dsl #27 identify each statement as either true or false. 1. 1. fossil fuels formed millions of years...

DSL #27DSL #27Identify each statement as either True or

False.1. Fossil fuels formed millions of years ago

from decayed plants and animals. 2. Most places have winds strong enough to

generate electricity.3. All minerals are solids, but not all solids

are minerals. 4. The word crystalline means that atoms

are arranged in a repeating pattern.

What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral? Naturally-formed Naturally-formed solidsolid substance substance

with a with a crystalcrystal structure structure

Pyromorphite

What do all minerals What do all minerals have in common?have in common?

Formed by natural processes.

Are Inorganic

Have a unique chemical composition (makeup)

Have a crystalline shape- they have a definite

volume and shape

Calcite

Beryl (Emerald)

How are Minerals How are Minerals classified or grouped?classified or grouped?

90 elements occur naturally in the Earth’s crust.

About 98% of the crust is made of only only 88 of these elements

The most common minerals belong to the SilicatesSilicates

Amethyst

Mineral Mineral GroupGroup

CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples

SilicatesSilicates

Contain Contain oxygenoxygen & & siliconsiliconThe most The most abundantabundant group of mineralsgroup of minerals

Quartz Quartz MicaMica

FeldsparFeldspar

MICA Quartz

Mineral Mineral GroupGroup

CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples

Non-Non-SilicatesSilicates

Make up only Make up only 5%5% of of the Earth’s crustthe Earth’s crustInclude some of the Include some of the most important most important mineralsminerals

iron, iron, copper, copper, gold, silver, gold, silver, diamonds, diamonds, rubiesrubies

Silver

Gold

Ruby

CopperDiamond

Iron

How do minerals How do minerals form?form?

There are 2 ways that crystals form: The cooling of hot, liquid

rock called magma causes compounds to combine

Rapid Cooling = Small Crystals

Slow Cooling = Large crystals

The evaporation of water that has minerals dissolved in it

How do we identify How do we identify Minerals?Minerals?

We look at Physical Properties These include:

Color/Appearance

Luster

Streak

Hardness

Cleavage/Fracture

Physical Properties of MineralsPhysical Properties of Minerals

(can be used to identify the (can be used to identify the mineral)mineral)

Color

Can be misleading

Many minerals will

have a similar

appearance, but will

have different

impurities


(can be used to identify the (can be used to identify the mineral)mineral)Luster

Luster refers to the way a mineral reflects light

MetallicMetallic = shiny like metal Non-metallicNon-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface

Pyrite has a metallic luster

Calcite has a non-metallic luster

Streak The color of the powdered

form of the mineral The color of the streak can

be different than the mineral

Minerals must be softer than the streak plate



Streak…can help identify Streak…can help identify quartzquartz

http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html




(can be used to identify the (can be used to identify the mineral)mineral)Hardness

How easily a mineral scratches materials

Mohs Hardness Scale Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch

different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)



Cleavage & Fracture The way the mineral

breaks Cleavage—minerals

break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape

Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges

Cleavage or Fracture?Cleavage or Fracture?

1.

4.3.

2.

http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Calcite_Dolomite/CalciteChunk.jpg

ReviewReview

1. What is a Mineral?

2. Name 2 things that all minerals have

in common?

3. The mineral group, Silicates, is made

up of what two elements?

4. How are minerals identified?

A naturally occurring solid with a crystal structure

Inorganic, Crystalline Structure, Formed Naturally, Unique Chemical Composition

Oxygen and Silicon

Color, Luster, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture

dsl #27 identify each statement as either true or false. 1. 1. fossil fuels formed millions of years...

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