi tanks destroyed - US tanks with scrape marks." He questioned the motives of those who challenged US use of depleted uranium. "Why

do they want it to go away? They want it to go away because we kicked the crap out of them, OK? "I mean, there's no doubt that DU gave us a

huge advantage over their tanks. They lost a lot of tanks. "Their soldiers can't be really amused at the idea of going out in basically the same tanks with some slight improvements and taking on Abrams again."

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/2860759.stm






Juniors DUBs Neg

Genocide Advantage---Impact Defense---AT: Cancer

No study proves DU causes cancer

BBC, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/2860759.stm, Indepth- Depleted Uranium, 18 march

Cancer surgeons in the southern Iraqi port of Basra report a marked increase in cancers which they suspect were caused by DU

contamination from tank battles on the farmland to the west of the city. But the director of the Pentagon's deployment health supportdirectorate, Dr Michael Kilpatrick, said: "To the question, could depleted uranium be playing a role, the medical answer is no."

Depleted uranium is mildly radioactive but the main health concern is that it is a heavy metal, potentially poisonous. The

likelihood of absorbing it is increased significantly if a weapon has struck a target and exploded because the DU vaporises into a fine dust and can be

inhaled. Dr Kilpatrick said a study that had followed 90 US Gulf War veterans exposed to the dust and to shrapnel from DU

rounds in "friendly fire" incidents had found no DU-related medical problems.

Study proves that there are no risks to using uranium

Kilpatrik , Michael, http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2058, March 14, 2003, Briefing on Depleted

UraniumDR. KILPATRICK: Good afternoon. It 's certainly my pleasure to be able to be here thi s afternoon and talk with you about the medical health effects of depleted uranium. I want to first start by talking a littl

bit about natural uranium, because I think we need to put it into that perspective. Natural uranium is in the soil around our world. It certainly is something thatwe eat and drink and breathe in every day, because it is in our environment. We all secrete natural uranium in our urine to a

certain level. We know that in some areas of the world there's less and some areas there's more -- particularly say in Florida

there's a lot of natural uranium in the soil. You get into Colorado, you'll find the same sort of thing. You get into other areas of the world there are variations. And yet we do

not see natural uranium causing any recognized medical complication or health problem in people. We have had a lot of

studies in uranium miners. We know an awful lot about what uranium does as a heavy metal in people, and we certainly

have a lot of studies on depleted uranium in the environment, and I'll talk a little bit later about from the Gulf War some

individuals who were involved in friendly fire. Next slide, please. Our major concern, as I said, is the chemical nature, because uranium, depleted uranium are

both heavy metals -- like lead and tungsten and nickel. The kidney, when the depleted uranium is internalized, becomes a target organ, and there are collecting tubules that

essentially concentrate the urine that are most severely affected, the first to be affected if there is a dose of natural uranium or depleted uranium above a threshold in the body. We looked at some

90 Gulf War veterans who were in or on an armored vehicle when it was struck by depleted uranium in friendly fire. And

those individuals have been followed on an annual basis now we are talking 12 years post-incident.And we do not see any

kidney damage in those individuals -- and this is using very sophisticated medical evaluation of kidneys. They were also followed for other medical

problems, and they have had no -- and I'll talk about this a little bit later, but while I'm here, they've had no other medical consequences of that depleted uranium exposure. Now, some of

these individuals had amputations, were burned, had deep wounds, so that these individuals, some of them of course do have medical problems . But as far as a consequence of the

depleted uranium exposure, we are not seeing anything related to that either from a chemical or radiological effect. Next slide,

please. We've looked at them for cancers. There has been no cancer of bone or lungs, where you would expect them -- to seethat. We have seen no leukemias. As I said, there's been about 90 individuals we've followed up, and about 20 of these individuals still have

small fragments of depleted uranium in their body. To try to remove that totally from their body would mean amputation or removal of muscles. And our belief is it's better

to follow them than to go through any further traumatic type of surgery for the individuals. And, as I've said, we have not seen any untoward medical consequence in

these individuals. When we take a look at transuranics, and that's been brought up -- you may have heard about that -- these are trace elements of like Americium, plutonium, neptunium that has

been found in depleted uranium in the process of making it. It goes through the same processing plant where nuclear fuel is reprocessed after it is spent. And there trace amounts of transuranics in thedepleted uranium. It has been looked at, measured by several different countries sand scientists outside of DOD. The amount of radiation that contributes is less than one percent, and that is believed not tohave any medical significance as far as adding to the radiation.

Depleted Uranium does not cause cancer


Uranium

Depleted uranium is 40 percent less radioactive than natural uranium around us. And so when it's outside the body it's just

not an issue. It's only when it's internalized -- either by inhaling the dust, the oxide, as Colonel Naughton said when there is penetration of armor, it does self-sharpen and it does create an oxide dust. And there are people who were in or on the

vehicles that were struck in friendly fire, who did inhale that oxide, and we have not seen any medical consequence from

that. They certainly had the highest dose exposure of anybody in the Gulf War . Next slide, please. We talked about not seeing

any cancers in the kidney or certainly in the lungs or the bone in these individuals. Leukemia became an issue a couple of

years ago when the Italians were concerned about peacekeepers in the Kosovo area coming back and having leukemia. Wetook at what are the causes of leukemia. The rates in the United States are usually about two per 100,000 people per year. The cause of leukemia

is often unknown. We took a look at data, medical data, from the exposures of atomic bomb blasts in Japan in World War II, people getting chemotherapy.

We see an increased rate in leukemia in these individuals, some two to four six years after that exposure. And we certainly know people exposed to toxic

solvents like benzene can have an increased rate of leukemia. But the Italians did the epidemiological study and found basically the rate

of leukemia in their military personnel was no greater than their civilian population. And so what was triggered as a cause-effect



http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2058








Juniors DUBs Negrelationship being in Kosovo where depleted uranium in was fired was not a causal relationship. It was just the natural rate of leukemia in the

people who had been peacekeepers in that area.




Juniors DUBs Neg

Genocide Advantage---Impact Defense---Environment

There is no environmental impact


Uranium Next slide, please. There have been over 40 tests done on what happens to depleted uranium from an environmental standpoint,

both with shooting munitions through armor, looking at burning of depleted uranium. We had some fires in tanks. We hadsome fires in depleted uranium -- storage capacities. And we have recently done a capstone study where we again have shot

depleted uranium through uranium armored tanks to look at what is the amount of oxide created, how long does it stay

suspended, what is the particle size. That study has just been completed, but it is not yet written to be published. When it is written it will be

published. All of the environmental information about depleted uranium is in our Department of Defense environmental exposure report, and I'll have a

website that will show you that at the end of the talk. if there are questions we need to continue to bore down on the science and make

sure that those continued experimental evidence from animals validate what we know in people. And I think that it's extremely

important to say that we are doing all the tests that need to be done to understand the physiology of exposure to depleted uranium. Next slide. Recent

environmental assessments done outside the Department of Defense. The United Nations Environmental Programme has put out this book,

called "Depleted Uranium in Kosovo," where they went and did soil samples. They went and looked for the penetrators. Again, these are

the A-10 airplanes shooting. They found some seven penetrators or the sable, what you saw coming off the round on the ground. These had either hit rocks,

cement, and ricocheted. Normally when an A-10 fires if it hits ground it buries anywhere from one to ten meters deep. But they found seven on the ground,

some 13 tons of depleted uranium had been shot from the airplane in the Kosovo area. And they have not been able to find any environmental effect of

depleted uranium -- not residual other than finding those penetrators lying on the ground. They've checked water. There have been other countries --the Belgians came in and looked at food, water, milk, fruits, vegetables, meat, and essentially were not able to find any

evidence of any increased uranium or depleted uranium in any of those samples. The World Health Organization has done asimilar study in the Balkans. The European Commission, the European Parliament and the United Kingdom Society for World Society has also

published a report on looking at all that data. So we have outside of DOD, outside the United States, organizations taking a look at what are the

environmental effects, and they are consistent in their finding that there is no environmental effect in an area where depleted uranium has been shot. Next

slide, please. These again are a couple more meetings where they got experts from around the world -- and the last one, depleted uranium in Kosovo, and that

has been published at a meeting in Germany. Again the scientists are in concurrence that it does not pose an environmental hazard.

The oxide released will not affect anyone- will fall to ground


Uranium

Next slide. When DU does strike armor and that oxide is created, it falls to the ground very quickly -- usually within about a 50-

meter range. As Colonel Naughton said, it's heavy. It's 1.7 times as heavy as lead. So even if it's a small dust particle, it's still

very heavy. And it stays on the ground. They've looked on the battlefield in multiple locations. We looked in Kuwait where we knew that there wer

tank battles. We looked in the boneyard in Kuwait where all of the Iraqi armored vehicle that was hit with depleted uranium was

dragged, and we were not able to find anything on the ground around those vehicles that's above background in radiation. If

you look at hole where the depleted uranium round went in and out, there is an increased radiation where that metal was

essentially welded onto the armor. But that's not going to go anywhere. It's not going to fall off. It's welded onto that armor.And the boneyard is out in the desert were eventually the sand will cover it over. And, again, it does not pose an environmental hazard. I think the

Kosovo report focuses on picking up lose particles that are on the ground. They need to be appropriately disposed of and thatwould be buried at a documented site. They recommended continuing to look at groundwater. They don't believe that there's a likelihood that that

would be the case. Our studies in the United States over 15 years have not shown depleted uranium going from the soil into groundwater.

It just does not move from the round that is in the soil. And the bottom line is there is going to be no impact on the health of the

people in the environment, or people who were there at the time it was shot. Next round. We have a lot of information and history

medically on uranium which applies directly to depleted uranium. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry says there has been no

documented case of any cancer of any type related to exposure to uranium or depleted uranium. Looking at those individuals whom we know were mosthighly exposed to depleted uranium in the Gulf War are some 90 individuals who are being in the medical follow-up program. They have shown no adverse

effect from their exposure to depleted uranium. And, again, the multiple other organizations reviewing this data are consistent with our understanding of

depleted uranium. It is a superior weapon, superior armor. It is a munition that we will continue to use, if the need is there to attack armor.









Juniors DUBs Neg

Genocide Advantage---Depleted Uranium Exposure Inevitable

We are surrounded by depleted uranium- other effects

Global security, updated 2010, an informational service on military technology,http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/du.htm

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) for the Department of Health and Human Services

estimates there are an average of 4 tons of uranium in the top foot of soil in every square mile of land. A heavy metal similato tungsten and lead, uranium occurs in soils in typical concentrations of a few parts per million (equivalent to about half ateaspoon of uranium in a typical 8-cubic yard dump truck-load of dirt). The Department of Energy (DOE) has reported thathe DU it provided to DoD for manufacturing armor plates and munitions may contain trace levels (a few parts per billion ) ofcontaminants including neptunium, plutonium, americium, technitium-99 and uranium-236. From a radiological perspectivethese contaminants in DU add less than one percent to the radioactivity of DU itself.

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/du.htm








Juniors DUBs Neg

Depleted Uranium Good---Military Effectiveness

The DUB is better than its alternative and essential to the troops

Global security, updated 2010, an informational service on military technology,http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/du.htm

In military applications, when alloyed, Depleted Uranium is ideal for use in armor penetrators. These solid metal projectiles have the

speed, mass and physical properties to perform exceptionally well against armored targets. DU provides a substantial performanceadvantage, well above other competing materials. This allows DU penetrators to defeat an armored target at a significantly greaterdistance. Also, DU's density and physical properties make it ideal for use as armor plate. DU has been used in weapon systems for many

years in both applications. DU can be used to engage the enemy at greater distances than tungsten penetrators or high explosive anti-tank(HEAT) rounds because of improved ballistic properties. When they strike a target, tungsten penetrators blunt while DU has a self

sharpening property. DU ammunition routinely provides a 25 percent increase in effective range over traditional kinetic energy rounds.On impact with a hard target (such as a tank) the penetrator may generate a cloud of DU dust within the struck vehicle that ignitespontaneously creating a fire that increases the damage to the target. Due to the pyrophoric nature of DU, many of the DU particles andfragments that are formed during and following impact and perforation will spontaneously ignite, resulting in a shift of the particle size

probability distribution function to a smaller mean diameter. As a result of physical differences between DU and its oxides, the oxide particles tend to crumble under relatively weak mechanical forces, further shifting the particle size to an even smaller mean diameterThe amount of depleted uranium which is transformed into dust will depend upon the type of munition, the nature of the impact, and thetype of target. The number of penetrators hitting a target depends upon many factors, including the type and size of the target. On

average, not more than 10% of the penetrators fired by planes equipped with large machine guns hit the target (20 - 30 mm rounds). DUmunitions which do not hit hard targets will penetrate into the soft ground or remain more or less intact on the surface. These will corrode

over time, as metalic DU is not stable under environmental conditions. US forces also use DU to enhance their tanks’ armor protectionIn one noteworthy incident, an M1A1 Abrams Main Battle Tank , its thick steel armor reinforced by a layer of DU sandwiched between

two layers of steel, rebuffed a close-in attack by three of Iraq's T-72 tanks. After deflecting three hits from Iraq's tanks, the Abrams’ crewdispatched the T-72s with a single DU round to each of the three Iraqi tanks.

DUBs give the military ballistic abilities unachievable by conventional bullets

TIME, 67 – (TIME Magazine, 10/6/67, “Weapons: Magic Bullet”,

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844031,00.html#ixzz0ujbn3d3a)

Since the first atomic explosion at Alamogordo, N. Mex., in 1945, uranium has been the key ingredient in nuclear armaments.

Now, in a surprising change of role, the heavy metal is showing promise in more conventional weapons. When fired from test

guns, tiny uranium projectiles produced by California's TRW Systems and several other companies, have had such devastating effects on targets during

recent demonstrations that the Department of Defense has been awarding contracts for further development work. TRW's magic bullets are unimpressive

at first glance. Less than 4 in. long and one-tenth of an inch thick, they resemble the steel flechettes (French for "little arrows") used in some U.S.

antipersonnel weapons in Viet Nam. What the TRW flechettes lack in size, they make up in penetration power. In recent tests, they

punched completely through a 2-in.-thick armor plate that would stop most steel flechettes or heavy-caliber bullets fired atit. Dramatic Travel. It is the uranium that gives the flechettes their impressive muscle. Cleansed of its fissionable isotopes U-235, the

depleted uranium is safe to handle. Because it is one of the heaviest natural elements (a 1-ft. cube of uranium weighs 1,167

lbs.), even a tiny uranium flechette fired at high velocity from a gun has so much kinetic energy that it can penetrate a targe

at an angle as oblique as 60° . When it enters the target, the flechette is stripped of an ablative coating that has protected the uranium from the 1000°

F. temperature generated by air friction (solid uranium will ignite at 338° F.) As the bare depleted uranium comes in contact with steel, an exothermic, or

heat-producing, effect occurs when the metals react chemically. This instantaneous heating, combined with the searing heat of impact, raises the

temperature of the surrounding steel to such a degree that the flechette literally melts its way through, leaving a hole many times its own diameter. Themost dramatic portion of the flechette's travels is yet to come. As it emerges from its target in a shower of hot gases and molten steel, the hot uranium

again comes in contact with air. Without its ablative coating to protect it, it oxidizes explosively, producing overpressures that on a large scale could

damage a tank or bunker. TRW hopes soon to adapt the uranium flechettes for firing from a multi-barreled, rotary Gatling gun that can spew out hundreds

of rounds per second. When this weapon system has been perfected, there seems little that will be able to stand in the way of its deadly rain of uranium

bullets.





http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844031,00.html#ixzz0ujbn3d3a




http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844031,00.html#ixzz0ujbn3d3a




Juniors DUBs Neg

Depleted Uranium Good---Military Effectiveness---Best Alternative

Better than the alternative - DU munitions are better than Tungsten bullets and have negligible health

effects

Woods, 03 – (Michael Woods, 3/26/03, “Depleted Uranium Shells Propaganda Target by Iraqis”, Post-Gazette National Bureau,

http://www.post-gazette.com/World/20030326depleted0326p7.asp)

WASHINGTON --Iraq has tried to manipulate world opinion in recent months in an effort to prevent the United States fromusing its most effective armor-penetrating shells , the kind that decimated the Iraqi tank fleet in the Persian Gulf War, U.S. military officials say.

The Iraqi government has been highlighting potential health consequences for civilians if U.S. forces use shells made with "depleted uranium," blamed for

causing a variety of ailments after the Gulf War, according to Col. James Naughton, director of munitions for the U.S. Army Materiel Command. U.S. forces

have refused to do without DU shells in the Iraq war, but one reason they hope to avoid major battles in Baghdad, Basra and other urban centers is to avoid

claims that they have endangered civilians by using DU ammunition. Depleted uranium is regarded as one of the 21st century's biggest advances in military

technology, said Naughton and Dr. Michael Kilpatrick, a military expert on depleted uranium, at a Pentagon briefing. Some 640,000 pounds of DU shellswere fired during Operation Desert Storm, mainly by tank-hunting Air Force A-10 Thunderbolts, Marine Corps AV-8 Harriers and Abrams tanks. DU is a

very dense metal, 1.7 times heavier than lead. It is a byproduct of manufacturing fuel for commercial nuclear power reactors and material for nuclear

weapons. Processing leaves it depleted of radioactivity, hence its name. It is 40 percent less radioactive than natural uranium. DU has an advantage

over special steels and tungsten , previous mainstays in antitank armor-piercing shells. Tips of bullets made from those materials blunt

and mushroom after they strike armor plate, reducing penetration. DU, in contrast, is "self-sharpening." As a DU shell passes

through armor, surface layers peel off, keeping the tip sharp enough go 25 percent deeper than traditional rounds. Peelings and

other impact debris, however, may splatter several hundred feet from the impact before falling to the ground. Dust-like particles may remain in the soil for

years, becoming airborne in dry, windy conditions or finding their way into sources of drinking water. Whole shells are another source of environmental DU

When an aircraft's antitank shells miss, they don't just kick up puffs of dust, as suggested on fuzzy TV images. DU shells can penetrate 20 feet into the

ground. The military uses layers of DU in tank armor , as well. In Operation Desert Storm, DU made U.S. tanks almostinvulnerable . There are stories of Iraqi tanks lying in ambush, firing as a lone tank enters their trap. The enemy round just bounces off. The U.S. crew

proceeds to kill all the enemy tanks, including one protected by a thick wall of sand. "It really happened," Naughton said. "That's how much of an advantage

it gives us. So we don't want to give it up." Naughton said Iraq has been behind some of the negative publicity about DU's health effects, in an effort to sway

world opinion against U.S. use of DU weapons. American veterans of the Gulf War first raised concerns that exposure to DU might be a cancer risk. United

Nations and Italian studies later identified DU contamination in Iraq and Kosovo as a possible health threat to local children. During the 1999 Kosovoconflict, U.S. aircraft fired about 30,000 shells containing almost 9 tons of DU at 112 sites. The studies said it was theoretically possible that children who

inhale or eat contaminated soil could get high radiation doses, or kidney damage. Officials in Basra, the southern Iraq city much in the war news, also blamed

DU for a rash of birth defects, childhood cancers and other ills among residents. "The Iraqis tell us terrible things happened to our people because you used it

last time," Naughton said. "Why do they want it to go away? They want it to go away because we kicked the crap out of them -- OK? "There's no doubt thatDU gave us a huge advantage over their tanks." A World Health Organization medical team visited Basra and proposed a study to see why so many people in

the city were so sick. But Saddam Hussein refused. "Unless that study is done, it is going to be very difficult to try to understand what is behind the large

number of people being ill," Kilpatrick said. No tank battles occurred in Basra or other population centers during the Gulf War, DU is too heavy to have

blown into Basra from nearby areas, he added. A half-dozen major studies, done by government and non-government agencies in the United States and

Europe, have failed to find health problems associated with DU. "Taking into account the pathways and realistic scenarios of human

exposure, radiological exposure to depleted uranium could not cause a detectable effect on human health," a European Unionstudy concluded in 2001. A 2001 WHO study found that DU's hazards are "likely to be very small." A RAND Corporation study in 1999 and another 2001

project funded by the European Parliament concurred. The Defense Department is monitoring about 90 Gulf War veterans who were exposed to high levels

of DU. Most have DU fragments in their bodies as a result of friendly fire incidents. No ill effects have been found so far . Still, the Pentagon is

understandably wary about urban warfare that spreads tons of DU around big Iraqi cities, possibly leading to future claims about a health disaster among

residents. How likely is it that DU would be used in cities? "The only reason we would be using it in an urban environment is if our opponents take their

tanks into an urban environment and we have to kill them," Naughton said. "So is it likely? That's a tactical choice, and if our opponents take that tacticalchoice, you could see that activity."




Juniors DUBs Neg

Depleted Uranium Good---Tungsten Worse

Tungsten research exhibits toxic symptoms

Schmidt, 05 – (Charles W. Schmidt, 6/01/05, Charles Schmidt is the winner of the 2002 National Association of Science Writer's

Science-in-Society Journalism Award, "No Magic Bullet: Tungsten Alloy Munitions Pose Unforseen Threat",

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257635)

In response to concerns about the human and environmental health effects of materials used to produce munitions , countriesincluding the U nited S tates have begun replacing some lead- and depleted uranium–based munitions with alternatives made

of a tungsten alloy . But this solution may not be the “magic bullet” it was once envisioned to be. Researchers from the Armed Forces Radiobiology

Research Institute and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research now report that weapons-grade tungsten alloy produces aggressive metastatic tumors

when surgically implanted into the muscles of rats [ EHP 113:729–734]. These findings raise new questions about the possible

consequences of tungsten exposure, and undermine the view that tungsten alloy is a nontoxic alternative to depleted

uranium and lead . In the study, male F344 rats were implanted with pellets in each hind leg, an exposure protocol that mimicked shrapnel wounds

received in the field. The rats were split into four treatment groups: a negative control implanted with 10 pellets of tantalum (an inert metal), a positive

control implanted with 10 pellets of nickel (a known carcinogen), a high-dose group implanted with 10 pellets of tungsten alloy, and a low-dose group

implanted with 4 pellets of tungsten alloy and 16 pellets of tantalum. The alloy used in this research was the same as that used in weapons: 91.1%

tungsten, 6.0% nickel, and 2.9% cobalt. By 6 months after implantation all the rats in the high-dose, low-dose, and positive control groups had developed

leg tumors. None of the rats in the negative control developed tumors, and all survived beyond 12 months with no apparent health effects. All remainingrats were sacrificed at 24 months. At sacrifice, blood samples were assessed for a range of hematologic parameters. The high-dose group exhibited

statistically significant increases in levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as compared to the low-dose and control

groups. The rats also underwent a pathology exam, and tissues were collected for histology. Whereas the tantalum pellets in the low-dose group were

surrounded by normal tissue, all of the tungsten alloy and nickel pellets were surrounded by tumors. Tumors in the tungsten alloy–treated animals

metastasized to the lung. Histology further indicated that tungsten alloy pellets were surrounded by invasive neoplastic cells that had infiltrated intoskeletal muscle tissue. No metastasis was observed in the positive controls.

Organ measurements identified significant increases in both spleen and thymus body-to-weight ratios in the high-dose group only. Both these organs are

components of the immune system, leading the authors to suggest that embedded tungsten alloy may be immunotoxic at certain concentrations. The

authors write that the amounts of cobalt (a suspected human carcinogen) and nickel in the tungsten alloy material likely were too small to produce the

effects seen in the two groups implanted with the alloy. However, they do cite recent evidence indicating that the combination of these metals

may produce synergistic effects. The biological mechanism by which embedded tungsten alloy produces tumors is unclear, they add, and warrants

further study.

Tungsten is just as dangerous as depleted uranium-causes tumors

Hambling, 09 – (David Hambling, 4/21/09, Wired Contributor , "In the Military, Toxic Tungsten is Everywhere",

http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/author/david-hambling)

The Army has stopped producing so-called "green" training rounds , because of research showing that the bullets’ main ingredient may be

more toxic than previously thought. But that element, tungsten , is also in an array of other ammunition and munitions, as well . Which

means all sorts of rockets, missiles, and anti-tank rounds may present an environmental hazard and a health risk. Tungsten was introduced toweaponry as an alternative to depleted uranium , or DU — itself an alleged toxin. But scientists later learned that embedded

tungsten alloy fragments can cause tumors. A 2007 memorandum from the Under Secretary of Defense advises that "in

light of our present knowledge of the potential health risks associated with tungsten/nickel/cobalt alloys , please have your

acquisition managers and munitions developers and researchers consider alternative materials in developmental munitions programs." The discovery that tungsten, by itself in the environment, is also hazardous may escalate things to a new level. Could it put tungsten on a

par with DU? Part of the problem is that so many types of weapon use tungsten: The GNU-44 Viper Strike missile, carried by armed drones, has a

tungsten sleeve to produce antipersonnel shrapnel. The 130-round-per-second Phalanx anti-missile Gatling gun, deployed on U.S. and Royal Navy ships,

originally used DU rounds. They were replaced with tungsten, for environmental reasons. 120mm anti-tank rounds, use tungsten as an alternative to DUin training. So do the 25mm anti-tank rounds, on board the M2/M3 Bradley fighting vehicle. Armor-pirecing .308 M993 rifle rounds. The 120mm M1028

anti-personnel round, fired by the Abrams tank. It’s basically a giant shotgun shell loaded with 1100 tungsten balls, each 3/8th of an inch big. Dense Inert

Metal Explosives, the "focused lethality" munition used by the U.S. and Israel. It contains micro-shrapnel made of tungsten powder. Some 70mm rockets

fired by Apache helicopters r elease tungsten flechettes. … and so on. The British Army is already looking into the tungsten problem. A study of possible

implications found that there was tungsten in the ground water of at least one UK tank firing range, and recommended that further studies be carried out.

Meanwhile, the U.S. Army seems to be taking a schizophrenic approach – stopping production of tungsten-based training ammo, while

looking into using it as a DU-replacement in even more rounds. Lead — the classic ammo ingredient — is firmly established. (Although

some U.S. state laws make it illegal to use at firing ranges.) So is DU also appears rooted in place. But the trend towards more environmental awareness isa continuing one and would be unwise to assume that anything defined as a toxic health hazard is going to remain in the inventory indefinitely. This might

exasperate those who accept that all weapons are dangerous… but it’s not going to get them around the law. We may end up in a situation where

neither depleted uranium nor the only known alternative are politically acceptable. Heavy metal penetrators are an essential

tool of modern armored warfare. What is needed is a new material entirely, and that is going to be quite a challenge from a physics and

engineering point of view. And then it will need to be proven safe, which may take quite a while.

http://blog.wired.com/defense/2009/04/toxic-tungsten.html




http://www.newweapons.org/filestore/DU-MEDMGMT-OTSG.pdf



http://www.janes.com/defence/news/jdw/dutoxic010112_1_n.shtml


https://acc.dau.mil/GetAttachment.aspx?id=188326&pname=file&aid=32384&lang=en-US


http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004guns/wed/gilliam.ppt



http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/mk-15.htm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1115771.stm


http://www.gd-ots.com/sitepages/dirfire.html

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/m919.htm



http://www.inetres.com/gp/military/infantry/rifle/762mm_ammo.html



http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2008gun_missile/6351LevineBrian.pdf



http://www.defensetech.org/archives/002434.html


http://www.magellan.aero/content/objects/FAT_Warhead.pdf




http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/1A5BC960-810D-4299-B391-80A9FC9C8E7B/0/tungsten_environment.pdf




http://www.fbodaily.com/archive/2006/10-October/13-Oct-2006/FBO-01164328.htm


http://states.ng.mil/sites/ma/resources/erc/emc.htm







http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/mk-15.htm


http://www.gd-ots.com/sitepages/dirfire.html
















Juniors DUBs Neg

Depleted Uranium Good---Tungsten Worse

The alternative to Depleted uranium is worse- causes a worse form of cancer

New Scientist, a peer reviewed scientific journal, 26 February 2005, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18524883.700-

depleted-uranium-ammo-may-be-replaced.html AFTER years of controversy about the long-term health effects of depleted uranium weapons on soldiers and people living in areas where they have been

used, the Pentagon is considering replacing the uranium with tungsten alloy. The snag is that tungsten could be even more

dangerous. In a study designed to simulate shrapnel injuries, pellets of weapons-grade tungsten alloy were implanted in 92rats. Within five months all the animals developed a rare cancer called rhabdomyosarcoma, according to John Kalinich's team at the

Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute in Maryland. The study will appear in Environmental Health Perspectives . The rats'

tumours grew more quickly and spread more aggressively than tumours induced by implanting nickel pellets in other rats.

"The military needs to hold up on this conversion to tungsten alloy weapons until more is known," says University of Arizona

toxicologist Mark Witten, who is studying the role pollution from tungsten mining might play in elevated rates of childhood

cancer s, including rhabdomyosarcoma, in several western US communities.

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18524883.700-depleted-uranium-ammo-may-be-replaced.html








Juniors DUBs Neg

Plan Popular---Human Rights

Human rights and weapons cleanup popular in congress – mine treaty proves

HRW 5/8 (Human Rights Watch, May 8 2010, “US: Two-Thirds in Senate Back Landmine Ban,” online:

http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/05/08/us-two-thirds-senate-back-landmine-ban #!tylerd)

A letter from 68 Senators to President Barack Obama expressing strong support for a ban on antipersonnel mines should spur

the administration to decide to join the Mine Ban Treaty this year , Human Rights Watch said. The letter, made public today, will be

formally sent next week, along with an identical letter from members of the House of Representatives. In late 2009, Obama

initiated a comprehensive review of US landmine policy. The congressional letters express “strong support” for the decision to conduct a

review and state, “We are confident that…the Administration can identify any obstacles to joining the [Mine Ban]

Convention and develop a plan to overcome them as soon as possible.” “More than two-thirds of the Senate and many in the House have

now told the president that the US should join the Mine Ban Treaty, and that it can do so without endangering US national security,” said Steve Goose, Arms

Division director at Human Rights Watch. “Joining the treaty is the right thing to do from both a humanitarian and a military

perspective.”

Strong support for human rights – Myanmar sanctions prove

AFP 7/22 (7/22/10, " US Congress renews Myanmar sanctions", online:

http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h9knsykDXyMgQ7TKAwii_rHS1JCQ #!tylerd)

The US Congress on Thursday renewed a ban on imports from Myanmar for another year, seeking to pressure the military

regime over human rights and democracy as well as alleged ties to North Korea. The Senate voted almost unanimously to

extend the sanctions, a week after the House took similar action. The bill now goes to President Barack Obama, who is expected to sign it

despite his administration's engagement with Myanmar. The law bans trade with companies tied to the junta in Myanmar, also known as Burma. It also

freezes such firms' assets and instructs the United States to block international loans for the isolated state.

http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/05/08/us-two-thirds-senate-back-landmine-ban

http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h9knsykDXyMgQ7TKAwii_rHS1JCQ


http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/05/08/us-two-thirds-senate-back-landmine-ban





Juniors DUBs Neg

Utilitarianism Good

Utilitarianism is best for policymaking—flexibility is key to maintain ethics

Woller 1997 (Gary, Economics Professor at BYU, “Policy Currents,” June, http://apsapolicysection.org/vol7_2/72.pdf ) Showers

Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, such that one group's gainsmust come at another group's expense. Consequently, public policies in a democracy must be justified to the public, and

especially to those who pay the costs of those policies. Such justification cannot simply be assumed by invoking some a

priori higher-order moral principle . Appeals to a priori moral principles, such as environmental preservation, also often fail to acknowledge that

public policies inevitably entail trade-offs among competing values. Thus since policymakers cannot justify inherent value conflicts to the public in any

philosophical sense, and since public policies inherently imply winners and losers, the policymakers' duty to the public interest requires them to

demonstrate that the redistributive effects and value trade-offs implied by their polices are somehow to the overall advantage of society. At the sametime, deontologically based ethical systems have severe practical limitations as a basis for public policy. At best, a priori

moral principles provide only general guidance to ethical dilemmas in public affairs and do not themselves suggest

appropriate public policies, and at worst, they create a regimen of regulatory unreasonableness while failing to adequately

address the problem or actually making it worse. For example, a moral obligation to preserve the environment by no means implies the best

way, or any way for that matter, to do so, just as there is no a priori reason to believe that any policy that claims to preserve the environment will actually

do so. Any number of policies might work, and others, although seemingly consistent with the moral principle, will fail utterly. That deontological principles are an inadequate basis for environmental policy is evident in the rather significant irony that most forms of deontologically based

environmental laws and regulations tend to be implemented in a very utilitarian manner by street-level enforcement officials. Moreover, ignoring the

relevant costs and benefits of environmental policy and their attendant incentive structures can, as alluded to above, actually work at cross purposes toenvironmental preservation. (There exists an extensive literature on this aspect of regulatory enforcement and the often perverse outcomes of regulatory

policy. See, for example, Ackerman, 1981; Bartrip and Fenn, 1983; Hawkins, 1983, 1984; Hawkins and Thomas, 1984.) Even the most die-hard

preservationist/deontologist would, I believe, be troubled by this outcome. The above points are perhaps best expressed by Richard Flathman, The

number of values typically involved in public policy decisions, the broad categories which must be employed and above all

the scope and complexity of the consequences to be anticipated militate against reasoning so conclusively that they generate

an imperative to institute a specific policy. It is seldom the case that only one policy will meet the criteria of the public

interest (1958, p. 12). It therefore follows that in a democracy, policymakers have an ethical duty to establish a plausible link

between policy alternatives and the problems they address, and the public must be reasonably assured that a policy will

actually do something about an existing problem; this requires the means-end language and methodology of utilitarian

ethics. Good intentions, lofty rhetoric, and moral piety are an insufficient, though perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Extinction outweighs all other impact—it's irreversible

Schell 82 (Jonathan, Harold Willens Peace Fellow at the Nation Institute, The Fate of the Earth, page 95) Showers

...it is clear that at present, with some twenty thousand megatons of nuclear explosive power in existence, and with more

being added every day, we have entered into the zone of uncertainty, which is to say the zone of risk of extinction. But the

mere risk of extinction has a significance that is categorically different from, and immeasurably greater than that of any

other risk, and as we make our decisions we have to take that significance into account. Up to now, every risk has beencontained within the frame of life; extinction would shatter the frame. It represents not the defeat of some purpose but an

abyss in which all human purposes would be drowned for all time. We have no right to place the possibility of this limitless

eternal defeat on the same footing as risks that we run in the ordinary conduct of our affairs in our particular transient

moment of human history. To employ a mathematical analogy, we can say that although the risk of extinction may be

fractional, the stake is, humanly speaking, infinite, and a fraction of infinity is still infinity. In other words, once we learn

that a holocaust might lead to extinction we have no right to gamble, because if we lose, the game will be over, and neither

we nor anyone else will ever get another chance. Therefore, although scientifically speaking, there is all the difference in

the world between the mere possibility that a holocaust will bring about extinction and the certainty of it, morally they are

the same, and we have no choice but to address the issue of nuclear weapons as though we knew for a certainty that their use would put an end to our species.




Juniors DUBs Neg

AT: Levinas

Constructing an other we have to help ensures continued colonialism—assumes objective knowledge

about other cultures

Jones 2007 (Rachel, Ph.D Candidate in Philosophy at the University of North Carolina, “(RE)ENVISIONING SELF AND

OTHER: SUBVERTING VISUAL ORIENTALISM THROUGH THE CREATION OF POSTCOLONIAL PEDAGOGY,”

http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/umi-uncg-1403.pdf ) Showers

Legacies of nationalism and imperialism have created unequal power relationships involved in representations of self/other .

Those who wield power in global, gendered relationships represent the rest of the world in the form of their choosing.

Colonial power and exploitation by the West, traditionally Europe and more recently the United States, has taken control of

creating the Other academically and artistically. These misrepresentations have been based on assumptions of Western

superiority and cultural biases that lead to a privileged position of “objective knowledge” about other cultures. Scholars who

created the field of Orientalism believed in a superiority of European technology and knowledge. I am specifically interested in how Western views of the

Muslim world, the Orient, have informed Western public perception about the nature and agency of those in the East. Almost daily there is a new story of

ways in which the issue of the Muslim woman’s body is constructed as a site for political struggle. The veiling or unveiling of women is currently being

legislated in many countries, choice of dress and religious expression are denied to Muslim women in many cases without their consultation. How is theOrientalist history of biased representation affecting these current debates and how is the image of Islam in the United States feeding into the fear of

difference? American global power has been built since World War II on this foundation of European scholarship and colonialism. Our sense of self as

Americans is intimately connected to our military strength and ethnocentric views of the foreign. Benedict Anderson (1983) writes that “imagined

communities” must be formed through invented connections; group identities are constructed through the lure of being part of an exclusive community.

The creation of our national identity defines who is part of the community of the nation and who is on the outside. It is this creation of imaginary

difference that separates one group from another. Nationalism takes physically nonexistent borders and transforms them into sacred

lines of difference. When unequal levels of power are combined with the often-violent xenophobia of nationalism,

individual humanity and empathy are lost in the frenzy to decide who belongs inside and outside the borders. The visual,

pictorial representations of those left outside are created to enforce difference and deny the individual experience. Thus we

in the West have come to know the other visually as primitive, tribal, unclean, ornamented, and frozen in a nebulous past. Interms of the Muslim woman, we visually have been presented with the helpless victim, veiled and hidden. This is a visual affront to our very Western idea

of freedom, and allows us to distance ourselves from the women while pitying them for their cloth prison. This same Western idea of freedom is not

questioned for its role in the pressure 9

The infinite love espoused by Levinas is just a mask for exclusive hatred, the aff precludes true ethics

Zizek 5 (Slavoj, Slovenian superhero, “Smashing the Neighbor's Face,” http://www.lacan.com/zizsmash.htm ) Showers

One should therefore assume the risk of countering Levinas's position with a more radical one: others are primordially an

(ethically) indifferent multitude, and love is a violent gesture of cutting into this multitude and privileging a One as theneighbor, thus introducing a radical imbalance into the whole. In contrast to love, justice begins when I remember the

faceless many left in shadow in this privileging of the One. Justice and love are thus structurally incompatible: justice, not

love, has to be blind, it has to disregard the privileged One whom I “really understand." What this means is that the Third is not

secondary: it is always-already here, and the primordial ethical obligation is towards this Third who is NOT here in the face to face relationship, the one inshadow, like the absent child of a love-couple. This not simply the Derridean-Kierkegaardian point that I always betray the Other because toute autre est

un autre, because I have to make a CHOICE to SELECT who my neighbor is from the mass of the Thirds, and this is the original sin-choice of love. The

structure is similar to the one described by Emile Benveniste apropos verbs: the primordial couple is not active-passive, to which the neutral form is then

added, but active and neutral (along the axis of engaged-disengaged). The primordial couple is Neutral and Evil (the choice which disturbs the neutral

balance), or, grammatically, impersonal Other and me - "you" is a secondary addition. 4 In order to properly grasp the triangle of love, hatred andindifference, one has to rely on the logic of the universal and its constitutive exception which only introduces existence. The truth of the universal

proposition "Man is mortal" does not imply the existence of even one man, while the "less strong" proposition "There is at least one man who exists (i.e.,

some men exist)" implies their existence. Lacan draws from this the conclusion that we pass from universal proposition (which defines the

content of a notion) to existence only through a proposition stating the existence of - not the at least one element of the

universal genus which exists, but - at least one which is an exception to the universality in question. What this means with

regard to love is that the universal proposition "I love you all" acquires the level of actual existence only if "there is at leastone whom I hate" - the thesis abundantly confirmed by the fact that universal love for humanity always led to the brutal

hatred of the (actually existing) exception, of the enemies of humanity. This hatred of the exception is the "truth" of

universal love, in contrast to true love which can only emerge aganst the background - NOT of universal hatred, but - of

universal indifference: I am indifferent towards All, the totality of the universe, and as such, I actually love YOU, the

unique individual who stands/sticks out of this indifferent background. Love and hatred are thus not symmetrical: love emerges outof the universal indifference, while hatred emerges out of universal love. In short, we are dealing here again with the formulas of

sexuation: "I do not love you all" is the only foundation of "there is nobody that I do not love," while "I love you all" necessarily relies on "I really hate

some of you." "But I love you all," defended himself Erich Mielke, the Secret Police boss of the DDR - his universal love was obviously grounded in its

constitutive exception, the hatred of the enemies of socialism. This brings us to the radical anti-Levinasian conclusion: the true ethical

step is the one BEYOND the face of the other, the one of SUSPENDING the hold of the face: the choice AGAINST the

face, for the THIRD. This coldness IS justice at its most elementary. Every preempting of the Other in the guise of his face

http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/umi-uncg-1403.pdf

http://www.lacan.com/zizsmash.htm

http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/umi-uncg-1403.pdf

http://www.lacan.com/zizsmash.htm




Juniors DUBs Negrelegates the Third to the faceless background. And the elementary gesture of justice is not to show respect for the face in

front of me, to be open for its depth, but to abstract from it and refocus onto the faceless Thirds in the background. It is only

such a shift of focus onto the Third that effectively uproots justice, liberating it from the contingent umbilical link that

renders her »embedded« in a particular situation.In other words, it is only such a shift onto the Third that grounds justice in

the dimension of universality proper . When Levinas endeavors to ground ethics in the Other's face, is he not still clinging to the ultimate root of

the ethical commitment, afraid to accept the abyss of the rootless Law as the only foundation of ethics? Justice as blind thus means that, precisely, it

cannot be grounded in the relationship to the Other's face, i.e., in the relationship to the neighbor: justice is emphatically NOT justice for - with regard to -

the neighbor.

Any conception of the other makes violence inevitable

Meister 5 (Robert, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, “"Never Again": The Ethics of the Neighbor and the Logic of

Genocide,” http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/postmodern_culture/v015/15.2meister.html) Showers

To understand the phenomenon, we can call upon Melanie Klein's concept of "projective identification."13 Klein's idea is tha

the settler re-experiences his own aggression toward the native as fear of the native's hostility toward him. In fearing the

native's "primitive" racism (which is already a response to colonization), the settler defends against guilt for displacing the

native. By identifying himself as the object of his own feelings toward the native, the settler re-experiences them as feelings

of racial antipathy on the part of the natives. In the dialectic of race and place, the role of the colonist is to think, "these

people hate us because of our [. . .]." "Race" is the term of art that fills in the political blank: it acquires whatever biological, religious, linguistic,

or cultural content is necessary to describe a difference between the settler and the native placeholder that precedes the settler's occupation of the native's

place (Mamdani, "Race and Ethnicity" 4-8). The settler perfectly understands the depth of these ascribed feelings of racialized

hatred, for they are merely his own original feelings projected onto others. It should be noted that there are two imaginaries

of genocide embedded in such an account of projective identification.14 The first is the genocide of the native against thesettler--the racially-motivated "massacres" of innocents by savages that are the foundation of settler colonialist lore. The

second is the revolt of the native against the settler. The unconscious moral logic of the colonial experience bases the

settlers' genocide against the native on the settlers' repressed fear or fantasy of being subjected to genocidal actions by the

native. In his now-classic Wretched of the Earth, Frantz Fanon theorized that in order to liberate himself from colonialism the (black) native must

embrace this projected willingness to exterminate the (white) settler (see also Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks). Fanon urges the "good native" to embrace

the "bad" identity that embodies the settler's terror. Jean-Paul Sartre famously read this claim as the next stage in revolutionary consciousness, and saw thenative's will to fight the colonist to the death as a higher form of the totalizing dialectic of master and slave described by Hegel and Marx (see "Preface" to

Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth).

Universalizing ethics preclude truth—viewing others as defined by their suffering is dehumanizing

Bernard-Donals 7 (Nancy Hoefs Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, “Levinas, Language, and

Politics,” http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/diacritics/v035/35.3bernard-donals.html#bio) Showers

One of the reasons Alain Badiou, in Ethics, rejects Levinas's notion of otherness is that it works against the possibility of

establishing what he calls "truths," the enactment of or engagement with the consequences of an event. For Badiou as for

Levinas, knowledge is static, objective, encumbered by institutions, names, and what Lyotard has called—in a different context—"the

monopoly of the cognitive regimen of phrases" [57]. The ethical imperative is to break with this monopoly by "identify[ing] in

thought of singular situations. There is no ethics in general. There are only—eventually—ethics of processes by which wetreat the possibilities of a situation" [Badiou 16]. To engage in the production of truths is to "treat [the situation—the moment of engagement—]

right to the limit of the possible," to "draw from the situation, to the greatest possible extent, the affirmative humanity that it contains" [15]. For Badiou,

the problem with an ethics of otherness is that it devalorizes the term "humanity" as something essential, as part of the problem: it names individuals as a "we." The denucleation of the self—the notion that individuals are defined by their

suffering—is precisely what ethics should seek to avoid. Badiou provides the example of the doctor in a national medical plan: because he is

forced to work for the national Good, that doctor must refuse to treat the alien, who is "without legal residency papers, or not a contributor to SocialSecurity." In such a situation, the doctor ignores that he must work to alleviate the suffering of the individual, regardless of the national Good, "using

everything he knows and with all the means at his disposal, without taking anything else into consideration" [15]. It is the doctor's ethical obligation toaffiliate himself with the sick person, regardless of national or institutional affiliation, and to engage with him "right to the limit of the possible."

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/postmodern_culture/v015/15.2meister.html

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/diacritics/v035/35.3bernard-donals.html#bio


http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/diacritics/v035/35.3bernard-donals.html#bio




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Ethics concerned with the other naturalizes discrminiation—ethics should be concerned with the Same

Hallward 1 (Peter, professor of Modern European Philosophy at Middlesex University, Foreword to Alain Badiou's Ethics, pages

xiv-xvi) Showers

The combination of trenchant polemic and exuberant affirmation makes Ethics the closest thing Badiou has written to a manifesto (even more, I think,

than the book entitled Man jesto for Philosophy). The polemic is directed, first and foremost, against the so-called ‘nouveaux philosophes’ —against Andre

Glucksmann in particular, along with other well-known critics of Ia pens~e ‘68 (Main Renaut and Luc Ferry, among others). His argument extends,however, to a (generally implicit) confrontation with positions as diverse as those of Rawis, Habermas, Benhabib, Ricoeur, Rorty, Irigaray, and much of

what is called ‘cultural studies’ in North America. Against these varieties of more or less respectful humanism, Badiou takes up and defends the

variously antihumanist and progressive positions of Fou cault, Althusser and Lacan . He rejects the almost universally

accepted argument that ethics should essentially concern the Other as such (as potential victim of violence or misre-

cognition). In what will probably be the most startling sentence of the book for many Anglo-American readers, he insists: ‘All ethical predication based on recognition of the other should be purely and simply abandoned.’ Why? Because

the real practical and philosophical question con cerns the status of the Same. Differences being simply

what there is,6 the question of what ‘ought to be’ must concern only what is valid for all, at a level of legitimacy that is indifferent to differences. Differences are; the Same is what may come to be through

the disciplined adherence to a universal truth. For a truth is not founded on some privi leged part of the

situation, on the basis of some particular class or community of people; rather, its ‘site’ is determined

by proximity to what is most vulnerable, most anonymous in the situation (i.e. what is perceived as empty or

void from the perspective adopted by those who dominate the situ ation) .7 Collective privileges or differences are

precisely what any truth, in its coming to be, deposes or renders insignificant. Every truth, every

compiling of the Same, is subtracted from, or transcends, the merely known or estab lished, the merelydiffer-ed. The properly ethical question, again , emerges at that supremely dangerous point where this

generic Same might deteriorate into an Evil uniformity or chauvinism. It is always Evil to justify (as opposed to a truth

‘founded’ only on what is most empty of substance, i.e. on the void of the situation) the assertion of substantial or communal conformity, and with it to

justify the aggressive liquidation of difference (as opposed to a reserved indifference to differences). Against this an ethic of truthsdeploys its principles of courage, discernment and reserve. In the end , Badiou’s conception is very simple:

Ethics is what helps a truth (a compilation of the same-through-subtraction) to persist. Levinas' discourse of intervention justifies imperalist intervention in the name of ethicsMeister 5 (Robert, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, “"Never Again": The Ethics of the Neighbor and the Logic of


It is, of course, possible to attack Lévinas using Carl Schmitt's argument against the discourse of humanitarian interventionfollowing the Treaty of Versailles: that it creates a casus belli against the forces of "inhumanity," especially when they claim

to be pursuing historical justice in ways that disturb the peace by treating the "other" as the "same" (Schmitt, The Concept of the

Political 71). Suicide bombings would seem to be a paradigmatic example of this: encountering the other as a disguised

human bomb would suggest that fear of her and fear for her are not as fundamentally distinct as Lévinas himself claims.45 When

we rescue the suicide bomber are we saving her or ourselves? And if we murder her instead, what becomes of us? Do we

reveal ourselves, like those whom Lévinas condemns, to be more afraid of dying than of killing? What does it mean for her to be

equally unafraid of both? And does her self-chosen death qualify her as a martyr or a monster, whether or not she succeeds in bringing innocent others to

their deaths along with her? In certain political "neighborhoods," Lévinas's concept of the ultimately unknowable human face can be both ethical and

awful in ways that reopen the possibility of a horrifying response. The ethical temptation to treat suicide bombers as "inhumans" in

human disguise applies a fortiori to the politics of third-party intervention raised at the beginning of this essay: when

neighbors kill neighbors, whom do we rescue and whom do we attack? Is the third party in this situation just another

neighbor? It is not clear that Lévinas would condone humanitarian intervention by force as what Ignatieff would call a "lesser evil," but it is clear that

for Lévinas suffering and even dying for others have ethical value for the person who undergoes them in a way that no other suffering does ("Useless

Suffering" 94; see also Ignatieff, The Lesser Evil). He calls this value "patience," a kind of morally valuable suffering that is the exception to his ethical

condemnation of suffering in general.






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Levinasian ethics are racist and ethnocentric—destroys solvency

Critchley 4 (Simon, chair of philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York, “Five Problems in Levinas's View

of Politics and the Sketch of a Solution to Them,” http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4148130.pdf ) Showers

So, five problems: fraternity, monotheism, androcentrism, filiality, and the family and Israel. This is the reason why I spoke of politics in Levinas as both a

necessity and a disquietude, a necessity that disquiets. Namely, that it seems to me that there has to be an incarnation of ethics in politics for

Levinas, and that the name of this just polity has to be Israel, even when, as Levinas emphasizes in 'Judaism and Revolution', a

fascinating Talmudic commentary, it is not necessary to conceive of Israel in particularistic Jewish terms. Israel is the name for any

people, Levinas insists, any people that has submitted to the Law, non-Jewish as well as Jewish .9 But-and it is such a stupidly

obvious but still nagging question-what about people or peoples that do not, or do not choose, to submit to law conceived in this

manner? What about those whom, in a careless and ill-advised remark on 'the yellow peril', Levinas subsumes under the

category of the Asiatic, the Chinese, and even the Russians insofar as they submit themselves to the 'paganism' of

communism?'0 What about those outside of the influence of the Bible and the Greeks? What about those who simply dance,in Levinas's frankly racist aside in a 1991 interview. I quote, 'I often say, although it is a dangerous thing to say publicly,

that humanity consists of the Bible and the Greeks. All the rest can be translated: all the rest-all the exotic-is dance'." To which

I am inclined to say: let's dance, let's dance all night, let's party hearty. And what about those peoples who accept submission to the law-

for Islam, of course, means submission-but who stand outside or aside from the Judaeo- Christian inheritance in Levinas's

eyes, even when they stand inside Israel, like Israeli-Arabs, or inside the metropolitan European states, like the maghrebins

in France? The problem of culture and cultural relativism, at the heart of Levinas's disagreement with Merleau-Ponty, his opposition to Levi- Strauss,

and his peculiar anthropological commitments to Levy-Bruhl, looms very large. I refer you to Robert Bernasconi's definitive work in this area.

Ethics can only be achieved outside of the state—plan fails

Critchley 4 (Simon, chair of philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York, “Five Problems in Levinas's View

of Politics and the Sketch of a Solution to Them,” http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4148130.pdf ) Showers

One way of thinking about Levinas and politics, and I think it is the most convincing way, is in terms of ethics as an anarchic, metapolitical

disturbance of the antipolitical order of the police. It would here be a question of linking what Levinas sees already in Totality and Infinity as

'the anarchy essential to multiplicity' (Tel 270/TI 294) to the multiplicity that is essential to politics. The essence of politics, as far as I'm

concerned, consists in the manifestation of the multiplicity that is the people, of the demos. Who are the people? They are not the

alleged unity of a race, the citizens of a nation-state, the members of a specific class like the proletariat, or indeed the members of a specific community

defined by religion, ethnicity, or whatever. The people cannot be identified and policed by any territorializing term. Rather the

people is that empty space, that supplement that exceeds any social quantification or accounting. The people are those who do not

count, who have no right to gov- ern whether through hereditary entitlement like the aristocracy or by wealth and property ownership like the bourgeoisie.

If the activity of government continually risks pacification, order, the state, and what Ranciere refers to as the 'idyll of

consensus', then politics consists in the manifestation of dissensus, a dissensus that disturbs the order by which government

wishes to depoliticize society.23 If politics can be understood as the manifestation of the anarchic demos, then politics and

democracy are two names for the same thing. Thus, democracy is not a fixed political form of society, but rather the

deformation of society from itself through the act of political manifestation. Democracy is a political process, what we might think of as

the movement of democratisation. On my view, democratisation consists in the manifestation of dissensus, in demonstration as demos-

stration, in the street--even dancing in the streets-in London, in Berlin, in New York, but equally in Damascus, in Tel-Aviv, in Cairo, but also in Basra, in

Baghdad, manifesting the presence of those who do not count. Democratization is politicization, it is the cultivation of what I call forms of 'dissensual

emancipatory praxis' or what might also be called politicities, sites of hegemonic struggle that work against the consensual idyll of the state, not in order to

do away with the state or consensus, but to bring about its endless betterment

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4148130.pdf







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The ethics of the other mask the violence of international intervention

Meister 5 (Robert, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, “"Never Again": The Ethics of the Neighbor and the Logic of


Since the fall of communism, there has been a growing literature on the responsibility of the "world community" to "never again"

stand by while neighbors commit atrocities against neighbors (Power, "Never Again").1 This literature has yet to be reformulated as a

comprehensive political theory of the recent fin de siècle, but it is already clear that such a theory would base a global politics of human

rights on an ethical commitment to view local cruelties, and especially the infliction of physical suffering, as an

uncontestable evil, the prevention of which can justify external intervention in ways that earlier forms of imperialism did

not. The interstate system still exists, of course, and is supported by a United Nations charter that prohibits unilateral

invasions of one state by another. But from the standpoint of the advancing theory of humanitarian intervention this is nowmerely a practical obstacle, making it advisable (but not essential) for a state intervening in another on purely ethical grounds

to claim the support of a multilateral coalition as a proxy for the world community itself . At the level of theory, if not yet of practice,

the subject matter of global politics is already focused on humanitarian intervention to stop atrocities committed at the local level. Thus the primacy

of the global over the local (which was once the basis of political imperialism) is now ostensibly humanized and offset by the primacy

of the ethical over the political: an ethics that concerns the cruelties that groups inflict on others in close proximity, and a politics surrounding the

responsibility of third parties to intervene in response to those cruelties.

Universalizing ethics blind actors to objective threats and perpetuate structural violenceKanwar 1 (Vik, Assistant Professor of Law and Assistant Director of the Centre on Public Law and

Jurisprudence, “DARK GUARDIAN OF THE POLITICAL: CARL SCHMITT S CRYPTO-ETHICAL CRITIQUE OF THE‟

LIBERAL INTERNATIONAL ORDER,” http://chicago.ssrn.com/delivery.php?

ID=3220050830220870910041221150771190280390810230740040600090281050970171240050820640310270231150561060510

41113070067097106014071123060059014080005117087008029100022058007043094101075124107022024089118122&EXT=pd

f ) Showers

Liberalism tends to replace the friend/enemy distinction with perpetual discussion.[xviii] What is called consensus is really an attempt

to include the other until it is subsumed. Liberal discourse ethics are obsessed with arriving at a consensus on values, a common

understanding of the good, replacing "objectivity” with a euphemistic "intersubjectivity” but still failing to overcome a

crisis of pluralism. Liberal discourse is characterized above all by a universalizing tendency which belies its insistence on procedure and participation. To Schmitt, the ceaseless elaboration of overlapping consensus on abstract moral values of good

and evil is mooted by the overriding reality of common enemies or dangers. One possible consequence of this is that when

the discussion ends, a stubborn dissenter will be destroyed by means of violence. Thus, liberal discussion supplements and

masks actual and potential violence, coercion and asymmetrical power relations as well. Another possible consequence is

the destruction of the political community for failing to recognize its enemies. An attempt to make politics safe will

abandon the state to private interest in society.[xix] These are both consequences of ethical universalism trying to abolish

difference under the guise of trying to recognize it. Schmitt perceives the elimination of discourse models of governing as important for

guardianship of the political.


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Appeals to help the other create an artificial distinction between human and inhuman—this allows

states to commit genocide in the name of humanity

Kanwar 1 (Vik, Assistant Professor of Law and Assistant Director of the Centre on Public Law and Jurisprudence, “DARK

GUARDIAN OF THE POLITICAL: CARL SCHMITT S CRYPTO-ETHICAL CRITIQUE OF THE LIBERAL‟

INTERNATIONAL ORDER,” http://chicago.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=3220050830220870910041221150771190280390810230740040600090281050970171240050820640310270231150561060510

41113070067097106014071123060059014080005117087008029100022058007043094101075124107022024089118122&EXT=pd

f ) Showers

The greatest danger of liberal universalism is that it will claim to speak in the name of universal humanity. In such a case al

those by whom one is opposed must automatically be seen as speaking against humanity and hence only merit to be

exterminated. Devastating critique of cosmopolitan project of international law. "Legal World Revolution” 1976 (published

in the formerly leftist journal Telos in 1987), Schmitt wrote: Humanity as such as a whole has no enemies. Everyone

belongs to humanity... "Humanity” thus becomes an asymmetrical counter-concept. If he discriminates within humanity andthereby denies the quality of being human to a disturber or destroyer, then the negatively valued person becomes an

unperson, and his life is no longer of the highest value: it becomes worthless and must be destroyed. Concepts such as

"human being” thus contain the possibility of the deepest inequality and become thereby "asymmetrical."[xli] Schmitt

wants to remove from international politics the possibility of justifying one s actions on the basis of universal moral‟

principles. Wars of domination to establish what is good once and for all, will to end politics and eliminate all difference.

There is no natural limit to the atrocities one might commit to make the world safe for liberalism. This fully echoes a

statement Schmitt first made (writing in a different context) in The Concept of the Political more than forty years earlier:

Humanity as such cannot wage war because it has no enemy, at least not on this planet. The concept of humanity excludesthe concept of the enemy, because the enemy does not cease to be a human being" and hence there is no specific

differentiation in that concept. That wars are waged in the name of humanity is not a contradiction of this simple truth; quite

the contrary, it has an especially intensive political meaning. When a state fights its political enemy in the mane of

humanity, it is not [truly] a war for the sake of humanity, but a war wherein a particular state seeks to usurp a universal

concept against its political opponent. At the expense of its opponent, it tries to identify itself with humanity in the same

way as one can misuse peace, justice, progress, and civilization in order to claim these as one s own and to deny the same‟

to the enemy.[xlii]

The Levinasian claim that the ethical relationship to the Other is universal is an idealist mask that

prevents concrete political solutions to ethical problems.

Jackson 10 (Jeffery M. Jackson is a professor in the Department of Social Sciences at U of Houston, July 2010, Philosophy and

Social Criticism vol. 36 no. 6 pp. 719-733, “Persecution and social histories: Towards an Adornian critique of Levinas,” SAGE

#tylerd)

Given the influence of Marx and Freud on Adorno’s thought, it might be helpful to appeal to those thinkers to illuminate how Adorno’s assertion of the

primacy of the object can be brought to bear on Levinas. First, one might consider certain dimensions of Marx’s critique of Hegel. In

Philosophy of Right, Hegel claimed that the bureaucracy was the universal class, since its business is directed to the general

interest of society.29 Marx shows, however, that this claim to universality is an abstraction that hides concrete property relations

that overdetermine the concrete actualization of universality.30 The bureaucracy, rather than being a ‘universal’ class, lacks motivation

towards the real development of a state founded on freedom because such a state would annul traditional property relations by making property the object of

free universal decision-making. Hegel thus posits universality in an abstraction, and is oblivious to the problem of the mass,

landless class, which is occluded from the political precisely because of the material histories that have deprived its members

of property. The appeal to the abstract, philosophical universal provides an imaginary, idealist solution to the concrete problemof domination. In a similar way, one can see that Levinas, in positing the ethical relationship as universal, infuses it with the

abstraction he is so adamant about avoiding. Although there are clear, and well-known, differences between the Hegelian and Levinasian

conceptions of otherness, they both entail abstract conceptions of history. Levinas simply asserts that the subject is responsible for everyone,

and that all politics is subsequent to the priority of ethics, without acknowledging the ‘ethical’, ‘political’ histories which

always already bog down any subject, even in its ‘enjoyment’. From the Adornian perspective, the abstract Hegelian goal of universal

freedom, or the Levinasian goal of universal responsibility to the Other, would not then be seen as having metaphysical priority,

but rather as arising from material, social histories. ‘World Spirit’ and ‘the Face of the Other’ would be seen as wishful projections of suffered

life, rather than as loci of metaphysical truth. For Adorno, the positing of ethics as first philosophy is ideology – it disguises a real

concrete desire for the amelioration of suffering behind a universal, metaphysical first principle; this defers the moment of











Juniors DUBs Negconcrete political amelioration indefinitely, condemning the subject to an interminable grappling with the ‘forgottenness’ of

ideal ethical universality.

Levinas’s philosophy is patriarchal

Villarmea 99 (Stella Villarmea is an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at University of Alcalá, 1999, The European Journal

of Women’s Studies Vol. 6 pp 291-304, “The Provocation of Levinas for Feminism,” SAGE #!tylerd)

This analysis strengthens our opinion that what Levinas seemed to be defending at the beginning, that is an ideal of equality between

sexes, ends up being just that – an ideal. We can now see clearly that the task Levinas wanted to accomplish is paradoxical from a logical point of

view. On the one hand, Levinas wants to defend that woman, as a human being, is equal to man; on the other, he wants to defend that

woman, `as a woman', that is, as possessing a sexual feature, is not equal to man, but subordinated to him. I have tried to show that it

is contradictory to sustain both theses at the same time, since the subordination of woman `as woman' – using Levinas's words – brings with it

the subordination of real woman in her actual life in society. Levinas's theoretical strategy justifies the subordination of

women to men, since it implies, in practice, forgetting the ®rst thesis in favour of the second. In effect, what is the point of being considered

equal to men, if in every field of her life where she expresses herself as a sexual being – that is, in every aspect of her

everyday, social and political life – she is considered to be subordinate to male? Levinas's position can be very easily summed up: the

defence of the subjection of woman in practice behind the supposed abstract defence of the equality thesis.

dubs neg juniors ndi 2010

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