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FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 1
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Flemming HansenMScEE, PhDTechnology ManagerDanish Small Satellite ProgrammeDanish Space Research Institute
Phone: 3532 5721E-mail: [email protected]
DTU Satellite Systems and Design CourseSpace Environment
Downloads available from:http://www.dsri.dk/roemer/pub/Cubesat
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 2
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Overview of the Space Environment
External FactorsResidual atmosphere (up to ≈≈≈≈800 km) - Drag causes orbit decay and reentry
Trapped protons - Degrades materials and electronic components, causes single-event effects in semiconductor components.
Trapped electrons - Degrades materials and electronic components
Solar protons from flares - Degrades materials and electronic components, causes single-event effects in semiconductor components.
Cosmic rays - causes single-event effects in semiconductor components.
Solar radiation: IR, Visible, UV, X-Ray - Degrades materials
Plasma from magnetic substorms - Causes spacecraft charging
Atomic oxygen - Erodes exposed surfaces
Local FactorsOutgassing - Deposits on cold surfaces, e.g. optical apertures.
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 3
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Earth’s Radiation Belts
Trapped Protons Trapped Electrons
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 4
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Effects of High-Energy Charged Particles in the Space Environment
• Biological effects (Prolonged exposure of astronauts in MIR and International Space Station)
Shielding, return to ground in case of majorsolar flares
• Degradation of materials and semiconductors by ionization and lattice displacements
Materials selection, radiation hardening, shielding
• Single-Event Upsets in computer memory cellsError Detection and Correction (EDAC), radiation hardening
• Radiation background (Increased noise level in CCD, X-ray and gamma-ray detectors)
Radiation hardening, shielding, select orbit outside or inside radiation belts, disable payload while passing through radiation belts
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 5
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Calculation of Effects of Ionizing Radiation in the Space Environment
ESA has created a web-facility - SPENVIS that gives the user acess to a number of useful modeling and calculation resources –see SPENVIS opening vindow at right
You have to be a registered user to gain access to the facility.
http://www.spenvis.oma.be/spenvis/
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 6
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Radiation in Syn-Synchronous Polar Low Earth Orbit
Cubesat in 600 km Sun-Synchronous Dawn-Dusk Orbit Solar Maximum Conditions
4*Pi Total Dose at Center of Aluminium Spheres
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Absorber Thickness [mm]
To
tal D
ose
[ra
d(S
i)]
Total
Electrons
Bremsstrahlung
Trapped Protons
Solar Flare Protons
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 7
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Radiation in Molniya Orbit (RØMER)
MON S & B allerina in Molniya Orbit. 2 Years Mission. Solar Max. C onditions. R AAN = 125 deg
4*Pi Total D ose at C enter of Aluminium Spheres
1 .0 0 E+0 2
1 .0 0 E+0 3
1 .0 0 E+0 4
1 .0 0 E+0 5
1 .0 0 E+0 6
1 .0 0 E+0 7
1 .0 0 E+0 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0
Absorbe r Thickne ss [mm]
To
tal D
ose
[ra
d(S
i)]
T o ta l
E le c tro n s
Bre msstra h lu n g
T ra p p e d Pro to n s
So la r F la re Pro to n s
Perigee height 600 km
Apogee height 39767 km
Semi-major axis (ideal) 26561.764 km
Eccentricity 0.737286
Inclination 63.4°
Orbit period 11 hours 58 min
Argument of perigee 270°
Right Ascension of Ascending Node 293°
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 8
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Radiation Environment in Molniya Orbit - Trapped Proton Fluxes Along Orbit
T rapped Proton Fluxes in M olniya O rbit
1.0000E + 00
1.0000E + 01
1.0000E + 02
1.0000E + 03
1.0000E + 04
1.0000E + 05
1.0000E + 06
1.0000E + 07
1.0000E + 08
1.0000E + 09
00 :00 :00
00 :06 :00
00 :12 :00
00 :22 :00
00 :34 :00
00 :46 :00
01 :46 :00
02 :46 :00
03 :46 :00
04 :46 :00
05 :46 :00
06 :46 :00
07 :46 :00
08 :46 :00
09 :46 :00
10 :46 :00
11 :30 :00
11 :42 :00
11 :54 :00
Tim e [h:m :s]
part
icle
s/cm
2 /sec
0.1 M eV
0.5 M eV
1 M eV
2 M eV
3 M eV
4 M eV
5 M eV
6 M eV
8 M eV
10 M eV
12 M eV
15 M eV
17 M eV
20 M eV
25 M eV
30 M eV
35 M eV
40 M eV
45 M eV
50 M eV
60 M eV
70 M eV
80 M eV
90 M V
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 9
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Trapped Electron Fluxes in Molniya Orbitt
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
0:00
0:06
0:12
0:22
0:34
0:46
1:46
2:46
3:46
4:46
5:46
6:46
7:46
8:46
9:46
10:46
11:30
11:42
11:54
Time [h:m:s]
par
ticl
es/c
m2 /s
ec
0.04 MeV
0.1 MeV
0.2 MeV
0.3 MeV
0.4 MeV
0.5 MeV
0.6 MeV
0.7 MeV
0.8 MeV
1 MeV
1.25 MeV
1.5 MeV
1.75 MeV
2 MeV
2.25 MeV
2.5 MeV
2.75 MeV
3 MeV
3.25 MeV
3.5 MeV
3.75 MeV
4 MeV
4.25 MeV
Radiation Environment in Molniya Orbit - Trapped Electron Fluxes Along Orbit
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 10
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Radiation Environment in Geostationary Transfer Orbit, 28.5° Inclination
RØMER in GTO Orbit. 28.5º Inclination. 2 Years Mission. Solar Max. Conditions. RAAN = 120 deg
4*Pi Total Dose at Center of Aluminium Spheres
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Absorber Thickness [mm]
To
tal D
ose
[ra
d(S
i)]
Total
Electrons
Bremsstrahlung
Trapped Protons
Solar Flare Protons
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 11
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Trapped Proton Fluxes in GTO Orbit. 28.5º Inclination
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
0:00
0:06
0:12
0:22
0:34
0:46
1:46
2:46
3:46
4:46
5:46
6:46
7:46
8:46
9:46
10:46
11:14
11:26
11:36
Time [h:m:s]
par
ticl
es/c
m2 /s
ec0.1 MeV
0.5 MeV
1 MeV
2 MeV
3 MeV
4 MeV
5 MeV
6 MeV
8 MeV
10 MeV
12 MeV
15 MeV
17 MeV
20 MeV
25 MeV
30 MeV
35 MeV
40 MeV
45 MeV
50 MeV
60 MeV
70 MeV
80 MeV
90 M V
Radiation Environment in Molniya Orbit - Trapped Proton Fluxes Along Orbit
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 12
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
ØRSTED Magnetic Field Model
Today’s Field
Changes Since 1980
South-Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 13
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Effects of South-Atlantic Anomaly
UoSAT-3 Single-Event Upsets
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 14
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Radiation Dose Tolerance of Materials
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 15
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Solar FlaresProtons above 10 MeV
Probability of exceeding a given fluence level for various mission durations
Major Solar Flare
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 16
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Cosmic Rays
Cosmic ray species vs particle energy Effect of high-energy charged particle in integrated circuit
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 17
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Single-Event Latch-Up
Two-transistor model for latch-up in CMOS device showing parasitic elements
Latch-up protection circuit for ADSP-2100 digital signal processor
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 18
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Typical Radiation Tolerences of Rad Hard and COTS Parts
COTS: Commercial Off-the-Shelf (parts)
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 19
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Linear Energy Transfer (LET) Spectra in Orbit
FH 2001-08-21 Space_Environment.pptSlide # 20
Danish Space Research Institute
Danish Small Satellite Programme
Single-Event Upset - Linear Energy Transfer Threshold
Radiation Hard
Radiation Soft