drummond commission full report

8/3/2019 Drummond Commission full report

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/drummond-commission-full-report 1/561

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_hjci me @mftiftp

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_hjci me @mftiftp

Aipphki ezma tbi @bhlz &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ull

@maalpplmf Aiajiz Jlmkzh~blip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& rl

Iri`ytlui Pyaahz| &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 8

@bh~tiz 87 _bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc H`tlmf

_bi Mytcmmd7 _bzii Pìfhzlmp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&;>

Oijt hfo Oiel`ltp&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&;2

_bi I`mfma|7 Bm{ Olo [i Kit Bizi=&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&28

_bi I`mfma|7 [bht Clip Hbiho=&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&25

Ziuifyi La~cl`htlmfp&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&<8

P~ifolfk Mytcmmd&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&<5

@mf`cyplmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8>;

@bh~tiz :7 _bi Elp`hc @bhccifki lf @mftirt

_bi 8<<>p &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8><

Mfthzlm7 H @cmpiz Cmmd&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&880

Ziuifyip hfo Ir~ifoltyzip7 Bm{ Mfthzlm @ma~hzip&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&885

_bi @bhccifki&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8:8

@bh~tiz 07 Myz Ahfohti hfo H~~zmh`b

_bi @maalpplmf“p Ahfohti&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8:0

Jzmho Kyloiclfip emz H`tlmfp Hlaio ht Jhchf`lfk tbi Jyokit&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8:?

Hajltlmyp emz Irìccifì7 H Chzkiz Ulplmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&80>[bht Omip Jilfk tbi Jipt ht ^yjcl` mcl`| hfo Pizulìp Cmmd Cldi= &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&80>



ll

@bh~tiz ?7 Ahdlfk _zhfpemzahtlmf [mzd7 ^zmìpp hfo Ptzy`tyzip

Jyokit ^chfflfk&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&805

@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

Jh`dkzmyfo&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8?9

_bi @mpt7 Fm{ hfo Hbiho&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8?;

Lp tbi Bihctb @hzi P|ptia Pypthlfhjci= &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8?<

Bhzo _zytbp# Aihpyzip hfo @ma~hzlpmfp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&89:

[bht Lp tbi M~~mztyflt|= &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&85;

Zi`maaifohtlmfp tm _yzf ^zmjciap lftm Zihclwio M~~mztyfltlip&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8;?

Elp`hc Lppyip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8;5

Lftikzhtlfk tbi Plcmp lftm h Bihctb @hzi P|ptia&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8;5

CBLFp :&> &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8;2

Kmuizfhfì hfo Ptzy`tyzip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&82?

Iuloifì!jhpio mcl`|&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&829

Bmp~lthcp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&82;

^b|pl`lhfp&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&822

@maayflt| @hzi# Bmai @hzi hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8<:

Bihctb ^zmamtlmf hfo ^ziuiftlmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8<0Aiol`hc P`bmmcp-_zhlflfk&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8<9

^bhzahìytl`hcp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8<9

@mpt Ieel`lif`lip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8<<

P`m~i me ^yjcl` Pi`tmz&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:>>

Ziemza ^zmìpp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:>>

@mf`cyplmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:>:

@bh~tiz 57 Iciaifthz| hfo Pi`mfohz| Ioy`htlmfBlptmzl`hc @mftirt hfo Ziìft _zifop &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:>0

_bi @yzzift @bhccifki&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:>9

@maalpplmf“p zlf`l~cip hfo Kmhcp&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:>;

Lfuiptaiftp emz tbi Eytyzi lf Elzpt Fhtlmfp Ioy`htlmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:><

Heemzohjlclt| me tbi Eycc!Oh| Dlfoizkhztif ^zmkzha&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:80



_hjci me @mftiftp

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@chpp Plwip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:89

Fmf!_ih`blfk Pthee &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:82

Claltp tm Eyfoio Pi`mfohz| P`bmmc @zioltp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:8<

If`myzhklfk Ieel`lift Ptyoift _zhfp~mzthtlmf&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&::>

H @ma~zibifplui Zipmyzì ^chf tm Clui [ltblf Mfi îz @ift îz \ihz lf Ioy`htlmf&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:::

^zmamtlfk Iuloifì!Jhpio Pmcytlmfp lf P~i`lhc Ioy`htlmf&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&::9

Ziemza me ^zmulf`lhc P`bmmcp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&::;

H~~zm~zlhti Lfìftluip emz _ih`bizp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&::2

Oicluizlfk Pizulìp Amzi Ieel`liftc|&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:0>

@mfthlflfk @mptp me Zitlziaift Jifieltp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:0?

^zmamtlfk hf Ieel`lift Chjmyz Ahzdit emz _ih`bizp&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:05

@bh~tiz ;7 ^mpt!Pi`mfohz| Ioy`htlmf

@bhccifkip Hbiho&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:?>

Fiio emz @cihz Mjgi`tluip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:?8

Pthtyp Xym Lp Yfpypthlfhjci&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:?:

_bzypt me Myz Zi`maaifohtlmfp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:??

@mf`cyplmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:92

@bh~tiz 27 Pm`lhc ^zmkzhap_bi @bhccifki&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:58

_zhfpemzalfk Mfthzlm“p Jifielt ^zmkzhap &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:58

@blco [icehzi&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:;>

Mfthzlm @blco Jifielt &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:;>

Mtbiz Pm`lhc ^zmkzhap&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:;8

@mftzljytlmfp me tbi Fmf!^zmelt Pi`tmz&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:;0

Pm`lhc La~h`t Jmfop &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:;?



lu

@bh~tiz <7 Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk Pizulìp

[b| zmuloi Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk Pizulìp= &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:;;

Mfthzlm Chjmyz!Ahzdit @bhccifkip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:;2

Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk Pizulìp ^zmuloio j| Mfthzlm Alflptzlip&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:;<

Ptzifktbiflfk Chjmyz!Ahzdit Lfemzahtlmf hfo Iuloifì!Jhpio mcl`| &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:20

Ciuizhklfk [mzdemzì ^chfflfk Jmhzop&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:2?

La~zmulfk tbi Clfd jit{iif _zhlflfk hfo I`mfmal` Oiuicm~aift &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:29

Mfthzlm“p H~~ziftlìpbl~ P|ptia&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :25

@bh~tiz 8>7 Laalkzhtlmf

_bi I`mfmal` La~mzthfì me Laalkzhtlmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:2;

Ziìft _zifop lf Laalkzhtlmf&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:22

Laalkzhft Lftikzhtlmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:<8

@bh~tiz 887 Jyplfipp Py~~mzt

I`mfmal` Ulplmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:<<

^mlpio emz Kzm{tb &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0>:

_|~ip me Jyplfipp Py~~mzt &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0>9

Myz Uli{ mf Jyplfipp Pyjplolip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0>2

@bh~tiz 8:7 Lfezhptzy`tyzi# Zihc Ipthti hfo Ici`tzl`lt|

Lfezhptzy`tyzi&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0:8

Zihc Ipthti &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0:5

Ici`tzl`lt|&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 0:;

@bh~tiz 807 Ifulzmfaift hfo Fhtyzhc Zipmyzìp

Fiio emz _zhfpemzahtlmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 009



_hjci me @mftiftp

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@bh~tiz 8?7 Gyptlì Pi`tmz

Blptmzl`hc @mftirt &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0?;

@maalpplmf zlf`l~cip hfo Kmhcp emz tbi Gyptlì Pi`tmz&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&098

Ieel`lif`lip&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&09;

@h~lthc Lfezhptzy`tyzi&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&09<

Eioizhc Kmuizfaift &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&05>

@bh~tiz 897 Chjmyz Zichtlmfp hfo @ma~ifphtlmf

Plwi me Jzmhoiz ^yjcl`!Pi`tmz Chjmyz Emzì hfo Oikzii me Yflmflwhtlmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&050

_zifop lf Mfthzlm Chjmyz Zichtlmfp hfo Ia~cm|aift&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&05?

_mthc @ma~ifphtlmf&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&05?

_bi @bhccifki&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&055

^zlf`l~cip&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&052

H Jhchfìo# Ieei`tlui hfo _zhfp~hzift P|ptia&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&05<

@bh~tiz 857 M~izhtlfk hfo Jh`d!Meelì Ir~ifoltyzip

@mftirt&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&020

_bi @bhccifki&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&025

PizulìMfthzlm _zhfpemzahtlmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&02;Ziuli{ Irlptlfk Hkif`| Ahfohtip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0<>

Ir~hfo tbi Ypi me Oicikhtio Hoalflptzhtlui Hytbmzltlip tm Oicluiz Zikychtmz| Pizulìp&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0<8

Ypi Hctizfhtlui Pizulì Oicluiz| M~tlmfp emz Lfemzahtlmf hfo Lfemzahtlmf _i`bfmcmk| Eyf`tlmfp&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0<?

Jhchfì tbi Zixylziaiftp me H``myfthjlclt| hfo Ieel`lif`| emz Kmuizfaift M~izhtlmfp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0<9

Ir~hfolfk Pbhzio Pizulìp tm tbi Jzmhoiz yjcl` Pi`tmz &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0<5

@zihti Ieel`lif`lip lf tbi Hoalflptzhtlmf me _zhfpeiz ^h|aift hfo Kzhft ^zmkzhap &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?>>

@bh~tiz 8;7 Kmuizfaift Jyplfipp Iftiz~zlpipMfthzlm“p Kmuizfaift Jyplfipp Iftiz~zlpip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?>0

@zihtlfk Hooltlmfhc Uhcyi ezma Mfthzlm“p KJIp&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?>5



ul

@bh~tiz 827 Ziuifyi Lftikzlt|

Lf`zihplfk @ma~clhfì&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?88

Fmf!_hr Ziuifyi&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?8;

_hr Ziuifyi&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?8<

@bh~tiz 8<7 Clhjlclt| Ahfhkiaift

Lftzmoy`tlmf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?:<

Y~`malfk Clhjlclt| Zlpdp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?08 Ifulzmfaifthc Zlpdp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&??> Zlpdp tm Mfthzlm mpio j| tbi Eioizhc Kmuizfaift &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&??8 Zlpdp tm Mfthzlm mpio j| tbi Ayfl`l~hc Pi`tmz &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&??0 Yfdfm{f Zlpdp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&??5 _hr~h|iz ^zmti`tlmf H`t&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&??; @bh~tiz :>7 Lftizkmuizfaifthc Zichtlmfp

Eioizhc!^zmulf`lhc Zichtlmfp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?9>

Lftzmoy`tlmf7 Eioizhc!^zmulf`lhc @mftirt &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?9>

^mtiftlhc Eioizhc La~h`tp mf Mfthzlm“p Elp`hc ^mpltlmf&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?9;

Hzihp emz ^mtiftlhc Ziemza&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?5:[mzdlfk _mkitbiz tm Zhtlmfhclwi yjcl` Pizulìp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?5<

^zmulf`lhc!Ayfl`l~hc Zichtlmfp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?;5

_bi Elp`hc Zichtlmfpbl~&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?;5

Ziìft Blptmzl`hc zmulf`lhc Py~~mzt tm Mfthzlm“p Ayfl`l~hcltlip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?;;

Cmmdlfk Emz{hzo ‟ zmulf`lhc Py~~mzt tm Ayfl`l~hcltlip &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?2>

_bi zmulfì hfo Ayfl`l~hcltlip Pbhzi tbi zm~izt| _hr Jhpi &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?2?

Ifbhf`lfk Ieel`lif`| lf tbi Pizulì Oicluiz| Zichtlmfpbl~ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?29

H~~ifolr 87 @maalpplmf Zi`maaifohtlmfp &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?2;

H~~ifolr :7 Clpt me H`zmf|ap&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&90;



Aipphki ezma tbi @bhlz

ull

Aipphki ezma tbi @bhlz Oihz ^zializ A`Kylft| hfo Alflptiz Oyf`hf7

_bhfd |my emz lfultlfk ai tm `bhlz tbi @maalpplmf mf tbi Ziemza me Mfthzlm“p ^yjcl` Pizulìp&

_blp `hf ji hf la~mzthft tyzflfk ~mlft lf tbi ~zmulfì“p blptmz| hfo L {ic`mai tblp m~~mztyflt|

tm ~zipift tbi loihp `mfthlfio lf tblp zi~mzt&

L ip~i`lhcc| h~~zi`lhti tbi irtzhmzolfhzlc| {loi ahfohti |my khui tbi @maalpplmf# {bl`b

ahdip lt ay`b amzi tbhf h pla~ci iriz`lpi lf `mpt!`yttlfk& Lt bhp hccm{io yp tm oicui lftm

hcampt iuiz| `mzfiz me tbi kmuizfaift“p h`tlultlip hfo tm tblfd cmfk hfo bhzo hjmyt bm{

kmuizfaift `hf {mzd jittiz emz tbi jifielt me iuiz|mfi lf tbi ~zmulfì& Lt zi`mkflwip tbht tbi

~im~ci me Mfthzlm oipizui tbi elfipt ~yjcl` pizulìp ht h `mpt tbht lp heemzohjci&

Cit ai elzpt tbhfd tbi mtbiz tbzii `maalpplmfizp& Omalfl` Klzmyr# Pyphf ^lkmtt hfo

@hzmc Pti~bifpmf jzmykbt tm tblp {mzd cmfk hfo uhzlio ir~izlifì hfo diif alfop tbht hooio

ifmzamypc| tm tbi xyhclt| me myz tblfdlfk& _bi @maalpplmf“p {mzd bhp jifieltio ezma tbi uli{p

hfo {mzd me ahf| ~im~ci# jmtb lfploi hfo mytploi tbi kmuizfaift# {bm tmmd tlai tm pbhzi

tbilz uli{p {ltb yp& [i bho irìccift py~~mzt ezma tbi Pi`zithzlht yfoiz tbi cihoizpbl~ me

P`mtt _bma~pmf& Aiajizp me tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì {izi ~hztl`ychzc| bic~eyc# jyt {i hcpm

jifieltio ezma tbi {lpi `myfpic me ahf| ~im~ci lf tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift# {bm khui yp

kifizmyp h`ìpp tm tbilz loihp hfo ohth&

[ltb py`b h jzmho ahfohti tm ji `hzzlio myt muiz h claltio ~izlmo# {i {izi fmt hjci tm

`mfoy`t `ma~zibifplui `mfpycthtlmfp& Jyt iuiz| kzmy~ {i hpdio tm aiit yp fmt mfc| h`ì~tio

myz lfulthtlmf# jyt meeizio kziht loihp emz ziemzap lf tbilz omahlfp& [i tbhfd tbia hcc&

Mfthzlm ehìp t{m pizlmyp elp`hc `bhccifkip& _bi elzpt lp tm kit myt me tbi `yzzift chzki

oiel`lt& _blp {lcc thdi ahf| |ihzp# jyt tbi thpd omip fmt ifo tbizi& Lt kmip hcampt {ltbmyt

ph|lfk tbht iuiz| ieemzt aypt ji ahoi tm jmcptiz eytyzi i`mfmal` kzm{tb zhtip# hfo ay`b bhp

jiif omfi lf tbht zikhzo# py`b hp zilfuiptlfk lf ioy`htlmf hfo ziemzalfk tbi thr p|ptia& Jyt

{ltb h cmmalfk pcm{om{f lf tbi ir~hfplmf me tbi chjmyz emzì tbht lp hcampt y~mf yp hfo {ltb

tbi ~zmulfì“p {ihd ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb me chti# Mfthzlm `hffmt `myft mf h zipya~tlmf me ltp

blptmzl`hc ptzmfk kzm{tb zhtip& _blp aihfp tbht tbi pbhz~ oikzii me elp`hc ziptzhlft fiioio muiz tbi firt ei{ |ihzp tm iclalfhti tbi oiel`lt ah| pii h ~mlft me pmai zi~zliui# jyt fmt ay`b&

P~ifolfk pla~c| `hffmt zityzf tm ziìft tzifop&



ulll

_blp `mftirt cletp tbi thpd hbiho {icc ji|mfo tbht me aizic| `yttlfk mz ziptzhlflfk `mptp&

[i aypt ji ptyoiftp me blptmz| hfo blptmz| pbm{p tbht pla~ci `mpt!`yttlfk j| kmuizfaiftp tmm

metif kifizhtip elp`hc la~zmuiaiftp tbht ~itiz myt hetiz h ei{ |ihzp hp ~zippyzip jylco&

Lf tbi ifo# p~ifolfk pyzkip hkhlf hfo tbi zipyct lp amzi me tbi phai# jyt ht h blkbiz `mpt&

_bi mfc| {h| tm kit myt me oiel`ltp hfo pth| myt# lf h ~izlmo me claltio i`mfmal` kzm{tb# lp tm

ziemza kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap hfo tbi ahffiz lf {bl`b tbi| hzi oicluizio&

_blp pbmyco ji uli{io hp hf m~~mztyflt|# fmt h ~zmjcia& Mfthzlm `hf hfo pbmyco bhui tbi jipt

~yjcl` pizulìp lf tbi {mzco4 tblp lp hf m~~mztyflt| tm zih`b emz tbht kmhc& _m kit tbizi# {i

pbmyco ptyo| ~zmalplfk ~zh`tlìp hzmyfo tbi {mzco j| mtbizp {bm bhui ehìo plalchz lppyip&

Jyt tm ji tbi jipt# {i aypt km ji|mfo tbht& Mfthzlm pbmyco ji`mai tbi elzpt kmuizfaift tm

ziciftcippc| ~yzpyi xyhclt| hfo ieel`lif`| lf ~yjcl` pizulìp& Lt lp metif hzkyio tbht kmuizfaiftp

`hffmt om tblp ji`hypi tbi| ch`d tbi olp`l~clfi la~mpio j| h jmttma!clfi ~zmelt la~izhtlui hfo

pbhzibmcoizp tm bmco tbia tm lt& Jyt tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift bhp muiz 80 alcclmf pbhzibmcoizp

{bm om fmt {hft tbilz kmuizfaift tm zyf oiel`ltp hfo jicliui tbi| hcziho| ~h| ifmykb

thrip& _bht pbmyco ji lfìftlui ifmykb&

[bht {i fiio lp tm ozlui tbmpi lfìftluip lftm iuiz| `mzfiz me kmuizfaift hfo tbi jzmhoiz

~yjcl` pi`tmz& ^zmkzhap fiio `cihz mjgi`tluip& Aitzl`p aypt ji `zihtio tm tzh`d {bitbiz

~zmkzhap aiit tbmpi mjgi`tluip& Le fmt# tbi ~zmkzhap aypt ji `bhfkio&

_bi kmuizfaift aypt `mfpthftc| jif`bahzd ltp ieei`tluifipp hfo ieel`lif`| hkhlfpt tbi

~zluhti pi`tmz hfo hkhlfpt tbi jipt ~yjcl` pizulìp lf tbi {mzco& Lt aypt ji ~zi~hzio tm pbio

mco ~zlmzltlip "hfo meeifo tbilz houm`htip, hfo pit fi{ ~zlmzltlip "{bl`b metif bhui fm

houm`htip, hp tbi| hzlpi&

Lt aypt ahdi tmykb oi`lplmfp mf {bl`b pizulìp hzi jipt oicluizio j| tbi ~yjcl` pizulì hfo

{bl`b `hf ji jittiz omfi j| mtbizp# lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz&

_bi `hcclfk me ~yjcl` pizulì aypt ji ziptmzio tm h ~mpltlmf me bmfmyz hfo zip~i`t# pm lt `hf

ozh{ tbi ~zmulfì“p jipt hfo jzlkbtipt& _bilz ~izemzahfì pbmyco ji hoixyhtic| `ma~ifphtio

hfo zi{hzoio ‐‐ fmt emz ieemzt# jyt emz zipyctp& _bizi lp byki uhcyi lf h ~yjcl` pizulì tbht `hf

tblfd oii~c| hfo {lpic| hjmyt ~yjcl` ~mcl`| hfo oicluiz ieei`tlui ~zmkzhap lf hf

ieel`lift ahffiz&



Aipphki ezma tbi @bhlz

lr

Mfthzlm aypt ji tbi cihoiz lf pbletlfk ~yjcl` pizulìp ezma h zih`tlui tm h ~zmh`tlui

amoi& [bitbiz lt lp bihctb `hzi# pm`lhc pizulìp# ioy`htlmf# tzhlflfk# i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift

mz hcampt hf|tblfk icpi# kmuizfaiftp t|~l`hcc| ~ht`b y~ tblfkp mfì pmaitblfk bhp kmfi

{zmfk& Mfthzlm aypt pblet tm emzipiilfk ~zmjciap hfo `yttlfk tbia mee jiemzi tbi| oiuicm~&

_blp lf tyzf zixylzip h kmuizfaift {ltb h pizlmyp zipihz`b `h~h`lt|# jmtb lftizfhcc| hfo

tbzmykb {bht lt `hf ozh{ ezma tbi mytploi&

_bi @maalpplmf bhp ahoi byfoziop me zi`maaifohtlmfp emz la~zmulfk tbi ieei`tluifipp hfo

ieel`lif`| {ltb {bl`b ~yjcl` pizulìp `hf ji oicluizio&

Fmfi me tbipi `bmlìp {lcc ji ihp| hfo ahf| me myz ~zm~mphcp {lcc ozh{ ulkmzmyp `zltl`lpa&

Jyt lt aypt ji di~t lf alfo tbht myz zi`maaifohtlmfp `hf oicluiz tbi fiioio oikzii me

p~ifolfk ziptzhlft tm jhchfì tbi jyokit j| :>8;‐82 mfc| le hcc hzi la~ciaiftio & _blp la~mpip

h olp`l~clfi me ltp m{f& [i ir~i`t tbht ahf| me myz zi`maaifohtlmfp {lcc ji zigi`tio& [i

h`ì~t tbht# jyt ih`b zigi`tio zi`maaifohtlmf aypt ji zi~chìo fmt j| h uh`yya# jyt j| h

jittiz loih ‐‐ mfi tbht oicluizp h plalchz elp`hc jifielt&

Myz zi`maaifohtlmfp hzi ohyftlfk lf oi~tb hfo p`m~i& Lfoiio# tbi| ah| piia

muiz{bicalfk# iuif tm tbi ~mlft tbht tbi kmuizfaift ah| eihz tbht tbi| irìio ltp ~mcltl`hc

hfo jyzihy`zhtl` `h~h`lt| tm `hzz| tbia myt& Jyt tbizi lp jifielt tm amulfk xyl`dc| mf ahf|

ezmftp ht mfì& _hzkitlfk ìzthlf ~zmkzhap mz pi`tmzp emz ziemza hfo ziptzhlft `hf kifizhti h

pifpi me yfehlzfipp& H {loi!zhfklfk ziemza ieemzt {lcc zilfemzì tbi fmtlmf tbht {i hzi hcc lf tblp

tmkitbiz# tbht hcc Mfthzlhfp `hf py~~mzt tbi ziemzap ji`hypi tbi| {lcc jifielt lf tbi ifo ezma

tbipi `bhfkip& Hfo fmfi me tblp {lcc {mzd le tbizi lp fm ~yjcl` py~~mzt&

Hctbmykb {i bhui fmt ahoi h emzahc zi`maaifohtlmf mf tblp ~mlft# L yzki |my tm `mfploiz

bmcolfk jzmhoiz `mfpycthtlmfp mf tbi i`mfmal` hfo elp`hc `bhccifkip eh`lfk tblp ~zmulfì&

Mfthzlhfp bhui fmt |it kzhp~io tbi irtift tm {bl`b tbi pcm{ oi`clfi me tblp ~zmulfì“p

ahfyeh`tyzlfk jhpi bhp yfoizalfio jmtb ltp blptmzl` i`mfmal` houhfthki zichtlui tm tbi zipt

me @hfhoh hfo tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift“p cmfk!tiza hjlclt| tm elfhfì tbi ~yjcl` pizulìp tbi|

tzihpyzi& \my pbmyco km ji|mfo h ciklpchtlui jmo| tm ziuli{ myz zi~mzt hfo `mfpyct hp {icc {ltb

tbi {loiz ~yjcl` tbzmykb tm{f bhcc khtbizlfkp hfo aiitlfkp me pthdibmcoizp& Hf lfemzaio

~yjcl` lp ippiftlhc tm tbi py`ìpp me tbi ziemzap&



r

H`tlmf aypt jiklf uiz| pmmf& _bi oiel`lt lp ir~i`tio tm ji /85 jlcclmf tblp |ihz& J| :>8;‐82# lt

{lcc hcampt omyjci ‐‐ hfo tbi oijt {lcc `claj tm amzi tbhf bhce me kzmpp omaiptl` ~zmoy`t ‐‐ le

tbi pthtyp xym lp ciet lf ~chì& Oi`lplui# elza hfo ihzc| h`tlmf lp zixylzio tm kit mee tblp pcl~~iz|#

hfo yctlahtic| oiptzy`tlui# pcm~i& Ht h tlai {bif tbi fi{p lp eycc me ptmzlip me `myftzlip hzmyfo

tbi {mzco tbht bhui ehlcio tbi elp`hc tipt hfo pclo lftm tbi olt`b# tm tbi ifmzamyp oitzlaift me

tbilz `ltlwifp# Mfthzlm aypt ji oleeizift& Lt aypt ji tbi jipt&

Omf Ozyaamfo

@bhlz

@maalpplmf mf tbi Ziemza me Mfthzlm“p ^yjcl` Pizulìp

H`dfm{ciokaiftp

H p~i`lhc tbhfdp tm tbi Pi`zithzlht tm tbi @maalpplmf mf tbi

Ziemza me Mfthzlm“p ^yjcl` Pizulìp7

Jhzj Jzm{fcii# Pti~bif Omfficc|# @zhlk Em{ciz# @hp~hz Bhcc# Hzt Dmahzmu#

Giffh CiJchf`# Dhcij Zy`b hfo Gmfhtbhf _idci&



@maalpplmf Aiajiz Jlmkzh~blip

rl


Omf Ozyaamfo# @bhlz

Omf Ozyaamfo lp `yzziftc| Ahttbi{p Eiccm{ lf Kcmjhc ^yjcl`^mcl`|# Xyiif+p Yfluizplt|& Az& Ozyaamfo {hp jmzf hfo zhlpiolf Ul`tmzlh# Jzltlpb @mcyajlh# {bizi bi kzhoyhtio ezma tbi

Yfluizplt| me Ul`tmzlh& Bi pyjpixyiftc| ziìluio blp A&H& lf

I`mfmal`p ezma Xyiif+p Yfluizplt|& Bi hcpm bmcop hf bmfmzhz|om`tmzhti ezma Xyiif+p Yfluizplt|&

Az& Ozyaamfo gmlfio tbi eioizhc Oi~hztaift me Elfhfì y~mf

`ma~citlfk blp ptyolip ht Xyiif+p& Oyzlfk hcampt :0 |ihzp htElfhfì# Az& Ozyaamfo bico h pizlip me ~zmkzippluic| amzi

piflmz ~mpltlmfp lf tbi hzihp me i`mfmal` hfhc|plp hfoemzi`hptlfk# elp`hc ~mcl`| hfo thr ~mcl`|& Blp chpt tbzii ~mpltlmfp

{izi# zip~i`tluic|# Hpplpthft Oi~yt| Alflptiz me Elp`hc ^mcl`|

hfo I`mfmal` Hfhc|plp# Hpplpthft Oi~yt| Alflptiz me _hr

^mcl`| hfo Ciklpchtlmf hfo# ampt ziìftc|# Hppm`lhti Oi~yt|

Alflptiz& Lf tblp chttiz ~mpltlmf Az& Ozyaamfo {hp zip~mfpljci

emz i`mfmal` hfhc|plp# elp`hc ~mcl`|# thr ~mcl`|# pm`lhc ~mcl`| hfo

eioizhc!~zmulf`lhc zichtlmfp& Lf ~hztl`ychz# Az& Ozyaamfo`m!mzolfhtio tbi ~chfflfk me tbi hffyhc eioizhc jyokitp&

Ezma :>>> tm :>8># Az& Ozyaamfo pizuio hp Piflmz Ulì^ziploift hfo @blie I`mfmalpt# _O Jhfd& Az& Ozyaamfo cio

_O I`mfmal`p+ {mzd lf hfhc|wlfk hfo emzi`hptlfk i`mfmal`

~izemzahfì lf @hfhoh hfo hjzmho& _O I`mfmal`p hcpm

hfhc|wip tbi di| ~mcl`lip tbht lfecyifì i`mfmal` ~izemzahfì#lf`cyolfk amfithz| hfo elp`hc ~mcl`lip&



rll

Omalfl` Klzmyr# @maalpplmf aiajiz

Omalfl` Klzmyr lp tbi ^ziploift hfo Ulì!@bhfìccmz meChyziftlhf Yfluizplt|&

^zlmz tm blp h~~mlftaift ht Chyziftlhf# Az& Klzmyr {hpHpplpthft Oi~yt| Alflptiz {ltb tbi Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf

hfo tbi Alflptz| me _zhlflfk# @mccikip hfo Yfluizpltlip# hetiz

bhulfk pizuio hp @EM me t{m Ezif`b!chfkyhki p`bmmc jmhzop

lf pmytbizf hfo ihptizf Mfthzlm&

Az& Klzmyr pthztio lf ioy`htlmf hp h p`bmmc jmhzo tzyptii ht

hki 8< hfo {hp ici`tio jmhzo `bhlz ht :8 lf Mtth{h& Lf :>88#

bi ziìluio mfi me @hfhoh+p *_m~ ?> Yfoiz ?>* H{hzop&

Az& Klzmyr pizuip hp `bhlz me tbi jmhzo me olzi`tmzp me tbiFmztbizf Mfthzlm P`bmmc me Aiol`lfi# fhtlmfhc `m!`bhlz me tbi

@mfpmztlya fhtlmfhc oi emzahtlmf if phftì "@FEP,# `m!`bhlz me

tbi Mfthzlm @myf`lc mf Hztl`ychtlmf hfo _zhfpeiz "MF@H_,# hfo

jmhzo aiajiz me tbi @iftzi emz Irìccifì lf Alflfk

Lffmuhtlmf "@IAL,# tbi Kzihtiz Pyojyz| Oiuicm~aift@mz~mzhtlmf "KPO@, hfo tbi Kzihtiz Pyojyz| Emmo Jhfd&

Bi hcpm pizuio hp `m!p~i`lhc houlpmz mf tbi la~ciaifthtlmf me

tbi Fmztbizf ^mcl`| Lfptltyti hfo {hp h~~mlftio tm tbi

~zmulfì“p Zlfk me Elzi Houlpmz| @myf`lc&

H aiajiz me tbi Mfthzlm @mcciki me _ih`bizp# Az& Klzmyr bmcop

jh`bicmz+p oikziip lf pm`lhc p`lifìp hfo ioy`htlmf ezma tbiYfluizplt| me Mtth{h# hfo hf AJH ezma tbi Ì`mci oip Bhytip

Ìtyoip @maaiz`lhcip "BI@, lf Amftzihc&




rlll

Pyphf ^lkmtt# @maalpplmf aiajiz

Pyphf ^lkmtt lp tbi Ulì ^ziploift# @maayfl`htlmfp hfo@maayflt| Ifkhkiaift ht tbi @iftzi emz Hool`tlmf hfo Aifthc

Bihctb "@HAB, lf _mzmftm&

Pbi tzhlfio hp h fyzpi ht tbi [iccipci| Bmp~lthc P`bmmc me

Fyzplfk lf _mzmftm hfo tbif {mzdio hp h ziklptizio fyzpi emz

8> |ihzp lf _mzmftm hfo lf Hyptzhclh hfo ^h~yh Fi{ Kylfih&

Lf 8<;2# Ap& ^lkmtt ihzfio h ahptiz+p oikzii lf pm`lhc {mzd ht

tbi Yfluizplt| me _mzmftm& Plfì tbif# pbi bhp {mzdio lf tbi

fmf!~zmelt byahf pizulìp elico emz muiz :9 |ihzp& ^zlmz tm

@HAB# pbi {hp @blie Iri`ytlui Meelìz me Pt& @bzlptm~bizBmypi# h `maayflt|!jhpio# ayctl!pizulì hkif`| tbht m~izhtip

lf tbi {ipt ifo me _mzmftm& ^zlmz tm tbht# pbi p~ift piuif |ihzpht tbi Yfltio [h| me Kzihtiz _mzmftm# elzpt hp Hccm`htlmfpOlzi`tmz hfo tbif hp Ulì ^ziploift me Eyfozhlplfk&

Lf :>>5‐>;# pbi tmmd h cihui me hjpifì ezma Pt& @bzlptm~biz

Bmypi tm pizui hp tbi Iri`ytlui Ciho emz @ltlwif Ifkhkiaift#

py~~mztlfk tbi Mfthzlm @ltlwifp“ Hppiajc| mf Ici`tmzhc Ziemza&

Hf h`tlui umcyftiiz# Ap& ^lkmtt bhp pizuio mf piuizhc jmhzop

lf`cyolfk tbi @maayflt| Pm`lhc ^chfflfk @myf`lc# tbi Bmp~lthc

emz Pl`d @blcozif hfo Pmyc~i~~iz _bihtzi @ma~hf|& @yzziftc|#

pbi lp h jmhzo aiajiz me tbi Kzihtiz _mzmftm @lul`H`tlmfHcclhfì# tbi @bhfki Emyfohtlmf hfo [mzdahf Hztp&



rlu

@hzmc Pti~bifpmf# M&@&# @maalpplmf aiajiz

@hzmc Pti~bifpmf lp tbi Oihf me tbi Zl`bhzo Lui| P`bmmc meJyplfipp ht _bi Yfluizplt| me [iptizf Mfthzlm# hp {icc hp tbi

Ch{zifì K& _h~~ @bhlz lf Cihoizpbl~&

Plfì gmlflfk Lui| lf :>>0# @hzmc Pti~bifpmf bhp cio tbi ozlui

tm zipbh~i tbi tih`blfk me jyplfipp ioy`htlmf& Hp h {loic|

zip~i`tio @IM# pbi jzlfkp amzi tbhf 0> |ihzp me ~zmkzipplui

ir~izlifì lf ahzditlfk# m~izhtlmfp# ptzhtikl` ~chfflfk#ti`bfmcmk| oiuicm~aift# hfo elfhf`lhc ahfhkiaift tm

@hfhoh+p ~zializ jyplfipp p`bmmc&

Ap& Pti~bifpmf `yzziftc| pizuip mf piuizhc jmhzop emz tm~@hfholhf `ma~hflip hfo mf la~mzthft kmuizfaift

`maalttiip& Pbi lp h Olzi`tmz me Lfth`t Elfhf`lhc Pizulìp@mz~mzhtlmf "emzaizc| LFK @hfhoh, hfo Ahfltmjh _ici`maPizulìp Lf`& @hzmc pizuio hp h jmhzo me olzi`tmzp aiajiz emz

KA @hfhoh# yftlc pbi {hp h~~mlftio j| tbi kmuizfaiftp me

@hfhoh hfo Mfthzlm tm pizui hp h jmhzo aiajiz emz Kifizhc

Amtmzp @ma~hf|& Ap& Pti~bifpmf lp @bhlz me tbi Mfthzlm

Zipihz`b Eyfo Houlpmz| Jmhzo# hfo @bhlz me tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift“p Houlpmz| @maalttii mf Piflmz Ciuic Zitiftlmf

hfo @ma~ifphtlmf& Lf Fmuiajiz :>>5# pbi {hp h~~mlftio j|

tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm pizui mf tbi jmhzo me olzi`tmzp me tbi

Uhf`myuiz Mc|a~l` Khaip Mzkhflwlfk @maalttii "UHFM@,&Pbi bhp ihzfio plkflel`hft zi`mkfltlmf emz biz `maayflt| {mzd

hfo lfoyptz| lfumcuiaift& Fmthjc|# lf Oiìajiz :>><#

Ap& Pti~bifpmf {hp h~~mlftio Meelìz me tbi Mzoiz me @hfhoh&

^bmtm @ziolt7 Gmuhf Ahtl`



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

8

Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

Mfthzlhfp {hft irìccift ~yjcl` pizulìp ezma tbilz kmuizfaift& _bi @maalpplmf mf tbi

Ziemza me Mfthzlm“p ^yjcl` Pizulìp yfoizpthfop hfo py~~mztp tblp oiplzi& [i pii fm zihpmf

{b| Mfthzlm `hffmt bhui tbi jipt ~yjcl` pizulìp lf tbi {mzco ‟ {ltb tbi ~zmulpm tbht tbi|

aypt `mai ht h `mpt Mfthzlhfp `hf heemzo& [ltb py`b h kmhc# {i ehì tbzii muizhz`blfk thpdp&

Elzpt# {i aypt yfoizpthfo Mfthzlm“p i`mfmal` `bhccifkip hfo hoozipp tbia olzi`tc|& Pi`mfo#

{i aypt elzac| ipthjclpb h jhchfìo elp`hc ~mpltlmf tbht `hf ji pypthlfio muiz tbi cmfk tiza&

Hfo tblzo# {i aypt pbhz~if tbi ieel`lif`| me cltizhcc| iuiz|tblfk tbi kmuizfaift omip pm

Mfthzlhfp kit tbi kzihtipt uhcyi emz amfi| ezma tbi thrip tbi| ~h|& _blp zi~mzt hoozippip

tbipi lppyip hfo meeizp h zmho ah~ tm h oh| {bif Mfthzlhfp `hf `myft mf ~yjcl` pizulìp

tbht hzi jmtb irìccift hfo heemzohjci ‟ tbi ~yjcl` pizulìp Mfthzlhfp {hft hfo oipizui&

_bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc H`tlmf

Mfthzlm ehìp amzi piuizi i`mfmal` hfo elp`hc `bhccifkip tbhf ampt Mfthzlhfp zihclwi&

[i `hf fm cmfkiz hppyai h zipya~tlmf me Mfthzlm“p tzholtlmfhc ptzmfk i`mfmal` kzm{tb

hfo tbi `mftlfyio ~zmp~izlt| mf {bl`b tbi ~zmulfì bhp jylct ltp ~yjcl` pizulìp& Fmz `hf

{i `myft mf ptiho|# oi~ifohjci ziuifyi kzm{tb tm elfhfì kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap& Yfcipp

~mcl`|!ahdizp h`t p{letc| hfo jmcoc| tm ~ziuift py`b hf myt`mai# Mfthzlm ehìp h pizlip me

oiel`ltp tbht {myco yfoizalfi tbi ~zmulfì“p i`mfmal` hfo pm`lhc eytyzi& Ay`b me tblp thpd

`hf ji h``ma~clpbio tbzmykb ziemzap tm tbi oicluiz| me ~yjcl` pizulìp tbht fmt mfc| `mftzljyti

tm oiel`lt iclalfhtlmf# jyt hzi hcpm oiplzhjci lf tbilz m{f zlkbt& Heemzohjlclt| hfo irìccifì hzifmt lf`ma~htljci4 tbi| `hf ji zi`mf`lcio j| kzihtiz ieel`lif`|# {bl`b pizuip jmtb tbi elp`hc

la~izhtlui hfo Mfthzlhfp“ oiplzi emz jittiz!zyf ~zmkzhap& Jhchf`lfk tbi jyokit# bm{iuiz#

{lcc hcpm zixylzi tmykb oi`lplmfp tbht {lcc ifthlc zioyìo jifieltp emz pmai& Kluif tbht ahf|

me tbipi jifielt ~zmkzhap hzi fmt pypthlfhjci lf tbilz `yzzift emza# tbi kmuizfaift {lcc fiio

tm oi`loi bm{ jipt tm thzkit jifieltp tm tbmpi {bm fiio tbia ampt& _bi tzihtaift ah| ji

oleel`yct# jyt lt lp {mztb tbi ieemzt&

Mfthzlm“p /8? jlcclmf oiel`lt lf :>8>‐88 {hp ixyluhcift tm :&0 ~iz ìft me kzmpp omaiptl`

~zmoy`t "KO^,# tbi chzkipt oiel`lt zichtlui tm KO^ me hf| ~zmulfì& Fit oijt `hai tm

/:8?&9 jlcclmf# 09 ~iz ìft me KO^& _bi :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit pit :>8;‐82 hp tbi thzkit |ihz tm jhchfì tbi jmmdp ‟ ht cihpt tbzii |ihzp jiblfo hf| mtbiz ~zmulfì& _bi kmuizfaift

hpdio tblp @maalpplmf tm bic~ aiit hfo# le ~mppljci# h`ìcizhti tbi oiel`lt!iclalfhtlmf ~chf&



:

Elzpt# {i hppippio tbi :>88 Jyokit Pìfhzlm emz tbi firt piuif |ihzp4 {blci tbi kmuizfaift

ahlfthlfio tbht lt {hp `maalttio tm jhchf`lfk tbi jyokit j| :>8;‐82# {i `mf`cyoio# hp olo

tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc# tbht tbi :>88 Jyokit aihpyzip hcmfi {myco fmt cldic| ciho tm jhchfì&

Le tbizi hzi fm{ ~chfp yfoiz oiuicm~aift {ltblf kmuizfaift tm pi`yzi hcc me tbi elp`hc

ziptzhlft# tbi| bhui fmt jiif ~zmuloio tm tbi @maalpplmf&

Firt# {i oiuicm~io h Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm# myz m{f uli{ me bm{ Mfthzlm“p elfhfìp {myco

yfemco le fm `bhfkip {izi ahoi tm kmuizfaift ~mcl`lip# ~zmkzhap mz ~zh`tlìp& [i ypio

hppya~tlmfp emz jmtb i`mfmal` hfo ziuifyi kzm{tb tbht {izi amzi `hytlmyp tbhf tbmpi lf

tbi :>88 Jyokit # chzkic| ji`hypi tbi i`mfmal` mytcmmd bho oitizlmzhtio plfì Ahz`b :>88&

[i hcpm hppyaio tbht tbi kzm{tb me ~zmkzhap {myco `mftlfyi tm ji ozluif j| lfechtlmf#

~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb# hklfk# p`bmmc ifzmcaiftp hfo pm mf&

_bi zipyctlfk ~zmgi`tlmf lfol`htio tbht tbi oiel`lt {myco amzi tbhf omyjci tm /0>&: jlcclmf lf

:>8;‐82 hfo fit ~yjcl` oijt {myco zih`b /?88&? jlcclmf# ixyluhcift tm gypt yfoiz 98 ~iz ìft

me tbi ~zmulfì“p KO^& _m humlo tbht myt`mai# {i oiulpio h ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm emz tbi

jyokit ~htb tbht {myco jhchfì tbi jyokit lf :>8;‐82& Lt lf`mz~mzhtip h ziuifyi ~zmgi`tlmf

tbht lp pyjpthftlhcc| cm{iz tbhf tbht me tbi :>88 Jyokit hfo h ay`b zioyìo tzh`d emz

~zmkzha p~ifolfk&

Aiitlfk tbi thzkit {lcc ji oleel`yct# jyt {i jicliui myz zi`maaifohtlmfp {lcc h``ma~clpb tbi

gmj& Hctbmykb myz ahfohti ir~zippc| emzjlop yp ezma ~zm~mplfk fi{ mz lf`zihpio thrip# tbizi

hzi {h|p tbi kmuizfaift `hf zhlpi pmai hooltlmfhc ziuifyip& Ptlcc# ampt me tbi jyzoif me

iclalfhtlfk tbi /0>&: jlcclmf pbmztehcc lf :>8;‐82 aypt ehcc mf p~ifolfk& _m jhchfì tbi jyokit#

tbi ~zmulfì aypt thzkit h p~ifolfk ciuic lf :>8;‐82 tbht lp 8; ~iz ìft cm{iz tbhf tbi pyaemyfo lf tbi Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm ‟ h {zif`blfk zioy`tlmf ezma tbi ~htb tbht p~ifolfk lp fm{

mf& Lt lp# bm{iuiz# fiìpphz| le Mfthzlm lp tm ip`h~i ltp ziìft blptmz| me zlplfk ~yjcl` oijt tbht

emzìp tbi kmuizfaift tm p~ifo amzi tbhf lt pbmyco lf lftizipt ~h|aiftp ‟ amfi| tbht `myco

mtbiz{lpi ji ypio tm elfhfì ~zmkzhap& Myz ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm {myco bmco om{f tbi kzm{tb

me fit ~yjcl` oijt# cihulfk lt ht 0; ~iz ìft me KO^ lf :>8;‐82&

Pcm{lfk# hfo iuiftyhcc| bhctlfk# eyztbiz kzm{tb me tbi oijt jyzoif lp `zltl`hc& Lf tbi ~hpt t{m

oi`hoip# Mfthzlm“p elp`hc zi`mzo bhp jiif mfi me chzki oiel`ltp tbht {izi mfc| ~hztlhcc| meepit j|

p~mzhol` i~lpmoip me pahcc pyz~cypip& Plfì tbi chti 8<2>p# Mfthzlm“p oijt zhtlm bhp amzi tbhf

omyjcio tm 09 ~iz ìft ezma 8? ~iz ìft hp ziìpplmfp xyl`dc| `zihtio amzi oijt# jyt kmmoi`mfmal` tlaip mfc| zioyìo lt pcm{c|& Oijt lp `mptc|# plfì lftizipt aypt ji ~hlo mf tbi

~zmulfì“p mytpthfolfk jmfop hfo mtbiz mjclkhtlmfp& Yfypyhcc| cm{ lftizipt zhtip lf ziìft

|ihzp bhui hccm{io Mfthzlm tm jmzzm{ `bih~c|# jyt hp lftizipt zhtip zlpi tm amzi fmzahc ciuicp#

pm {lcc tbi `mpt me pizul`lfk tbi kzm{lfk oijt# hfo tbht {lcc oluizt omcchzp h{h| ezma

~yjcl` ~zmkzhap&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

0

Yftlc ziìftc|# Mfthzlm“p oijt zi`mzo {hp plalchz tm tbht me mtbiz @hfholhf ~zmulfìp&

Lf tbi ~hpt oi`hoi# bm{iuiz# h `maamoltlip jmma bhp hccm{io ~zmulfìp py`b hp Hcjizth#

Jzltlpb @mcyajlh# Fi{emyfochfo hfo Chjzhomz# hfo Phpdht`bi{hf tm zioyì tbilz oijt

jyzoif# cihulfk Mfthzlm lf tbi `ma~hf| me tbi tbzii Ahzltlai ~zmulfìp# {ltb tbilz zmykbc|

09 ~iz ìft oijt zhtlmp& @hfhoh“p blkbipt ~zmulf`lhc oijt zhtlm# ht hjmyt 9> ~iz ìft# jicmfkp

tm Xyiji`4 tbht lp {bizi Mfthzlm lp bihoio lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm&

J| `yzzift lftizfhtlmfhc pthfohzop# Mfthzlm“p oijt lp ptlcc zichtluic| pahcc& [i hzi h uiz| cmfk

{h| ezma tbi ozihoeyc elp`hc `mfoltlmf me `myftzlip tbht bhui omalfhtio tbi fi{p lf tbi ~hpt

t{m |ihzp& Pm# bm{iuiz# {izi ahf| me tbi bihoclfi `myftzlip ht mfi tlai ‟ lf pmai `hpip#

pyz~zlplfkc| ziìftc|& Ptlcc# hamfk jmfo lfuiptmzp# Mfthzlm lp piif hp h {icc!kmuizfio ~zmulfì

lf h {icc!kmuizfio `myftz|& [i om fmt aihf tm ji hchzalpt# mfc| tm ~mlft myt tbht kmuizfaift

oijt `hf zlpi xyl`dc| le fmt bihoio mee ihzc|& Pbmyco tbi kcmjhc i`mfma| tyzf fhpt| mfì hkhlf#

hf| oitizlmzhtlmf lf lfuiptmz `mfeloifì `myco ji ziahzdhjc| p{let& _bi ziìft oi`lplmf j|

Ammo|“p Lfuiptmzp Pizulì tm ziulpi ltp mytcmmd mf Mfthzlm“p jmfop ezma pthjci tm fikhtlui lph ohfkiz plkf& [ltb tbi kcmjhc ziìpplmf blttlfk Mfthzlm ~hztl`ychzc| bhzo# Mfthzlm“p ziìft

oiel`lt zi`mzo lp ~mmz4 zichtlui tm KO^# lt zhf tbi jlkkipt ~zmulf`lhc oiel`ltp lf tbi `myftz| emz

tbzii `mfpi`ytlui |ihzp jiklfflfk lf :>>2‐><4 tbi `yzzift :>88‐8: elp`hc |ihz lp cldic| tm

hoo h emyztb&

Myz aipphki {lcc ptzldi ahf| hp ~zmemyfoc| kcmma|& Lt lp mfi tbht Mfthzlhfp bhui fmt bihzo#

ìzthlfc| fmt lf tbi ziìft ici`tlmf `ha~hlkf# jyt mfi tblp @maalpplmf jicliuip lt aypt oicluiz&

Le Mfthzlhfp hfo tbilz kmuizfaift hzi kmlfk tm `mai tm kzl~p {ltb tbi elp`hc `bhccifkip tbht cli

hbiho# tbi| aypt yfoizpthfo tbi oi~tb me tbi ~zmjcia hfo ltp `hypip& Mfthzlm aypt h`t pmmf

tm ~yt ltp elfhfìp mf h pypthlfhjci ~htb hfo aypt ji ~zi~hzio emz tmykb h`tlmf ‟ fmt gypt emz h ei{ |ihzp# jyt ht cihpt yftlc :>82& [i jicliui Mfthzlhfp `hf ahdi ‟ hfo la~ciaift ‟

tbi dlfo me tbmykbteyc oi`lplmfp fiioio tm zipmcui tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc olciaah {blci

~zmti`tlfk# tm tbi kzihtipt oikzii ~mppljci# tbi ~yjcl` ~zmkzhap mf {bl`b Mfthzlhfp zic|#

ahf| me {bl`b hzi h pmyzì me gyptlelhjci ~zloi&

_bi zi{hzop me py`b h`tlmf {lcc ji `mfploizhjci hfo thfkljci& Blkb!oijt kmuizfaiftp hzi

hc{h|p uycfizhjci tm tbi {blap hfo oiahfop me tbi elfhf`lhc ahzditp ezma {bl`b tbi| bhui

jmzzm{io4 kmuizfaiftp lf tblp ~mpltlmf `hf ji emzìo tm thdi ozh`mflhf aihpyzip tm dii~

tbilz cifoizp bh~~| "Kziiì hfo Lthc| hzi ziìft ululo irha~cip,& Cm{!oijt kmuizfaiftp

bhui ay`b amzi ecirljlclt| tm pit tbilz m{f ~zlmzltlip ‟ mfip tbht aiit tbi fiiop me tbilz `ltlwifp hfo tbi kmmo me tbilz gyzlpol`tlmfp hp h {bmci&



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chkkio tbht me tbi zipt me @hfhoh# hp `bhfklfk i`mfmal` `mfoltlmfp blt Mfthzlm bhzoiz tbhf

mtbiz ~zmulfìp& H ptzmfk omcchz ahoi Mfthzlm“p ir~mztp amzi ir~ifplui emz emzilkfizp tm jy|

{blci ahdlfk la~mztp `bih~iz4 hp h zipyct# emzilkf tzhoi# mfì h fit `mftzljytmz tm KO^

kzm{tb# lp fm{ h fit ozhk& Lf tbi ziìft ziìpplmf# Mfthzlm cmpt 9&> ~iz ìft me ltp KO^ ezma

~ihd tm tzmykb# {blci tbi zipt me tbi `myftz| cmpt mfc| 0&; ~iz ìft& _bi byahf `mpt me tblp

ch`dcyptzi ~izemzahfì lp h~~hzift lf gmjp hfo lf`maip7 Mfthzlm“p yfia~cm|aift zhti bhp

jiif hjmui tbi fhtlmfhc zhti emz muiz elui |ihzp fm{4 huizhki ~izpmfhc lf`mai lf Mfthzlm#

amzi tbhf :> ~iz ìft blkbiz tbhf tbi huizhki lf tbi zipt me @hfhoh lf tbi pi`mfo bhce me

tbi 8<2>p# {hp >&9 ~iz ìft cm{iz tbhf tblp huizhki lf tbi tblzo xyhztiz me :>88&

Mfthzlm“p eytyzi kzm{tb {lcc hcampt ìzthlfc| ji pcm{iz tbhf lt {hp lf tbi ~hpt& Fmt mfc| {lcc

tbi kcmjhc zi`muiz| ji pcm{iz tbhf fmzahc# jyt Mfthzlm hcpm ehìp eyztbiz ptzy`tyzhc `bhfkip&

Hp lf ampt me tbi oiuicm~io {mzco# ahfyeh`tyzlfk bhp jiif o{lfoclfk hp h pbhzi me tbi

~zmulfì“p myt~yt hfo ia~cm|aift jhpi& _blp tzifo {lcc `mftlfyi& Amzimuiz# tbi kzm{tb lfMfthzlm“p {mzdlfk!hki ~m~ychtlmf hfo chjmyz emzì {lcc `mai amptc| ezma laalkzhtlmf# jyt

tbi lf`maip me ziìft laalkzhftp bhui jiif {icc jicm{ tbmpi me {mzdizp {bm {izi jmzf

lf @hfhoh mz hzzluio ihzcliz&

Lf pbmzt# {i `hffmt `myft mf zmjypt i`mfmal` kzm{tb tm zipmcui myz elp`hc `bhccifki& Myt tm

:>8?# {i h`ì~t tbi ~zmgi`tlmf lf tbi kmuizfaift“p :>88 Mfthzlm I`mfmal` Mytcmmd hfo

Elp`hc Ziuli{ tbht zihc KO^ {lcc kzm{ j| hf huizhki me :&: ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& Ji|mfo tbht#

{i thdi h `hytlmyp h~~zmh`b# jhpio mf myz uli{ tbht chjmyz!emzì kzm{tb {lcc pcm{ hfo

~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb {lcc ziahlf amoipt& Ezma :>89 tbzmykb :>82# {i ir~i`t huizhki zihc

KO^ kzm{tb me mfc| t{m ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& Kzm{tb lf fmalfhc KO^# {bl`b lf`cyoip tbi la~h`tme lfechtlmf# lp iuif amzi `zltl`hc emz elp`hc ~chfflfk ji`hypi lt `mfptltytip tbi thr jhpi ‟

tbi i`mfmal` h`tlult| mf {bl`b tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift ciulip ltp thrip mf lf`mai# phcip

hfo `mz~mzhti ~zmeltp& [i hppyai fmalfhc KO^ kzm{tb me ?&: ~iz ìft tm :>8? hfo

0&< ~iz ìft ezma :>89 tbzmykb :>82&

Myz kzm{tb hppya~tlmf olzi`tc| heei`tp myz ~zmgi`tlmfp me tbi kmuizfaift“p ziuifyi kzm{tb&

[i `mftlfyi tm ji amzi `hytlmyp mf tbi ziuifyi ~zmgi`tlmfp tm :>80‐8? tbhf tbmpi

`mfthlfio lf tbi :>88 Mfthzlm I`mfmal` Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc Ziuli{ & [i pii pmai zmma

emz hooltlmfhc ziuifyi kzm{tb {ltbmyt zhlplfk thrip "tbipi {myco lfumcui `mftzhjhfo tmjh``m#

tbi yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma|# `mcci`tlmfp lppyip# thr ir~ifoltyzip hfo hooltlmfhc ziuifyip ezma@zm{f hkif`lip,# jyt myz ~zmgi`tlmfp emz :>8;‐82 ~mlft tm tmthc ziuifyip me /80?&; jlcclmf#

/;&9 jlcclmf cipp tbhf tbi Jyokit Pìfhzlm“p /8?:&: jlcclmf& [blci {i `hf bm~i emz jittiz# {i

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chzkiz zipizui lf `hpi ziuifyip ehcc pbmzt me tbi emzi`hpt&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

9

_bi :>88 Jyokit pit myt h tzh`d tm :>8;‐82 emz p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap "iuiz|tblfk# tbht lp#

irì~t lftizipt mf tbi oijt, tbht lfumcuio kzm{tb me 8&> ~iz ìft hffyhcc| ezma :>8>‐88 tm

:>80‐8? hfo 8&; ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz ezma tbif yftlc :>8;‐82& Jyt le {i hppyai tbht kmuizfaift

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tbi ~hì me tbi ~hpt oi`hoi# pm plkflel`hft h`tlmf bhp jiif thdif& Myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm

emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk lf`mz~mzhtip lf`zihpip tbht hzi cldic| tm m``yz le `yzzift ~zmkzhap zithlf

tbilz ~zipift emza# le fm fi{ ~zmkzhap hzi lftzmoyìo hfo le fmtblfk eyztbiz lp omfi tm ziptzhlf

p~ifolfk& Lt lp jhpio mf ozluizp me p~ifolfk kzm{tb py`b hp lfechtlmf# ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb# hklfk#

fi{ ozykp# ifzmcaift kzm{tb hfo {icehzi `hpicmhop&

\it p~ifolfk lp filtbiz myt me `mftzmc fmz {lcoc| irìpplui& Mfthzlm zyfp mfi me tbi cm{ipt!`mpt

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_m ~ziuift tbi /0>&: jlcclmf oiel`lt tbht {i ~zmgi`t lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm emz :>8;‐82#

tbi kmuizfaift `hf zhlpi thrip# `yt tbi zhti me p~ifolfk kzm{tb# mz om pmai me jmtb& [blci

myz ahfohti ~zi`cyoip yp ezma zi`maaifolfk fi{ mz lf`zihpio thrip# {i jicliui tbht tbi

ziuifyi aihpyzip aiftlmfio ihzcliz `myco zhlpi hcampt /: jlcclmf j| tbif4 tbi kmuizfaift

pbmyco ~zmìio {ltb tbipi aihpyzip& Ptiholc| zioy`lfk tbi oiel`lt tm wizm lf :>8;‐82 {myco

phui /?&0 jlcclmf lf lftizipt `mptp& _m jhchfì tbi jyokit# {i fiio tm pbhui hjmyt /:0&< jlcclmf

mee myz ~zmgi`tlmf emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk lf tbht |ihz&

Py`b hf myt`mai hccm{p emz hf lf`zihpi lf tmthc p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap me mfc| 9&5 ~iz ìft

muiz piuif |ihzp# mz >&2 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& Le {i eh`tmz lf jmtb ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb hfo lfechtlmf#

{i elfo tbht zihc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk emz iuiz| ahf# {mahf hfo `blco lf Mfthzlm aypt ehcc j|

85&: ~iz ìft# hf huizhki hffyhc oi`clfi me :&9 ~iz ìft ezma :>8>‐88 tbzmykb :>8;‐82#

h ozm~ tbht lp hcampt ìzthlfc| yf~ziìoiftio&



5

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Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

;

Fmt iuiz| ~zmkzha pbmyco kzm{ ht tbi >&2 ~iz ìft zhti tbht lp myz clalt& Jyt le pmai ~zmkzhap

kzm{ ehptiz# mtbiz ~zmkzhap {lcc bhui tm kzm{ amzi pcm{c| mz iuif pbzlfd& Emz irha~ci# le

bihctb `hzi `mftlfyip tm kzm{ j| 5&0 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz ‟ ltp tzh`d zi`mzo muiz tbi ~ziulmyp elui

|ihzp ‟ tbif hcc ~zmkzhap mtbiz tbhf bihctb {myco bhui tm `mftzh`t j| ?&8 ~iz ìft hffyhcc| tm

aiit myz thzkit& Bihctb `hzi {myco zyf zmykbpbmo muiz iuiz| mtbiz ~zlmzlt|4 lt {myco kyt iuiz|

mtbiz kmuizfaift pizulì tbht Mfthzlhfp zic| mf emz tbilz ioy`htlmf# pm`lhc {icehzi# gyptlì

p|ptia# lfezhptzy`tyzi fiiop hfo h bmpt me mtbiz ~zmkzhap tbht ahttiz tm tbi ~im~ci me tblp

~zmulfì& _blp `hffmt ji myz eytyzi&

Hfmtbiz `bmlì Mfthzlhfp aypt ehì lf tbi amftbp hbiho lfumcuip chjmyz `ma~ifphtlmf&

Plfì tbi tmthc jlcc emz {hkip# phchzlip hfo jifieltp h``myftp emz hjmyt bhce me hcc Mfthzlm

kmuizfaift ~zmkzha p~ifolfk# lt lp oleel`yct tm jicliui tbht ~zmkzha p~ifolfk `hf ji bico

tm hffyhc kzm{tb me >&2 ~iz ìft le chjmyz `mptp zlpi h~~zi`lhjc|&

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mfi tbht `myftp mf uiz| ziptzhlfio kzm{tb lf bihctb `hzi mytch|p tm cihui zmma emz p~ifolfk

kzm{tb lf pmai mtbiz ~zmkzhap& [i jicliui tbizi lp ha~ci p`m~i lf tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia emz

ieel`lif`lip tbht {lcc hccm{ bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp tm oicluiz tbi pizulìp Mfthzlhfp fiio {ltbmyt

kittlfk hffyhc lf`zihpip me tbi dlfo piif lf ziìft |ihzp&

H``mzolfkc|# {i zi`maaifo tbi emccm{lfk hffyhc `bhfkip lf ~zmkzha p~ifolfk myt tm

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2

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chttiz ~zmkzhap# lt zi~zipiftp h uiz| plkflel`hft oikzii me ziptzhlft7 h `yaychtlui oi`clfi lf tbi

ciuic me p~ifolfk me 89&5 ~iz ìft muiz piuif |ihzp& Jyt h plkflel`hft ~mztlmf me tblp –iuiz|tblfk

icpi‑ `htikmz| lp iltbiz eycc| `maalttio j| blptmzl`hc hzzhfkiaiftp py`b hp hamztlwhtlmf hfo

~ifplmf `mftzljytlmfp# mz pla~c| yf{lpi tm `yt# py`b hp irlptlfk pbhzio!`mpt hkziiaiftp#

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ltiap# tbi `yaychtlui oi`clfi {myco `mai tm hjmyt :; ~iz ìft& Le {i htth`b omcchz plkfp tm

tbipi `bhfkip# {i elfo tbht lf :>8;‐82# tmthc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk {lcc ji y~ /5&0 jlcclmf ezma

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phulfkp {lcc ahdi y~ tbi oleeizifì&

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_bi cippmfp me blptmz| hfo me {bht lp bh~~iflfk icpi{bizi tmoh| hzi `cihz7 tbi kmuizfaift

aypt thdi ohzlfk elp`hc h`tlmf ihzc|# jiemzi tmoh|“p `bhccifkip hzi tzhfpemzaio lftm tmamzzm{“p

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tm `zihti tbi @maalpplmf hfo klui lt h jzmho ahfohti tm hoozipp fihz! hfo cmfk!tiza elp`hc

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zi~mzt lp tm pit myt tbi dlfo me aihpyzip tbht {lcc aiit tbi thpd&

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ptzifktbifio tbilz `h~h`lt| tm oihc {ltb ezipb `bhccifkip hp tbi| `hai hcmfk& Ampt me tbmpi

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hfo pmai zhlpio thrip& _blp tlai# i`mfmal` kzm{tb ah| fmt iuif ji ptzmfk ifmykb tm cifoay`b me h bhfo&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

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_bi eioizhc kmuizfaift“p iclalfhtlmf me tbi oiel`lt jit{iif 8<<9 hfo 8<<2 lp tbi jipt!dfm{f

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:8 ~iz ìft muiz t{m |ihzp& Piuif me iuiz| ilkbt omcchzp fiioio tm iclalfhti tbi oiel`lt `hai

ezma p~ifolfk ziptzhlft zhtbiz tbhf ziuifyi!kifizhtlfk aihpyzip& ^zmkzha p~ifolfk eicc j|

hcampt 8> ~iz ìft lf tbi elzpt t{m |ihzp me tbi ziptzhlft ~izlmo hfo ziahlfio jicm{ tbi

~zi!ziptzhlft ~ihd emz elui |ihzp&

Emyz ~zmulfìp tbht `hzzlio myt ulkmzmyp hfo py`ìppeyc oiel`lt!`yttlfk iriz`lpip ‟ Hcjizth#

Phpdht`bi{hf# Fi{ Jzyfp{l`d hfo Mfthzlm ‟ hcc ziclio mf p~ifolfk ziptzhlft mz mytzlkbt `ytp

tm h ay`b kzihtiz irtift tbhf thr lf`zihpip& Lf Hcjizth# tmthc p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap eicc j|

hcampt :: ~iz ìft lf tbzii |ihzp hfo ziahlfio jicm{ ltp ~ihd emz plr |ihzp& Phpdht`bi{hf#

{bl`b bho `mai `cmpi tm oiehyctlfk mf ltp oijt# ypio h alr me p~ifolfk `ytp hfo thr lf`zihpip&

^zmkzha p~ifolfk {hp `yt j| 8> ~iz ìft ezma tbi ~ihd# jyt tbi ziptzhlft ~izlmo chptio h eycc

piuif |ihzp& Fi{ Jzyfp{l`d“p t{m i~lpmoip me ziptzhlft lf tbi 8<2>p hfo 8<<>p ~zmoyìo halrio zi`mzo& _bi elzpt ziclio ahlfc| mf ziuifyi lf`zihpip& _bi pi`mfo {hp th`dcio {ltb h

`majlfhtlmf me tlkbt ir~ifoltyzi `yzjp hfo ziuifyi!zhlplfk aihpyzip# jyt kmuizfaift

p~ifolfk eicc lf mfc| mfi me tbi ziptzhlft |ihzp&

Lf Mfthzlm# h oii~ ziìpplmf hfo elui |ihzp me oiel`ltp zhlpio tbi oijt zhtlm ezma 8:&; ~iz ìft

lf 8<2<‐<> tm :<&: ~iz ìft lf 8<<?‐<9& Hetiz tbi 8<<9 ici`tlmf# tbi Bhzzlp kmuizfaift

pyjpthftlhcc| zilfio lf p~ifolfk# {ltb tbi irì~tlmf me bihctb `hzi4 tbi t{m ampt ozhahtl`

amuip {izi h :: ~iz ìft `yt lf pm`lhc hpplpthfì zhtip hfo h om{fcmholfk me ~zmkzha

zip~mfpljlcltlip tm ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaiftp# {ltb h ~hztlhc elp`hc meepit ezma mtbiz `bhfkip

lf Mfthzlm‐ayfl`l~hc zichtlmfp hfo tbi lfoyìo zioy`tlmfp lf muizhcc {icehzi ir~ifoltyzip&Ptzmfk i`mfmal` hfo ziuifyi kzm{tb hetiz 8<<9 bic~io tbi ~zmulfì jhchfì ltp jyokit

j| 8<<<‐:>>># j| {bl`b tlai p~ifolfk bho jikyf tm zlpi hkhlf&

Oip~lti tbi chptlfk zi~ythtlmf me tbi Bhzzlp kmuizfaift# ~zmkzha p~ifolfk eicc j| mfc|

0&< ~iz ìft ezma ltp 8<<9‐<5 ~ihd hfo pth|io jicm{ tbi ~ihd emz mfc| tbzii |ihzp# h

~izlmo me ziptzhlft tbht {hp jmtb alcoiz hfo ay`b pbmztiz lf `ma~hzlpmf {ltb Hcjizth hfo

Phpdht`bi{hf& Iuif Xyiji` `yt ~zmkzha p~ifolfk j| amzi tbhf Mfthzlm oyzlfk tblp

~izlmo ‟ ?&5 ~iz ìft muiz t{m |ihzp&



8>

Bm{ omip myz pìfhzlm emz tbi ~izlmo ezma :>8>‐88 tbzmykb :>8;‐82 `ma~hzi {ltb tbi

8<<>p=8 Myz ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm ~zmgi`tp tbht ziuifyi {lcc kzm{ j| 0&? ~iz ìft hffyhcc| ezma

:>8>‐88 tm :>8;‐82& Jit{iif 8<<0‐<? hfo 8<<<‐:>>># tbi zi`muiz| ~izlmo ezma oiel`lt lf

tbi 8<<>p# ziuifyi kzi{ j| h zmjypt ?&; ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz# iuif tbmykb thrip {izi `yt hetiz

8<<9& _bi :>88 Jyokit `cihzc| plkfhccio tbi kmuizfaift“p lftiftlmf tm ziptzhlf p~ifolfk lf

tbi piuif |ihzp tm :>8;‐82& Ziahzdhjc|# tbi la~cl`htlmfp me tbi p~ifolfk kmhc {ift hcampt

iftlzic| yfziahzdio j| tbi ~yjcl` lf tbi amftbp plfì tbi Jyokit {hp zicihpio& Lf pittlfk

myt h thzkit emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk lf :>8;‐82# tbi kmuizfaift“p Jyokit Pìfhzlm {hp ~mlftlfk

tm h ptiho| oi`clfi lf zihc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk ~iz `h~lth# huizhklfk 8&< ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz&

Pthztclfkc|# tblp `ma~hzip {ltb h zihc ~iz `h~lth oi`clfi lf ~zmkzha p~ifolfk huizhklfk

:&> ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz jit{iif 8<<0‐<? hfo 8<<<‐:>>>& Mfthzlhfp olo fmt fmtlì tbht tbi

:>88 Jyokit {hp ~zmgi`tlfk piuif |ihzp me zihc ~iz `h~lth p~ifolfk `ytp tbht cmmdio uiz|

ay`b cldi tbi 8<<>p&

Yfemztyfhtic|# tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbht {lcc fmt ji ifmykb& Kluif myz kzihtiz `hytlmf lf~zmgi`tlfk ziuifyi kzm{tb# myz ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm pykkiptio tbht ~zmkzha p~ifolfk ‟ hkhlf

mf h zihc ~iz `h~lth jhplp ‟ {lcc bhui tm ehcc j| :&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz&

_bi 8<<>p `ytp ~zmjhjc| h~~ihz pahcciz tbhf tbi elkyzip ahf| Mfthzlhfp ziaiajiz& Jyt lf

8<<<‐:>>># hp tbi jyokit h~~zmh`bio jhchfì# ~zmkzha p~ifolfk lf`zihpio j| 0&> ~iz ìft

hp tbi kmuizfaift cmmpifio tbi ~yzpi ptzlfkp tm oihc {ltb tbi ~zippyzip tbht bho

h``yaychtio4 bihctb p~ifolfk hcmfi lf`zihpio j| 88&? ~iz ìft&

_bi cippmf bizi lp tbht kmuizfaiftp `hf bmco tbi clo mf p~ifolfk emz h {blci j| thdlfk

irtzhmzolfhz| aihpyzip tm `mfthlf `ma~ifphtlmf `mptp# ~mpt~mfi `h~lthc ~zmgi`tp hfo p`zla~mf lfezhptzy`tyzi ahlftifhfì& Jyt yfcipp eyfohaifthc p~ifolfk ziemzap hzi la~ciaiftio#

tbi mco ~zippyzip zihppizt tbiapicuip hfo kmuizfaiftp {ltb fi{c| jhchfìo jyokitp bhui

h bhzo tlai ziplptlfk tbia&

Mfthzlm lp filtbiz h blkb!thr fmz blkb!p~ifo ~zmulfì& Lt omip fmt ifgm| tbi ihp| ~l`dlfkp me

fhtyzhc zipmyzì ziuifyi# fmz lp lt h ahgmz zi`l~lift me eioizhc tzhfpeizp lf `ma~hzlpmf {ltb tbi

zipt me @hfhoh& _m aiit ltp m{f kmhc me h jhchfìo jyokit lf piuif |ihzp# tbi kmuizfaift {lcc

bhui tm `yt ~zmkzha p~ifolfk amzi oii~c| mf h zihc ~iz `h~lth jhplp# hfo muiz h ay`b cmfkiz

~izlmo me tlai# tbhf tbi Bhzzlp kmuizfaift olo lf tbi 8<<>p& Amzimuiz# lt omip fmt bhui tbi

m~tlmf me hf laaiolhti oii~ `yt lf pm`lhc hpplpthfì zhtip# {bl`b bhui fmt kzihtc| zi`muizioezma h :: ~iz ìft `yt lf 8<<9& Lt {lcc bhui tm ahlfthlf ziptzhlft emz hp cmfk hp Hcjizth“p Dcilf

kmuizfaift hfo Phpdht`bi{hf“p Zmahfm{ kmuizfaift lf tbi 8<<>p# zi`mkflwlfk tbht Hcjizth

hcpm ahoi oii~ `ytp tm pm`lhc hpplpthfì ~h|aiftp# {blci Phpdht`bi{hf zhlpio thrip tm bic~

aiit ltp kmhc&

8 H``myftlfk `bhfkip bhui emzìo yp tm ypi h plr!|ihz ~izlmo lf tbi 8<<>p&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

88

_bi yctlahti `bhccifki lf tbi |ihzp hbiho {lcc ji tm elfo {h|p tm ahdi kmuizfaift {mzd

jittiz hfo ~zipizui hp ay`b hp ~mppljci tbi ~zmkzhap Mfthzlhfp `bizlpb ampt&

Ahfohti hfo H~~zmh`b

_bizi hzi elui ~hztp tm myz ahfohti7

8& Houlpi mf bm{ tm jhchfì tbi jyokit ihzcliz tbhf :>8;‐82&

Kluif tbi oitizlmzhtlmf lf tbi i`mfmal` mytcmmd plfì tbi :>88 Jyokit # {i jicliui hf ihzcliz

thzkit emz jhchfì lp filtbiz ~zh`tl`hc fmz oiplzhjci&

:& Mfì tbi jyokit lp jhchfìo# ifpyzi h pypthlfhjci elp`hc ifulzmfaift&

Myz ~zm~mphcp hla tm dii~ tbi jyokit zmykbc| lf jhchfì hetiz :>8;‐82& [i htth`b kziht

la~mzthfì tm tblp kmhc&

0& Ifpyzi tbht tbi kmuizfaift lp kittlfk uhcyi emz amfi| lf hcc ltp h`tlultlip&

[i pii tblp hp h zixylziaift tm zi`maaifo {h|p me ifpyzlfk tbht hcc ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp

h`bliui tbi jipt ~mppljci myt`maip {ltblf huhlchjci zipmyzìp&

?& Om fmt zi`maaifo ~zluhtlwhtlmf me bihctb `hzi mz ioy`htlmf&

[i lftiz~zit tblp tm aihf tbht bihctb `hzi aypt ji di~t {ltblf tbi ~yjcl` ~h|iz amoic& [i om

fmt lftiz~zit lt hp oif|lfk m~~mztyfltlip emz ~zluhti!pi`tmz oicluiz| me pizulìp# le tbht lp amzi

ieel`lift& [i lftiz~zit myz ioy`htlmf ahfohti tm aihf tbht {i {lcc fmt houm`hti hf| pblet tm

ioy`htlmfhc lfptltytlmfp tbht hzi ~ziomalfhftc| elfhfìo ezma ~zluhti ziuifyi&

9& Om fmt zi`maaifo thr lf`zihpip&

Hctbmykb myz ahfohti ~zi`cyoip yp ezma zi`maaifolfk blkbiz thrip# {i om zi`maaifo

{h|p tm zhlpi amzi ziuifyi {ltbmyt hogyptlfk thr zhtip&

[i bhui oiuicm~io h fyajiz me jzmho kyloiclfip emz myz zi`maaifoio h`tlmfp& Kmuizfaift

alflptzlip hfo hkif`lip pbmyco hc{h|p ptzlui emz ieel`lif`| khlfp# fmt mfc| {bif ozluif j|

muizhcc jyokit ziptzhlft mz lf zip~mfpi tm ~zmjciap yfihztbio j| tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc mz

ir~mpio j| h p~ifolfk p`hfohc& [i bhui hcpm ozh{f cippmfp ezma jmtb ~yjcl`! hfo ~zluhti!

pi`tmz ziptzy`tyzlfkp# h pizlip me –omp hfo omf“tp‑ tbht {i {lcc pit myt lf ziuizpi mzoiz&



8:

_bi –omf“tp‑ hzi ~zm~mphcp tbht pmyfo ypieyc# jyt hzi metif bhzaeyc7

Om fmt pla~c| `yt `mptp& _bi la~izhtlui tm ziptzhlf p~ifolfk pbmyco lfptiho ji hf

m~~mztyflt| tm ziemza ~zmkzhap hfo pizulì oicluiz|4

Humlo h`zmpp!tbi!jmhzo `ytp& _bi| zi~zipift hf hjol`htlmf me tbi kmuizfaift“p

zip~mfpljlclt| tm ahdi zihc# hfo metif oleel`yct# oi`lplmfp4

Humlo pittlfk thzkitp emz tbi plwi me tbi `lulc pizulì& H cihfiz `lulc pizulì {lcc ji hf

lfiulthjci zipyct me cm{iz!`mpt ~zmkzhap hfo h`bliulfk kzihtiz uhcyi emz amfi|4

Om fmt zic| yfoyc| mf blzlfk eziiwip hfo httzltlmf tm zioyì tbi plwi me tbi `lulc pizulì4

Om fmt bhfk mftm ~yjcl` hppitp mz ~yjcl` pizulì oicluiz| {bif jittiz m~tlmfp irlpt4 hfo

Om fmt zipmzt tm tzholtlmfhc pbmzt!tiza elrip&

_bi –omp‑ h~~c| h`zmpp tbi iftlzi ~yjcl` pi`tmz7

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco lppyi h zmho ah~ pittlfk myt ltp ulplmf& Py`b h om`yaift {myco

jmtb lfemza tbi ~yjcl` hjmyt tbi `bhfkip tbht cli hbiho hfo hcpm pizui hp h p`zl~t emz hcc

jyzihy`zhtp4

Blkbiz ~zlmzlt| pbmyco ji kluif tm ~zmkzhap hfo h`tlultlip tbht lfuipt lf tbi eytyzi zhtbiz

tbhf pizui tbi pthtyp xym4

^mcl`| oiuicm~aift pbmyco ji amzi iuloifì!jhpio ‟ {ltb `cihz mjgi`tluip pit

jhpio mf pmyfo zipihz`b hfo iuloifì ‟ hfo ziciuhft ohth `mcci`tio hfo ypio tm

iuhcyhti ~zmkzhap4

Kmuizfaiftp aypt alflalwi tbi `mpt me m~izhtlmfp# jyt tbi| hcpm fiio zycip tm ifpyzitbht thr~h|izp“ amfi| lp fmt hjypio& _bi ~ifoycya bhp fm{ p{yfk tmm ehz tm{hzop

irìpplui zycip# {ltb tmm ahf| ch|izp me {ht`bizp ht tbi ir~ifpi me ~im~ci {bm h`tyhcc|

kit tblfkp omfi& _bi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift aypt elfo h fi{ alooci kzmyfo4

[ltblf tbilz m~izhtlmfp# ~yjcl`!pi`tmz pizulì ~zmuloizp pbmyco hpplkf ~im~ci tm gmjp {bizi

tbi| hzi ampt ieei`tlui# ieel`lift hfo heemzohjci4

Piid `maamf tbiaip h`zmpp tbi ziemzap tm h`bliui i`mfmalip me p`hci hfo tm pla~cle|

`maayfl`htlmfp4 hfo

Ziemza aypt ji ~izuhplui hfo p~iio|& Jzmhoiz h`tlmf ehumyzp h ~yjcl` ~izì~tlmf tbht tbi

ziemzap hzi ehlz# hp m~~mpio tm h uli{ tbht h ei{ ~zmkzhap {izi yfehlzc| thzkitio& @bhfkilp olpzy~tlui# jyt tbi aiol`lfi omip fmt km om{f amzi ihplc| le lt lp ozhkkio myt muiz h

cmfk ~izlmo&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

80

[i `hf ~izbh~p pbmmt emz h kzhfoiz kmhc ‟ h ~zmulfì tbht ~zmuloip tbi jipt ~yjcl` pizulìp#

oicluizio lf tbi ampt ieel`lift ahffiz# lf tbi {mzco& Le tblp pmyfop la~mppljc| hajltlmyp# ~yt tbi

xyiptlmf hfmtbiz {h|7 [b| fmt= [i kmho myz jyplfipp pi`tmz tm {lf fi{ `yptmaizp kcmjhcc|

lf tbi ehì me ptlee `ma~itltlmf& [b| fmt h~~c| tbi phai pthfohzop tm myz kmuizfaift= [b| fmt

klui myz ~yjcl` pizuhftp hf mjgi`tlui tbht `hf tyzf tbi thpd me tzhfpemzahtlmf ‟ {bl`b {lcc ht

tlaip ji h uiz| tmykb pcmk ‟ lftm h ~zmgi`t tbht ji`maip h pmyzì me zihc ~zloi=

[bht omip jilfk tbi jipt ht ~yjcl` ~mcl`| hfo pizulìp cmmd cldi=

^yjcl` pizulì {myco ji hf bmfmyzhjci `hcclfk tbht {myco ozh{ tbi ~zmulfì“p jipt hfo

jzlkbtipt ~im~ci lftm kmuizfaift& _bi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì {myco pit `cihz mjgi`tluip# ypi

~zm~iz aitzl`p tm aihpyzi ~zmkzipp hfo ~zmuloi `cihz h``myfthjlclt| emz tbmpi ir~i`tio tm

aiit tbi mjgi`tluip& Lt {myco jif`bahzd ltpice hkhlfpt tbi jipt lf tbi {mzco& Lt {myco `mfpthftc|

iuhcyhti ~zlmzltlip4 le h fi{ ~zlmzlt| lp loiftlelio# mtbizp {myco amui om{f h p~mt hfo pmai#

fm{ mytohtio# {myco ji olp`hzoio& Lt {myco ozlui ziciftcippc| tm{hzop ieei`tluifipp hfo

ieel`lif`|& Lt {myco em`yp mf myt`maip# fmt lf~ytp# hfo klui ahfhkizp tbi ecirljlclt| tm om

tbi gmj jipt {ltblf tbilz jyokit& Lt {myco h~~zmh`b zlpd ezma h p`liftlel` jhplp&

_bi thpd hbiho fiio fmt ji ozihz|& Ahf| {lcc p`mee tbht tbi uiz| loih me `zihtlfk hf

mzkhflwhtlmf tbht oicluizp tbi {mzco“p jipt ~yjcl` pizulìp lp bm~icippc| fhlui# hfo tbht {i

pbmyco fmt iuif tblfd me py`b cmet| kmhcp& Jyt blkb hajltlmf pbmyco fiuiz ji pfiizio ht&

Py`b hf mjgi`tlui `myco lfptlc lf myz ~mcltl`lhfp# myz ~yjcl` pizuhftp hfo hcc Mfthzlhfp h pifpi

me ~yz~mpi tbht {myco bic~ pii yp hcc tbzmykb tblp amfyaifthc alpplmf&

[b| fmt=

Ahdlfk _zhfpemzahtlmf [mzd7 ^zmìpp hfo Ptzy`tyzip

Mfthzlhfp hzi fmt ~zi~hzio emz tbi piuizlt| me tbi ziptzhlft fiioio tm jhchfì tbi jyokit

j| :>8;‐82& Zhlplfk ~yjcl` h{hzifipp me tbi `bhccifki aypt ji omfi ihzc|# `cihzc| hfo

`mfplptiftc|& _bi :>8: Jyokit pbmyco pit myt hp ay`b oithlc me tbi ziptzhlft hp eihpljci&

Lf hf| mzkhflwhtlmf# h ahgmz tzhfpemzahtlmf `hf py`ìio mfc| le lt lp `cihzc| cio ezma tbi tm~&

Mfì tbi Jyokit lp `zhetio# tbi thpd me ifpyzlfk tbht tbi p~ifolfk thzkitp tyzf lftm elza h`tlmf

ehccp tm tbi ^zializ“p Meelì hfo tbi @hjlfit Meelì& Lt aypt ji `cihz tm hcc tbht tbi ^zializ“pMeelì lp klulfk eycc amzhc hfo mzkhflwhtlmfhc py~~mzt tm tbi ieemzt&

_bi jyokit ~zmìpp ltpice fiiop pmai ziemzap& _bi hffyhc jyokit `hf ji h ~m{izeyc

ioy`htlmfhc tmmc jmtb emz Mfthzlhfp lf kifizhc hfo emz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz meel`lhcp& _zhfp~hzif`|#

`chzlt|# tbi ypi me zipizuip hfo h cmfk!tiza ~izp~i`tlui hzi hcc ulztyip lf jyokit!ahdlfk4

tbizi lp fm{ tmm clttci me hcc emyz&



8?

Piuizhc aihpyzip {myco ptzifktbif tbi elp`hc ~chfflfk ~zmìpp& Emz irha~ci# tbi :>8:

Jyokit pbmyco `mfthlf h –`cihf pthtyp xym‑ elp`hc ~zmgi`tlmf myt tm :>8;‐82 tbht zieci`tp mfc|

oi`lplmfp hfo h`tlmfp hcziho| thdif& Ezma tblp jhpi# hf| phulfkp ezma elza fi{ h`tlmfp pbmyco

ji pbm{f& [ltbmyt thr lf`zihpip# lt {lcc ji oleel`yct emz Mfthzlm tm zityzf tm h jhchfìo jyokit

ihzcliz tbhf :>8;‐82# pm tblp ohti pbmyco ziahlf tbi thzkit& Lf tbi eycc zi~mzt# {i pit myt

8: pti~p tbht {myco lf`zihpi tbi ~zmjhjlclt| me pi`yzlfk tbi :>8;‐82 thzkit# lf`cyolfk tbi ypi

me ~zyoift i`mfmal` kzm{tb emzi`hptp# hf hoixyhti `mftlfkif`| zipizui tbht kzm{p muiz tlai

hfo p~ifolfk claltp emz tbi piuif |ihzp tm :>8;‐82 emz ih`b alflptz| hfo hkif`|&

_bizi hzi tbzii `zltl`hc lfkzioliftp tm py`ìppeyc ziemzap7

8& _bi mjgi`tluip hfo aihfp me tbi ziemza aypt ji ir~chlfio `cihzc| hfo tzhfp~hziftc|4

:& _bi pyjpthfì me tbi ziemzap aypt ji pmyfo hfo ahdi pifpi tm `ltlwifp# meel`lhcp

hfo ~mcltl`lhfp4 hfo

0& _bizi aypt ji h~~zm~zlhti lftizfhc ~zmìppip tm oicluiz tbi oiplzio myt`maip&

Alflptizp hfo tbilz meel`lhcp pbmyco ji kluif h kziht oihc me olp`zitlmf lf oi`lolfk bm{ tm

la~ciaift ziemzap& Bm{iuiz# tbizi hzi piuizhc kmuizfaift!{loi lppyip tbht ahf| alflptzlip

{lcc ehì lf `maamf& _bipi lf`cyoi chjmyz lppyip4 oy~cl`htlmf me ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp4 tbi

~mppljlclt| tbht pizulìp `hf ji oicluizio lf amzi ieel`lift {h|p4 hfo ahfhklfk tbi ~zmulfì“p

`mfploizhjci hppitp# {bizi h `maamf h~~zmh`b lp oiplzhjci& Alflptizp hfo meel`lhcp `hf cihzf

ezma ih`b mtbiz j| `malfk tmkitbiz mf py`b xyiptlmfp&

Chtltyoi emz olp`zitlmfhz| h`tlmf fmt{ltbpthfolfk# h ulklchft {ht`b aypt ji ahlfthlfio mf bm{

tbi lfoluloyhc ziemzap hzi `malfk tmkitbiz& H Ptiizlfk @maalttii# {ltb zi~zipifthtlmf ezmatbi ^zializ“p Meelì# @hjlfit Meelì hfo Alflptz| me Elfhfì# pbmyco ji tbi em`hc ~mlft emz tbi

{mzd fiìpphz| tm la~ciaift hcc ziemzap hfo amfltmz tbi ziemza iriz`lpi&

^zlmz tm emzahc @hjlfit `mfploizhtlmf# ~zm~mphcp pbmyco ji uittio j| h ^zializ“p zipyctp thjci

mf ptzhtikl` ziemza# {bl`b {myco ji tbi ahlf emzya emz jmtb `bha~lmflfk hfo `mftiptlfk

ziemza ~zm~mphcp& _bi zipyctp thjci {myco ji `bhlzio j| tbi ^zializ hfo `ma~zlpi piflmz

@hjlfit alflptizp hfo lfoi~ifoift ir~iztp {ltb ziciuhft ir~izlifì lf `mpt!`yttlfk hfo

tzhfpemzahtlmfhc `bhfki& _blp kzmy~ {myco ji py~~mztio j| tbi ptiizlfk `maalttii# ifpyzlfk

tbi lfumcuiaift me piflmz pthee ezma tbi ^zializ“p Meelì hfo @hjlfit Meelì# hfo piflmz

meel`lhcp ezma tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì&

_blp ptzy`tyzi pbmyco pth| lf ~chì emz ht cihpt piuizhc |ihzp hfo pmai ~hztp me lt pbmyco

ji`mai ~izahfift tm oihc {ltb lppyip py`b hp muizch~ hfo oy~cl`htlmf&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

89

Bihctb

Bihctb `hzi lp ht mfì tbi jlkkipt ltia lf tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift“p jyokit# tbi lppyi me ampt

`mfìzf tm Mfthzlhfp# tbi pmyzì me tbi ampt lftifpi hfo iamtlmfhc ~yjcl` ~mcl`| oijhti# hfo

tbi ìftzi me tbi ampt `ma~cir oicluiz| p|ptia me hf| pit me ~zmkzhap elfhfìo j| tbi

~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift& Emz ht cihpt t{m oi`hoip fm{# Mfthzlhfp ‟ hcmfk {ltb mtbiz

@hfholhfp ‟ bhui {mzzlio hjmyt tbi xyhclt| hfo h`ìppljlclt| me tbilz bihctb `hzi& Hp bihctb

bhp `mfpyaio h zlplfk pbhzi me tbi ~zmulf`lhc jyokit# tbi oijhti bhp lf`zihplfkc| em`ypio mf

tbi uiz| pypthlfhjlclt| me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia lf h emza tbht kluip Mfthzlhfp {bht tbi| {hft&

_bizi hzi mfc| bhzo hfp{izp hfo oleel`yct pmcytlmfp& [i aypt ziemza tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia tm

ahdi lt m~izhti amzi ieel`liftc| hfo klui yp kzihtiz uhcyi emz tbi amfi| {i fm{ p~ifo mf lt&

_blp lp fmt ihp|& _bi ~yjcl` oijhti bhp jiif ~mlpmfio lf ziìft oi`hoip j| h {loip~ziho

ehlcyzi tm `ma~zibifo tbi tzhoi!meep tbht aypt ji ahoi4 j| dfii!gizd zih`tlmfp tm {mztb| jyt

`ma~cir loihp emz `bhfki4 j| ~mcltl`lhfp "hfo aiolh mytcitp, {bm bhui jiif tmm {lcclfk tm~hfoiz tm eihz!amfkizlfk4 j| pthdibmcoizp lf tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia {bm# {lpblfk tm `clfk tm

tbi pthtyp xym# ziplpt `bhfki4 hfo kifizhcc| j| h ch`d me m~if!alfoio h`ì~thfì me tbi

zihclt| tbht `bhfki lp fiioio fm{ hfo tbht amfi| hcmfi {lcc pmcui fmtblfk&

_bi ~hztp pbmyco {mzd jittiz tmkitbiz# pm tbht tbi {bmci lp kzihtiz tbhf ‟ mz ht tbi uiz| cihpt

ixyhc tm ‟ tbi pya me tbi ~hztp& Py`b `bhfki lp hcziho| yfoiz{h| lf jltp hfo ~liìp& Bihctb

`hzi ~zmuloizp lf iuiz| `mzfiz me tbi p|ptia zi`mkflwi ehz jittiz tbhf tbi ~mcltl`lhfp mz tbi

~yjcl` {bht fiiop tm ji omfi hfo ‟ ~izbh~p amzi la~mzthftc| ‟ {bht fm cmfkiz fiiop tm ji

omfi& _bi| hzi amulfk tbi p|ptia lf`ziaifthcc| tm{hzop tbi kzihtiz lftikzhtlmf tbht lp yttizc|

fiìpphz|& [bht tbi| fiio lp amzi if`myzhkiaift ezma kmuizfaift ~cyp elfhf`lhc lfìftluiptbht {lcc `bhfki jibhulmyz lf {h|p tbht {lcc ~zmoyì h bihctb `hzi p|ptia tbht jittiz pizuip

yp hcc&

_bi ulthc elzpt pti~ lp h cmfk!tiza uli{& _bi kmuizfaift aypt pit myt h :>!|ihz ~chf {ltb h

ulplmf tbht hcc Mfthzlhfp `hf yfoizpthfo hfo h`ì~t hp jmtb fiìpphz| hfo oiplzhjci ‟ h ~chf

tbht {lcc# tbmykb lt lfumcuip tmykb oi`lplmfp lf tbi pbmzt tiza# oicluiz h py~izlmz bihctb `hzi

p|ptia om{f tbi zmho&

Ziemza aypt pblet tbi p|ptia ezma mfi jylct ahlfc| emz h`yti `hzi tm mfi jylct ahlfc| emz

`bzmfl` `hzi& Xyhclt| me `hzi hfo ieel`lif`| hzi ippiftlhc& Jittiz `hzi oicluizio pammtbc| hfojzlpdc| {lcc jifielt ~htliftp hfo ~zmuloizp hcldi4 lt {lcc hcpm phui amfi|& Xyhclt| hfo ieel`lif`|

km bhfo lf bhfo& _mm metif# tzihtaift oich|io lp tzihtaift olalflpbio&

[i {lcc zi`maaifo h fyajiz me {h|p lf {bl`b tblp `hf ji omfi& Jiemzi {i kit tm tbmpi

~zm~mphcp# bm{iuiz# {i {lcc pdit`b myt {bht {i zikhzo hp tbi ampt phclift eh`tp hjmyt bihctb

`hzi hfo tbi ~izp~i`tluip {i jzlfk tm tbi lppyi&



85

Bihctb `hzi lp tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift“p plfkci jlkkipt p~ifolfk ~zmkzha& Lf :>8>‐88#

tbi ~zmulfì p~ift /??&2 jlcclmf mf bihctb ‟ ?>&0 ~iz ìft me ltp tmthc p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap&

_bi `mpt me bihctb `hzi lp ozluif j| lfechtlmf# ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb# hklfk# fi{ ti`bfmcmk| hfo

tbi lf`zihplfk ypi me fi{ ~zmìoyzip& Zlplfk `mptp bhui jiif h pyjgi`t me lftifpi ~yjcl`

httiftlmf hfo olp`ypplmf emz ht cihpt t{m oi`hoip& _bi tzhgi`tmz| me iuiz!amzi!`mptc| bihctb

`hzi {lcc amoizhti mfc| amoiptc| le ciet tm m~izhti hp lt omip fm{&

Lf :>8>‐88# m~izhtlmf me bmp~lthcp h``myftio emz hjmyt 09 ~iz ìft me ~zmulf`lhc bihctb `hzi

p~ifolfk# hfo om`tmzp hfo ~zh`tltlmfizp# hjmyt :; ~iz ìft4 hcampt ilkbt ~iz ìft ih`b {ift

tm ~zip`zl~tlmf ozykp hfo cmfk!tiza `hzi# hfo hfmtbiz plr ~iz ìft tm `maayflt| `hzi& _bi

ziahlflfk 8; ~iz ìft elfhfìo iuiz|tblfk icpi&

Lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm# tbi mfi tbht ziclip bihulc| mf irlptlfk ozluizp tm ~zmgi`t tbi muizhcc

`mpt me kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap# Mfthzlm“p bihctb `hzi jyokit zlpip tm /5:&9 jlcclmf j| :>8;‐82#

emz hf huizhki hffyhc lf`zihpi me ?&< ~iz ìft ezma :>8>‐88& Lf myz ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm# {i

bhui pit myt h ay`b amzi amoipt ~htb emz bihctb `hzi p~ifolfk7 hf lf`zihpi me :&9 ~iz ìft

~iz |ihz&

^mccp ziuihc chzki kh~p jit{iif bm{ {i zyf bihctb `hzi lf @hfhoh hfo {bht @hfholhfp ph|

tbi| {hft& Ampt @hfholhfp# emz irha~ci# {hft aiol`hzi tm `muiz bmai `hzi# cmfk!tiza `hzi#

aifthc bihctb `hzi hfo ozyk jifieltp& Mfthzlhfp hzi {iooio tm tbi plfkci# ~yjcl` ~h|iz amoic

me bihctb `hzi hfo {lcc fmt tmcizhti hf| oitizlmzhtlmf lf h`ìpp hfo xyhclt| me `hzi& _bizi hcpm

piiap tm ji cipp `mfìzf tbht hcc pizulìp ji oicluizio yfoiz ~yjcl` hoalflptzhtlmf# hp cmfk

hp tbi jlcc `hf ji ~hlo {ltb hf MBL^ `hzo& Mfthzlhfp {hft tbilz bihctb `hzi p|ptia fmt mfc|

pypthlfio# jyt hcpm la~zmuio&

Lt lp ihp| tm ji payk {bif {i `ma~hzi myzpicuip {ltb tbi Yfltio Pthtip# {bl`b p~ifop ehz

amzi tbhf @hfhoh zichtlui tm jmtb ltp ~m~ychtlmf hfo ltp KO^# |it lf :>8> ciet muiz 85 ~iz ìft

me ltp ~m~ychtlmf yf`muizio j| bihctb lfpyzhfì& Le {i `ma~hzi myzpicuip tm `myftzlip mtbiz

tbhf tbi Yfltio Pthtip# bm{iuiz# {i metif `mai y~ pbmzt& [i fiio tm om amzi hfo {i fiio

tm om jittiz4 hfo {i fiio tm om jmtb mf h tlkbt jyokit&

Pmai `mftirt ‟ h pizlip me bhzo tzytbp# aihpyzip hfo `ma~hzlpmfp hjmyt bihctb `hzi lf

Mfthzlm ‟ {lcc bic~ ezhai tbi olp`ypplmf&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

8;

_bi bihctb `hzi p|ptia lp fmt zihcc| h p|ptia7 [bht {i bhui lp h pizlip me olpgmlftio

pizulìp lf ahf| plcmp& Mfthzlm fiiop tm lftikzhti tbipi plcmp hfo zioyì hoalflptzhtlui zio

th~i tbht la~ioip ieel`lift hfo ieei`tlui pizulì&

_bi bihctb `hzi p|ptia lp `mptc|7 @hfhoh bhp mfi me tbi `mptclipt bihctb `hzi p|ptiap

lf tbi {mzco# {bl`b ah| pyz~zlpi ~im~ci {bm hzi tmm h``yptmaio tm `ma~hzlfk myz zi`mzo

mfc| tm tbht me tbi Yfltio Pthtip& Jyt hamfk 0? `myftzlip lf tbi Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal`

@m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift "MI@O,# @hfhoh bho tbi plrtb ampt ir~ifplui p|ptia lf

:>>< hfo {hp fmt ehz jiblfo tbi pi`mfo ampt ir~ifplui mfi&

_bi p|ptia lp fmt hp ~yjcl` hp ampt ~im~ci tblfd7 _bi ~yjcl` `ma~mfift me bihctb `hzi

h``myftio emz muiz ;> ~iz ìft me hcc bihctb `hzi p~ifolfk lf :>><& Me :; MI@O `myftzlip

zi~mztlfk py`b ohth emz tbht |ihz# @hfhoh zhfdio 8<tb& Aiol`hzi omip fmt `muiz myt!me!

bmp~lthc ozykp# fyzplfk# ~p|`bmcmk| hfo mtbiz `myfpicclfk# `maayflt| aifthc bihctb pizulìp#

fytzltlmf houlì# hajychfì pizulìp# hool`tlmf tzihtaift# cmfk!tiza `hzi# i|i `hzi mz

oifthc `hzi&

_bi bihctb `hzi p|ptia lp mfc| ~hzt me tbi ~l`tyzi7 Mfc| :9 ~iz ìft me tbi ~m~ychtlmf“p

bihctb myt`maip `hf ji httzljytio tm tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia& \it hahwlfkc|# tbi tbzii!xyhztizp

me ifulzmfaifthc eh`tmzp tbht h``myft emz bihctb myt`maip# py`b hp ioy`htlmf hfo lf`mai#

jhzic| ziklptiz lf tbi bihctb `hzi oijhti&

_bi p|ptia omip fmt ~zmoyì py~izlmz zipyctp7 Oip~lti ltp blkb `mpt# myz p|ptia omip fmt

~zmoyì py~izlmz zipyctp mf h uhcyi!emz!amfi| jhplp zichtlui tm mtbiz `myftzlip&

[i bhui ei{iz ~b|pl`lhfp tbhf mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp7 Ht 8< ~b|pl`lhfp ~iz 8>#>>> ~im~ci#

@hfhoh lp {icc jicm{ `mftlfifthc Iyzm~ihf K; `myftzlip# {bizi ampt hzi {icc lftm tbi 0>p&

@hfhoh ehccp pbmzt mf ahf| aihpyzip7 Mfi ptyo| zhfdio @hfhoh 8;tb lf tbi ~izìfthki

me tmthc clei ir~i`thf`| tbht {lcc ji cluio lf eycc bihctb# :?tb lf lfehft amzthclt| hfo pi`mfo lf tbi

lf`loifì me amzthclt| ezma `mcmf `hfìz&

Jyt Mfthzlm“p lp tbi jipt p|ptia {ltblf @hfhoh7 _bizi lp pmai iuloifì tbht# mf la~mzthft

ahttizp# Mfthzlm bhp mfi me tbi jipt mz iuif tbi jipt p|ptia {ltblf @hfhoh&

Ozyk `mptp hzi kzm{lfk ehptiz tbhf mtbiz bihctb p~ifolfk7 ^bhzahìytl`hcp bhui jiiftbi ehptipt!kzm{lfk `ma~mfift me bihctb `hzi `mptp lf ziìft oi`hoip& _bi MI@O zi~mztp tbht

@hfholhf kifizl` ozyk ~zlìp hzi tbi blkbipt hamfk aiajiz `myftzlip&



82

_bizi hzi lfieel`lif`lip lf tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia7 _bi ypi me pmai pyzkl`hc ~zmìoyzip ehz

irìiop `clfl`hc kyloiclfip& _mm ahf| bmp~lthc ~htliftp `myco kit jittiz!xyhclt| `hzi ht h cm{iz

muizhcc `mpt icpi{bizi lf tbi p|ptia& Zipihz`bizp ht MI@O iptlahtio tbht le @hfhoh ji`hai

hp ieel`lift hp tbi jipt!~izemzalfk `myftzlip# ieel`lif`| khlfp `myco hamyft tm hcampt 0> ~iz

ìft me ~yjcl`!pi`tmz p~ifolfk&

@ma~cir `hpip ozlui `mptp7 Hjmyt mfi ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf h``myftp emz

0? ~iz ìft me bihctb `hzi `mptp# hfo 8> ~iz ìft me tbi ~m~ychtlmf h``myftp emz ;< ~iz ìft#

h``mzolfk tm h :>88 ptyo|& _bi ~im~ci lf tbi mfi ~iz ìft kzmy~ hzi ezixyiftc| lf hfo myt

me myz bihctb `hzi p|ptia# `mfpthftc| jilfk hoalttio hfo zihoalttio lftm bmp~lthcp&

Aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf lppyip hzi hcpm `mpt ozluizp7 _bi i`mfmal` `mptp me aifthc

bihctb hfo hool`tlmf bhui jiif iptlahtio ht /0< jlcclmf hffyhcc|# tbzii!xyhztizp me tbmpi

ezma ~zmoy`tlult| cmppip& Zl~~ci ieei`tp hzi eict lf tbi gyptlì# ioy`htlmfhc hfo pm`lhc

pizulìp pi`tmzp&

Myz bihctb p|ptia oiuicm~io tm oihc {ltb h`yti `hzi hfo chzkic| ziahlfp lf tbht amoi& _moh|#

tbi di| bihctb lppyip hzi lf`zihplfkc| pbletlfk tm `bzmfl` `hzi xyiptlmfp# lf kmmo ~hzt ji`hypi

tbi ~m~ychtlmf lp hklfk# jyt hcpm ji`hypi pmai cleipt|ci ~zmjciap py`b hp mjiplt| hzi `zihtlfk

~hztl`ychz bihctb `mfoltlmfp& _bi MI@O ~zmgi`tp tbht tbi tmthc ~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti `mpt me cmfk!

tiza `hzi {lcc amzi tbhf omyjci ezma hf iptlahtio 8&? ~iz ìft me KO^ lf :>>5 tm 0&0 ~iz ìft

j| :>9>&

_bi loihc bihctb p|ptia {myco ia~bhplwi tbi ~ziuiftlmf me ~mmz bihctb& Lt {myco ji ~htlift!

ìftzl` hfo {myco eihtyzi `m!mzolfhtlmf hcmfk tbi `ma~citi `mftlfyya me `hzi tbht h ~htlift

alkbt fiio& ^zlahz| `hzi {myco ji tbi ahlf ~mlft me `mfth`t# jyt tbizi {myco ji ay`b cipp

ia~bhplp mf tzihtlfk ~htliftp lf bmp~lthcp& Hcc ~zmeipplmfhcp {myco iriz`lpi tbi eycc p`m~i

me tbilz pdlccp lf tbilz {mzd4 fyzpip# emz irha~ci# {myco hoalflptiz uh``lfip# hfo fyzpi

~zh`tltlmfizp {myco ahfhki `bzmfl` lccfippip py`b hp olhjitip hfo blkb jcmmo ~zippyzi&

^h|aift p`biaip hfo lfemzahtlmf khtbizlfk {myco py~~mzt tbi ~htlift!ìftzl` fmtlmf&

@ma~ifphtlmf emz bmp~lthcp hfo ~b|pl`lhfp {myco ji tlio tm myt`maip me bihctb zhtbiz

tbhf tm tbi lf~ytp mz pizulìp&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

8<

_bi mco p|ptia hfo hf loihc ziemzaio p|ptia hzi chlo myt lf tbi h``ma~hf|lfk `bhztp&

Kifizhc H~~zmh`b

Lftizuiftlmf hetiz h ~zmjcia m``yzp H`yti `hzi Bmp~lthc!ìftzl` Plcmp Zipmyzì!lftifplui alfmzlt| me ~htliftp lf zikychz

p|ptia H`ì~t pm`lm!i`mfmal` {ihdfippip Irtzhmzolfhz| lftizuiftlmfp ht ifo me clei

Bihctb ~zmamtlmf @bzmfl` hzi ^htlift!ìftzl` @m!mzolfhtlmf h`zmpp h `mftlfyya me `hzi Oiol`htio `bhfficp emz tbi zipmyzì!lftifplui

alfmzlt| Hoozipp pm`lm!i`mfmal` {ihdfippip ^zi!hkziiaiftp mf ifo!me!clei `hzi

Bmp~lthcp

Ozh{ ~htliftp tm bmp~lthcp Blptmzl`hc mpt ~cyp lfechtlmf elfhf`lfk Ahfhkio tbzmykb ìftzhc kmuizfaift Bmamkifimyp# hcc tz|lfk tm meeiz hcc pizulìp

Dii~ ~htliftp myt me bmp~lthcp Jcifo me jhpi eyfolfk hfo ~h|!j|!h`tlult| Ziklmfhc ahfhkiaift Oleeiziftlhtlmf hfo p~i`lhclwhtlmf hcmfk {ltb

p~i`lhclwio clfl`p

Cmfk!_iza @hzi# @maayflt| @hzi hfo Bmai @hzi

Fmt lftikzhtio# yfoizeyfoio hfo {ilkbt mfcmfk!tiza `hzi

Lftikzhtio {ltb {ilkbt mf bmai `hzi

^b|pl`lhfp hfo Mtbiz zmeipplmfhcp

Fmt lftikzhtio {ltb bmp~lthcp hfo mtbiz pi`tmzp [mzd hcmfi mz lf kzmy~p Amptc| eii!emz!pizulì eyfolfk Ei{ pthfohzop emz aiol`hc h~~zmh`bip-`mfoy`t me

~zh`tlì Yf`cihz mjgi`tluip hfo {ihd h``myfthjlclt| Lfieel`lift hccm`htlmf me zip~mfpljlcltlip

Lftikzhtio {ltb ~zlahz| `hzi jilfk tbi byj emz ampt ~htliftp

[mzd lf `clfl`p Jcifo me phchz|-`h~lthtlmf hfo eii!emz!myt`maip Iuloifì!jhpio kyloiclfip "tbzmykb xyhclt|

`myf`lcp, Mjgi`tluip ezma ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzltlip hfo

h``myfthjlclt| jyttzippio j| ici`tzmfl` zi`mzop Hccm`htlmf lf h``mzohfì {ltb zip~i`tlui pdlccp hfo

`mptp4 hfo {bizi eihpljci pbletlfk pizulìp tmcm{iz!`mpt hzi!~zmuloizp

^bhzahìytl`hcp

Clttci `mpt olp`l~clfi ezma kmuizfaiftp @mpt me ~chfp tm ~zluhti ia~cm|izp ozluif lf kmmo

~hzt j| ia~cm|iip

@mpt olp`l~clfi tbzmykb ~yz`bhplfk ~m{iz#kyloiclfip emz `mfoy`t me ~zh`tlì

Kzihtiz `mftzmc iriz`lpio j| ia~cm|izp

_zhfpemzalfk tm Ziemzaio P|ptia@yzzift P|ptia



:>

Pizulì Oicluiz|

Amptc| ~yjcl` pi`tmz Jcifo me ~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti pi`tmz "{ltblf ~yjcl`~h|iz amoic,

Lfemzahtlmf _i`bfmcmk|

Clttci ypio j| ~b|pl`lhfp hfo ip~i`lhcc| h`zmpptbi p|ptia

Lfemzahtlmf `mfui|io lf om`tmzp“ meelìp

Irtifplui ypi tbht lp di| tm `m!mzolfhtlmf h`zmppp|ptia hfo h``myfthjlclt|

Lfemzahtlmf amzi ihplc| huhlchjci hfo `mfui|iotbzmykb ayctl~ci pmyzìp "~bmfi# Lftizfit# it`&,

Aiol`hc P`bmmcp

Fm httiftlmf tm p|ptia "`mpt, lppyip Clttci httiftlmf tm chjmyz py~~c| lppyip

@myzpi"p, mf p|ptia lppyip Zmci lf olzi`tlfk ~b|pl`lhfp tm hzihp me oiahfo

"j| hzih me aiol`lfi hfo kimkzh~bl`hcc|,

@muizhki me ^yjcl` ^h|iz Amoic

B|jzlo {ltb hcampt 8>> ~iz ìft ~zlahz|# cipp tbhfbhce me ozykp hfo claltio aifthc bihctb

Jzmhoiz `muizhki {loic| zi`maaifoio jyt fmt hthcc `cihz tblp {lcc ji h`tio y~mf

Bizi lp h pyaahz| me tbi dlfo me `bhfkip {i piid7 h pblet tm{hzop bihctb ~zmamtlmf zhtbiz

tbhf hetiz!tbi!~zmjcia tzihtaift4 h p|ptia ìftzio mf ~htliftp zhtbiz tbhf bmp~lthcp4 amzi

httiftlmf tm `bzmfl` `hzi4 `m!mzolfhtlmf h`zmpp h jzmho `mftlfyya me `hzi zhtbiz tbhflfoi~ifoift plcmp tbht hccm{ tmm ahf| ~im~ci tm ehcc jit{iif tbi `zh`dp4 hfo fi{ {h|p me

oihclfk {ltb tbi pahcc alfmzlt| me ~htliftp {bm zixylzi lftifplui `hzi&

Zhtbiz tbhf ozh{ ~htliftp tm bmp~lthcp# {i pbmyco olzi`t tbia tm tbi ampt h~~zm~zlhti `hzi

pittlfk emz tbilz ~zmjcia ‟ {bitbiz lt lp h om`tmz“p meelì# ehalc| `hzi ìftzi mz `clfl`#

zibhjlclthtlmf ìftzi# cmfk!tiza `hzi ìftzi mz jh`d bmai& ^b|pl`lhfp hfo mtbiz ~zmeipplmfhcp

tifo tm {mzd hcmfi mz lf pahcc kzmy~p {bizi tbi| hzi fmt lftikzhtio {ltb mtbiz pi`tmzp me tbi

bihctb `hzi p|ptia& Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap "EB_p, km pmai {h| tm aiitlfk tblp kmhc# jyt tifo

tm ji tmm pahcc# {ltb tmm ei{ ~b|pl`lhfp# hfo `muiz tmm fhzzm{ h zhfki me pizulìp&

Ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzltlip pbmyco ipthjclpb {bht ir~i`thtlmfp ~zmeipplmfhcp pbmyco aiit

hfo h``myfthjlclt| pbmyco ji ptzifktbifio j| ici`tzmfl` zi`mzop&

Aiol`hc p`bmmcp pbmyco hoo ht cihpt mfi `myzpi lftzmoy`lfk tbilz ptyoiftp tm tbi jzmhoiz

p|ptia lf {bl`b tbi| {lcc p~ifo tbilz `hziizp# hfo {bizi ~b|pl`lhfp elt& _bi kmuizfaift

pbmyco om amzi tm olzi`t ~b|pl`lhfp tm hzihp me fiio&




Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

:8

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco iriz`lpi kzihtiz `mpt `mftzmc muiz ~bhzahìytl`hcp4 tbi ziìft amui

tm zioyì tbi `mpt me kifizl` ozykp {hp h elfi elzpt pti~& ^zluhti!pi`tmz ia~cm|izp pbmyco hcpm

iriz`lpi kzihtiz `mftzmc muiz tbi `mpt me ozyk ~chfp tbi| meeiz tbilz ia~cm|iip&

Cmfk!tiza `hzi# `maayflt| `hzi hfo bmai `hzi hzi yfoizeyfoio# {ltb tmm ay`b ia~bhplp mf

cmfk!tiza `hzi eh`lcltlip hfo tmm clttci lftikzhtlmf me pizulìp&

Hp cmfk hp kmuizfaift ~h|p emz hcc `muizio pizulìp# lt pbmyco hccm{ jmtb tbi ~yjcl` hfo

~zluhti pi`tmzp tm ~ch| h zmci lf pizulì oicluiz|& Ampt ehalc| ~b|pl`lhfp hzi ~zluhti!pi`tmz

m~izhtmzp ~hlo j| MBL^# hfo ~zluhti `ma~hflip fm{ ~zmuloi ~yjcl`c| eyfoio chjmzhtmz| {mzd&

Lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk| "L_, lp ypio tmm clttci h`zmpp tbi p|ptia lf h {h| tbht hccm{p tbi

lftikzhtlmf me oleeizift h`tlultlip& Irtifplui ypi me L_ lp di| tm ~ypblfk tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia

tm m~izhti lf h `m!mzolfhtio ehpblmf& Jittiz tm jylco ezma tbi jmttma y~&

_bi ~yjcl` ~h|iz amoic `muizp ampt ~zlahz| `hzi jyt cipp tbhf bhce me ozykp hfo zichtluic|ei{ aifthc bihctb pizulìp& Irtifolfk aiol`hzi tm amzi pizulìp {myco ji `mftzmuizplhc#

jyt hf m~if olhcmkyi {lcc ht pmai ~mlft ji`mai fiìpphz|4 tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco ht cihpt

chyf`b py`b h olhcmkyi&

[i aypt ptzipp t{m tblfkp& Elzpt# tbi bihctb `hzi chfop`h~i lp fmt fihzc| hp jch`d hfo {blti

hp tbi ~ziulmyp `bhzt la~clip& Ahf| pikaiftp me tbi mco p|ptia hzi hcziho| amulfk tm{hzop

tbi ziemzaio p|ptia& Pi`mfo# fmfi me {bht {i bhui phlo {lcc pyz~zlpi hf|mfi {bm ahfhkip

~hzt me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia tmoh|& Ahf| hzi hcziho| ~ypblfk tbi p|ptia tm{hzop fiioio

ziemzap&

_bipi loihp hzi lf fm {h| zhol`hc4 jyt tmm ahf| me tbia bhui jiif ptlecio lf ~yjcl` oijhti

j| ~mcltl`lhfp# lftizipt kzmy~p hfo pthdibmcoizp {bm zikhzo iuif tbi ampt pifpljci ziemza

~zm~mphcp hp tbzihtp tm aiol`hzi zhtbiz tbhf pmcytlmfp tm aiol`hzi“p ~zmjciap& Fm mfi {bm

ahfhkip h ~hzt me tbi p|ptia hzkyip tbht amzi amfi| hcmfi lp tbi pmcytlmf tm tbi ~zmjciap

me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia& Pmai hzkyi tbht tmm ay`b amfi| {myco pla~c| la~ioi fiioio

ziemzap& _m ohti# amzi amfi| bhp fmt jmykbt `bhfki4 mfc| amzi me tbi phai# ht blkbiz `mpt&

Mfthzlm `zihtio 8? Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp "CBLFp, tm `m!mzolfhti `hzi mf h

ziklmfhc jhplp& Lf tbimz|# tbi CBLFp bhui tbi hytbmzlt| tm hccm`hti jyokitp h`zmpp tbi uhzlmyp

`ma~mfiftp me `hzi4 lf ~zh`tlì# tbi| om fmt&

_bizi lp hf hjyfohfì me m~~mztyfltlip emz ziemza tbht {lcc `zihti h p|ptia tbht `hf oicluiz

jittiz!xyhclt| `hzi amzi ieel`liftc|& _bi `bhccifki lp tm zihclwi tbmpi m~~mztyfltlip&

Myz zi`maaifohtlmfp hzi lftifoio tm eyztbiz ptzifktbif tbi irlptlfk p|ptia# lf ~hzt j|

~ypblfk hbiho {ltb tbi mzlklfhc ~chfp emz lftikzhtio ziklmfhc bihctb oicluiz|&



::

Myz elzpt zi`maaifohtlmf lp tbht tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco oiuicm~ hfo ~yjclpb h `ma~zibifplui

~chf tm hoozipp bihctb `hzi `bhccifkip muiz tbi firt :> |ihzp& _bi ~chf pbmyco pit myt `cihz

~zlf`l~cip hfo oihc ~chlfc| {ltb tbi lppyip {i zhlpi hfo myz ~zm~mphcp emz ziemza&

Hcc ~htliftp fmt zixylzlfk h`yti `hzi pbmyco ji oluiztio ezma bmp~lthcp tm amzi h~~zm~zlhti `hzi

tbht {lcc ji cipp ir~ifplui# la~zmui tbi ~htlift ir~izlifì hfo zioyì tbi ~htlift“p ir~mpyzi

tm fi{ bihctb zlpdp& Y~mf ~zipifthtlmf me h bihctb `hzo# tbi kmuizfaift {lcc ~h| emz tbi

pizulìp zifoizio& Bmai!jhpio `hzi pbmyco ji ypio amzi irtifpluic|&

Hcc bihctb pizulìp lf h ziklmf aypt ji lftikzhtio# lf`cyolfk ~zlahz| `hzi ~b|pl`lhfp# h`yti

`hzi bmp~lthcp# cmfk!tiza `hzi# @maayflt| @hzi H`ìpp @iftzip "@@H@p,# bmai `hzi# ~yjcl`

bihctb# {hcd!lf `clfl`p# EB_p# @maayflt| Bihctb @iftzip "@B@p, hfo Fyzpi ^zh`tltlmfiz!Cio

@clfl`p "F^C@p,& Irì~tlmfp tm tbi ziklmfhc p|ptia hzi p~i`lhclwio bihctb eh`lcltlip tbht bhui

~zmulfì{loi zip~mfpljlcltlip# py`b hp tbi Bmp~lthc emz Pl`d @blcozif# tbi ^zlfìpp Ahzkhzit

Bmp~lthc hfo tbi @iftzi emz Hool`tlmf hfo Aifthc Bihctb&

_bi kmuizfaift“p bihctb jyokit pbmyco ji `h~~io ht :&9 ~iz ìft mz cipp hffyhc kzm{tb

tbzmykb :>8;‐82& Hetiz tbht# hffyhc bihctb `mpt lf`zihpip aypt ji ziptzhlfio tm fm amzi tbhf

elui ~iz ìft& Pmai hzihp ‟ lf`cyolfk `maayflt| bihctb `hzi hfo aifthc bihctb ‟ {lcc fiio

tm kzm{ amzi zh~loc| tbhf tbi huizhki# hfo tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco hoozipp tbi blptmzl` kh~ lf

eyfolfk hfo pizulìp emz aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco pit tbi muizhcc ~zlf`l~cip# jyt oicluiz bihctb `hzi mf h ziklmfhc jhplp&

H ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzlt| pbmyco lftikzhti pizulìp hfo lfptltytlmfp h`zmpp tbi eycc `mftlfyya

me `hzi emz h kimkzh~bl` hzih& _bi `m!mzolfhtlfk iftlt| aypt bhui tbi hytbmzlt|#

h``myfthjlcltlip hfo zipmyzìp fiìpphz| tm muizpii bihctb {ltblf tbi ziklmf4 lt aypt eyztbiz

bhui tbi ~m{iz tm hccm`hti jyokitp# bmco pthdibmcoizp h``myfthjci hfo pit lfìftlui p|ptiap&

[i `mfploizio emyz ~mppljci `mmzolfhtmzp7 _bi ziklmfhc meelìp me tbi Alflptz| me Bihctb

hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi "AMBC_@,# h ziuizplmf tm tbi mco p|ptia4 tbi @@H@p4 tbi chzki# amptc|

h`hoial`# bmp~lthcp4 hfo zi`mfptltytio CBLFp& [i ehumyz CBLFp# {bl`b {lcc fiio tm iri`yti

tbzii di| zmcip7 ~chfflfk hfo lftikzhtlfk tbi p|ptia# eyfolfk hfo `hpi ahfhkiaift&

^chfflfk hfo Lftikzhtlfk tbi P|ptia7 Zi`mfptltytio CBLFp elzpt fiio tm {mzd {ltb

mtbiz pthdibmcoizp tm ptzihaclfi tbi amzi tbhf :#9>> eyfoio bihctb hkif`lip lf Mfthzlm&

_blp {myco lfumcui eyztbiz hahckhahtlfk bmp~lthcp hfo zioy`lfk tbi fyajiz me jmhzop#

`mfpmclohtlfk bihctb pizulì hkif`lip {bizi h~~zm~zlhti hfo ipthjclpblfk houlpmz| ~hficp {ltb

zi~zipifthtlmf me pthdibmcoizp& Pi`mfo# CBLFp pbmyco lftikzhti `hzi j| pbhzlfk lfemzahtlmf

mf ~htliftp hamfk bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp# `m!mzolfhtlfk oi`lplmfp hfo hccm`htlfk eyfop tm jipt

zieci`t ziklmfhc fiiop& Lfemzahtlmf ezma eyfolfk amoicp py`b hp tbi Bihctb!Jhpio Hccm`htlmf

Amoic "BJHA, pbmyco ji ypio tm loiftle| pizulì kh~p hfo iuhcyhti ~zmkzipp lf ahfhklfk

blkb!ypi ~m~ychtlmfp&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

:0

_bi CBLFp pbmyco m~tlalwi byahf zipmyzìp `h~h`lt| j| pbletlfk pizulìp tm cm{iz!`mpt

`hzikluizp {bizi eihpljci hfo if`myzhklfk eycc p`m~i me ~zh`tlì ‟ h fit pblet lf

zip~mfpljlcltlip ezma ~b|pl`lhfp tm fyzpip hfo mtbizp lf bihctb tihap# lf`cyolfk ~b|pl`lhf

hpplpthftp& _bi CBLFp pbmyco ypi eyfolfk hp h ciuiz tm ifpyzi tbht fyzpip# fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp#

~izpmfhc py~~mzt {mzdizp hfo mtbiz pthee aiajizp `hf h~~c| tbilz eycc zhfki me pdlccp&

Myt!me!bmp~lthc pizulìp ‟ emz myt~htliftp hp hf irha~ci ‟ pbmyco ehcc tm mtbizp# py`b hp

tbi @@H@p hfo ~zluhti bihctb `hzi m~izhtmzp# {bl`b bhui oiamfptzhtio tbht tbi| `hf om tblp

pmzt me {mzd emz ay`b cipp tbhf bmp~lthcp& _bi CBLFp pbmyco hcpm ziplpt tbi tia~thtlmf tm jylco

ahf| amzi cmfk!tiza `hzi eh`lcltlip yftlc tbi kmuizfaift `hf hppipp le amzi `hf ji omfi

emz hf hklfk ~m~ychtlmf j| eyztbiz ia~bhplwlfk tbi ypi me bmai!jhpio `hzi# py~~mztio j|

`maayflt| pizulìp& Bmai!jhpio `hzi lp cipp ir~ifplui hfo pbmyco kifizhti kzihtiz

~m~ychtlmf phtlpeh`tlmf&

Eyfolfk7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco klui CBLFp tbi hytbmzlt|# h``myfthjlcltlip hfo zipmyzìp

fiìpphz| tm muizpii bihctb {ltblf tbilz ziklmfp# lf`cyolfk hccm`htlfk jyokitp# bmcolfk

pthdibmcoizp h``myfthjci hfo pittlfk lfìftlui p|ptiap& _bi CBLFp pbmyco oihc {ltb hcc

hp~i`tp me tbi bihctb p|ptia“p ~izemzahfì# lf`cyolfk ~zlahz| `hzi "~b|pl`lhfp,# h`yti `hzi

"bmp~lthcp,# `maayflt| `hzi hfo cmfk!tiza `hzi& _blp {myco lf`cyoi pittlfk jyokitp hfo

`ma~ifphtlmf emz hcc ~ch|izp& @ma~ifphtlmf emz piflmz iri`ytluip pbmyco ji tlio tm bihctb

myt`maip# fmt tbi fyajiz me lftizuiftlmfp ~izemzaio&

@hpi Ahfhkiaift7 _bizi lp h ch`d me pammtb hfo `mfplptift ~htlift `hpi ahfhkiaift&

–@cizl`hc p|ptia fhulkhtmzp‑ {bm `m!mzolfhti h~~mlftaiftp hfo bic~ ~htliftp {ltb emzap hfo

~h~iz{mzd# h zmci oiuicm~io lf pmai ~hztp me Mfthzlm# pbmyco ji ypio h`zmpp tbi iftlzip|ptia& –Xyhztizjh`dp‑ `hf bic~ EB_p hfo p~i`lhclwio `clfl`p tzh`d ~htliftp hp tbi| amui

tbzmykb tbi lftikzhtio bihctb p|ptia& @ma~cir `hzi ~htliftp pbmyco ji ahfhkio tbzmykb

lftiz~zmeipplmfhc# tiha!jhpio h~~zmh`bip tm ahrlalwi `m!mzolfhtlmf {ltb EB_p hfo mtbiz

`maayflt| `hzi ~zmuloizp& @bzmfl` lppyip pbmyco ji bhfocio j| `maayflt| hfo bmai!jhpio

`hzi tm tbi eyccipt irtift ~mppljci&

Ziuha~io CBLFp {myco fiio pmclo kmuizfhfì hfo ptzy`tyzip& H di| iciaift me kmuizfhfì#

le tbi| hzi tm `m!mzolfhti tbi p|ptia# lp h~~zm~zlhti zi~zipifthtlmf& _bilz fiio emz amzi

zipmyzìp {myco ifthlc h plkflel`hft tzhfpeiz me ia~cm|iip ezma tbi AMBC_@& Kmuizfaift

fiiop tm pthfo j| tbi CBLFp“ oi`lplmfp# iuif le tbi| `cmpi h eh`lclt|&

Oi`lplmfp zikhzolfk aiol`hc ~zmìoyzip `muizio yfoiz MBL^ hzi fm{ ~hzt me tbi

`ma~ifphtlmf ~h`dhki fikmtlhtio j| tbi kmuizfaift hfo tbi Mfthzlm Aiol`hc Hppm`lhtlmf

"MAH,& Om`tmzp pbmyco ji `mfpyctio# jyt fm amzi&



:?

Iuloifì pbmyco ozlui ~mcl`|& Aiol`lfi lp iuiz!`bhfklfk hfo lt lp oleel`yct emz om`tmzp tm dii~

y~ {ltb tbi chtipt zipihz`b hfo jipt ~zh`tlìp& _bi| fiio zipihz`b!jhpio `clfl`hc kyloiclfip

tm bic~ tbia pth| `yzzift& Lf Mfthzlm# tbipi `hf `mai ezma tbi Lfptltyti emz @clfl`hc Iuhcyhtlui

P`lifìp "L@IP, hfo Bihctb Xyhclt| Mfthzlm "BXM,& _bipi hkif`lip `myco hcpm bic~ tbi

kmuizfaift oi`loi {bl`b ~zmìoyzip alkbt ji ziamuio ezma ~yjcl` `muizhki& Bihctb Xyhclt|

Mfthzlm pbmyco ji`mai h zikychtmz| jmo| tbht {myco ifemzì iuloifì!jhpio olzi`tluip tm

kyloi tzihtaift oi`lplmfp hfo MBL^ `muizhki&

Bmp~lthcp hzi ~hlo mf tbi jhplp me huizhki `mptp h`zmpp tbi ~zmulfì pm tbizi lp fm lfìftlui

tm lf`zihpi ieel`lif`|& _bi AMBC_@ hfo CBLFp pbmyco ypi BJHA ohth tm pit bmp~lthc

`ma~ifphtlmf emz ~zmìoyzip& H jcifo me h`tlult|!jhpio eyfolfk "l&i&# eyfolfk zichtio tm

lftizuiftlmfp mz myt`maip, hfo jhpi eyfolfk {myco {mzd jipt& Bmp~lthcp pbmyco ji

if`myzhkio tm p~i`lhclwi& Bmp~lthcp pbmyco hcpm ahdi kzihtiz ypi me bmp~lthclptp ‟ ~b|pl`lhfp

{bm `m!mzolfhti lf~htlift `hzi ezma hoalpplmf tm olp`bhzki& _blp zmci lp `zy`lhc {bif oihclfk

{ltb ~htliftp {ltb `ma~cir `hpip {bizi ayctl~ci p~i`lhclptp ah| ji lfumcuio lf tbilz `hzi&

^zlahz| `hzi# tbi omahlf me ~b|pl`lhfp# pbmyco ji h em`hc ~mlft lf h fi{# lftikzhtio bihctb

amoic& ^b|pl`lhfp“ ~zlahz| kmhc pbmyco ji ~ziuiftlmf hfo dii~lfk ~im~ci myt me bmp~lthcp&

_bi p|ptia pbmyco amui h{h| ezma tbi pmci ~zm~zlitmzpbl~ fhtyzi me ahf| om`tmzp“ meelìp

hfo if`myzhki amzi lftizolp`l~clfhz| lftikzhtlmf& ^b|pl`lhfp pbmyco ji `ma~ifphtio tbzmykb

h jcifo me phchz|-`h~lthtlmf hfo eii!emz!pizulì4 tbi zlkbt jhchfì lp ~zmjhjc| lf tbi hzih me

;> ~iz ìft emz tbi emzaiz hfo 0> ~iz ìft emz tbi chttiz&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco elzac| fikmtlhti ltp firt hkziiaift {ltb tbi MAH& Mfthzlm“p om`tmzp

hzi tbi jipt ~hlo lf tbi `myftz|# pm lt lp zihpmfhjci tm pit h kmhc me hccm{lfk fm lf`zihpi lf tbitmthc `ma~ifphtlmf ifuicm~i& _bi fikmtlhtlmfp aypt hcpm hoozipp tbi lftikzhtlmf me ~b|pl`lhfp

lftm tbi zipt me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia&

Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap pbmyco ji`mai tbi fmza emz ~zlahz| `hzi& _bi| fiio tm ji jlk ifmykb

tm py~~mzt h {loi zhfki me `hzi ~zmuloizp hfo tbi fyajiz me mtbiz pthee fiioio tm tzh`d ~im~ci

tbzmykb tbi p|ptia& _bi| pbmyco meeiz jittiz hetiz!bmyzp `hzi hfo hoo amzi p~i`lhclptp tm tbilz

tihap& _bi EB_p pbmyco hcpm lfltlhti olp`ypplmfp {ltb tbilz alooci!hkio ~htliftp hjmyt ifo!me!

clei bihctb `hzi hfo –clulfk {lccp#‑ pm tbht ~htliftp hfo tbilz ehalclip om fmt bhui tm ahdi py`b

`zltl`hc oi`lplmfp yfoiz oyzipp& _bi AMBC_@ pbmyco piid lf~yt ezma piflmzp“ houm`h`|

mzkhflwhtlmfp tm ifkhki tbi ~yjcl` lf hf m~if olhcmkyi mf ifo!me!clei `hzi&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco ziamui ~izuizpi lfìftluip tbht yfoizalfi `hzi7 ~b|pl`lhfp hzi

~ifhclwio {bif mfi me tbilz ~htliftp kmip tm hfmtbiz {hcd!lf `clfl` jyt fmt {bif tbi ~htlift

kmip tm tbi iaizkif`| oi~hztaift me h bmp~lthc&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

:9

_bi hklfk me Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf yfoizclfip tbi fiio emz ziemzap tm `maayflt| `hzi# bmai

`hzi hfo cmfk!tiza `hzi& [i fiio tm aht`b piflmzp tm tbi pizulìp tbi| fiio ezma tbi ihzclipt

huhlchjci `hzi ~zmuloiz# zioyì tbi fyajiz me oh|p ~im~ci p~ifo lf bmp~lthcp {bif hfmtbiz

emza me `hzi lp amzi h~~zm~zlhti# hfo la~zmui tbi ahfhkiaift me zieizzhcp emz cmfk!tiza `hzi#

bmai `hzi hfo `maayflt| pizulìp& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco la~ciaift tbi zi`maaifohtlmfp

ahoi j| Oz& Ohulo [hcdiz# lf blp :>88 zi~mzt# –@hzlfk emz Myz Hklfk ^m~ychtlmf hfo

Hoozipplfk Hctizfhti Ciuic me @hzi&‑ _bizi lp hcpm h fiio emz amzi ‟ hfo amzi uhzlio ‟

~hcclhtlui `hzi&

_bi ~zmulfì pbmyco om amzi lf tbi hzih me olpihpi ~ziuiftlmf hfo bihctb ~zmamtlmf& Ay`b

~yjcl` bihctb {mzd lp omfi mytploi tbi ~zlahz| bihctb `hzi pi`tmz& Eyfolfk emz ~yjcl` bihctb lp

ptzmfkc| clfdio tm ayfl`l~hc jyokitp& Ayfl`l~hcltlip fm{ ~yt y~ :9 ìftp me iuiz| ~yjcl` bihctb

omcchz4 ahf| hzi fm{ `mfploizlfk p~ifolfk `ytp tbht ~yt ~yjcl` bihctb yfltp ht zlpd me cmplfk

~zmulf`lhc py~~mzt& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco `mfploiz eycc| y~cmholfk ~yjcl` bihctb tm tbi ~zmulf`lhc

ciuic& Jittiz `m!mzolfhtlmf me tbi ~yjcl` bihctb p|ptia lp fiioio tm lf`cyoi bmp~lthcp#`maayflt| `hzi ~zmuloizp hfo ~zlahz| `hzi ~b|pl`lhfp& Mfthzlm pbmyco `m~| Jzltlpb

@mcyajlh“p H`t Fm{ lfltlhtlui# {bl`b bhp jiif `ltio hp h jipt!~zh`tlì irha~ci emz bihctb

~zmamtlmf hfo `bzmfl` olpihpi ~ziuiftlmf& Om`tmzp `myco om tbilz ~hzt j| hoozipplfk olit hfo

iriz`lpi jiemzi zih`blfk emz tbi ~zip`zl~tlmf ~ho& ^htliftp pbmyco biio tbilz om`tmz“p houlì

hfo ahdi cleipt|ci `bhfkip {bif zixyiptio& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco om amzi tm ziuizpi tbi

tzifo lf `blcobmmo mjiplt| hfo ir~cmzi zikychtmz| m~tlmfp emz tbi emmo lfoyptz|&

Aiol`hc p`bmmcp pbmyco ioy`hti ptyoiftp mf –p|ptia lppyip‑ pm tbht tbi| jittiz yfoizpthfo

{bizi ~b|pl`lhfp elt lf tbi {bmci bihctb `hzi p|ptia& _bi p`bmmcp pbmyco hcpm echk `yzzift mz

~mtiftlhc pbmzthkip hfo `hzz| myt tbi thpd me chjmyz py~~c| ~chfflfk&

^bhzahìytl`hcp hzi h ahgmz lppyi& Mfthzlm fiiop hf m~if# bmfipt olp`ypplmf me {bitbiz

tbizi pbmyco ji amzi ~yjcl` `muizhki me ~bhzahìytl`hc `mptp& Ht tbi phai tlai# {i pbmyco

hpd le ~h|aiftp yfoiz tbi Mfthzlm Ozyk Jifielt "MOJ, ~zmkzha# {bl`b `muizp hcampt hcc me tbi

`mpt me ~zip`zl~tlmf ozykp emz piflmzp hfo zi`l~liftp me pm`lhc hpplpthfì# pbmyco ji clfdio

amzi olzi`tc| tm lf`mai& Mfi m~tlmf lp tm ahdi tbi ~mztlmf me ~bhzahìytl`hc `mptp ~hlo emz j|

piflmzp zlpi amzi pbhz~c| hp lf`mai lf`zihpip& H jittiz m~tlmf lp tm clfd tbi jifielt fmt tm hki#

jyt tm lf`mai mfc|& _blp m~tlmf {myco kzihtc| ptzifktbif tbi ixylt| me tbi ~zmkzha hfo ziamui

h chzki jzl`d lf tbi –{icehzi {hcc‑ j| `muizlfk cm{!lf`mai fmf!piflmzp {bm om fmt ziìlui

pm`lhc hpplpthfì& Phulfkp {myco mjulmypc| ji kzihtiz yfoiz tbi elzpt m~tlmf& _bi @maalpplmfzikzitp tbht tbizi {hp fm amoicclfk me tbipi m~tlmfp tbht {myco bhui `chzlelio tbi fit elp`hc

la~h`t4 lt pbmyco ji omfi& Lf :>>0# Jzltlpb @mcyajlh `bhfkio ltp hki!oi~ifoift ~zmkzha lftm

mfi tbht clfdp pmcic| tm lf`mai&



:5

Mfi ~mtiftlhc {h| tm zioyì muizhcc ozyk `mptp lp tm ~yzpyi {ltb mtbiz ~zmulfìp tbi ~mppljlclt|

me pittlfk h `maamf ~zlì emz ~bhzahìytl`hcp& ^zmulfìp `myco hcpm zioyì muizch~~lfk

zikychtlmfp tbht hoo `mptp hfo ~zipift jhzzlizp tm fi{ ozykp iftizlfk tbi ahzdit ieel`liftc|&

_bi L@IP hfo BXM pbmyco hcpm `mfoy`t ozyk `ma~hzlpmfp tm oitizalfi {bl`b lp tbi ampt

ieel`lift ht tzihtlfk h kluif hlcaift4 `yzzift tiptp j| Bihctb @hfhoh om fmt om tblp& _bi

kmuizfaift pbmyco ifpyzi tbht hcc fi{ ozykp hoo uhcyi tbht irìiop tbilz `mpt& Hp aiftlmfio

icpi{bizi# Mfthzlm pbmyco {mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ifpyzi tbht Mfthzlm“p lftiziptp

lf ir~hfolfk ypi me kifizl` ozykp hzi fmt yfoizalfio j| h @hfhoh‐IY Ezii _zhoi

Hkziiaift& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco hcpm ypi ~bhzah`lptp tm tbilz eycc p`m~i me ~zh`tlì# hccm{lfk

tbia tm pyjptltyti h cipp ir~ifplui hctizfhtlui tm tbi ~b|pl`lhf“p ~zip`zl~tlmf& _bi| pbmyco

hcpm ji hccm{io tm hoalflptiz lfgi`thjcip hfo lfbhchft aiol`htlmfp hfo ~zip`zlji emz alfmz

hlcaiftp# hp lp omfi lf Phpdht`bi{hf&

H fyajiz me mtbiz `mpt ieel`lif`lip hzi ~mppljci emz tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia7

@iftzhclwi hcc jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp py`b hp L_# byahf zipmyzìp# elfhfì hfo ~zm`yziaift4

H ìftzhc ai`bhflpa `myco muizpii h –p~mt ahzdit‑ emz kmmop hfo olp`zitlmfhz| pizulìp#

py`b hp olhkfmptl`p# lfeyplmfp hfo p~i`lhclpt `mfpycthtlmf pizulìp4

H {loiz hzzh| me p~i`lhclpt pizulìp `myco ji ~yt tm tifoiz jhpio mf ~zlì hfo xyhclt|# {blci

ziahlflfk yfoiz tbi plfkci ~h|iz amoic4

Amzi pizulì oicluiz| `myco hcpm ji ~yt tm tifoiz# {ltb tbi `zltizlh emz pici`tlmf jhpio mf

xyhclt|!hogyptio aitzl`p# fmt gypt ~zlì4

H`ìcizhti tbi hom~tlmf me ici`tzmfl` zi`mzop# {mzdlfk ezma tbi jmttma y~& Jiklf {ltb

om`tmzp# `clfl`p hfo bmp~lthcp hfo ifpyzi tbht tbi| ypi `ma~htljci p|ptiap& _bif jylcojzlokip {ltblf h ziklmf# tbif h`zmpp ziklmfp4

Hom~t tbi Fmuh P`mtlh amoic lf {bl`b iaizkif`| aiol`hc ti`bfl`lhfp ~zmuloi bmai `hzi

{bif fmt mf iaizkif`| `hccp4 hfo

^zmuloi jittiz lfemzahtlmf tm lfoluloyhcp hfo ehalclip tm eh`lclthti pice!`hzi emz ~im~ci {ltb

`mfoltlmfp py`b hp olhjitip&

Hjmui hcc# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco lfumcui hcc pthdibmcoizp lf h ahtyzi `mfuizphtlmf mf tbi

eytyzi me bihctb `hzi hfo tbi :>!|ihz ~chf& Hf|tblfk omfi lf tbi bihctb elico `hf ji ~mcltl`hcc|

ohfkizmyp# ip~i`lhcc| le `mpt ziptzhlft lp lfumcuio& Lt {lcc ji `zltl`hc tm ir~chlf tbi mjgi`tluip`hzieycc| hfo ptzipp tbht tblp lp fmt gypt hfmtbiz zmyfo me `mpt ziptzhlft&

_bi pthzp hzi hclkflfk emz gypt py`b h olp`ypplmf& _bi pthdibmcoizp tbiapicuip hzi zih`blfk

myt {ltb ~zm~mphcp emz ziemza# ahf| me {bl`b hzi `mfplptift {ltb myz zi`maaifohtlmfp bizi&

Hcc pthdibmcoizp aypt p~ihd myt ‟ mzolfhz| `ltlwifp hfo bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp me hcc ptzl~ip#

ozyk `ma~hflip {bmpi ~zmoy`tp hzi mfi me tbi ehptipt!kzm{lfk `mptp# ia~cm|izp {bm `muiz

tbilz ia~cm|iip“ ozyk hfo mtbiz bihctb `mptp# hfo h`hoial`p {bm ptyo| tbipi lppyip&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

:;

_bi p`hci me ziemza {i ~zm~mpi lp uhpt# oihclfk {ltb mzkhflwhtlmfhc# `clfl`hc hfo jyplfipp

lppyip& Lf tbi chti 8<<>p# tbi Bihctb Pizulìp Ziptzy`tyzlfk @maalpplmf {hp kluif ~m{iz tm

ir~iolti bmp~lthc ziptzy`tyzlfk hfo houlpi tbi Alflptiz me Bihctb& Kluif tbht tbi p`hci me ziemza

jilfk ~zm~mpio lf tblp zi~mzt irtifop {icc ji|mfo bmp~lthcp# h fi{ `maalpplmf pbmyco ji

ipthjclpbio tm kyloi tbi ziemzap# ozh{lfk ezma h jzmho zhfki me pthdibmcoiz `maayfltlip#

lf`cyolfk ~zmuloizp hfo `ltlwifp-~htliftp&

[i jicliui tbipi zi`maaifohtlmfp `hf kyloi tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia muiz tbi ~izlmo tm

:>8;‐82 lf h {h| tbht aiitp myz thzkit me h :&9 ~iz ìft hffyhc lf`zihpi lf bihctb `hzi

eyfolfk j| tbi ~zmulfì& _blp lp h tmykb kmhc4 lt la~clip tbht zihc lfechtlmf!hogyptio p~ifolfk

~iz ~izpmf mf bihctb `hzi {lcc bhui tm ehcc j| h tmthc me 9&; ~iz ìft lf tbi piuif |ihzp ezma

:>8>‐88# mz >&2 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& Jyt {i `hf ziemza tbi p|ptia tm jzlfk jittiz `hzi tm amzi

~im~ci ht cipp `mpt&

Lt lp tbi ziemzap tbht ahttiz ampt& Ahgmz p~ifolfk `ytp pmcui clttci# hp {i ph{ lf tbi 8<<>p&

_bi bihctb jyokit {hp `yt emz piuizhc |ihzp# jyt ji`hypi tbmzmykb ziemzap {izi fmt

yfoizthdif# ~zippyzip jylct hfo p~ifolfk tmmd mee hkhlf# jiklfflfk lf 8<<<&

Ji|mfo :>8;‐82# p~ifolfk {lcc ~zmjhjc| h`ìcizhti hp h `mfpixyifì me ~m~ychtlmf hklfk&

_blp lp {b| myz zi`maaifohtlmf emz h :>!|ihz ~chf hfo eycc ~yjcl` oijhti lp `zy`lhc& _bi

kmuizfaift pbmyco oip`zlji tbi `bhccifkip hbiho# blkbclkbt tbi ~mtiftlhc emz amzi ieel`lif`|#

olp`ypp elfhf`lhc lppyip pxyhzic| hfo ~zipift tbi eyfohaifthc `bmlìp `cihzc|& Le {i om fmt

pilwi tbi m~~mztyflt| fm{ tm jiklf `zihtlfk h p|ptia tbht oicluizp amzi uhcyi emz tbi amfi|

{i p~ifo# Mfthzlhfp h oi`hoi mz t{m bifì {lcc ehì m~tlmfp ehz cipp httzh`tlui tbhf tbi mfip

{i ehì tmoh|& Yfcipp {i h`t fm{# tbi| {lcc ji `mfezmftio {ltb ptiholc| ip`hchtlfk `mptp tbhtemzì tbia tm `bmmpi iltbiz tm emzkm ahf| mtbiz kmuizfaift pizulìp tbht tbi| tzihpyzi# ~h|

blkbiz thrip tm `muiz h ziciftcippc| kzm{lfk bihctb `hzi jlcc# mz ~zluhtlwi ~hztp me tbi bihctb

`hzi p|ptia# pmaitblfk tbht lp hfhtbiah tm ampt Mfthzlhfp&

[i `hf hfo pbmyco humlo py`b hf myt`mai j| ahdlfk tbi zlkbt oi`lplmfp tmoh|# bm{iuiz

tmykb tbi| h~~ihz ht tbi amaift& Myz oi`lplmfp {lcc fmt ji ~izei`t# jyt hcampt ìzthlfc|#

tbi| {lcc ifpyzi tbht {i jixyihtb h amzi ixylthjci# amzi `mpt!ieel`lift hfo blkbiz!xyhclt|

p|ptia tm eytyzi kifizhtlmfp&



:2

Iciaifthz| hfo Pi`mfohz| Ioy`htlmf

H ptzmfk ioy`htlmf p|ptia lp `zltl`hc tm Mfthzlm“p ~zmp~izlt| hfo kcmjhc `ma~itltluifipp&

[i jicliui tbht tblp izh me ziptzhlft ~zipiftp hf m~~mztyflt| tm oicluiz ioy`htlmf hp ieel`liftc|

hfo ieei`tluic| hp ~mppljci&

_bi ~zmulfì eyfop fihzc| <2 ~iz ìft me ioy`htlmf pi`tmz ir~ifpip& Muiz tbi ~hpt oi`hoi#

~zmulf`lhc p~ifolfk mf iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf bhp kzm{f plkflel`hftc| oip~lti

oi`clflfk ptyoift ifzmcaift4 mfi zipyct bhp jiif h 95 ~iz ìft lf`zihpi lf ~iz!~y~lc eyfolfk&

_blp lp fmt pypthlfhjci& _bi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbi pi`tmz kzm{tb zhti aypt ji `mfptzhlfio

tm mfi ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz&

_bi kmuizfaift“p `bhccifki lp tm ziptzhlf ioy`htlmf p~ifolfk {blci ~zmti`tlfk tbi p`bmchptl`

~zmkzipp h`bliuio& _bi ioy`htlmf pi`tmz pbmyco pth| tbi `myzpi mf ltp hkifoh me tbzii di|

kmhcp7 la~zmulfk ptyoift h`bliuiaift4 `cmplfk ptyoift h`bliuiaift kh~p4 hfo lf`zihplfk`mfeloifì lf tbi ~yjcl`c| eyfoio ioy`htlmf p|ptia&

Ji`hypi pmyfo hfo tzhfp~hzift elp`hc ~chfflfk {lcc ifbhfì `m!m~izhtlmf hfo pthjlclt|# tbi

~zmulfì pbmyco pit eyfolfk hccm`htlmfp tm p`bmmc jmhzop myt tm :>8;‐82& Fmt mfc| {lcc tblp

klui jmhzop tlai tm elfo ieel`lif`lip# jyt hcpm eycc dfm{cioki me tbi jyokithz| eytyzi {lcc py~~mzt

`mfptzy`tlui `mcci`tlui jhzkhlflfk chtiz tblp |ihz {bif tbi pi`tmz“p `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp {lcc

ji zifikmtlhtio&

Elzpt Fhtlmfp Ioy`htlmf7 Mf!zipizui Elzpt Fhtlmfp ioy`htlmf yzkiftc| fiiop la~zmuiaift&

Hctbmykb tblp lp h eioizhc zip~mfpljlclt|# tbi ~zmulfì lp heei`tio ji`hypi ampt Hjmzlklfhcptyoiftp hzi ioy`htio lf ~zmulf`lhcc| eyfoio p`bmmcp& Ampt mf!zipizui pi`mfohz| ptyoiftp

hzi ioy`htio mee!zipizui hfo tbi yfoizeyfolfk me mf!zipizui iciaifthz| p`bmmcp metif aihfp

tbht ptyoiftp hzzlui ht tbi pi`mfohz| ciuic {ltb h`yti ziaiolhc fiiop& Eioizhc eyfolfk ~iz

ptyoift ehccp {icc pbmzt me ~hzlt| {ltb ~zmulf`lhc ioy`htlmf p~ifolfk& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ~yt

ptzmfk ~zippyzi mf tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm hoixyhtic| eyfo mf!zipizui ioy`htlmf ht cihpt

ht ~hzlt| {ltb ~iz!ptyoift ~zmulf`lhc eyfolfk& Ehlclfk hf hkziiaift {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift#

tbi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop tbht tbi ~zmulfì ~zmuloi tbi zixylzio eyfolfk& Hkziiaiftp

{myco lf`cyoi tbi eh`lclthtlmf me emzalfk ioy`htlmf iftltlip hamfk ~hztl`l~htlfk Elzpt Fhtlmfp

{ltb ~m{izp plalchz tm ~zmulf`lhcc| eyfoio olptzl`t p`bmmc jmhzop# hfo fikmtlhtlmf me

ayctl!|ihz thzkitp emz tbi ~zm~mztlmf me py~izulpmz| meelìzp# ~zlf`l~hcp hfo tih`bizp {bm

{lcc ji oiiaio xyhclelio j| tbi Mfthzlm @mcciki me _ih`bizp&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

:<

Eycc!Oh| Dlfoizkhztif "EOD,7 Lf :>8># EOD jikhf lf fihzc| 5>> p`bmmcp4 hfmtbiz :>>

p`bmmcp {izi hooio lf :>88 hfo pmai <>> amzi hffmyfìo emz tbi :>8:‐80 p`bmmc |ihz&

_bizi lp pyjpthftlhc iuloifì tbht lfuiptaiftp lf ihzc| `blcobmmo ioy`htlmf ~zmoyì plkflel`hft

cmfk!tiza pm`lm!i`mfmal` jifieltp& Jyt `mptp hppm`lhtio {ltb fi{ pthee# `chppzmma py~~clip#

tzhfp~mzthtlmf# mtbiz p`bmmc m~izhtlmfp# `h~lthc hfo pthjlclwhtlmf emz tbi `blco `hzi pi`tmz {lcc

iuiftyhcc| hamyft tm muiz /8&9 jlcclmf ~iz |ihz& Lf tbi `yzzift elp`hc `clahti# tbi @maalpplmf lp

`mfìzfio tbht tbi tlalfk lp lfh~~zm~zlhti& _bi @maalpplmf lp h{hzi tbht tbi `mptp me EOD

{izi lf`mz~mzhtio lftm tbi Ahz`b :>88 Jyokit hfo :>88 Mfthzlm I`mfmal` Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc

Ziuli{ lf Fmuiajiz& Bm{iuiz# fmt ifmykb meepittlfk ziptzhlft {hp pi`yzio lf mtbiz p~ifolfk

tm ifpyzi tbht tbipi elp`hc ~chfp {myco h`bliui tbi muizhcc oiel`lt mjgi`tlui&

[i zi`maaifo `hfìcchtlmf me tbi EOD ~zmkzha {ltb h~~zm~zlhti ~bhpi!myt ~zmulplmfp& Le tbi

kmuizfaift oi`loip tm `mftlfyi la~ciaifthtlmf# lt pbmyco om t{m tblfkp& Elzpt# lt pbmyco oich|

eycc la~ciaifthtlmf ezma :>8?‐89 tm :>8;‐82 hfo zioyì EOD ~zmkzha `mptp j| hom~tlfk h

amzi heemzohjci ptheelfk amoic me mfi tih`biz emz hjmyt :> ptyoiftp# zhtbiz tbhf h tih`biz hfohf ihzc| `blcobmmo ioy`htmz emz :5 ptyoiftp& Pi`mfo# jiemzi `mfelzalfk eycc la~ciaifthtlmf me

EOD# lt pbmyco kit hppyzhfìp ezma p`bmmc jmhzop# tih`biz eioizhtlmfp hfo py~~mzt pthee

yflmfp tbht fikmtlhtio hffyhc {hki lf`zihpip j| :>8;‐82 {lcc ji fm blkbiz tbhf `yzzift

tzifop lf tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz "J^P,# hfo tbht `chpp!plwi lf`zihpip hfo zioy`tlmfp lf

fmf!tih`blfk pthee `mftia~chtio j| tbi @maalpplmf j| :>8;‐82 {lcc ji h`bliuio&

@chpp Plwip7 Mfi me Mfthzlm“p eyfohaifthc ptzhtiklip tm la~zmui ptyoift h`bliuiaift

bhp jiif tm zioyì `chpp plwip lf ~zlahz| p`bmmcp "gyflmz dlfoizkhztif tm Kzhoi 0,&

Pmai <> ~iz ìft me `chppip fm{ bhui :> ptyoiftp mz ei{iz# hfo fmfi bhp amzi tbhf :0&

_bi kmuizfaift bhp `maalttio plkflel`hft zipmyzìp tm `chpp!plwi zioy`tlmfp ht tbi ~zlahz|hfo mtbiz ciuicp& [blci tbi kmuizfaift bhp ia~bhplwio tbht pahcciz `chppip ~zmamti jittiz

ioy`htlmf myt`maip# ia~lzl`hc iuloifì ~zipiftp h amzi `ma~cl`htio ~l`tyzi& Mfthzlm“p ziìft

la~zmuiaiftp mf ~zmulf`lhc hppippaiftp hfo xyhclt| lfol`htmzp bhui `mlf`loio {ltb zioyìo

`chpp plwip# jyt tbizi lp fm iuloifì me `hyphclt|& Iuif le pahcciz `chppip bho pmai la~h`t mf

myt`maip# tbi iuloifì pykkiptp tbht lfuiptaiftp lf pahcciz `chppip om fmt meeiz tbi ampt

ieel`lift aihfp emz la~zmulfk zipyctp& Kluif tblp ch`d me `mfulf`lfk ia~lzl`hc py~~mzt#

tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbht p`hzì zipmyzìp pbmyco fmt ji h~~clio tm zioy`lfk `chpp plwip&

[i zi`maaifo lf`zihplfk tbi `chpp!plwi `h~ emz ~zlahz| p`bmmcp ezma :> tm :0# hfo

lf`zihplfk tbi `chpp!plwi huizhkip lf gyflmz-lftizaiolhti p`bmmcp ezma :?&9 tm :5 hfo lf

pi`mfohz| p`bmmcp ezma :: tm :?& _bi @maalpplmf py~~mztp `mftlfyio ia~bhplp mf ~zmkzhap

tbht bhui ~zmuif `zltl`hc tm lf`zihplfk kzhoyhtlmf zhtip& @chpp plwip pbmyco ji lf`zihpio lf h

ahffiz tbht omip fmt gim~hzolwi ~zmkzhap tbht bhui bic~io lf`zihpi kzhoyhtlmf zhtip hfo

jifieltio Mfthzlm ptyoiftp&



0>

Fmf!_ih`blfk Pthee7 Plfì :>>:‐>0# ptheelfk bhp lf`zihpio j| amzi tbhf 80#2>> emz

fmf!tih`blfk ~mpltlmfp& _m aiit myz thzkit kzm{tb zhti lf ioy`htlmf p~ifolfk me mfi ~iz ìft

~iz |ihz tm :>8;‐82# tbi @maalpplmf ~zmgi`tp tbht hjmyt ;> ~iz ìft me tbipi ~mpltlmfp {lcc

fiio tm ji ~bhpio myt j| tbht |ihz& Jmhzop {lcc bhui tm alflalwi tbi la~h`t me tblp zioy`tlmf

mf p`bmmc m~izhtlmfp&

Claltp tm Eyfoio Pi`mfohz| P`bmmc @zioltp7 _m kit h pi`mfohz| p`bmmc ol~cmah# Mfthzlm

ptyoiftp aypt `ma~citi 0> pi`mfohz| p`bmmc `zioltp& Ahf| ptyoiftp# bm{iuiz# hzi `ma~citlfk

amzi tbhf 0> `zioltp4 8? ~iz ìft me Kzhoi 8: ptyoiftp zityzf emz h eletb |ihz& _blp lp `mptc|&

_bi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop tbht ~yjcl` eyfolfk ji `h~~io ht 0: py`ìppeyc `zioltp ~iz

ptyoift& P`bmmc jmhzop pbmyco ji hccm{io tm `bhzki h eii emz hooltlmfhc `zioltp&

If`myzhklfk Ieel`lift Ptyoift _zhfp~mzthtlmf7 _zhfp~mztlfk ptyoiftp tm p`bmmc ~mpip h

`bhccifki tm p`bmmc jmhzop# {ltb `mptp oleel`yct tm `mfthlf& _bi Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf ziìftc|

~chìo h amzhtmzlya mf fi{ `ma~itltlui ~zm`yziaift& _blp pbmyco laaiolhtic| ji cletio#

plfì lt oich|p kittlfk ieel`lift# ieei`tlui ptyoift tzhfp~mzthtlmf pizulì tbzmykb `ma~itltlui

jloolfk& Ypizp ah| bhui tm jihz h ~mztlmf me tbi `mpt tbzmykb h ptyoift tzhfp~mzthtlmf eii#

{ltb ~zmulplmfp tm ifpyzi tbht cm{iz!lf`mai# p~i`lhc fiiop hfo zyzhc ptyoiftp hzi fmt

ziptzl`tio lf tbilz h`ìpp tm cihzflfk&

H @ma~zibifplui ^chf tm Clui [ltb Mfi îz @ift Hffyhc Kzm{tb7 Myz mfi ~iz ìft clalt

mf hffyhc kzm{tb lf tbi ioy`htlmf jyokit aihfp tbi pi`tmz {lcc bhui /8&5 jlcclmf amzi tm

p~ifo lf :>8;‐82 tbhf lf :>8>‐88& Lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm# irlptlfk `mpt ~zippyzip ~mlft

tm lf`zihpip tbht {lcc hoo /?&? jlcclmf tm tbi jlcc# cihulfk h pbmztehcc me /:&2 jlcclmf& [i jicliui

tbi zi`maaifohtlmfp hcziho| pit myt {lcc iclalfhti tblp pbmztehcc&

[i hppyai tbht p`bmmc jmhzop {myco piid eyztbiz ieel`lif`lip mz mtbiz ziuifyip tm meepit `mpt

~zippyzip py`b hp jifieltp# ytlcltlip# eyic hfo pm mf& _bi emccm{lfk zi`maaifohtlmfp# {blci fmt

`mptio ir~cl`ltc|# bhui jiif oiuicm~io lf tbht p~lzlt&

^zmamtlfk Iuloifì!Jhpio Pmcytlmfp lf P~i`lhc Ioy`htlmf7 P~i`lhc ioy`htlmf kzhftp

h``myft emz h plkflel`hft ~mztlmf me ioy`htlmf p~ifolfk ht /:&9 jlcclmf lf :>88‐8:# h 99 ~iz ìft

lf`zihpi plfì :>>:‐>0 oip~lti oi`clflfk ifzmcaift& _bi clfd jit{iif lf`zihpio eyfolfk hfo

myt`maip emz ptyoiftp lp fmt mjulmyp& _bi @maalpplmf `maaifop tbi ~zmulfì“p em`yp mf

py~~mztlfk ptyoiftp {ltb p~i`lhc fiiop# jyt {i aypt olzi`t iuiz| omcchz tm {bizi lt {lcc bhuitbi ampt la~h`t& [i zi`maaifo h eycc ziuli{ me tbi ~zmulfì“p p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf ~zmkzhap

hfo tbi zipyctp h`bliuio# lf`cyolfk ~zmkzhap emz ptyoiftp lf `hzi# `yptmo| mz tzihtaift# hfo

bmp~lthc jmhzop# {ltb h uli{ tm ifpyzlfk tbht eyfolfk lp jilfk ypio ieei`tluic| tm la~zmui

ptyoift myt`maip& Emz `chzlt|# {i om fmt jicliui tbizi lp h –~zmjcia‑ {ltb tbi muizhcc p~i`lhc

ioy`htlmf eyfolfk ifuicm~i& Myz `mfìzf lp tbi ch`d me aihpyzhjci myt`maip emz tbi

plkflel`hft lfuiptaiftp ahoi plfì :>>:‐>0&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

08

Ziemza me ^zmulf`lhc P`bmmcp7 _bi alflptz| olzi`tc| ahfhkip h fyajiz me p`bmmcp emz tbi

oihe# oiamfptzhtlmf p`bmmcp emz ptyoiftp {ltb cihzflfk olphjlcltlip hfo p`bmmcp emz tbi jclfo hfo

oihe jclfo# pizulfk hjmyt 2>> ptyoiftp lf ilkbt p`bmmcp& P`bmmc pthee aiajizp hzi ~zmulf`lhc

ia~cm|iip4 tblp lp fmt tbi jipt kmuizfhfì hzzhfkiaift& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco `cmpi tbi

oiamfptzhtlmf p`bmmcp hfo ypi tbi phulfkp tm ir~hfo hctizfhtlui pi`mfohz| p`bmmc ~zmkzhap

lf p`bmmc jmhzop& _bi P`bmmcp emz tbi Oihe pbmyco ji `mfpmclohtio lftm mfi plti tm h`bliui h

kzihtiz `zltl`hc ahpp me ptyoiftp ezma gyflmz dlfoizkhztif tm Kzhoi 8:& Phulfkp ezma tblp

`mfpmclohtlmf pbmyco ji zilfuiptio lf tbi P`bmmc emz tbi Oihe hfo lf ifbhfìo m~~mztyfltlip

emz oihe cihzfizp lf p`bmmc jmhzop# `mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip&

H~~zm~zlhti Lfìftluip emz _ih`bizp7 Ji`hypi ~yjcl` ioy`htlmf ~zmamtip `blco

oiuicm~aift hfo eytyzi ~zmp~izlt|# Mfthzlm fiiop tbi jipt ~mppljci tih`bizp& Zipihz`b

py~~mztp tbi clfd jit{iif xyhclt| tih`bizp hfo ptyoift h`bliuiaift& Mfthzlm tih`bizp hzi

~zmuloio phchz| lf`zihpip hp lfìftluip tm ifkhki lf `mftlfyio cihzflfk hfo oiuicm~aift

tbzmykb tbi Xyhclel`htlmf hfo Ir~izlifì "X%I, kzhft& Lt zi`mkflwip tbi ir~izlifì tbi| khlfhfo hccm{p tbia tm amui tm tbi blkb ifo me phchz| zhfkip zichtluic| ihzc| lf tbilz `hziizp& Py`b

`ma~ifphtlmf p|ptiap bic~ p`bmmc jmhzop zithlf irìccift tih`bizp& Bm{iuiz# tbi X%I kzhft

pbmyco zi{hzo tih`bizp {bm hzi ampt cldic| tm bic~ tbilz ptyoiftp h`bliui jittiz zipyctp&

_zhlflfk ~zmkzhap ciholfk tm Hooltlmfhc Xyhclel`htlmfp "HX, pbmyco ji ziuli{io hfo X%I

kzhftp pbmyco ji hoalflptizio j| h jmo| lfoi~ifoift ezma tih`biz eioizhtlmfp mz p`bmmc

jmhzop& Ahf| tih`bizp thdi HX `myzpip emz oytlip tbi| bhui fm lftiftlmf me eycelcclfk hfo tbilz

hjpifì olpzy~tp `chppzmma `mftlfylt|& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco zixylzi h alflaya fyajiz me

|ihzp me eycc!tlai tih`blfk ir~izlifì jiemzi h tih`biz `hf tz| emz HX# hfo py`b `myzpip

pbmyco ji amzi zlkmzmyp hfo iuloifì!jhpio& Mtbiz hzihp me p`bmmc pthee `ma~ifphtlmf aypt

ptzldi h jittiz jhchfì jit{iif ehlz `mfoltlmfp me {mzd hfo elp`hc zip~mfpljlclt|& Emz irha~ci#

tbi tmthc ~zmulf`lhc clhjlclt| emz zitlziaift kzhtyltlip lp fihzc| /8&; jlcclmf4 tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco

ziamui p`bmmc jmhzop“ ~m{iz tm meeiz py`b kzhtyltlip&



0:

Oicluizlfk Pizulìp Amzi Ieel`liftc|7 _bi Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf pbmyco ji h cihoiz lf

~zmamtlfk ieel`lif`| hfo zioy`lfk oy~cl`htlmf& P`bmmc jmhzo eh`lcltlip hfo lfemzahtlmf

ti`bfmcmk| ah| meeiz ieei`tlui ~chtemzap emz `m!m~izhtlmf {ltb mtbiz alflptzlip# ip~i`lhcc| tbmpi

py~~mztlfk `blcozif& Jmhzop pbmyco hcpm `mftlfyi tm piid myt m~~mztyfltlip tm emptiz

~zm`yziaift ieel`lif`lip tbzmykb tbilz ir~hfoio jy|lfk ~m{iz& La~mzthft pti~p bhui hcziho|

jiif thdif tbzmykb tbi Mfthzlm Ioy`htlmf @mcchjmzhtlui Ahzdit~chì "MI@A,# h fmt!emz!~zmelt

~zm`yziaift mzkhflwhtlmf& Jmhzop `hf {mzd tmkitbiz tm `mfpmclohti jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco {mzd {ltb p`bmmc jmhzop# tih`biz eioizhtlmfp hfo py~~mzt pthee yflmfp

tm{hzop pbhzio m{fizpbl~ hfo hoalflptzhtlmf me jifielt ~zmkzhap& Ieel`lif`| `hf hcpm ji

emyfo j| ahrlalwlfk tbi uhcyi me p`bmmc jmhzo `h~lthc hppitp& [bizi p`bmmcp bhui jiif

`cmpio mz `mfpmclohtio ji`hypi me oi`clflfk ifzmcaift# p`bmmc jmhzop bhui pyz~cyp ~zm~iztlip&

_bi alflptiz pbmyco bhui tbi ~m{iz tm mzoiz tbi phci me yfypio ~zm~iztlip# ip~i`lhcc| {bif

py`b olp~mpltlmfp `myco aiit mtbiz fiiop lf tbi J^P& Hf lf`zihplfkc| {loip~ziho pmcytlmf tm

tbi ~zmjcia me yfoizytlclwio p`bmmcp lp tbi `mfpmclohtlmf me Kzhoip ; tbzmykb 8: lf mfi

pi`mfohz| p`bmmc& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco if`myzhki py`b `mfpmclohtlmfp j| iclalfhtlfk tm~!y~eyfolfk tm yfoizytlclwio pi`mfohz| p`bmmcp le tbi| `hf lfptiho h``maamohti Kzhoi ; hfo 2

ptyoiftp lf tbilz `ht`baift hzihp&

@mfthlflfk @mptp me Zitlziaift Jifieltp7 _bi ~zmulfì hfo Mfthzlm _ih`bizp“ Eioizhtlmf

`m!p~mfpmz tbi Mfthzlm _ih`bizp“ îfplmf ^chf4 tbi ~zmulfì aht`bip aiajizp“ `mftzljytlmfp

iuif tbmykb tih`bizp hzi ia~cm|io j| p`bmmc jmhzop# fmt tbi ~zmulfì olzi`tc|& Lf :>>9# tbi

~chf ziuihcio ltp elzpt pbmztehcc plfì 8<<># hfo `mftzljytlmfp bhui lf`zihpio plfì :>>;& Lf

:>88# tbi `mftzljytlmf zhti {hp zhlpio hfo pmai eytyzi lfoirhtlmf jifieltp zioyìo& _bi

~zmulfì pbmyco zigi`t eyztbiz ia~cm|iz zhti lf`zihpip hfo lfptiho hla tm zioyì jifieltp& _bi

~zmulfì pbmyco hcpm `mfploiz zhlplfk tbi zitlziaift hki4 tbi t|~l`hc tih`biz zitlzip ht 9<#

bhulfk {mzdio emz :5 |ihzp# hfo tbif `mcci`tp h ~ifplmf emz 0> |ihzp& H blkbiz huizhki

zitlziaift hki {myco zioyì tbi fiio emz cm{iz jifieltp lf tbi eytyzi&

^zmamtlfk hf Ieel`lift Chjmyz Ahzdit emz _ih`bizp7 Lf tbi chti 8<<>p# eihzp me h cmmalfk

tih`biz pbmzthki ~zma~tio tbi kmuizfaift hfo yfluizpltlip tm lf`zihpi tih`biz ioy`htlmf&

_bi ~zmulfì eyfoio amzi p~hìp lf eh`yctlip me ioy`htlmf# hfo fi{ ~zmkzhap {izi

h``zioltio ht piuizhc Mfthzlm yfluizpltlip# hp {icc hp yfluizpltlip lf tbi Yfltio Pthtip hfo

Hyptzhclh& Plfì tbif# tbi fyajiz me ìztlelio tih`bizp lf Mfthzlm bhp lf`zihpio# jyt tbi

zitlziaift zhti bhp oi`clfio& _bi fyajiz me fi{ tih`bizp fm{ irìiop tbi fyajiz me fi{

zitlziip j| ;#5>> h |ihz& _bi ~zm~mphc tm `mfuizt J&Io& ~zmkzhap tm t{m |ihzp ezma mfi# {ltb

ifzmcaift lf ih`b `mbmzt bhcuio# {lcc bic~ tm zioyì tbi muizpy~~c|& Ptlcc# tbi kmuizfaift

pbmyco olp`ypp tbi muiz~zmoy`tlmf me tih`bizp {ltb Mfthzlm“p 80 yfluizpltlip meeizlfk

tih`biz ioy`htlmf&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

00

^mpt!Pi`mfohz| Ioy`htlmf

^mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf "^PI, aypt aiit elui `zltl`hc mjgi`tluip7 lt aypt ioy`hti h

kzm{lfk pbhzi me tbi ~m~ychtlmf4 bic~ ixyhclwi i`mfmal` hfo pm`lhc myt`maip4 ~zmuloi hf

la~mzthft `ma~mfift me cleicmfk cihzflfk4 ji hf ifklfi me lffmuhtlmf4 hfo oicluiz xyhclt|

ioy`htlmf ieel`liftc|&

Ifzmcaift lp ir~i`tio tm kzm{ j| hf huizhki me 8&; ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz tbzmykb :>8;‐82&

Hcziho|# py`b zh~lo ir~hfplmf# `majlfio {ltb tbi cm{ipt eyfolfk ciuicp lf @hfhoh# bhp

yfoizalfio xyhclt| ‟ amzi pipplmfhc lfptzy`tmzp# chzkiz `chppip hfo cipp `mfth`t {ltb

~zmeippmzp& Mfthzlm ~zmuloip tbi cm{ipt ~iz!ptyoift ~zmulf`lhc m~izhtlfk kzhft eyfolfk lf

@hfhoh tm ltp yfluizpltlip hfo `mccikip# hfo lt lp ehcclfk ht h tlai {bif tbi `mpt me `mftlfylfk

tm om tbi phai tblfk bhp jiif zlplfk j| tbzii tm elui ~iz ìft hffyhcc|&

@cihz mjgi`tluip hzi fiioio& ^mpt!pi`mfohz| ifzmcaift lf yfluizpltlip hfo `mccikip bhp kzm{f

ozhahtl`hcc| lf ziìft |ihzp# jyt tbizi lp fm `mbizift ~chf tbht hoozippip tbi {bmci p|ptia&

Blkbiz ifzmcaift lp lfiulthjci {bif tbi kmuizfaift“p eyfolfk emzaych tlip kzhftp tm ifzmcaift

kzm{tb# hp lt omip fm{& H jittiz emzaych {myco if`myzhki ^PI lfptltytlmfp tm la~zmui xyhclt|#

{ltb uhz|lfk ahfohtip ‟ h zipihz`b em`yp emz pmai4 irìccift yfoizkzhoyhti tih`blfk emz

mtbizp4 hfo ziklmfhc i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift emz ptlcc mtbizp&

[i aypt elzpt hoozipp t{m uiz| tm~l`hc ^PI lppyip ‟ {bitbiz tyltlmf eziiwip hzi lf ptyoiftp“

jipt lftiziptp hfo tbi jhchfì jit{iif zipihz`b hfo tih`blfk irìccifì&

_bi eh`t tbht tyltlmf eiip hzi zlplfk ehptiz tbhf lfechtlmf lp tzmyjclfk& _yltlmf ziuifyi pbmyco

zi~zipift h kmmo lfuiptaift emz ptyoiftp# {bl`b ~ytp h ~zialya mf ieel`lif`|# hfo

elfhf`lhc jhzzlizp pbmyco fmt la~hlz h`ìpp& Jyt tyltlmf eziiwip hzi fmt lf ptyoiftp“ lftiziptp&

_bi cldic| zipyct lp eyztbiz oitizlmzhtlmf me tbi ptyoift ir~izlifì ‟ chzkiz `chppip hfo

cipp m~~mztyflt| tm oijhti hfo oiuicm~ `zltl`hc tblfdlfk pdlccp4 hfo

Hp eioizhc py~~mzt emz zipihz`b tzl~cio jit{iif 8<<; hfo :>>0# yfluizpltlip ~yzpyio

eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc zipihz`b omcchzp# hcc lf tbi fhai me ji`malfk –{mzco!`chpp zipihz`b

ìftzip&‑ Ei{ me Mfthzlm“p zipihz`b ìftzip {lcc ji`mai tbi jipt lf @hfhoh# fiuiz alfo

tbi {mzco& Ahf|# bm{iuiz# bhui kmfi pm ehz lf tblp xyipt hp tm `zmpp!pyjplolwi zipihz`b#

ieei`tluic| py~~mztlfk lt {ltb amfi| ezma yfoizkzhoyhti tyltlmf ziuifyip& Lf`zihplfkc|#

yfluizpltlip hzi cittlfk ~zmeippmzp ph`zlelì tih`blfk `maaltaiftp tm `mfoy`t amzi

zipihz`b& _bizi aypt ji h jittiz jhchfì4 irìccift zipihz`b pbmyco fmt tzya~

irìccift tih`blfk&



0?

Pla~c| ahlfthlflfk tbi pthtyp xym zixylzip hffyhc `mpt lf`zihpip me tbzii tm elui ~iz ìft ht

^PI lfptltytlmfp# pm kzihtiz ieel`lif`| lp `cihzc| fiioio& _bi `yzzift p|ptia lp yfpypthlfhjci

ezma jmtb h elfhf`lhc hfo h xyhclt| ~izp~i`tlui&

_bi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop tbi emccm{lfk7

@mfthlf kmuizfaift eyfolfk hfo lfptltytlmfhc ir~ifpip4

Ypi oleeiziftlhtlmf tm la~zmui ^PI xyhclt| hfo h`bliui elfhf`lhc pypthlfhjlclt|4

If`myzhki hfo zi{hzo xyhclt|4

Ziulpi zipihz`b eyfolfk ptzy`tyzip4

Ahlfthlf tbi `yzzift muizhcc `h~ mf tyltlmf!eii lf`zihpip# jyt pla~cle| tbi ezhai{mzd4

Zi!iuhcyhti ptyoift elfhf`lhc hpplpthfì4 hfo

Kifizhti `mpt ieel`lif`lip j|# emz irha~ci# lftikzhtlfk hoalflptzhtlui hfo

jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp&

@mfthlf Kmuizfaift Eyfolfk hfo Lfptltytlmfhc Ir~ifpip7 [i zi`maaifo tbht

kmuizfaift eyfolfk ji `mfptzhlfio tm lf`zihpip me 8&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz tm :>8;‐82&

_blp {lcc fmt dii~ ~hì {ltb ~zmgi`tio ifzmcaift kzm{tb me 8&; ~iz ìft# fmz {ltb tbi

kifizhc zhti me lfechtlmf# fiuiz alfo tbi lfptltytlmfp“ blptmzl`hc lftizfhc zhtip me lfechtlmf#

pm Mfthzlm“p ^PI lfptltytlmfp {lcc fiio tm elfo ieel`lif`lip tm ~zipizui# le fmt ifbhfì#

xyhclt|& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco {mzd {ltb tbi lfptltytlmfp tm hclkf jhzkhlfio `ma~ifphtlmf

lf`zihpip {ltb amzi ziìft pittciaift tzifop lf tbi J^P&

Lf`zihpi Oleeiziftlhtlmf tbzmykb Ipthjclpblfk Ahfohti Hkziiaiftp7 Mfthzlm“p ~yjcl`yfluizplt| hfo `mcciki p|ptia {hp chzkic| ipthjclpbio j| tbi chti 8<5>p& Plfì tbif# tbi

`mccikip“ ahfohti bhp iumcuio tm lf`cyoi pmai oikzii!kzhftlfk ~m{izp# jcyzzlfk tbi mzlklfhc

zhtlmfhci emz tbi `mcciki p|ptia& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco# j| :>8:‐80# ipthjclpb ahfohti

hkziiaiftp {ltb yfluizpltlip hfo `mccikip tbht ~zmuloi amzi oleeiziftlhtlmf hfo alflalwi

oy~cl`htlmf4 tbipi pbmyco ji la~ciaiftio jiklfflfk lf :>80‐8?& J| alflalwlfk oy~cl`htlmf me

~zmkzhap# oleeiziftlhtlmf `hf zioyì lfieel`lif`lip hfo zihclwi `mpt phulfkp& _bi kmuizfaift

pbmyco piid houlì ezma iltbiz h jcyi!zljjmf ~hfic mz tbi Blkbiz Ioy`htlmf Xyhclt| @myf`lc

me Mfthzlm tm bic~ `bmmpi tbi blkbipt!xyhclt| ~zmkzhap emz ir~hfplmf&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

09

_bi olulplmf me zmcip jit{iif tbi `mcciki hfo yfluizplt| p|ptiap pbmyco lf`cyoi tbi

emccm{lfk eihtyzip7

Hetiz t{m |ihzp me ptyo|# `mcciki ptyoiftp {bm aiit p~i`lel` h`hoial` h`bliuiaift `zltizlh

pbmyco ji hjci tm tzhfpeiz lftm tbi yfluizplt| p|ptia4

@mccikip pbmyco fmt ji kzhftio hf| fi{ oikzii ~zmkzhap# jyt irlptlfk ~zmkzhap pbmyco

ji kzhfoehtbizio4

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco h~~zmui fm fi{ ^PI ~zmkzhap yftlc irlptlfk ~zmkzhap hzi

zhtlmfhclwio hfo ahfohti hkziiaiftp `ma~citio4

Fm fi{ ~zmeipplmfhc hfo p~i`lhclwio ~zmkzhap pbmyco ji h~~zmuio {ltbmyt h `ma~icclfk

jyplfipp `hpi4 hfo

_bi @mccikip me H~~clio Hztp hfo _i`bfmcmk| pbmyco {mzd {ltb tbi @mcciki me _zhoip tm

m~tlalwi tbi oicluiz| me h~~ziftlì tzhlflfk lf fmf!oikzii ~zmkzhap&

If`myzhki hfo Zi{hzo Xyhclt|7 Ptyoiftp hzi olpphtlpelio {ltb chzki `chpp plwip hfo

lfhoixyhti cljzhz| eh`lcltlip# hamfk mtbiz tblfkp& Elui p~i`lel` hzihp pbmyco ji hoozippio7

Zipmyzìp hfo zi{hzop pbmyco ji ziem`ypio tm{hzop tih`blfk7 ^mpt!pi`mfohz|

ioy`htlmf lfptltytlmfp pbmyco oiumti amzi zipmyzìp tm ir~izlifì!jhpio cihzflfk py`b

hp lftizfpbl~p# hccm{ emz amzi lfoi~ifoift ptyo|# oiuicm~ ~zmjcia!jhpio cihzflfk hfo

lf`zihpi ptyo| hjzmho& Yfluizpltlip pbmyco ji if`myzhkio tm lf`cyoi lf tbilz `mcci`tlui

hkziiaiftp ecirljci ~zmulplmfp {ltb eh`yct| zikhzolfk tih`blfk hfo zipihz`b {mzdcmhop&

_m~!~izemzalfk tih`bizp hfo zipihz`bizp pbmyco ji zi`mkflwio {ltb tbi h~~zm~zlhti

{mzdcmhop hfo zi{hzop& Iciuif Mfthzlm yfluizpltlip hcziho| bhui py`b ecirljlclt|4 mtbizppbmyco emccm{& Lfptltytlmfp pbmyco zioiplkf lfìftlui p|ptiap tm zi{hzo irìccift tih`bizp#

hp tbi| om fm{ emz zipihz`bizp&

Ziem`yp ~zmulf`lhc eyfolfk tm zi{hzo tih`blfk irìccifì7 ^zmulf`lhc eyfolfk

hccm`htlmfp pbmyco ji clfdio tm xyhclt| mjgi`tluip# hfo tbi eyfolfk amoic pbmyco zi{hzo

oikziip h{hzoio zhtbiz tbhf gypt ifzmcaift ciuicp& Kmuizfaift hfo ^PI lfptltytlmfp

pbmyco {mzd tm ifpyzi tbht tbi `h~h`lt| tm lftikzhti loihp hfo `zihti lffmuhtlui pmcytlmfp

tm ~zmjciap lp ht tbi bihzt me tbi blkbiz ioy`htlmf ir~izlifì& _blp {lcc ji `zltl`hc tm tbi

i`mfmal` hfo pm`lhc py`ìpp me Mfthzlm# lf hf i`mfma| {bizi kzhoyhtip {lcc ji {mzdlfk

muiz tbilz `hziiz lf {h|p tbht `hffmt iuif ji lahklfio fm{&



05

Ahfohti hkziiaiftp pbmyco lf`cyoi ìzthlf xyhclt| lfol`htmzp7 ^zmkzipp bhp jiif

ahoi lf ipthjclpblfk `maamf lfol`htmzp# py`b hp tbi ypi me tbi `ziolt tzhfpeiz p|ptia#

~hztl`l~htlmf zhtip me yfoiz!zi~zipiftio `maayfltlip# p~hì ytlclwhtlmf hfo `chpp plwi&

Myt`mai lfol`htmzp py`b hp ptyoift phtlpeh`tlmf# kzhoyhtlmf zhtip hfo ~mpt!kzhoyhtlmf

ia~cm|aift hzi hcpm ypio& Bm{iuiz# tbi yfoizc|lfk aihpyzip ypio tm lfol`hti tbi xyhclt|

me tbi cihzflfk ifulzmfaift pbmyco ji ifbhfìo emz jmtb yfluizpltlip hfo `mccikip&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco hcpm {mzd {ltb ~zluhti `hziiz `mccikip tm `mcci`t hfo ~yjclpb tbi

phai ~izemzahfì lfol`htmzp hp ~yjcl` `mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip& Eyfolfk pbmyco ji tlio

tm lfol`htmzp me cihzflfk myt`maip&

Ziulpi zipihz`b eyfolfk ptzy`tyzip7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco iuhcyhti tbi zipihz`b

eyfolfk p|ptia me ^PI lfptltytlmfp hfo zipihz`b bmp~lthcp hp h {bmci& _bi eioizhc

kmuizfaift# {bl`b tm ltp `ziolt ~zma~tio tbi pyzki lf yfluizplt|!jhpio zipihz`b# omip fmt

`muiz hcc hppm`lhtio zipihz`b `mptp# pm yfluizpltlip `zmpp!pyjplolwi zipihz`b ezma mtbiz

pmyzìp& _bizi pbmyco hcpm ji hf hfhc|plp me `maaiz`lhclwhtlmf myt`maip me zipihz`b hfooiuicm~aift lfuiptaiftp# {bl`b lp uiz| {ihd& _bi @maalpplmf piip kziht uhcyi lf tbi

Ihzc| Zipihz`biz H{hzop hfo Mfthzlm Zipihz`b Eyfo ‟ Zipihz`b Lfezhptzy`tyzi ~zmkzha&

Ahlfthlf `yzzift tyltlmf eii lf`zihpip jyt pla~cle| tbi ezhai{mzd7 Dii~ tbi

elui ~iz ìft ìlclfk mf muizhcc tyltlmf lf`zihpip# jyt cit lfptltytlmfp hogypt tyltlmf eiip

emz lfoluloyhc ~zmkzhap# {ltblf tbi ìlclfk&

Zi!iuhcyhti Ptyoift Elfhf`lhc Hpplpthfì7 Hf ifbhfìo p|ptia me ptyoift cmhfp aypt

h``ma~hf| tbi `yzzift tyltlmf ezhai{mzd& Bm{iuiz# hcc emzap me eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc

hpplpthfì ‟ ptyoift cmhfp# cmhf zialpplmfp# kzhftp hfo jyzphzlip# thr `zioltp# phulfkplfìftluip hfo pyaaiz ia~cm|aift pyjplolip ‟ ~zmuloi clttci amzi emz ptyoiftp ezma tbi

cm{ipt!lf`mai ehalclip tbhf tbmpi ezma tbi jipt!mee& _bi| pbmyco ji jittiz thzkitio tm cm{!

lf`mai ptyoiftp& Eyztbiz# tbizi lp ha~ci iuloifì tbht ehalc| lf`mai lp fmt tbi ampt pizlmyp

h`ìpp ~zmjcia4 tbi ch`d me h ehalc| blptmz| me `mcciki mz yfluizplt| lp tbi ampt plkflel`hft

mjpth`ci& Hoozipplfk tbi ampt h`yti h`ìpp lppyip tbif ji`maip uiz| ay`b hf lppyi emz tbi

iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| p`bmmc p|ptia# lf `mfgyf`tlmf {ltb ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp#

`maayflt| mzkhflwhtlmfp hfo jyplfippip& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ahlfthlf tbi Mfthzlm Ptyoift

H`ìpp Kyhzhftii# yfoiz {bl`b h ~mztlmf me tyltlmf ziuifyi lp pit hploi tm eyfo jyzphzlip

hfo mtbiz ptyoift hpplpthfì ~zmkzhap& [i hcpm pykkipt tbht ~zmulf`lhc tyltlmf hfo ioy`htlmf

thr `zioltp ji ~bhpio myt hfo zi~chìo {ltb y~ezmft kzhftp& [i hcpm ahdi piuizhczi`maaifohtlmfp tm zioyì `mptc| oiehyctp yfoiz tbi Mfthzlm Ptyoift Hpplpthfì ^zmkzha&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

0;

Kifizhti @mpt Ieel`lif`lip j| Lftikzhtlfk Hoalflptzhtlui hfo Jh`d!Meelì Eyf`tlmfp7

[i ahdi h uhzlit| me zi`maaifohtlmfp tbht {i tblfd `myco phui amfi| emz ^PI lfptltytlmfp&

Mfi lfumcuip `m!mzolfhtio ~yz`bhplfk& Hfmtbiz oihcp {ltb ~ifplmfp& Mfthzlm bmp~lthcp#

`mccikip# ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo tih`bizp bhui ayctl~ci ia~cm|izp# jyt mfc| mfi ~ifplmf ~chf

ih`b& Jyt tbizi hzi :< ~ifplmf ~chfp emz :0 yfluizpltlip# h uiz| ezhkaiftio hzzhfkiaift4

tbi| pbmyco ji `mfpmclohtio& Mtbiz zi`maaifohtlmfp lfumcui tbi ypi me p~hì&

_hdif tmkitbiz# tbipi ziemzap ~zipift h bmclptl` h~~zmh`b emz tbi ^PI pi`tmz& Le tbipi

aihpyzip hzi fmt ifmykb tm hccm{ tbi alflptz| tm clui {ltblf myz `h~ me 8&9 ~iz ìft hffyhc

kzm{tb# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco iclalfhti tbi 0>) Mee Mfthzlm _yltlmf kzhft& _bi kmuizfaift“p

blkbipt ~zlmzlt| pbmyco ji tm eycc| eyfo tbi m~izhtlfk kzhftp emz `mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip#

emccm{io j| `yzzift `h~lthc `maaltaiftp& _blp {lcc hccm{ ^PI lfptltytlmfp tm em`yp mf oicluizlfk

xyhclt| ioy`htlmf# {bl`b {lcc jifielt ptyoiftp&

Pm`lhc ^zmkzhapPm`lhc ~zmkzhap bic~ tbi ~zmulfì“p ampt uycfizhjci `ltlwifp& Ezma :>>> tm :>8># pm`lhc

p~ifolfk kzi{ j| hf huizhki me 5&> ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz# ahlfc| ji`hypi me lf`zihpip lf tbi t{m

ahlf ~zmkzhap me pm`lhc hpplpthfì ‟ Mfthzlm Olphjlclt| Py~~mzt ^zmkzha "MOP^, hfo

Mfthzlm [mzdp "M[,& _m zityzf tbi jyokit tm jhchfì j| :>8;‐82# {i zi`maaifo claltlfk

pm`lhc ~zmkzhap tm kzm{tb me >&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& Jmco ~mcl`| ~zip`zl~tlmfp# fi{ ~hztfizpbl~p

hfo h `mftlfylfk `maaltaift tm tzhfpemzahtlmf {lcc ji fiioio tm aiit tblp `bhccifki&

_bizi hzi t{m t|~ip me pm`lhc ~zmkzhap& _{m!tblzop me pm`lhc p~ifolfk lf :>8>‐88 {hp `hzzlio

myt tbzmykb ahfohtio hfo iftltciaift!jhpio ~zmkzhap# lf {bl`b jifieltp mz pizulì ciuicp hzipit j| ch{& _bipi lf`cyoi pm`lhc hpplpthfì hfo tbi Mfthzlm @blco Jifielt& Mtbiz ~zmkzhap hzi

olp`zitlmfhz|# pm `cliftp hzi fmt kyhzhftiio tm ziìlui tbia zlkbt h{h|& _bipi lf`cyoi py~~mzt

emz aifthc bihctb ~zmkzhap emz `blcozif hfo |mytb# oiuicm~aifthc pizulìp# `blco `hzi

pyjplolip hfo `blcobmmo oiuicm~aift ~zmkzhap& [bif `hpicmhop lf`zihpi emz pm`lhc

hpplpthfì# hf iftltciaift!jhpio ~zmkzha# pm tmm omip eyfolfk4 `cliftp hzi iftltcio tm jifieltp&

[bif oiahfo mytptzl~p py~~c| emz olp`zitlmfhz| ~zmkzhap# tbi zipyct lp h {hltlfk clpt&

Amzi ~zmkzhap pbmyco ji lftikzhtio h`zmpp oleeizift alflptzlip hfo oleeizift ciuicp me

kmuizfaift# {ltb tbi `clift“p ~izp~i`tlui ~yt elzpt& Uycfizhjci ~im~ci hfo tbilz ehalclip om fmt

`hzi {bl`b ciuic me kmuizfaift mz {bl`b alflptz| lp zip~mfpljci emz ~zmulolfk py~~mzt4 tbi| gypt

{hft bic~&



02

Jifielt ~zmkzhap hzi oicluizio tbzmykb uhzlmyp pizulì ~zmuloizp yfoiz oleeizift eyfolfk

hzzhfkiaiftp& Pm`lhc hpplpthfì lp oicluizio j| tbi ~zmulfì# ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo Elzpt Fhtlmfp#

jyt ahlfc| eyfoio j| tbi ~zmulfì& Hfo tbi Mfthzlm @blco Jifielt "M@J, lp eyfoio j| tbi

~zmulfì# jyt hoalflptizio j| tbi @hfhoh Ziuifyi Hkif`|& H ch`d me `m!mzolfhtlmf bhp

`zihtio kh~p# oy~cl`htlmf hfo blkbiz oicluiz| `mptp# pm tbmpi lf fiio aypt fhulkhti h `ma~cir

hzzh| me h`ìpp ~mlftp& ^zmkzha iclkljlclt| `zltizlh hcpm uhz|& Ahf| ~zmkzhap hzi lf`mai!tiptio4

mtbizp hzi yfluizphc4 ptlcc mtbizp oitizalfi iclkljlclt| jhpio mf h `clift“p p~i`lel` fiiop&

_blp `hf `zihti yflftifoio lfixyltlip hfo jhzzlizp tm ia~cm|aift&

_bizi lp p`m~i tm om jittiz7 lf`mai tiptlfk `hf ji ìftzhclwio hfo lf`mai uizlel`htlmf `hf

ji hytmahtio4 ~zmìpplfk h~~cl`htlmfp# iclkljlclt| hppippaift hfo ~h|aift `hf hcpm ji

hytmahtio4 hfo iclkljlclt| `zltizlh `hf ji pthfohzolwio h`zmpp plalchz ~zmkzhap tm zioyì

jhzzlizp tm ia~cm|aift&

Pmai ~mpltlui pti~p bhui jiif thdif tm pla~cle| h`ìpp tm lf`mai!tiptio ~zmkzhap&

_bi Mfthzlm Jifieltp Olzi`tmz| fm{ ~zmuloip mfi!ptm~ lfemzahtlmf mf muiz ?> ~zmkzhap hfo

thr `zioltp& Plalchzc|# tbizi lp h fi{ plfkci!{lfom{ h`ìpp tm oiuicm~aifthc pizulìp hfo

py~~mztp& _bipi aypt ji gypt tbi jiklfflfk&

Amzi ieei`tlui ~zmkzhap hfo cm{iz `mptp `hf ecm{ ezma h eycc| lftikzhtio p|ptia tbht la~zmuip

jmtb oicluiz| hfo hoalflptzhtlmf4 tblp pbmyco ifpyzi ptzmfk py~~mzt emz `cliftp ampt lf fiio&

^yzpylfk py`b h amoic aihfp tbht ohth `mcci`tlmf "{ltb eycc ~zmti`tlmf me ~izpmfhc lfemzahtlmf

hfo ~zluh`|, aypt la~zmui& Aihpyzlfk `clift myt`maip lp fiioio tm iuhcyhti ~zmkzha

ieei`tluifipp hfo tm yfoizpthfo bm{ ~zmkzhap lftizh`t&

Pm`lhc Hpplpthfì7 [i h~~zmh`bio pm`lhc hpplpthfì oleeiziftc| tbhf mtbiz ~zmkzhap

ji`hypi tbi @maalpplmf emz tbi Ziuli{ me Pm`lhc Hpplpthfì "PHZ @maalpplmf, yfoiz

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{lcc zi~mzt chtiz tblp |ihz# {icc hetiz myz {mzd lp omfi& \it ji`hypi pm`lhc hpplpthfì heei`tp

tbi ~zmulfì“p elfhfìp# {i tmm aypt ~zm~mpi zi`maaifohtlmfp& [i bhui em`ypio mf

h~~c|lfk tbi tbiaip tbht zyf tbzmykb myz zi~mzt# py`b hp h`bliulfk hoalflptzhtlui ieel`lif`|#

zhtlmfhclwlfk gyzlpol`tlmfhc muizplkbt hfo pbletlfk ezma aihpyzlfk lf~ytp tm myt`maip& J| fm

aihfp om myz zi`maaifohtlmfp hoozipp hcc hp~i`tp me pm`lhc hpplpthfì tbht {hzzhft ziemza4

mf tbht# {i oieiz tm myz `mccihkyip mf tbi PHZ @maalpplmf&

Pm`lhc hpplpthfì `mfplptp me tbi ~zmulf`lhcc| oicluizio MOP^ hfo tbi cm`hcc| oicluizio M[&

Ahlfthlflfk t{m pi~hzhti ~zmkzhap oicluizio j| t{m ciuicp me kmuizfaift lp cipp ieel`lift tbhf

h plfkci ~zmkzha hfo lt ~iz~ityhtip tbi hftlxyhtio loih tbht lfoluloyhcp {bm hzi iclkljci emz

olphjlclt| py~~mztp hzi yfia~cm|hjci& [i yzki tbi PHZ @maalpplmf tm irhalfi hctizfhtluip#

lf`cyolfk h `mfpmclohtio amoic me h plfkci# ~zmulf`lhcc| eyfoio pm`lhc hpplpthfì ~zmkzha

oicluizio ht tbi cm`hc ciuic&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

0<

Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk7 Myz {mzdemzì em`yp aihfp tbht tbi ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk

`ma~mfift me pm`lhc hpplpthfì ji`maip iuif amzi `zy`lhc& @bh~tiz <# Ia~cm|aift hfo

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hoozipp ~zmkzha muizch~ hfo cldic| ~zmoyì mtbiz jifieltp ‟ jittiz `clift pizulì hfo

myt`maip hfo ~izbh~p iuif cm{iz!`mpt ia~cm|aift pizulìp hfo zioyìo oiahfo emz

pm`lhc hpplpthfì&

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iuif eyztbiz h{h| ezma omlfk pm emz tbmpi {ltb aifthc olphjlcltlip& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco

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fiiop me tbipi lfoluloyhcp lf tbi {mzd~chì&

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j| h fhtlmfhc jhpl` lf`mai ~zmkzha lfptiho me pm`lhc hpplpthfì& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco

houm`hti emz py`b h ~zmkzha {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift hfo mtbiz ~zmulfìp&

_bi eioizhc Ia~cm|aift Lfpyzhfì "IL, ~zmkzha omip fmt aiit tbi fiiop me tbi amoizf

chjmyz ahzdit& Yfia~cm|io Mfthzlhfp om fmt ziìlui ixylthjci lf`mai py~~mzt hfo

h~~zm~zlhti tzhlflfk m~~mztyfltlip tm bic~ tbia zityzf tm tbi {mzdemzì& Hcpm# tbi lf`zihplfk

~zm~mztlmf me ~im~ci {bm hzi iltbiz fi{ {mzdizp "metif fi{ laalkzhftp, mz |myfk ~im~ci lf

fmf!pthfohzo ia~cm|aift "py`b hp ~hzt!tlai mz tia~mzhz| ia~cm|aift, om fmt xyhclt| emz IL&

_bi zi`maaifohtlmfp me tbi Am{ht @iftzi IL _hpd Emzì# le la~ciaiftio# {myco ji h

`mfploizhjci la~zmuiaift&

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/8#5?9 emz h plfkci ~hzift me mfi `blco ziìlulfk M[& _blp oi~zluip pm`lhc hpplpthfì

zi`l~liftp me tbi ampt jhpl` aihfp me `clajlfk tbi –{icehzi {hcc‑ hfo lp `myftiz~zmoy`tlui&

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mf elfolfk h gmj& _blp lp h ptzmfk olplfìftlui tm {mzd& _blzo# lf tbi yfcldic| iuift tbht eyfop om

ziahlf hetiz omlfk tbi elzpt t{m# tbi jhpl` fiiop hfo pbictiz hamyftp me pm`lhc hpplpthfì

pbmyco ji zhlpio tm elcc hf| kh~&



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@blco [icehzi7 Lf tblp `hpi# hp {ltb pm`lhc hpplpthfì# {i oieizzio tm tbi mfkmlfk {mzd me

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lftm ltp tbzii!|ihz ahfohti& Ltp zi~mztp tm ohti hzi `mfplptift {ltb myz tbiaip# jyt oihclfk {ltb

myz >&9 ~iz ìft kzm{tb `h~ ~iz |ihz {lcc fmfitbicipp ji oleel`yct& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco

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[icehzi&

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amftbc| jifielt& _bi M@J bhp tzhfpemzaio `blcozif“p jifieltp j| ~zmulolfk py~~mzt tm hcc

cm{! tm amoizhti!lf`mai ehalclip {ltb `blcozif yfoiz 82# ahdlfk lt ihpliz emz ~hziftp tm amui

ezma pm`lhc hpplpthfì tm ia~cm|aift& _blp lp `maaifohjci lf tizap me bic~lfk tm ziamui tbi

–{icehzi {hcc#‑ jyt {i fmti tbht tbi :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit `maalttio tbi kmuizfaift tm zhlplfk

tbi ahrlaya M@J tm /8#08># ht h `mpt me /:?9 alcclmf ~iz |ihz& _blp zyfp `myftiz tm myz

zi`maaifohtlmf tbht hf| phulfkp ezma zioy`lfk p~ifolfk jicm{ tbi >&9 ~iz ìft kzm{tb zhti#le h`bliuio# pbmyco ji olzi`tio tm p~i`lel` pm`lhc hpplpthfì aihpyzip4 tbi `yzzift M@J

ahrlaya pbmyco ji zithlfio&

Mtbiz Pm`lhc ^zmkzhap7 Olp`zitlmfhz| pm`lhc ~zmkzhap hzi muizpiif j| ahf| alflptzlip hfo

J^P ~hztfizp {ltb uhz|lfk ciuicp me `h~h`lt|& _bizi hzi `maamf tzifop7 tbi ~zmulfì eyfop

ampt pizulìp4 tbi ~zmulfì bhp ziìftc| thdif mf amzi eyfolfk zip~mfpljlclt| ezma

ayfl`l~hcltlip "i&k&# pm`lhc hpplpthfì, hfo tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift "i&k&# pti~~lfk lf {bif

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fiiop tm ji omfi4 hfo {hlt!clptp ptlcc irlpt emz ampt pizulìp lf ampt ~zmkzhap& Plfì tbi

~zmulfì ~zmuloip ampt me tbi eyfolfk# lt aypt ciho `bhfki lf tbipi ~zmkzhap&

@blcozif“p Aifthc Bihctb Pizulìp7 _bi ciklpchtyzi“p Pici`t @maalttii mf Aifthc Bihctb

hfo Hool`tlmfp bhp fmtio tbht pizulìp hzi oicluizio h`zmpp piuizhc alflptzlip hfo meeizio lf

ahf| `hzi pittlfkp& _bi kmuizfaift bhp thdif pti~p tm zioyì tblp ezhkaifthtlmf& Lt pbmyco

eyztbiz lftikzhti `blco hfo |mytb aifthc bihctb pizulìp&

@blcozif“p Pizulìp Lftikzhtlmf7 Kzihtiz lftikzhtlmf me pizulìp emz `blcozif hfo |mytb pbmyco

ji ir~hfoio ji|mfo aifthc bihctb& Hp {ltb tbi hclkfaift me mtbiz pizulìp# `m!m~izhtlmf

h`zmpp alflptzlip hfo {ltb mtbiz ciuicp me kmuizfaift "~hztl`ychzc| ht tbi ayfl`l~hc ciuic,

{lcc ji di|&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

?8

Oiuicm~aifthc Pizulìp7 Ziìft ciklpchtlmf zi`mkflwip jmtb tbht lfoluloyhcp {ltb h

oiuicm~aifthc olphjlclt| `hf# {ltb h~~zm~zlhti py~~mztp# clui lfoi~ifoiftc| hfo tbht tbi| hfo

tbilz ehalclip {hft amzi `bmlì hfo ecirljlclt| lf `bmmplfk tbmpi py~~mztp& Pbletlfk eyfolfk tm

`cliftp `myco ~zmamti h amzi `ma~itltlui h~~zmh`b tm ~zmulolfk py~~mztp jhpio mf lfoluloyhc

oiahfo& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco `mfpmclohti ltp eyfolfk emz `maayflt|!jhpio py~~mzt

~zmkzhap lftm h plfkci olzi`t eyfolfk ~zmkzha&

\mytb Gyptlì7 [bizi irìpp `h~h`lt| lf |mytb gyptlì eh`lcltlip `hf ji oiamfptzhtio hfo h

amzi ieel`lift m~tlmf irlptp# ptzhtikl` `cmpyzip pbmyco m``yz&

@mftzljytlmfp me tbi Fmf!^zmelt Pi`tmz7 _bi fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz h``myftp emz :&9 ~iz ìft

me KO^# ia~cm|p 5>>#>>> ~im~ci hfo bhp muiz elui alcclmf umcyftiizp& Ampt Mfthzlm fmf!~zmelt

mzkhflwhtlmfp hzi zyf iftlzic| j| umcyftiizp& _bipi mzkhflwhtlmfp pbmyco `mftlfyi tm kit

eyfolfk# jyt tbi p|ptia pbmyco ji amzi ecirljci hfo {mzd tm zioyì hoalflptzhtlui `mptp

j| aihpyzlfk myt`maip zhtbiz tbhf lf~ytp& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco hcpm ji`mai amzi

zip~mfplui tm tbi fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz4 h plfkci {lfom{ tbzmykb {bl`b fmf!~zmeltp `myco ifkhki hcc

kmuizfaift alflptzlip {myco bic~&

Pm`lhc La~h`t Jmfop "PLJp,7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco ypi ~lcmt ~zmgi`tp tm hppipp tbi

ypieycfipp me PLJp# {bl`b bic~ zioyì elp`hc ~zippyzip mf kmuizfaift& [blci PLJp bhui

`bhccifkip# tbi| hcpm meeiz m~~mztyfltlip emz jittiz hfo amzi `mpt!ieei`tlui pm`lhc myt`maip&

Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk Pizulìp

Ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap `hf ji hf la~mzthft tmmc tm bic~ ixyl~ {mzdizp {ltb tbipdlccp tbi| fiio emz tbi huhlchjci gmjp& Pmai kzmy~p lf ~hztl`ychz ptzykkci lf tbi gmj ahzdit ‟

|mytb# ziìft laalkzhftp# Hjmzlklfhcp# chlo!mee mcoiz {mzdizp# plfkci amtbizp {ltb |myfk

`blcozif hfo ~izpmfp {ltb olphjlcltlip& Irlptlfk ~zmkzhap fiio plkflel`hft la~zmuiaift tm

ahrlalwi tbi ~hztl`l~htlmf me hcc {mzdlfk!hki Mfthzlhfp&

Mfthzlm meeizp h zhfki me ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp& _bi Alflptz| me _zhlflfk# @mccikip

hfo Yfluizpltlip "A_@Y, hoalflptizp ampt me tbipi tbzmykb IM# {bl`b pizuip ia~cm|izp#

chlo!mee {mzdizp# h~~ziftlìp# mcoiz {mzdizp# fi{`maizp hfo |mytb& _bi Alflptz| me @maayflt|

hfo Pm`lhc Pizulìp "A@PP, py~~mztp pm`lhc hpplpthfì `cliftp tbzmykb tbi MOP^ hfo M[&

_bi Alflptz| me @ltlwifpbl~ hfo Laalkzhtlmf "A@L, meeizp ia~cm|aift ~zmkzhap tm laalkzhftp&_bizi lp hcpm lfolzi`t py~~mzt emz tzhlflfk tbzmykb thr `zioltp&



?:

[ltb pm ahf| pizulìp ~zmuloio j| pm ahf| alflptzlip# `cihz m~~mztyfltlip irlpt tm la~zmui

ieel`lif`| hfo xyhclt|& _bi fi{ Ia~cm|aift Pizulì "IP,# h –mfi!ptm~ pbm~‑ meeizlfk h eycc

zhfki me ia~cm|aift py~~mzt pizulìp# lp h pti~ lf tblp olzi`tlmf& _bi IM pbmyco eyztbiz

ptzihaclfi ltp pizulìp emz `cliftp {bm fiio clttci lftizuiftlmf# pm lt `hf em`yp mf tbi amzi

lftifplui lftizuiftlmfp fiioio j| mtbizp& Mtbiz alflptzlip hcpm meeiz ia~cm|aift hfo

tzhlflfk pizulìp tbht pbmyco ji lftikzhtio {ltb IM&

_bi eioizhc kmuizfaift ~zmuloip plkflel`hft hffyhc eyfolfk tm Mfthzlm tbzmykb eioizhc!

~zmulf`lhc chjmyz!ahzdit hkziiaiftp# ih`b {ltb ltp m{f zixylziaiftp emz `clift iclkljlclt|#

~zmkzha oiplkf# zi~mztlfk hfo h``myfthjlclt|& _bi ~ht`b{mzd me py`b hkziiaiftp cihop

tm ezhkaiftio hfo olptmztio ~mcl`|!ahdlfk& _bizi hzi hcpm eioizhcc| eyfoio hfo oicluizio

ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap emz |mytb# ~izpmfp {ltb olphjlcltlip hfo Hjmzlklfhcp tbht

hzi fmt ~hzt me irlptlfk jlchtizhc hkziiaiftp& _blp `zihtip hoalflptzhtlui lfieel`lif`lip hfo

`mfeyplmf emz ~mtiftlhc `cliftp& Plfì ahf| me tbipi hkziiaiftp hzi hjmyt tm ir~lzi# tbi

m~~mztyflt| lp zl~i emz h plfkci fi{ hzzhfkiaift tbht pbmyco oiumcui hcc ziahlflfk tzhlflfkzip~mfpljlclt|# p~i`lel`hcc| emz |mytb hfo ~izpmfp {ltb olphjlcltlip# tm tbi ~zmulfì& _blp {myco

~zmuloi Mfthzlm {ltb pyeel`lift ecirljlclt| tm eycc| lftikzhti tbipi pizulìp yfoiz tbi IM jhffiz#

zip~mfo tm ltp ecylo chjmyz!ahzdit fiiop hfo lffmuhti yplfk pahcc!p`hci ~lcmt ~zmgi`tp&

Oip~lti tbi ahf| ~zmkzhap# tbizi lp fm `mbizift ptzhtik| jhpio mf `cihz thzkitp hfo

~izemzahfì aihpyzip clfdio tm myt`maip& Chjmyz!ahzdit lfemzahtlmf fiiop la~zmuiaift&

Zhtbiz tbhf gypt `myft tbi `cliftp lt pizuip# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco tzh`d myt`maip ‟

olo `cliftp kit gmjp# hfo emz bm{ cmfk hfo ht {bht {hkip= Hcpm# tbi ~zmulfì fiiop jittiz

ohth pm lt `hf jittiz thzkit chjmyz!ahzdit ~zmkzhap&

Lf 8<<?# :9 [mzdemzì ^chfflfk Jmhzop {izi ipthjclpbio tm la~zmui chjmyz!ahzdit `mfoltlmfp

ht tbi `maayflt| ciuic# jyt `mftzmc ziahlfio ht tbi A_@Y biho meelì& _bilz muizplkbt lp fm{

jilfk tzhfpeizzio tm ziklmfhc meelìp ‟ h ~mpltlui elzpt pti~ tbht {lcc ~zmamti ptzmfkiz cm`hc

clfdp& _bi jmhzop pbmyco if`myzhki ia~cm|izp lf tbilz ziklmfp tm lfuipt amzi lf {mzd~chì!

jhpio tzhlflfk# hf hzih lf {bl`b ampt fm{ ehcc pbmzt `ma~hzio tm lftizfhtlmfhc `ma~itltmzp&

Uhzlmyp alflptzlip zyf i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift ~zmkzhap tbht lf`cyoi h tzhlflfk `ma~mfift&

_bipi ~zmkzhap chzkic| eyf`tlmf pi~hzhtic| ezma IM# {bl`b zifoizp tbia cipp ieei`tlui&

Ptzmfkiz clfdp hzi fiioio# ip~i`lhcc| emz py`b lfltlhtluip hp tbi Zlfk me Elzi&

Mfthzlm“p h~~ziftlìpbl~ p|ptia meeizp ~zmkzhap emz amzi tbhf 89> tzhoip hfo m``y~htlmfp&

Lf :>8># Mfthzlm ipthjclpbio tbi @mcciki me _zhoip tm amoizflwi tbi h~~ziftlìpbl~ hfo pdlccio

tzhoip p|ptia& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco pblet zip~mfpljlclt| emz hcc h~~ziftlìpbl~ hoalflptzhtlmf tm

mtbiz ~ch|izp lf tbi pi`tmz& Eyf`tlmfp zichtio tm tbi hoalflptzhtlmf me h~~ziftlìpbl~ `chppzmma

tzhlflfk pbmyco ji kluif tm `mccikip hfo yflmf tzhlflfk ìftzip& Hcc mtbiz hoalflptzhtlui

zip~mfpljlcltlip emz h~~ziftlìpbl~p pbmyco ji tzhfpeizzio tm tbi @mcciki me _zhoip&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

?0

Laalkzhtlmf

Ji`hypi Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf lp hklfk hfo eiztlclt| zhtip hzi cm{# laalkzhftp h``myft emz h

zlplfk ~zm~mztlmf me ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb4 {ltblf tblp oi`hoi# hcc fit kzm{tb lf tbi {mzdlfk!hki

~m~ychtlmf {lcc `mai ezma laalkzhtlmf& _blp ahttizp ji`hypi py`ìppeyc laalkzhftp `hf

`mftzljyti pyjpthftlhcc| tm{hzop ptzmfk chjmyz!emzì kzm{tb# {bl`b lf tyzf ifbhfìp Mfthzlm“p

~mtiftlhc i`mfmal` kzm{tb zhti& Le laalkzhftp `hffmt ypi tbilz pdlccp hfo ioy`htlmf# bm{iuiz#

tbilz `mftzljytlmf tm tbi i`mfma| `hffmt ji eycc| th~~io& _blp lp bh~~iflfk4 i`mfmal`

myt`maip emz ziìft laalkzhftp bhui oitizlmzhtio muiz tbi ~hpt t{m oi`hoip&

Hf| ~zmelci me laalkzhftp tm Mfthzlm ~zipiftp fikhtluip hfo ~mpltluip& Ziìft laalkzhftp bhui

ehzio cipp {icc tbhf ihzcliz `mbmztp lf tbi chjmyz ahzdit& Laalkzhftp hzi jittiz ioy`htio tbhf

~im~ci jmzf lf @hfhoh# jyt ziìft laalkzhftp“ ihzflfkp hzi {icc jicm{ tbmpi me @hfholhf!

jmzf `ltlwifp hfo tbi ihzflfkp kh~ bhp jiif kzm{lfk& Ziìft laalkzhftp hzi hcpm amzi cldic|

tm clui lf ~muizt|& _bi fyajiz me ulpljci alfmzlt| laalkzhftp lf Mfthzlm lp kzm{lfk hfo tbi| hziamzi cldic| tm clui lf ~muizt| emz cmfkiz tbhf mfi |ihz&

H di| ~zmjcia emz ~mcl`| lp tbht ahf| me tbi `zltl`hc ciuizp me laalkzhtlmf cli {ltb tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift# {bmpi ziìft ~mcl`lip bhui {mzdio tm Mfthzlm“p olphouhfthki& Lt lp tzyi tbht ehptiz

i`mfmal` kzm{tb lf mtbiz ~zmulfìp bhp ~ch|io h zmci lf cyzlfk amzi laalkzhftp tm mtbiz ~hztp

me @hfhoh# jyt `bhfkip tm eioizhc laalkzhtlmf ~mcl`| bhui hcpm zioyìo tbi fyajiz me

I`mfmal` @chpp laalkzhftp# ip~i`lhcc| tbmpi lf tbi Eioizhc Pdlccio [mzdiz "EP[, kzmy~&

Blptmzl`hcc|# Mfthzlm bhp ziclio mf py`b blkbc| ioy`htio laalkzhftp {ltb pmclo chfkyhki pdlccp#

{bm tifo tm ji tbi ampt py`ìppeyc# jyt eioizhc ~mcl`| bhp if`myzhkio h pblet lf Mfthzlm“p alr

tm{hzop h blkbiz ~zm~mztlmf me Ehalc| @chpp hfo Zieykii laalkzhftp&

Lt lp ulthc tbht tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift oiuicm~ ‟ hfo ~zipift tm tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift ‟

h ptzmfkiz ~mpltlmf jhpio mf tbi ~zmulfì“p jipt i`mfmal` hfo pm`lhc lftiziptp# {bl`b {myco

lf`cyoi h kzihtiz ~zmulf`lhc ph| lf laalkzhft pici`tlmf& Mfthzlm pbmyco ~izplpt lf ltp ieemztp tm

lf`zihpi tbi fyajiz me EP[ laalkzhftp# hp tbilz ihzflfkp kzm{ ehptiz tbhf tbmpi iftizlfk

yfoiz tbi ^zmulf`lhc Fmalfii ^zmkzha "^F^,& Jhzzlfk ~zmkzipp mf tblp ezmft# Mfthzlm pbmyco

houm`hti emz ir~hfplmf me ltp ^F^&

Zieykiip zixylzi p~i`lhc httiftlmf& _bi| ir~izlifì ay`b blkbiz zhtip me yfia~cm|aift#

~hzt!tlai ia~cm|aift hfo tia~mzhz| ia~cm|aift tbhf om ~im~ci jmzf bizi& Zieykiip hfozieykii `chlahftp bhui `ma~cir fiiop hfo ahf| fiio pm`lhc hpplpthfì# h plwhjci `mpt emz

pm`lit| hfo tbi ~zmulf`lhc tzihpyz|& Mfthzlm pbmyco ~zipp tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm

`ma~ifphti tbi ~zmulfì emz tbipi `mptp&



??

Muiz tbi ~hpt oi`hoi# tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift bhp ahoi plkflel`hft lfuiptaiftp lf ~zmkzhap

hfo pizulìp h`zmpp Mfthzlm tm bic~ fi{`maizp pittci# kit chfkyhki tzhlflfk# hfo ji`mai

gmj!ziho| hfo clìfpio lf tbilz elico& _bipi pbmyco ji lftikzhtio {ltb `ma~ciaifthz| pizulìp

hcziho| meeizio tbzmykb IM# hfo `hzzlio myt `hzieycc|# tm ifpyzi fm ozm~ lf pizulì xyhclt|

oyzlfk tbi tzhfpltlmf&

_bi elzpt eioizhc‐Mfthzlm laalkzhtlmf hkziiaift lf :>>9 ~zmuloio fi{ eyfop tm bic~

fi{`maizp pittci hfo la~zmui tbilz chfkyhki pdlccp& Jyt tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp fmt di~t

ltp `maaltaift tm p~ifo hcc tbi eyfolfk hccm`htio tm Mfthzlm4 tm ohti# tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift

bhp yfoizp~ift ltp `maaltaift j| muiz /::> alcclmf& Mfthzlm pbmyco ~ypb emz kzihtiz ~mcl`|

`mftzmc hfo eycc eyfolfk py~~mzt emz laalkzhft pittciaift hfo lftikzhtlmf tbzmykb tbi firt

@hfhoh‐Mfthzlm Laalkzhtlmf Hkziiaift& Mfthzlm pbmyco jylco h jyplfipp `hpi emz oiumculfk

eioizhc laalkzhft pittciaift hfo tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap tm tbi ~zmulfì {ltb hf h~~zm~zlhti eyfolfk

ai`bhflpa# plalchz tm tbmpi ipthjclpbio lf Jzltlpb @mcyajlh# Ahfltmjh hfo Xyiji`&

Jyplfipp Py~~mztp

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco zitblfd hfo zipit ltp jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap& Ht h tlai {bif

tbi i`mfma| ehìp plkflel`hft `bhccifkip# Mfthzlm bhp t{m `zltl`hcc| la~mzthft hppitp tbht

py~~mzt i`mfmal` kzm{tb7 mfi me tbi ampt blkbc| pdlccio {mzdemzìp lf tbi {mzco hfo hf

lftizfhtlmfhcc| `ma~itltlui thr ziklai& Ziìft thr ziemzap hcmfi bhui phuio jyplfipp amzi

tbhf /2 jlcclmf lf hffyhc thrip&

Mfthzlm bhp a|zlho ~zmkzhap tm py~~mzt jyplfipp lfuiptaift& Lf tbi chtipt |ihz# tbi

kmuizfaift p~ift gypt muiz /8&0 jlcclmf olzi`tc| tm bic~ jyplfippip tbzmykb ?? ~zmkzhaph`zmpp flfi alflptzlip hfo ~zmuloio hfmtbiz /:&0 jlcclmf me lfolzi`t py~~mzt tbzmykb thr

ir~ifoltyzip# lf`cyolfk thr `zioltp tbht {izi lftzmoyìo {bif `mz~mzhti lf`mai thr "@L_, zhtip

{izi blkb# jyt zithlfio iuif hetiz @L_ zhtip eicc plkflel`hftc|& Ia~lzl`hc iuloifì pykkiptp tbht

jyplfipp pyjplolip bhui omfi clttci tm zhlpi clulfk pthfohzop hfo `hf olptmzt jyplfipp oi`lplmfp

tm tbi ~mlft {bizi tbi| hzi fm cmfkiz jhpio mf pmyfo i`mfmal` `zltizlh mz zixylzi h

zihpmfhjci oikzii me ~zluhti zlpd&

Mfthzlm“p bmoki~moki me olzi`t hfo lfolzi`t ~zmkzhap lp ezhkaiftio hfo ch`dp `cihz hfo

`mbizift mjgi`tluip& Hp ohth mf myt`maip hzi metif ~mmz hfo lf`mfplptift# lt lp yf`cihz

{bitbiz tbi ~zmkzhap hzi h`bliulfk hf| i`mfmal` jifieltp emz Mfthzlm& Le {i {izi tm oiplkf

jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap ezma p`zht`b# tbi| {myco fmt cmmd cldi {bht {i bhui fm{&

[i `hf iltbiz ziptzy`tyzi tbi irlptlfk ~zmkzhap mz pthzt muiz& _bi pi`mfo m~tlmf lp tbi

jittiz {h| emz{hzo&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

?9

H fi{ jyplfipp py~~mzt ezhai{mzd pbmyco ji jylct mf elui ~mcl`| ~lcchzp7

H ziem`ypio ahfohti7 _bi em`yp me jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap pbmyco pblet ezma gmj

`zihtlmf tm ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb&

@mfpmclohtio eyfolfk7 Alflptzlip pbmyco ahfhki h ~mmcio ifuicm~i me olzi`t hfo

lfolzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt# elfhfìo j| ifolfk hcc olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap j|

Ahz& 08# :>80& [i jicliui tbi `yzzift ciuic me olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt `myco ji zioyìo j|

ht cihpt mfi!tblzo&

Ziulpio thr ir~ifoltyzip7 _hr ir~ifoltyzip ‟ py`b hp zieyfohjci hfo fmf!zieyfohjci

`mz~mzhti lf`mai thr `zioltp hfo thr oioy`tlmfp mz iria~tlmfp ‟ hzi h emza me p~ifolfk

tbzmykb tbi thr p|ptia& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco pyfpit hcc zieyfohjci thr `zioltp hp me

Ahz& 08# :>80# hfo tbif ziului tbi ypieyc mfip tbzmykb tbi plfkci ifuicm~i emz jyplfipp

py~~mzt ~zmkzhap& _bi Mfthzlm Pahcc Jyplfipp Oioy`tlmf "PJO, pbmyco ji claltio tm

pahcc jyplfippip# hp lp tbi ~zh`tlì eioizhcc| hfo lf hcc mtbiz ~zmulfìp&

Lftikzhtio oicluiz|7 H amzi ypiz!ezlifoc| –mfi!{lfom{‑ ~mzthc {myco ahdi lt ihpliz emz

elzap# `maayfltlip hfo lfoluloyhcp tm h`ìpp lfemzahtlmf hjmyt hcc ~zmulf`lhc i`mfmal`

oiuicm~aift ~zmkzhap# ~mcl`lip hfo pizulìp&

Ptzifktbifio h``myfthjlclt| hfo tzhfp~hzif`|7 Jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap aypt ji

pyjgi`t tm zlkmzmyp iuhcyhtlmf tbht clfdp ~yjcl` ir~ifoltyzip tm fi{# lf`ziaifthc h`tlultlip

j| jyplfipp& H emyz!|ihz pyfpit zyci pbmyco ji h~~clio tm hcc eytyzi jyplfipp py~~mzt

~zmkzhap# hfo ~zmkzhap pbmyco ji irtifoio mfc| le tbi| bhui oiamfptzhtio tbilz {mztb&

Kzihtiz tzhfp~hzif`| lp hcpm ippiftlhc& H pla~ci lfuiftmz| me olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt

~zmkzhap piiaio tm ji oleel`yct emz tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì "M^P, tm ~zmoyì&

Py`b `bhfkip pbmyco zipyct lf ptzmfkiz# amzi ~zmoy`tlui elzap ~zmoy`lfk blkbiz!uhcyi

~zmoy`tp hfo pizulìp# {blci `zihtlfk amzi blkbiz!~h|lfk# pdlccio gmjp emz Mfthzlhfp&

Lfezhptzy`tyzi# Zihc Ipthti hfo Ici`tzl`lt|

^yjcl` lfezhptzy`tyzi# {blci `mptc|# `zihtip hppitp tbht `hf la~zmui ~zmoy`tlult| "tbzmykb

p`bmmcp# emz irha~ci, hfo iltbiz `zihti zityzfp "tbzmykb kzihtiz thr ziuifyi, mz meepit eytyzi

`mptp "py`b hp tzheel` `mfkiptlmf,& H ziìft ptyo| pykkiptp tbht iuiz| omcchz lfuiptio lf

Mfthzlm“p ~yjcl` lfezhptzy`tyzi kifizhtip /8&88 lf i`mfmal` myt~yt& Mfthzlm“p elp`hc ~zmjciap

aihf tbht lt {lcc ji`mai bhzoiz tm elfhfì fi{ lfezhptzy`tyzi lfuiptaift# pm h `lulclwio

olhcmkyi mf hctizfhtlui aitbmop tm elfhfì lfezhptzy`tyzi lp fiioio&

Amzi pbmyco ji omfi tm dii~ lfezhptzy`tyzi lf kmmo `mfoltlmf& _bi ixyluhcift me hjmyt bhce

me tbi /;: jlcclmf me ayfl`l~hcc| m{fio {htiz hfo {hpti{htiz lfezhptzy`tyzi fiiop zifi{hc&

Eycc!`mpt ~zl`lfk {myco if`myzhki jmtb pthjci lfuiptaift ‟ {bl`b lp amzi ieel`lift hfo

ehlziz mf hf lftizkifizhtlmfhc jhplp ‟ hfo `mfpizuhtlmf&



?5

Yzjhf tzhfp~mzthtlmf lp h ~hztl`ychz `mfìzf& Muiz tbi firt :9 |ihzp# tbi Kzihtiz _mzmftm hfo

Bhalctmf Hzih "K_BH, lp ir~i`tio tm kzm{ ezma plr alcclmf ~im~ci tm flfi alcclmf# ixyluhcift

tm hoolfk tbi ~m~ychtlmf me Kzihtiz Amftzihc tm tbi K_BH& Ay`b me tbi ziklmf“p ~yjcl`

lfezhptzy`tyzi lp fihzlfk eycc `h~h`lt| hfo kzlocm`d lp hcziho| h ~zmjcia& ^yjcl` tzhfplt# pyzic|

~hzt me hf| pmcytlmf# {lcc ji `mptc|& _bizi bhp jiif clttci olp`ypplmf me iltbiz tbi h`tlmf fiioio

tm aiit tblp `bhccifki mz tbi `mfpixyifìp me ehlclfk tm h`t& [i `hffmt ziuli{ cmfk!tiza

~yjcl` tzhfplt eyfolfk# jyt tbizi hzi amzi laaiolhti m~~mztyfltlip4 emz irha~ci# KM _zhfplt

pbmyco `bhzki ~htzmfp emz ~hzdlfk# {bl`b lp amzi `mptc| tbhf ahf| zihclwi&

[i fiio bmfipt olp`ypplmfp mf mtbiz ziuifyi pmcytlmfp& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ~yzpyi h

fhtlmfhc tzhfplt ptzhtik| {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift# mtbiz ~zmulfìp hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip&

Kifizhc thr ziuifyip {lcc pyzic| ji ~hzt me hf| ziuifyi pmcytlmf ‟ {bitbiz eioizhc mz

~zmulf`lhc ‟ jyt tbizi hzi hctizfhtluip py`b hp `mfkiptlmf `bhzkip# `ma~zibifplui zmho tmccp#

blkb!m``y~hf`|-tmcc "BM_, chfip# ziklmfhc khp thrip hfo ~hzdlfk pyz`bhzkip&

Zihc Ipthti Lp Hfmtbiz Lppyi7 _bi kmuizfaift me Mfthzlm lp tbi chzkipt m{fiz me zihct| lf tbi

~zmulfì# {ltb h ~mztemclm {mztb hjmyt /8? jlcclmf# ay`b me lt lf meelì jylcolfkp# ghlcp# `myztp hfo

bmp~lthcp& Ampt jylcolfkp hzi mco hfo ir~ifplui tm ahlfthlf& \it alflptzlip hzi `bhzkio cipp

tbhf ahzdit zhtip emz tbilz ypi me kmuizfaift jylcolfkp4 tbi| {myco ~zmjhjc| ypi cipp p~hì

le tbi| bho tm ~h| ahzdit ~zlìp# hp tbi| pbmyco& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco hcpm `mfpmclohti ltp

zihc ipthti hfo h``maamohtlmf eyf`tlmfp lf tbi Alflptz| me Lfezhptzy`tyzi& Lf zioy`lfk ltp zihct|

emmt~zlft tbi kmuizfaift {lcc lf`zihpi ltp ~mtiftlhc tm amfitlwi ltp zihc ipthti ~mztemclm4 lt pbmyco

oiuicm~ h ptzhtikl` ~chf tm om pm&

_bi ~izemzahfì me Mfthzlm“p ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz bhp `mfploizhjci la~cl`htlmfp emz tbi ~zmulfì&_bi kmuizfaift m{fp Mfthzlm ^m{iz Kifizhtlmf "M^K, hfo B|ozm Mfi4 ltp ~zmkzhap

lf`cyoi tbi Mfthzlm @cihf Ifizk| Jifielt "M@IJ,4 ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp lfecyifì lfoyptzlhc

`ma~itltluifipp4 tbi eiio!lf thzlee "EL_, ~mcl`| lp oiplkfio tm httzh`t lfuiptaift4 hfo ici`tzl`lt|

~mcl`lip olzi`tc| heei`t tbi ifulzmfaift& Plkflel`hft ~zluhti!pi`tmz lfuiptaift bhp jiif ozluif

j| Mfthzlm ^m{iz Hytbmzlt| "M^H, `mftzh`tp# fiìpphz| ji`hypi {bmciphci ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp

{izi tmm cm{ tm `muiz tbi ~zluhti kifizhtmzp“ `mptp& Lf hooltlmf# tbi kmuizfaift“p gmj!`zihtlmf

hfo ifulzmfaifthc ~mcl`| mjgi`tluip bhui zipyctio lf tbi zi~chìaift me `mhc!elzio kifizhtlmf

{ltb `cihfiz ~m{iz pmyzìp# omaiptl`!`mftift zixylziaiftp yfoiz tbi EL_ ~zmkzha# hfo

lf`zihpio `mfpizuhtlmf ieemztp& _bipi ~mcl`lip# hcmfk {ltb tbi `mpt me zi~ch`lfk hfo

ahlfthlflfk hklfk lfezhptzy`tyzi# bhui zhlpio ici`tzl`lt| zhtip emz `mfpyaizp&

_bizi hzi piuizhc hzihp lf {bl`b tbi ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz hfo Mfthzlm“p elp`hc ~mpltlmf lftizh`t&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

?;

Olzi`t ^zmkzha hfo _hr Ir~ifoltyzip7 _bi M@IJ ~zmuloip h 8> ~iz ìft zijhti mf

ici`tzl`lt| jlccp emz ziploiftlhc# ehza hfo pahcc jyplfipp `yptmaizp# iuif tbmykb tbi

kmuizfaift h`dfm{ciokip tbht ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp {lcc `mftlfyi tm zlpi& _blp ~zmkzha olptmztp tbi

tzyi `mpt me ici`tzl`lt| hfo olp`myzhkip `mfpizuhtlmf& Hp tzmyjclfk hp tblp lp# tbi @maalpplmf

emzipiip tbht tbi p`bioycio oialpi me tblp kifizmyp lfìftlui lf :>89 {lcc `zihti h chzki ~zlì

pbm`d emz zhti~h|izp& [i {mzz| tbht hf irtifplmf me tbi M@IJ {myco zlpd Mfthzlm“p hjlclt| tm

zityzf tm h jhchfìo jyokit lf :>8;‐82& Hcpm# ziamuhc me tbi Oijt Zitlziaift @bhzki "OZ@,

ah| ji oich|io yftlc :>82& Ifolfk tbi OZ@ hfo tbi meepittlfk M@IJ ht tbi phai tlai {myco

~zmuloi h –pmet chfolfk‑ emz zhti~h|izp# jyt tblp {myco iuh~mzhti le py`b h oich| m``yzzio&

Elfhcc|# ji`hypi tbi @maalpplmf ptzmfkc| jicliuip tbi M@IJ“p /8&8 jlcclmf `myco ji ypio

amzi ieei`tluic|# tbi M@IJ pbmyco ji iclalfhtio hp xyl`dc| hp ~mppljci& Hcc mtbiz ici`tzl`lt|

pyjplolip pbmyco ji ziuli{io hp {icc&

Ici`tzl`lt| Ptzhfoio Oijt7 [bif tbi ici`tzl`lt| p|ptia {hp ziptzy`tyzio lf 8<<<# mfc| ~hzt me

Mfthzlm B|ozm“p oijt {hp py~~mztio j| tbi hppitp me ltp py`ìppmz `ma~hflip& _bi zipyct {hp/:>&< jlcclmf lf ptzhfoio oijt& _bi Mfthzlm Ici`tzl`lt| Elfhf`lhc @mz~mzhtlmf "MIE@, {hp pit y~

tm ahfhki tblp oijt hfo ìzthlf ziuifyi ptzihap {izi oiol`htio tm ~h| lt om{f& Hcpm# tbi

OZ@ ciulio mf `mfpyaizp {hp ~hzt me tblp pmcytlmf& _bi elp`hc la~h`t me tbi MIE@ ziuifyi

ptzihap lp plkflel`hft4 MIE@ ziuifyip# ir~ifpip hfo oijt hzi ~hzt me tbi ~zmulfì“p jyokit&

_bi elfhf`lhc ~izemzahfì me M^K hfo B|ozm Mfi ahttizp ji`hypi tbilz ~h|aiftp lf cliy me

thrip hfo pmai me tbilz `majlfio fit lf`mai km tm pizulì tbi MIE@ oijt& Lt lp la~izhtlui

tbht M^K hfo B|ozm Mfi ji zyf ieel`liftc| tm ahrlalwi tbilz `mftzljytlmf tm oihc {ltb tblp

cikh`| me tbi mco Mfthzlm B|ozm&

M~tlmfp tm Zioyì Cmfk!_iza Ici`tzl`lt| @mptp7 _blp zi~mzt“p ~zlf`l~cip# pit myt lf@bh~tiz 0# Myz Ahfohti hfo H~~zmh`b# `hf ji tzhfpeizzio tm tbi ici`tzl`lt| zhti jhpi& Lf tbi

ehì me ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp tbht hzi ~zmgi`tio tm zlpi j| ?5 ~iz ìft jit{iif :>8> hfo :>89# tbi

~zmulfì pbmyco piid ieel`lif`lip lf tbi pi`tmz tbht {myco bic~ pcm{ ici`tzl`lt| zhti lf`zihpip&

Ht tbi phai tlai# tbi @maalpplmf zi`mkflwip tbht hetiz pm ay`b `bhfki plfì 8<<<# h ~izlmo

me fmzahc`| ah| ji bic~eyc& @mfpixyiftc|# tbi @maalpplmf“p zi`maaifohtlmfp hzi aihft tm

jhchfì tbi fiio emz pthjlclt| {ltb tbi fiio tm `yzj `mptp& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco ~zmoyì h

oithlcio# :>!|ihz jcyi~zlft emz tbi ifizk| pi`tmz& Lt pbmyco hcpm `mfpmclohti Mfthzlm“p 2> Cm`hc

Olptzljytlmf @ma~hflip "CO@p, hcmfk ziklmfhc clfip tm `zihti i`mfmalip me p`hci4 tblp {myco

zipyct lf olzi`t phulfkp mf tbi oicluiz| ~mztlmf me tbi ici`tzl`lt| jlcc& Eyztbiz# tbi kmuizfaift

pbmyco altlkhti tbi la~h`t me tbi EL_ ~zmkzha mf ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp# elzpt j| zioy`lfk tbi lfltlhc

~zlìp meeizio lf EL_ `mftzh`tp hfo zioy`lfk tbi thzlee muiz tlai# hfo pi`mfo j| ahdlfk jittiz

ypi me –mee!zha~p‑ jylct lftm irlptlfk `mftzh`tp& Hamfk mtbiz aihpyzip# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco

piid hoalflptzhtlui ieel`lif`lip lf uhzlmyp ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz hkif`lip hfo ziptzy`tyzi tbi

{bmciphci ici`tzl`lt| ahzdit pm `mfpyaizp cm`htio `cmpiz tm kifizhtlmf pthtlmfp `hf jifielt

ezma cm{iz ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp&



?2

Ifulzmfaift hfo Fhtyzhc Zipmyzìp

Zip~mfpljlclt| emz ~zmti`tlfk tbi ~zmulfì“p ifulzmfaifthc hfo fhtyzhc bizlthki ehccp tm tbi

Alflptzlip me tbi Ifulzmfaift "AMI, hfo me Fhtyzhc Zipmyzìp "AFZ,& Ht h tlai {bif elp`hc

ziptzhlft {lcc eyztbiz ziptzl`t tbilz py~~c| me eyfop# lt piiap ìzthlf tbht oiahfo emz muizplkbt

me ifulzmfaifthc h~~zmuhcp# `ma~clhfì hfo fhtyzhc zipmyzì pti{hzopbl~ {lcc zlpi&

Myz zi`maaifohtlmfp hzi hlaio ht amzi ieei`tlui hfo ieel`lift m~izhtlmfp&

Eycc @mpt Zi`muiz| hfo Ypiz ^h|7 Eycc `mpt zi`muiz| lp fmt lf ieei`t emz hcc me tbi

kmuizfaift“p ifulzmfaifthc ~zmkzhap# hfo irlptlfk eiip om fmt dii~ ~hì {ltb tbi zlplfk

`mptp me ~zmkzha oicluiz|4 {bizi ~mppljci# tbi `mptp me tbmpi pizulìp pbmyco ji pbletio

tm tbi jifiel`lhz|& _bi [htiz @bhzkip lfltlhtlui pbmyco ji ir~hfoio ji|mfo blkb ypizp tm

aiolya! hfo cm{!`mfpya~tlmf lfoyptzlip hfo ~yt mf h eycc ypiz!~h| jhplp& _bi Zifi{hjci

Ifizk| H~~zmuhc# {bl`b `mfpmclohtip tbi zhfki me h~~zmuhcp fiioio emz zifi{hjci ifizk|

~zmgi`tp {blci zi`muizlfk hjmyt <> ~iz ìft me ltp olzi`t m~izhtlfk `mptp# lp h kmmo irha~cime h amoizf h~~zmuhc& _bi Ozlui @cihf ~zmkzha eycc| zi`muizp ltp `mptp&

Gyzlpol`tlmfhc @zm{olfk7 Eioizhc# ~zmulf`lhc hfo ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaiftp hcc pit

ifulzmfaifthc zycip# {ltb pmai muizch~& Iuif {ltblf tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift# zikychtlmfp hzi

pit j| piuizhc alflptzlip& _blp zipyctp lf lfieel`lift ypi me kmuizfaift zipmyzìp hfo `zihtip

yfìzthlft| hfo `mfeyplmf emz lfoyptz|# oiuicm~izp hfo `ltlwifp& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco {mzd

tm zhtlmfhclwi zmcip hfo zip~mfpljlcltlip tbht hzi pbhzio j| oleeizift kmuizfaiftp&

_bi H~~zmuhcp ^zmìpp7 Kzm{tb lf fhtyzhc zipmyzì irtzh`tlmf hfo ifizk| {lcc ~yt ~zippyzi

mf ~zmulf`lhc ifulzmfaifthc h~~zmuhcp hfo `ma~clhfì p|ptiap& _bi AMI ziìftc| chyf`bio hplkflel`hft tzhfpemzahtlmf me tbi ifulzmfaifthc h~~zmuhcp ~zmìpp4 lt ifbhfìp ifulzmfaifthc

~zmti`tlmf {ltb h kzihtiz em`yp mf zlpd# zip~mfop tm tbi fiiop me jyplfipp# thdip houhfthki

me `yzzift ti`bfmcmk| hfo hoozippip tbi lf`zihplfk `ma~cirlt| me `yzzift h~~zmuhcp& Eyztbiz

{mzd pbmyco ji omfi# ip~i`lhcc| lf fhtyzhc zipmyzì irtzh`tlmf&

_bi Ifulzmfaifthc Hppippaift "IH, ^zmìpp7 Ahf| ~zmgi`tp zixylzi jmtb ~zmulf`lhc

hfo eioizhc IH zixylziaiftp& _bi :>>? @hfhoh‐Mfthzlm Hkziiaift mf Ifulzmfaifthc

Hppippaift @m!m~izhtlmf lp yfoiz ziuli{# jyt ziamulfk oy~cl`htlmf ah| zixylzi fi{

ciklpchtlmf hfo jmtb kmuizfaiftp hzi zicy`thft tm klui y~ oi`lplmf!ahdlfk hytbmzlt|&

Pmai ~zmgi`tp fiio ifulzmfaifthc hfo chfo ypi h~~zmuhcp lf hooltlmf tm hf IH# tbmykb~zm~mfiftp hzi metif yfh{hzi me tblp {bif hf IH ~zmìpp jiklfp& _bi kmuizfaift

pbmyco eyztbiz ptzihaclfi tbi ~zmìpp&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

?<

^ziuiftlmf hfo ^mccytiz ^h|7 _bi Ifulzmfaifthc ^zmti`tlmf H`t kluip tbi ~zmulfì tbi

–zlkbt tm `ma~ifphtlmf‑ emz cmpp mz ohahki lf`yzzio hp h olzi`t zipyct me h p~lcc# hfo emz hcc

zihpmfhjci `mptp hfo ir~ifpip lf`yzzio emz h `cihfy~& _blp lp h ~zmjcia {bif tbi m{fiz me

h `mfthalfhtio plti `hffmt ji emyfo mz `hffmt ~h| emz tbi `cihfy~& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ~yt

amzi ia~bhplp mf ~ziuiftlmf hfo pbmyco ypi tbi ~zlf`l~ci me –~mccytiz ~h|‑ emz `mfthalfhtio

pltip4 tbi ypi me h~~zm~zlhti elfhf`lhc tmmcp# py`b hp elfhf`lhc hppyzhfì# pbmyco ji ~hzt me tblp&

Mfthzlm @cihf [htiz Hkif`| "M@[H,7 _bi M@[H# {bl`b m~izhtip ozlfdlfk {htiz hfo

{hpti{htiz p|ptiap emz muiz 8;> `cliftp# lp tbi mfc| hkif`| tbht `ma~itip lf tbi ahzdit~chì

emz ltp jyplfipp hfo ziìluip fm eyfolfk ezma kmuizfaift& Ltp `yzzift jyplfipp amoic lp fmt

pypthlfhjci mz `ma~itltlui& Lt `hffmt meeiz ltp pdlccio m~izhtmzp h~~zm~zlhti `ma~ifphtlmf# pm

ahf| hzi cihulfk& Hfo lt `hffmt h`t xyl`dc| ifmykb tm ~yzpyi cy`zhtlui jyplfipp m~~mztyfltlip&

Lt {myco {mzd jittiz hp h emz!~zmelt# {bmcc| m{fio kmuizfaift iftlt|&

Chfo Ypi ^chfflfk hfo Zipmyzì Ahfhkiaift7 _bi ahf| hkif`lip omlfk tblp {mzd lf

pmytbizf Mfthzlm pbmyco ji zhtlmfhclwio hfo `mfpmclohtio&

Zlfk me Elzi7 _blp oiuicm~aift me ahgmz alfizhc oi~mpltp lf fmztbizf Mfthzlm meeizp tbi

~zmp~i`t me pyjpthftlhc pm`lm!i`mfmal` m~~mztyfltlip emz hcc fmztbizf ziploiftp# ~hztl`ychzc|

Hjmzlklfhc îm~cip& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco `mcchjmzhti {ltb Hjmzlklfhcp# lfoyptz| hfo tbi

eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ahrlalwi tbipi m~~mztyfltlip&

Gyptlì

_bi kmuizfaift“p gyptlì alflptzlip ‟ tbi Httmzfi| Kifizhc "AHK, hfo @maayflt| Pheit|hfo @mzzi`tlmfhc Pizulìp "A@P@P, ‟ ~zmuloi ~mcl`lfk# `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp# cikhc hlo

eyfolfk# hoalflptzhtlmf me tbi `myzt p|ptiap hfo ul`tla pizulìp& _bzii ciuicp me kmuizfaift

hzi lfumcuio lf tbi iftlzi gyptlì p|ptia7 tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp gyzlpol`tlmf muiz `zlalfhc

ch{4 tbi ~zmulfì zyfp tbi `myztp hfo ~mclì pizulìp4 hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip bhfoci ayfl`l~hc

~mcl`lfk hfo ~zmpi`ytlmfp yfoiz tbi ^zmulf`lhc Meeifìp H`t& _blp aihfp `bhfkip j| mfi

kmuizfaift metif ozlui ~zmkzha `bhfkip hfo `mptp emz mtbiz kmuizfaiftp&

_bi gyptlì pi`tmz ehìp fyaizmyp elp`hc `bhccifkip7

@ma~ifphtlmf `mptp h``myft emz hjmyt ;> ~iz ìft me p~ifolfk& _bi `yzzift `mftzh`t emz tbi Mfthzlm ^zmulf`lhc ^mclì eihtyzip h {hki eziiwi lf :>8: hfo :>80# hfo hf 2&9 ~iz ìft

lf`zihpi lf :>8?4 tbi `mzzi`tlmfhc meelìzp“ `yzzift `mcci`tlui hkziiaift ir~lzip ht tbi ifo

me :>8:4

@mptp hzi zlplfk emz `yptmo| ziahfo ‟ ~im~ci bico lf `yptmo| {blci h{hltlfk tzlhc& _bizi

hzi fm{ t{lì hp ahf| ~im~ci mf ziahfo hp tbizi hzi piftifìo meeifoizp4



9>

Hklfk lfezhptzy`tyzi lp oitizlmzhtlfk4 88; `myztbmypip hfo eh`lcltlip fiio zifi{hc

mz zi~chìaift4

_bi eioizhc kmuizfaift“p mafljyp `zlai jlcc ~zmuloip emz tmykbiz piftifìp hfo

ahfohtmz| ghlc tlai& _blp {lcc `mpt Mfthzlm ht cihpt /:: alcclmf ~iz |ihz# ~zmjhjc|

ay`b amzi4 hfo _bi ~yjcl` ir~i`tp amzi me tbi gyptlì p|ptia tbhf lt ~ziulmypc| olo& Lfuiptlkhtlmfp lftm

mzkhflwio `zlai# khfkp hfo Lftizfit `zlai hzi lf`zihplfkc| `ma~cir hfo zixylzi plkflel`hft

zipmyzìp& _bi ehalc| `myzt {mzdcmho bhp hcpm ji`mai bihuliz hp h zipyct me lf`zihpio

`blco ~zmti`tlmf lfltlhtluip& Amzimuiz# `hthptzm~bl` iuiftp py`b hp tbi <‐88 tizzmzlpt htth`dp

lf :>>8 bhui kifizhtio kzihtiz ~yjcl` em`yp mf iaizkif`| ahfhkiaift&

_bi gyptlì pi`tmz {lcc fiio tm tzhfpemza ltp pizulì oicluiz| hfo elfo ieel`lif`lip {blci ifpyzlfk

~yjcl` `mfeloifì& Myz zi`maaifohtlmfp hzi oiplkfio tm bic~&

Iuloifì!jhpio oi`lplmf!ahdlfk lp h ~izplptift tbiai me tbi @maalpplmf& _bi gyptlì pi`tmz pbmyco la~zmui ltp `mcci`tlmf me ohth tm iuhcyhti {bitbiz ~mcl`lip hfo ~zmkzhap hzi aiitlfk

tbilz lftifoio mjgi`tluip# hfo bm{ ieel`liftc|& _bi Gyptlì mf _hzkit "GM_, ~zmkzha lp hf

irha~ci me bm{ tm ypi ohth tm h`bliui jittiz myt`maip& Myz eycc zi~mzt loiftlelip h fyajiz

me hzihp lf {bl`b jittiz ohth `mcci`tlmf {myco hpplpt tbi iuhcyhtlmf hfo hfhc|plp me ~mcl`|&

@yptmo| ziahfo lf Mfthzlm lp lf`zihplfk hfo pm hzi tbi `mptp& _bi t{m alflptzlip pbmyco {mzd

tm ziuizpi tblp tzifo& _bi GM_ ~zmkzha# {bl`b bhp jikyf tm zioyì tbi tlai fiioio tm

`ma~citi h `zlalfhc `hpi# `hf hcpm zioyì tbi fyajiz me lfahtip mf ziahfo&

Ehalc| jzihdom{f metif zipyctp lf ayctl~ci `lulc cikhc ~zmjciap emz cm{!lf`mai ~im~ci4 tblp ~ytpkzihtiz oiahfop mf jmtb tbi gyptlì p|ptia hfo pm`lhc {icehzi pizulìp py`b hp bmyplfk# cikhc

hlo# pm`lhc hpplpthfì# hfo ~b|pl`hc hfo aifthc bihctb ~zmkzhap& _bi AHK pbmyco ypi GM_

~zlf`l~cip tm oiuicm~ hf ihzc| lftizuiftlmf ~zmkzha tbht {myco oluizt cipp `mftiftlmyp ehalc|

olp~ytip tm fmf!`myzt hctizfhtluip py`b hp aiolhtlmf& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco hcpm ir~hfo

oluizplmf ~zmkzhap emz cm{!zlpd# fmf!ulmcift meeifoizp {ltb aifthc lccfipp zhtbiz tbhf pifo

tbia tm ghlc&

^mcl`lfk lp mfi me tbi ehptipt!kzm{lfk hzihp me ~yjcl` ir~ifoltyzip lf @hfhoh& Hetiz ziuli{lfk

hfo oielflfk tbi `mzi zip~mfpljlcltlip emz ~mcl`lfk# {bl`b {myco lf`cyoi hf irhalfhtlmf me

hctizfhtlui amoicp me pizulì oicluiz|# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco iclalfhti tbi ypi me ~mclìmeelìzp emz fmf!`mzi ~mcl`lfk oytlip# zi~ch`lfk tbia {ltb p~i`lhc `mfpthjcip mz ~zluhti pi`yzlt|

pizulìp& Plalchz aihpyzip `myco zioyì `mptp lf `mzzi`tlmfhc eh`lcltlip& Irha~cip me fmf!`mzi

pizulìp lf`cyoi lfahti tzhfp~mzthtlmf hfo `maayflt| ip`mztp4 lfahti bihctb `hzi# emmo

pizulìp hfo chyfoz| pizulìp&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

98

Lf :>8># tbi kmuizfaift ptzifktbifio ieel`lif`| hfo muizplkbt j| `zihtlfk t{m fi{ hkif`|

`cyptizp me hogyol`htlui tzljyfhcp ‟ Ifulzmfaift hfo Chfo _zljyfhcp Mfthzlm "{bl`b lf`cyoip

tbi Hppippaift Ziuli{ Jmhzo# Mfthzlm Ayfl`l~hc Jmhzo hfo Ifulzmfaifthc Ziuli{ Jmhzo,

hfo Pm`lhc Gyptlì _zljyfhcp Mfthzlm "{bl`b lf`cyoip tbi Chfocmzo hfo _ifhft Jmhzo# Byahf

Zlkbtp _zljyfhc me Mfthzlm hfo Pm`lhc Jifieltp _zljyfhc,& _zljyfhcp {ltblf ih`b `cyptiz pbhzi

`maamf hoalflptzhtlui eyf`tlmfp# pm ih`b `hf em`yp mf `hpi ahfhkiaift& Ifulzmfaift hfo

Chfo _zljyfhcp Mfthzlm fm{ m``y~lip h plfkci jylcolfk# {bizi bihzlfk hfo aiolhtlmf zmmap

`hf ji pbhzio& ^zmìoyzhc la~zmuiaiftp hzi ir~i`tio hp tbipi `cyptiz mzkhflwhtlmfp iumcui&

Mtbiz alflptzlip pbmyco emccm{ tblp irha~ci4 `cyptizlfk bhp tbi ~mtiftlhc tm h`bliui `mpt

ieel`lif`lip lf bihctb# `maayflt| hfo `mfpyaiz pheit|# hkzl`yctyzi# `maaizì hfo chjmyz

hogyol`htlui tzljyfhcp&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco hcpm irhalfi m~~mztyfltlip tm `mfpmclohti tzhlflfk lf ~mcl`lfk#

elzi pizulìp hfo `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp4 tbipi hzi fm{ oicluizio lfoluloyhcc| tbzmykb tbilz

zip~i`tlui `mccikip&

_m oihc {ltb hklfk lfezhptzy`tyzi# tbi gyptlì pi`tmz pbmyco `mftlfyi tm {mzd {ltb Lfezhptzy`tyzi

Mfthzlm tm ypi hctizfhtlui elfhf`lfk hfo ~zm`yziaift emz `h~lthc ~zmgi`tp& @ma~citio ~zmgi`tp

pbmyco ji iuhcyhtio tm cihzf le tbi| olo lfoiio oicluiz uhcyi emz amfi| hp lftifoio&

Amzi eioizhc!~zmulf`lhc `m!mzolfhtlmf {myco ji oiplzhjci lf hzihp py`b hp ~mcl`| hfo

ciklpchtlmf# ch{ ifemzìaift hfo `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp& P~i`lhc httiftlmf pbmyco ji ~hlo tm tbi

la~h`t me eioizhc ciklpchtlmf& H``maamohtlfk ziìft eioizhc `zlai ciklpchtlmf {lcc ~chì eyztbiz

oiahfop mf Mfthzlm“p `myzt hfo `mzzi`tlmfp p|ptiap# hoolfk tm tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc jyzoif

plfì tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp fmt |it hoozippio tbi `mpt lppyi& Mfthzlm“p ~zlpmfp hzifm{ elccio tm <9 ~iz ìft me `h~h`lt|4 tbi fi{ eioizhc ciklpchtlmf `myco zhlpi tblp tm muiz

8>> ~iz ìft# {ltb zhtip hp blkb hp 89> ~iz ìft lf pmai lfptltytlmfp& Lf tbi {mzpt!`hpi

pìfhzlm# tbi ~zmulfì {myco fiio h fi{ 8#>>>!jio eh`lclt|# `mptlfk /<>> alcclmf tm jylco

hfo /5> alcclmf ~iz |ihz tm zyf&

@yzziftc|# meeifoizp piftifìo tm cipp tbhf t{m |ihzp km tm ~zmulf`lhc ~zlpmfp {blci meeifoizp

piftifìo tm t{m |ihzp mz amzi pizui lf eioizhc ~ifltiftlhzlip& Plfì ieei`tlui zibhjlclthtlmf

~zmkzhap `hf ji ~zmuloio emz lfahtip pizulfk cmfkiz tbhf plr amftbp# {i zi`maaifo

y~cmholfk tm tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tbi zip~mfpljlclt| emz lfahtip pizulfk plr amftbp hfo

amzi& _blp {myco jittiz hclkf elp`hc lfìftluip emz `mzzi`tlmfp hfo {myco klui lfahtip h`ìpptm eioizhc zibhjlclthtlmf pizulìp&



9:

Chjmyz Zichtlmfp hfo @ma~ifphtlmf

_bizi hzi muiz mfi alcclmf J^P ia~cm|iip lf Mfthzlm# hjmyt ;> ~iz ìft me {bma hzi

yflmflwio# `ma~hzio {ltb hjmyt 89 ~iz ìft lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz& _blp ahdip ieei`tlui yflmf!

ahfhkiaift zichtlmfpbl~p la~mzthft& Hf| kmuizfaift {hftlfk tm `bhfki tbi oicluiz| me

pizulìp aypt {mzd {ltb tbi ~im~ci {bm oicluiz tbmpi pizulìp hfo {ltb tbi yflmfp tbht

zi~zipift tbmpi ~im~ci&

Chjmyz `mptp h``myft emz hjmyt bhce me hcc Mfthzlm kmuizfaift ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& Hp py`b# tbi

thzkit me >&2 ~iz ìft ~zmkzha p~ifolfk kzm{tb `hffmt ji htthlfio {ltbmyt amoizhtlmf lf tbi

kzm{tb me ~yjcl`!pi`tmz tmthc `ma~ifphtlmf# {bitbiz tbzmykb jhpi {hkip4 ~zialya ~h|aiftp

py`b hp muiztlai# pblet ~zialyap# aizlt ~h| mz amuiaift tbzmykb –kzlop‑4 mz ~ifplmf `mptp&

^yjcl`!pi`tmz {hki kzm{tb bhp amoizhtio plfì tbi kmuizfaift lftzmoyìo h ziptzhlft ~mcl`|

lf Ahz`b :>8>& Bm{iuiz# ahf| ahgmz hkziiaiftp# lf`cyolfk tbmpi `muizlfk Mfthzlm“p hcampt

:9#>>> ~b|pl`lhfp hfo muiz :>>#>>> tih`bizp# bhui fmt jiif zifikmtlhtio plfì tbif&

Chjmyz `ma~ifphtlmf lp jyt mfi `mfploizhtlmf me chjmyz zichtlmfp& Yctlahtic|# tbi kmhc lp

tm bhui h blkbc| `ma~itift ~yjcl` pizulì {mzdlfk ht h blkb ciuic me ~zmoy`tlult|# oicluizlfk

irìccift ~yjcl` pizulìp& _h`tl`p kihzio tm{hzop pbmzt!tiza elp`hc khlfp py`b hp {hki eziiwip

hfo claltp mf tbi fyajiz me `lulc pizuhftp pbmyco ji humloio& [hki eziiwip ohahki chjmyz

zichtlmfp hfo hzi metif emccm{io j| {hki `ht`b!y~p& H em`yp mf ~zmkzha myt`maip hfo

jyokitp {lcc fhtyzhcc| hfo amzi ieel`liftc| zipyct lf h pahcciz `lulc pizulì tbhf hzjltzhz| zycip&

_bizi pbmyco ji fm loimcmkl`hc mz mtbiz jlhp tm{hzop mz h{h| ezma ~yjcl`! mz ~zluhti!pi`tmz

oicluiz| me pizulìp# mfc| h `mfploizhtlmf me ~zh`tl`hc cmkl`7 {bht ~zmoyìp tbi jipt zipyct emz tbi ~im~ci me Mfthzlm ht hf heemzohjci `mpt=

_bi ~zlf`l~cip jicm{ hzi lftifoio tm py~~mzt tbi tzhfpemzahtlmf lf chjmyz zichtlmfp tbht {lcc

jipt hccm{ ahfhkiaift hfo chjmyz tm {mzd tmkitbiz tm oicluiz irìccift ~yjcl` pizulìp&

_bi chjmyz zichtlmfp p|ptia lf Mfthzlm pbmyco ji jhchfìo# ieei`tlui hfo tzhfp~hzift&

Lt pbmyco zip~i`t tbi lftiziptp me jmtb ia~cm|izp hfo ia~cm|iip# ~zmuloi uhcyi tm `ltlwifp

hfo ji piif tm om jmtb4

@mcci`tlui jhzkhlflfk hkziiaiftp tbht hzi fikmtlhtio jit{iif tbi ~hztlip hzi ~zieizzio

tm pittciaiftp mz myt`maip tbht hzi iltbiz ciklpchtio mz hzjltzhtio4



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

90

H``myfthjlclt| emz chjmyz zichtlmfp hfo pizulì oicluiz| pbmyco ji h~~zm~zlhtic| olptzljytio&

Kmuizfaiftp# J^P ia~cm|izp hfo jhzkhlflfk hkiftp pbmyco jihz zip~mfpljlclt| emz

jhzkhlflfk myt`maip& Hcc J^P ahfhkiaift hfo ia~cm|iip pbmyco jihz zip~mfpljlclt|

emz oicluizlfk blkb!xyhclt| ~yjcl` pizulìp hfo uhcyi emz ~yjcl` amfi|4 hfo

Jzmhoiz p|ptia `bhfkip pbmyco ji ~hzt me h chzkiz ulplmf# lf {bl`b chjmyz zichtlmfp ~ch|p h~hzt# jyt lp fmt hf ifo lf hfo me ltpice&

_bipi ~zlf`l~cip pbmyco ji h~~clio tm h fyajiz me di| lppyip tbht zi`yz lf chjmyz!ahfhkiaift

zichtlmfp lf tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz&

_bi kmhc me jhchfì aihfp tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco pittci tbi lppyi me ippiftlhc pizulìp hfo

`bhfki tbi lftizipt hzjltzhtlmf p|ptia& Hf lfoi~ifoift {mzdlfk kzmy~ pbmyco oitizalfi {bl`b

pizulìp hzi ippiftlhc hfo bm{ olp~ytip pbmyco ji zipmcuio& _bi lftizipt hzjltzhtlmf p|ptia

bhp `mai yfoiz lf`zihplfk p`zytlf| hfo htth`d& [i om fmt elfo tbi p|ptia tm ji jzmdif#

tbmykb lt `hf ji la~zmuio& Hzjltzhtmzp hzi cldic| tm emccm{ tbi ciho me ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ia~cm|izphom~tlfk tmykb# jyt ehlz# pthfìp lf fikmtlhtlmfp& Hamfk `bhfkip tbht {myco bic~7

hf lfoi~ifoift tzljyfhc mz `maalpplmf pbmyco ahfhki h ~hfic mz zmptiz me lfoi~ifoift

hzjltzhtmzp# pit tlai claltp emz ih`b hzjltzhtlmf hfo zixylzi hzjltzhtmzp tm ~zmuloi `cihz

zihpmfp emz tbilz oi`lplmfp&

Ifpyzlfk tbht ~yjcl` pizulìp hzi oicluizio amzi ieei`tluic| hfo ieel`liftc| lp ~zlahzlc| h

ahfhkiaift ~zmjcia& Ampt J^P {mzdizp hzi {icc ioy`htio# blkbc| `ma~itift hfo oiol`htio#

jyt tbi p|ptia omip fmt aihpyzi ~zmoy`tlult| {icc# fmz omip lt if`myzhki h`tlui pti~p tm

la~zmui lt& _blp `hf hfo aypt `bhfki& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco ~zmuloi h wizm jyokit lf`zihpi

emz {hki `mptp4 alflptzlip hfo hkif`lip {lcc tbif bhui tm ozlui myt lfieel`lif`lip tm hjpmzj hf|{hki lf`zihpi& Jya~lfk ~zmulplmfp yfoyc| la~ioi tbi amui tm{hzop h ~zmkzipplui hfo

ieel`lift ~yjcl` pizulì4 tbipi pbmyco ji amolelio& @mfìzfp hjmyt py`ìppmz zlkbtp pbmyco fmt

ptm~ ~zluhtlwhtlmfp mz hahckhahtlmfp4 lfbizltio hkziiaiftp om fmt clui emziuiz& _bi Mfthzlm

Chjmyz Zichtlmfp Jmhzo pbmyco ji kluif ir~hfoio hytbmzlt| tm if`myzhki jhzkhlflfk

ptzy`tyzip tbht py~~mzt tbi oicluiz| me xyhclt| hfo ieei`tlui ~yjcl` pizulìp& _bi kmuizfaift

pbmyco hcpm if`myzhki eyztbiz zhtlmfhclwhtlmf me J^P jhzkhlflfk& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco amui tm

h pahcciz fyajiz me jhzkhlflfk yfltp hfo amzi ìftzhclwio jhzkhlflfk& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco

pit y~ h chjmyz zichtlmfp lfemzahtlmf jyzihy tm `mcci`t ohth ziciuhft tm ia~cm|izp hfo yflmfp#

ip~i`lhcc| aihpyzip me ~zmoy`tlult|&



9?

Cihoizp lf tbi M^P hfo J^P pbmyco ji bico tm h``myft# hoixyhtic| `ma~ifphtio hfo meeizio

lfìftluip tm irìc& _bi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift fiiop blkbc| `ma~itift ia~cm|iip# lf`cyolfk

ahfhkizp& _bmpi {bm irìio tbilz gmj zixylziaiftp pbmyco ziìlui jmfypip& _m bic~

ahfhkizp# gmj oip`zl~tlmfp hfo `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp pbmyco ji ecirljci ifmykb tm ~yt tbi

jipt ~im~ci lf tbi zlkbt ~chìp& _bi kmuizfaift fiiop kzihtiz ecirljlclt| jmtb tm amui ~im~ci

hzmyfo hfo tm hoozipp yfoiz~izemzalfk lfoluloyhcp hfo hzihp tbht hzi fm cmfkiz ~zlmzltlip mz

{bizi tbi pizulì `myco ji jittiz ~zmuloio j| hfmtbiz iftlt|&

Ahf| ~yjcl`!pi`tmz {mzdizp bhui ziìftc| hkziio tm# mz bho la~mpio mf tbia# amzi

amoizhti `ma~ifphtlmf lf`zihpip& Chzki ia~cm|ii kzmy~p lf bihctb hfo ioy`htlmf tbht

hzi fm{ iftizlfk lftm jhzkhlflfk zmyfop pbmyco om tbilz ~hzt& _bi kmuizfaift aypt {mzd

`mcchjmzhtluic| {ltb J^P ia~cm|izp hfo jhzkhlflfk hkiftp tm zih`b `ma~zmalpip tbht

zi`mkflwi tbi elp`hc zihclt|& Ia~cm|izp ah| bhui tm thdi hfo ahlfthlf bhzo ~mpltlmfp lf

tbi ehì me olphkziiaift hfo olpzy~tlmf# jyt hcc ~hztlip pbmyco pbhzi h em`yp mf zipyctp&

_bi kmuizfaift hfo ltp J^P ~hztfizp aypt zihclwi tbht amoizhtlmf lf `ma~ifphtlmf {lcc ji

oleel`yct tm ahlfthlf muiz tbi cmfk tiza& H jzmho ulplmf emz chjmyz zichtlmfp aypt zi`mkflwi tblp

hfo ~chf emz tbi eytyzi& _zhfpemzahtlmf hfo ~zmoy`tlult| khlfp {lcc yctlahtic| hccm{ tbi

kmuizfaift tm ~zmuloi pypthlfhjci pizulìp&

M~izhtlfk hfo Jh`d!Meelì Ir~ifoltyzip

_bi kmuizfaift“p m~izhtlfk hfo jh`d!meelì ir~ifoltyzip lf`cyoi ia~cm|ii `ma~ifphtlmf#

L_# byahf zipmyzì ahfhkiaift# elfhf`lhc pizulìp# ~zm`yziaift# `maayfl`htlmfp hfo

mtbiz pizulìp& Lf ahf| `hpip# tbipi `hf ji ahoi amzi ieel`lift {ltbmyt `ma~zmalplfkpizulì oicluiz| ‟ lf ampt `hpip# tbipi `bhfkip {lcc la~zmui lt& Ahf| py`b ziemzap pbmyco

ji irtifoio tm tbi J^P ‟ p`bmmcp# bmp~lthcp# hkif`lip# jmhzop hfo `maalpplmfp&

_bi ahfohti me PizulìMfthzlm pbmyco ji ir~hfoio& PizulìMfthzlm lp tbi ~zmulfì“p ~yjcl`!

eh`lfk oicluiz| mzkhflwhtlmf {ltb zip~mfpljlclt| tm oicluiz lfemzahtlmf hfo blkb!umcyai zmytlfi

tzhfph`tlmfp tm lfoluloyhcp hfo jyplfippip& H jzmhoiz ahfohti emz PizulìMfthzlm {myco

zioyì `mptp# lf`zihpi ~zmoy`tlult| hfo la~zmui pizulì oicluiz| tm tbi ~yjcl`& _bi mfi!ptm~

h~~zmh`b ‟ {bl`b `hf {mzd h`zmpp tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift hfo lf `mfgyf`tlmf {ltb tbi

eioizhc hfo ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaiftp ‟ lp jittiz emz `cliftp hfo kmuizfaift hcldi& Lt pbmyco

eyztbiz ir~hfo ltp pizulì!oicluiz| aitbmop tm fi{ mz hctizfhti ~chtemzap# hcc tbi {h| tm

~hztfizpbl~p {ltb tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz& PizulìMfthzlm“p `h~lthc jyokit lp fm{ /: alcclmf ~iz |ihz#

{bl`b claltp ltp hjlclt| tm pi`yzi ieel`lif`| khlfp4 tm `hzz| myt h jzmhoiz ahfohti# lt {lcc fiio

amzi amfi|# ip~i`lhcc| emz y~ohtio L_&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

99

^zluhti!pi`tmz ~hztfizpbl~p pbmyco ji ypio tm amui PizulìMfthzlm eyztbiz tm{hzop h eycc!`mpt

zi`muiz| amoic& Py`b ~hztfizpbl~p `hf ~zmuloi jittiz uhcyi emz thr~h|iz amfi|# hp cmfk

hp tbi| aiit tbi pthfohzop ir~i`tio me ~yjcl` pizulì oicluiz|4 _izhfit lp hf irha~ci me h

~yjcl`!~zluhti ~hztfizpbl~ tbht {mzdp&

–Hkif`lip‑ lp tbi kifizl` tiza emz h {loi uhzlit| me iftltlip tm {bl`b tbi kmuizfaift ahdip ht

cihpt mfi h~~mlftaift& _bi| bhui oluizpi hfo `ma~cir ahfohtip hfo ~izemza h uhzlit| me

zmcip& _bi hkif`lip“ kmuizfhfì ezhai{mzd hfo h``myfthjlclt| ai`bhflpap {izi ziuli{io lf

:>8>& Jyt h jzmhoiz ziuli{ lp fiioio tm oitizalfi le tbilz ahfohtip `mftlfyi tm ji ziciuhft

hfo le ieel`lif`lip `myco ji h`bliuio&

Oicikhtio Hoalflptzhtlui Hytbmzltlip "OHH, bhui oicluizio zikychtmz| pizulìp plfì tbi

alo!8<<>p4 OHHp hzi ~zluhti# fmt!emz!~zmelt `mz~mzhtlmfp tbht hoalflptiz ciklpchtlmf mf jibhce

me tbi kmuizfaift yfoiz h``myfthjlclt| hfo kmuizfhfì hkziiaiftp {ltb tbi kmuizfaift&

Oicikhtio Hoalflptzhtlui Hytbmzltlip bhui jiif emyfo tm zioyì `mptp tm thr~h|izp# la~zmui

zikychtmz| myt`maip hfo ieel`lif`|# zithlf kmuizfaift muizplkbt hfo lf`zihpi lfoyptz|ifkhkiaift& Ht h tlai me elp`hc ziptzhlft# tbizi lp h zlpd me pizulì izmplmf hp zikychtmz|

alflptzlip piid tm zioyì `mptp& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco pit y~ amzi OHHp&

Lf tbi chti 8<<>p# tbi kmuizfaift `majlfio h bmoki~moki me lfemzahtlmf hfo lfemzahtlmf

ti`bfmcmk| "L%L_, pmcytlmfp lftm `cyptizp& L%L_ lp tbi ti`bfmcmkl`hc jh`djmfi me kmuizfaift

m~izhtlmfp& Eyztbiz ieel`lif`| hfo jittiz uhcyi emz amfi| {lcc ji emyfo j| iclalfhtlfk

zioyfohft pizulìp hfo ìftzhclwlfk `maamf eyf`tlmfp& _bi kmuizfaift fm{ ypip jmtb

lf!bmypi hfo irtizfhc pizulì oicluiz|4 lf h `mfptzhlfio elp`hc ifulzmfaift# mytpmyzìo

`mftzh`tp ah| ahdi tbi oleeizifì jit{iif tbi `mftlfyhtlmf hfo tbi ifo me pmai pizulìp&

H``myfthjlclt| lp ippiftlhc# jyt {i metif tziht tbht kmhc hp hf hjpmcyti kmmo& _hr~h|izp

ir~i`t irìccift ahfhkiaift hfo tzhfp~hzift ~zm`yziaift# jyt hf ir`cyplui em`yp mf

zlkmzmyp elfhf`lhc zi~mztlfk hfo `ma~clhfì zixylzip h plkflel`hft lfuiptaift me tlai# ifizk|

hfo zipmyzìp tbht lp pyjgi`t tm olalflpblfk zityzfp& _bi hooio `mpt tm kmuizfaift# tm tbi

kifizhc ~yjcl`# hfo tm tbi ~zluhti hfo fmf!~zmelt pi`tmzp lf ifpyzlfk `ma~clhfì pbmyco ji

jhchfìo hkhlfpt tbi zlpd me {hpti mz ezhyo& _bi Hyoltmz Kifizhc pbmyco ji hpdio tm bic~

elfo h fi{ hfo h~~zm~zlhti jhchfì& Ht h alflaya# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco p{lt`b ezma

lfoluloyhcc| tzh`dio ir~ifpip tm h ~iz olia p|ptia emz `lulc pizuhftp hfo `mfpycthftp&



95

Lf h fyajiz me hzihp# ieel`lif`lip hcziho| lftzmoyìo lf tbi M^P pbmyco ji irtifoio tm

tbi J^P& Hamfk tbipi7

Pbhzio pizulìp emz jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp "i&k&# ~h|zmcc# elfhf`lhc tzhfph`tlmfp# ~zm`yziaift#

`mcci`tlmfp hfo lfpyzhfì, hfo `maamf hoalflptzhtlui pizulìp "i&k&# ~zlftlfk# ahlc#

tzhfpchtlmfp hfo hppit ahfhkiaift, `hf phui amfi|4

_bi `mfpmclohtlmf me L%L_ pizulìp lf tbi M^P phuio /8>> alcclmf ~iz |ihz4 phulfkp {myco

ji kzihtiz le tblp {izi ~ypbio myt tm tbi J^P4

H pthfohzolwio ezhai{mzd {myco ifhjci tbi J^P tm ciuizhki ltp laaifpi ~yz`bhplfk

~m{iz tbzmykb `mcchjmzhtlui ~yz`bhplfk# pthfohzolwhtlmf me ~zmoy`tp hfo ~zmìppip#

hfo jh`d!meelì `mfpmclohtlmf4 hfo

@iftzhclwio ahlftifhfì ~zh`tlìp hcziho| ipthjclpbio lf tbi M^P pbmyco ji irtifoio

tm tbi J^P&

_zhfpeiz ~h|aift hfo kzhft ~zmkzhap lf tbi M^P hzi zl~i tm oicluiz ìftzhclwio ieel`lif`lip&

Ji`hypi ahf| mzkhflwhtlmfp hzi eyfoio j| piuizhc alflptzlip# tbi kmuizfaift bhp tzmyjci

hppipplfk tbi muizhcc ~l`tyzi hfo zi`l~lift mzkhflwhtlmfp hzi ezyptzhtio ht oihclfk {ltb ayctl~ci

zixylziaiftp& H fi{ iftiz~zlpi kzhftp ahfhkiaift p|ptia# oiuicm~io j| t{m alflptzlip tm

muiz`mai tbipi ~zmjciap# lp pit tm chyf`b pbmztc|4 ir~hfolfk lt tm tbi iftlzi M^P {myco

p~ziho ltp `mptp h`zmpp amzi alflptzlip&

Kmuizfaift Jyplfipp Iftiz~zlpip

_bi kmuizfaift me Mfthzlm m{fp emyz kmuizfaift jyplfipp iftiz~zlpip "KJIp,7 tbi Clxymz @mftzmc Jmhzo me Mfthzlm "C@JM,# Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf "MCK,# Mfthzlm

^m{iz Kifizhtlmf "M^K, hfo B|ozm Mfi& _bi| `mftzljyti pyjpthftlhc pyap tm tbi ~zmulf`lhc

tzihpyz| ‟ /?&5 jlcclmf lf :>8>‐88 hcmfi& _mkitbiz# tbilz fit hppitp hamyftio tm /8;&5 jlcclmf

ht tbi ifo me chpt elp`hc |ihz&

[i cmmdio ht t{m olptlf`t h~~zmh`bip tm kifizhtlfk eyztbiz uhcyi ezma tbia7 tbi kmuizfaift

`myco picc hcc mz ~hzt me ih`b jyplfipp4 mz lt `myco la~zmui jyplfipp ieel`lif`lip {blci zithlflfk

eycc kmuizfaift m{fizpbl~&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

9;

Phcip me KJIp7 Ji`hypi tbipi hppitp `mftzljyti pyjpthftlhc mfkmlfk hfo kzm{lfk ziuifyip

tm tbi ~zmulfì# h eycc oluiptltyzi me hf| mz hcc me tbi KJIp {myco zipyct lf h cya~!pya ~h|aift

tm tbi ~zmulfì ht tbi ir~ifpi me eytyzi ziuifyi ptzihap& Le phci ~zmìiop {izi olzi`tio tm

~h| om{f ~zmulf`lhc oijt# Mfthzlm `myco phui mf lftizipt `mptp me y~ tm emyz ~iz ìft# jhpio mf

ziìft jmfo |licop& J| `ma~hzlpmf# KJIp ~zmuloi h zityzf mf hppitp "ZMH, me ht cihpt ilkbt

~iz ìft& Hf| eycc oluiptltyzi {myco bhui tm muiz`mai tblp p~ziho tm ~zmuloi h elp`hc jifielt tm

Mfthzlm& @yzzift `lz`yapthfìp om fmt h~~ihz tm meeiz h `mfulf`lfk uhcyi ~zm~mpltlmf emz tbi

~zmulfì& Iuif pm# Mfthzlm pbmyco fmt `cmpi tbi ommz mf fi{ h~~zmh`bip tbht kifizhti jittiz

uhcyi myt me tbi KJIp& H`tlmf# bm{iuiz# aypt fmt ji ozluif j| loimcmk|& Hf| phci aypt zipt mf

muiz{bicalfk iuloifì tbht Mfthzlm {myco jifielt lf tbi cmfk zyf&

La~zmulfk KJI M~izhtlmfp7 _bi KJIp ah| fmt ji h`bliulfk tbilz eycc ~mtiftlhc ji`hypi me

m~izhtlmfhc lfieel`lif`lip hfo ji`hypi tbi| hzi pmaitlaip mzoizio tm h`t `myftiz tm tbilz

olzi`t `maaiz`lhc lftizipt&

_bizi ah| ji m~~mztyfltlip tm la~zmui C@JM zityzfp tbzmykb lf`zihpio ieel`lif`lip hfo fi{

jyplfipp m~~mztyfltlip& _bi Hyoltmz Kifizhc fmtio lf blp :>88 Hffyhc Zi~mzt tbht tbi C@JM

`myco amzi ieei`tluic| ypi ltp ~yz`bhplfk ~m{iz hfo la~zmui tbi `yzzift ahzd!y~ ptzy`tyzi

ypio tm oitizalfi zithlc ~zlìp& _bi C@JM hcpm bhp mjclkhtlmfp tbht zioyì ~zmelthjlclt|# py`b

hp ~zmamtlfk Mfthzlm ~zmoyìzp& _bi ~mcl`| aizltp me tbipi aihpyzip pbmyco ji jhchfìo

hkhlfpt hf| zioyìo ~zmelthjlclt|& _bi C@JM ah| hcpm ji hjci tm lf`zihpi ~zmeltp j| m~iflfk

amzi ptmzip&

_bi MCK ~zmuloip plkflel`hft fit lf`mai tm tbi ~zmulfì {blci ahlfthlflfk pm`lhc zip~mfpljlclt|#

jyt ieel`lif`lip hfo mtbiz aihpyzip `myco la~zmui tbi `ma~hf|“p ahzklfp& _bi MCK `yzziftc|m~izhtip t{m biho meelìp lf pi~hzhti cm`htlmfp4 lt pbmyco `cmpi mfi& Lt m~izhtip t{m `hplfmp

lf tbi Flhkhzh hzih4 lt pbmyco `cmpi mfi& Pcmt ah`blfip hzi olzi`tio tm zhìtzh`dp# {bizi

pyjplolip hzi ~zmuloio tm tbi bmzpi zh`lfk hfo jziiolfk lfoyptz| hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip# zhtbiz tbhf

cm`htlmfp tbht {myco ji amzi `mfuiflift hfo ~zmelthjci4 MCK {myco ahdi ay`b amzi amfi|

le pcmtp {izi ~izalttio icpi{bizi# hp tbi| pbmyco ji& _bi MCK kluip cmttiz| tizalfhcp tm

aiz`bhftp {bm picc tl`ditp# hf la~cl`lt pyjplo|& _blp ~zh`tlì tmm pbmyco ìhpi&

_bi M^K hfo B|ozm Mfi m``hplmfhcc| ifoyzi kmuizfaift lftizuiftlmf tbht ch`dp h `cihz hfo

cikltlahti ~mcl`| mjgi`tlui# tm tbi ~mtiftlhc elp`hc oitzlaift me tbi ~zmulfì& _bi| pbmyco jmtb

ji if`myzhkio tm piid m~izhtlmfhc ieel`lif`lip lf clfi {ltb tbilz lfoyptz|“p jipt ~zh`tlìp& Lf hfieemzt tm zioyì `mptp tm `mfpyaizp# tbi kmuizfaift m``hplmfhcc| lftizuifip lf zikychtmz| zhti

elclfkp emz jmtb M^K hfo B|ozm Mfi& Hp h zipyct# ici`tzl`lt| zhtip ah| ji`mai oi`my~cio ezma

`mptp# ~zmulolfk h oi eh`tm pyjplo| tm ici`tzl`lt| `mfpyaizp# hfo zioy`lfk jmtb `ma~hflip“ fit

lf`mai hfo tbilz `mftzljytlmf tm ~zmulf`lhc ziuifyip&



92

Ziuifyi Lftikzlt|

H`zmpp h zhfki me ziuifyi lppyip# jittiz hoalflptzhtlmf hfo ifemzìaift `myco la~zmui tbi

lftikzlt| me tbi thr p|ptia hfo jylco Mfthzlm+p elp`hc `h~h`lt|&

_bi jyplfipp thr jhpi fiiop ptzifktbiflfk& Kcmjhclwhtlmf bhp meeizio `ma~hflip amzi

m~~mztyfltlip tm zioyì tbi ~zmulf`lhc `mz~mzhti lf`mai thr tbi| ~h|& Mfthzlm pbmyco {mzd

`cmpic| {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift hfo mtbiz ~zmulfìp tm zioyì hkkzipplui thr humlohfì&

Py`b pti~p `myco kifizhti muiz /:>> alcclmf ~iz |ihz lf ziuifyi&

_bi yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma| `zihtip hf yfehlz thr jyzoif emz thr~h|izp hfo ahdip lt bhzo emz

cikltlahti jyplfippip tm pth| `ma~itltlui {ltb tbmpi tbht iuhoi ahf| jyplfipp thrip& Amzi

pbmyco ji omfi& Xyiji` bhp ahoi ~zmkzipp tbzmykb tmykbiz ~ifhctlip emz fmf!`ma~clhfì#

lftifplelio thr hyoltp hfo h tlkbtiz em`yp mf blkb!zlpd lfoyptzlip hfo ~zmoy`tp# hcmfk {ltb

mtbiz lfltlhtluip& Mfthzlm pbmyco thdi plalchz pti~p hfo {mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm

`m!mzolfhti hfo ptzifktbif `ma~clhfì& _bipi hfo mtbiz aihpyzip `myco |lico tbi ~zmulfì

muiz /9>> alcclmf ~iz |ihz&

Elfip uhcyio ht /8 jlcclmf yfoiz tbi ^zmulf`lhc Meeifìp H`t "^MH, ziahlf yf`mcci`tio&

_bi ~zmulfì pbmyco thdi amzi hkkzipplui h`tlmf tm `mcci`t tblp amfi|4 emz irha~ci# lt `myco

pyp~ifo clìfìp hfo ziklptzhtlmfp# hoo ^MH elfip tm tbi meeifoiz“p ~zm~izt| thr jlcc hfo

meepit thr zieyfop hkhlfpt yf~hlo ^MH elfip&

_bi Hyoltmz Kifizhc bhp blkbclkbtio tbi kmuizfaift“p `mcci`tlmfp h`tlultlip emz h``myftp

ziìluhjci hfo muizoyi h``myftp& _bi :>88 Jyokit ~zm~mpio h amzi ìftzhclwio p|ptia

tm ji cmokio lf tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì tbht {myco zioyì `mptp# la~zmui tbi amfltmzlfk

me muizoyi h``myftp hfo zioyì h``myftp ziìluhjci& Mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp bhui hcziho|

amuio lf tblp olzi`tlmf& Ihzc| iptlahtip lfol`hti tbht tblp {myco iuiftyhcc| kifizhti muiz

/:9> alcclmf ~iz |ihz&

_bi Alflptz| me Elfhfì bhp oiuicm~io h pm~blptl`htio# hytmahtio hyolt hppippaift tmmc tm

loiftle| hzihp me kzihtipt elfhf`lhc zlpd# {bl`b bic~p hyoltmzp hfo lfp~i`tmzp oitizalfi {bizi

tbi| pbmyco em`yp tbilz httiftlmf& J| `m!mzolfhtlfk kmuizfaift!{loi hyoltp me `ma~hflip#

h uhcyhjci zipmyzì emz alflptzlip# tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì {lcc ji jittiz hjci tm zi`muiz eyfop

mf jibhce me tbi ~zmulfì& _bi ziuifyi ~mtiftlhc bizi lp muiz /9> alcclmf hffyhcc|&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

9<

_bi kmuizfaift ziìluip hjmyt /8&2 jlcclmf iuiz| |ihz ezma muiz ?>> t|~ip me ypiz eiip "i&k&#

ozluiz“p clìfìp,& Ampt hzi pit ht h p~i`lel` zhti# jyt tbizi lp fm zikychz ~zmìpp emz ziuli{lfk

tbipi eiip pm# muiz tlai# tbi| om fmt zieci`t tbi zlplfk `mptp me ~zmulolfk tbi zichtio pizulì&

Ahf| me tbipi bhui piif clttci `bhfki plfì :>>0& _bi kmuizfaift `myco pit eiip tm zi`muiz

hcc `mptp hppm`lhtio {ltb tbi pizulì ~zmuloio# hp zi`maaifoio j| tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc lf

:>><4 tblp {myco zhlpi muiz /9>> alcclmf ~iz |ihz lf hooltlmfhc ziuifyi& Mz lt `myco lfoir hcc

ypiz eiip ih`b |ihz j| tbi zhti me lfechtlmf& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco y~ohti ltp ypiz eiip

yplfk h jcifo me eycc `mpt zi`muiz| hfo lfoirhtlmf# {ltb tbi `bhfki ~bhpio lf muiz tbi firt

t{m |ihzp&

_bi @maalpplmf bhp fm ahfohti tm zi`maaifo thr lf`zihpip& Bm{iuiz# {i bhui fmtio

tbzmykbmyt tbi zi~mzt tbht ziuifyip tifo tm kzm{ amzi pcm{c| tbhf fmalfhc KO^& Hp py`b#

myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm eihtyzip h oi`clfi lf tbi thr jyzoif# oielfio hp tbi ziuifyi!tm!KO^

zhtlm& Hccm{lfk tbi muizhcc thr jyzoif tm oi`clfi ahkflelip tbi piuizlt| me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk

ziptzhlft zixylzio le {i hzi tm zityzf tm h jhchfìo jyokit& _blp piuizlt| `myco ji hcciulhtiopmai{bht le tbi thrip tbht om fmt dii~ ~hì {ltb i`mfmal` h`tlult| {izi ziemzaio tm om pm&

@mfplptift {ltb myz ahfohti# {i bhui fmt lf`mz~mzhtio hf| py`b ziuifyi lf`zihpip lftm myz

^zieizzio Pìfhzlm& [i pla~c| fmti tbi ziemzap tbht `myco ~ziuift h oi`clfi lf tbi muizhcc

thr jyzoif&

_bi ahlf pmyzì me tblp om{f{hzo jlhp lf tbi thr jyzoif lp ioy`htlmf ~zm~izt| thrip# lf`cyolfk

jyplfipp ioy`htlmf thrip "JI_p,# hfo h fyajiz me ir`lpi thrip tbht hzi ciulio mf tbi umcyaip

zhtbiz tbhf tbi uhcyip me tbi ~zmoy`tp&

Plfì :>>># ~zm~izt| hppippaiftp bhui amzi tbhf omyjcio# jyt ayfl`l~hc ~zm~izt| thripbhui lf`zihpio j| mfc| ;> ~iz ìft hfo ioy`htlmf thr ziuifyip# j| mfc| mfi ~iz ìft ~iz

|ihz& _blp lp ji`hypi tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift eycc| meepitp tbi la~h`t me zihppippaift

{bif zipittlfk ioy`htlmf thr zhtip& _blp zioyìp ziuifyip huhlchjci tm py~~mzt ioy`htlmf

hfo zixylzip lf`zihpio tzhfpeizp tm p`bmmc jmhzop& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ptm~ eycc| meepittlfk

zihppippaiftp pm tbht ziuifyip lf`zihpi {ltb lfechtlmf&

Hf hooltlmfhc `mfìzf lp tbi {loi zhfki me JI_ zhtip h`zmpp tbi ~zmulfì& Yfoiz h :>>; ~chf

tm hoozipp tbipi olptmztlmfp hfo lfixyltlip# blkb JI_ zhtip hzi jilfk zioyìo tm h thzkit zhti

j| :>8?# iuiftyhcc| phulfk jyplfippip /9?> alcclmf hffyhcc|& Plfì tbi ~chf {hp lftzmoyìo#

blkb JI_ zhtip bhui oi`zihpio hfo tbi uhzlhfì hamfk JI_ zhtip bhp fhzzm{io# jyt h`mfploizhjci kh~ ziahlfp& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco `mftlfyi tm la~ciaift tbi JI_ zioy`tlmf

~chf {blci `mfploizlfk m~tlmfp tm humlo ziuifyi cmppip4 zhlplfk cm{ JI_ zhtip {myco bic~ tm

meepit zioy`tlmfp lf blkb JI_ zhtip& _blp {myco ahdi tbi jyplfipp thr p|ptia amzi ixylthjci#

{blci ~zmulolfk h plkflel`hft lf`zihpi lf ziuifyip emz ioy`htlmf ‟ y~ tm gypt muiz /8 jlcclmf

j| :>8;‐82&



5>

@mftzhjhfo tmjh``m lp hfmtbiz lppyi& Lf ziìft |ihzp# tmjh``m `mfpya~tlmf bhp echtclfio

hetiz amzi tbhf h oi`hoi me oi`clfi lf pamdlfk zhtip# ~hztc| ji`hypi `bih~ lccikhc tmjh``m ‟

{bl`b zioyìp ~zmulf`lhc ziuifyip ‟ lp huhlchjci& Jittiz ifemzìaift bhp kifizhtio zipyctp&

_bi kmuizfaift bhp thdif pti~p tm oitiz lccikhc tmjh``m jyt fiiop tm km eyztbiz& Aihpyzip

{i zi`maaifo `myco zipyct lf lf`zihpio hffyhc ziuifyi me y~ tm /::9 alcclmf&

Ir`lpi thrip ‟ mf jiiz# {lfi# tmjh``m hfo khpmclfi# emz irha~ci ‟ hzi ciulio mf tbi umcyai

pmco# fmt tbi uhcyi "tbht lp# tbi| hzi p~i`lel`# fmt ho uhcmzia# thrip,& Pm le ~zlìp zlpi# jyt fmt

umcyaip# ziuifyi ezma tbi thrip omip fmt zip~mfo& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco p{lt`b tm ho

uhcmzia thrip# mz mtbiz{lpi `h~tyzi `bhfkip lf uhcyip# pm ziuifyi {lcc zieci`t lfechtlmf&

Clhjlclt| Ahfhkiaift

Fm elp`hc ~zmgi`tlmf lp pthtl`4 mfì zicihpio# lt lp pyjgi`t tm zlpdp tbht `hf bhui h ~mpltlui mz

fikhtlui la~h`t mf tbi ~zmulfì“p h`tyhc elp`hc zipyctp& Mfthzlm“p elp`hc ~chf lf`cyoip h zipizuitm ~zmti`t hkhlfpt houizpi `bhfkip lf tbi ziuifyi hfo ir~ifpi mytcmmd# jyt lt lp tmm lfecirljci&

Kifizhc zlpdp pbmyco ji bhfocio tbzmykb tbi `mftlfkif`| zipizui# {bl`b pbmyco ji pit blkbiz

tbhf lf ziìft jyokitp hfo kzm{ muiz tlai& Amoipt lftizfhc zlpdp pbmyco ji hoozippio tbzmykb

hf m~izhtlfk zipizui&

_bizi hzi zlpdp tbi kmuizfaift `hffmt ~ziol`t ‟ cldi PHZP# B8F8 mz py~~mzt me tbi hytm

pi`tmz& Mtbiz zlpdp ‟ cldi tbi fiio emz emzipt elzielkbtlfk ‟ hzi dfm{f lf houhfì# jyt tbi

p`m~i me tbi fiio lp fmt& Elfhcc|# tbizi hzi zlpdp tbht hzi yfdfm{f jmtb lf tbilz ~zmjhjlclt| hfo

tbilz `mpt& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco bhui hf ir~cl`lt ptzhtik| emz oihclfk {ltb zlpd& [i bhui

loiftlelio h fyajiz me clhjlclt| zlpdp emz {bl`b tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco oiuicm~ ahfhkiaift ~chfp&_bipi hzi dfm{f zlpdp tbht hzi pyjgi`t tm altlkhtlmf ptzhtiklip& Amzi {lcc yfomyjtioc| pyzehì#

pm tbi clhjlclt| ahfhkiaift ptzhtik| aypt ji uiz| ecylo&

îfplmf Jifieltp Kyhzhftii Eyfo "^JKE,7 @zihtio lf 8<2># tbi ^JKE {hp oiplkfio tm

hpplpt ~ifplmfizp hfo ~chf aiajizp {bif m``y~htlmfhc ~ifplmf ~chfp hzi {myfo y~ {ltb tmm

ei{ eyfop tm `muiz ~zmalpio jifieltp hfo tbi ia~cm|iz `hffmt ahdi tbi zixylzio ~h|aiftp&

Lt lp hoalflptizio j| tbi Py~izlftifoift me Elfhf`lhc Pizulìp hfo kifizhcc| `muizp plfkci!

ia~cm|iz oielfio jifielt ~ifplmf ~chfp lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz hfo J^P& Mfthzlm lp tbi mfc|

pyj!fhtlmfhc gyzlpol`tlmf lf tbi {mzco tm ~zmuloi py`b `muizhki& H :>8> ptyo| `mf`cyoio tbht

tbi ^JKE {hp fmt pypthlfhjci lf ltp `yzzift emza& Hp py`b# lt ~zipiftp h chzki elp`hc zlpd emz

tbi ~zmulfì lf tbi iuift me hfmtbiz i`mfmal` om{ftyzf& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco iltbiz

tizalfhti tbi eyfo mz pii le lt `hf ji tzhfpeizzio tm h ~zluhti lfpyziz&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

58

Clhjlclt| ezma îfplmf Eyfop lf tbi J^P7 Mfthzlm“p ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmf ~chfp ‟ tm {bl`b

tbi ~zmulfì ~zmuloip olzi`t hfo lfolzi`t eyfolfk ‟ lf`cyoi pmai me tbi chzkipt lf tbi `myftz|&

Amzi tzhfp~hzif`| hfo ptzhtikl` ~chfflfk {myco bic~ ahfhki tblp zlpd& _bi kmuizfaift

pbmyco oiuicm~ ~chfp tm `mfthlf elp`hc zlpdp& Elui ~chfp hzi `mfpmclohtio lf tbi ~zmulfì“p

elfhf`lhc pthtiaiftp& _bi ~zmulfì lp {bmcc| mz ~hztc| zip~mfpljci emz hf| pbmztehccp lf tbzii me

tbmpi7 tbi ^yjcl` Pizulì îfplmf ^chf "^P^^,4 M^PIY îfplmf ^chf "M^PIY^^,4 hfo

Mfthzlm _ih`bizp“ îfplmf ^chf "_^^,& _bi ia~cm|izp jihz tblp gmlft zip~mfpljlclt| emz tbi

Bihctb`hzi me Mfthzlm îfplmf ^chf "BMM^^, hfo @mccikip me H~~clio Hztp hfo _i`bfmcmk|

"@HH_, îfplmf ^chf& _bi @maalpplmf if`myftizio `mfploizhjci `mfeyplmf mf tbi xyiptlmf

me {bm jihzp tbi yctlahti elfhf`lhc zip~mfpljlclt| emz eyfolfk oiel`ltp& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco

`chzle| {bm yctlahtic| bmcop elfhf`lhc clhjlclt|&

_bi tbzii ~ifplmf ~chfp p~mfpmzio mz `m!p~mfpmzio j| tbi ~zmulfì fm{ bhui eyfolfk

pbmztehccp4 BMM^^ {hp eycc| eyfoio hp me ltp chtipt uhcyhtlmf# {blci @HH_ bho h pahcc pyz~cyp&

Ahf| me tbipi bhui lf`zihpio ia~cm|iz hfo ia~cm|ii `mftzljytlmf zhtip hfo pmai bhuizioyìo mz iclalfhtio tbi kyhzhftii me lfechtlmf ~zmti`tlmf& H pifpltlult| hfhc|plp me tbi bihctb

me tbipi ~chfp {myco ji ypieyc plfì uli{p oleeiz mf bm{ tbilz clhjlcltlip pbmyco ji uhcyio&

_bi kmuizfaift bhp ei{ ciuizp tm ahdi plkflel`hft pbmzt!tiza hogyptaiftp tm ltp ~ifplmf

`mptp# jyt cmfk!tiza phulfkp hzi ~mppljci&

[bif ehìo {ltb eytyzi pbmztehccp# ~ifplmf ~chf p~mfpmzp pbmyco zioyì ~zmp~i`tlui jifieltp

tm clalt tbi fiio emz eyztbiz `mftzljytlmf zhti lf`zihpip& Emz ltp ~hzt# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco

ahdi jifielt `mpt `mfthlfaift ~hzt me ltp `ma~ifphtlmf fikmtlhtlfk ptzhtik| emz tbi J^P&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco piid m~~mztyfltlip tm phui amfi| hfo mjthlf jittiz lfuiptaift

zityzfp j| `mfpmclohtlfk hoalflptzhtlui eyf`tlmfp hfo ~mmclfk tbi lfuiptaiftp me ~ifplmf ~chfph`zmpp tbi J^P& _zhfp~hzif`| lp hcpm la~mzthft& _bi `mpt me tbi ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmf ~chfp

pbmyco ji ahoi ay`b `cihziz lf tbi ^yjcl` H``myftp hfo tbi Jyokit &

_bi _hr~h|iz ^zmti`tlmf H`t eittizp tbi kmuizfaift“p `h~h`lt| tm ahdi oi`lplmfp zikhzolfk

ziuifyip oyi tm ltp ziptzl`tlmfp mf lf`zihplfk thr zhtip mz lftzmoy`lfk h fi{ thr& Yctlahtic|# tbi

kmuizfaift lp h``myfthjci tm thr~h|izp le lt oi`loip tm amole| thr zhtip mz lftzmoyì h fi{ thr&

Amole|lfk mz iclalfhtlfk tblp h`t {lcc hccm{ p~ifolfk hfo thrip tm ji ypio hp zixylzio tm

hoozipp tbi tbzihtp me elp`hc pypthlfhjlclt|&

Ifulzmfaifthc Zlpdp7 _m jittiz ~zmti`t tbi ~zmulfì ezma tbi `mptp me ifulzmfaifthc`cihfy~# tbi ciklpchtlmf pbmyco ji `bhfkio tm ~yt amzi em`yp mf tbi ~zlf`l~ci me –~mccytiz

~h|p&‑ Mtbiz m~tlmfp lf`cyoi h ~zmkzha cldi Py~izeyfo lf tbi Yfltio Pthtip# {bl`b bhp tbi

hytbmzlt| tm `cihf y~ bhwhzomyp {hpti pltip&



5:

Zlpdp ^mpio j| tbi Eioizhc Kmuizfaift7 Mfthzlm lp hc{h|p pyjgi`t tm tbi zlpd me eioizhc

kmuizfaift ~mcl`| `bhfkip# {bl`b `hf olpzy~t tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc ~chfflfk hfo ~yjcl`

pizulìp& Hamfk tbi dfm{f zlpdp7

_bi myt`mai me `yzzift fikmtlhtlmfp emz h `ma~zibifplui ezii tzhoi hkziiaift {ltb tbi

Iyzm~ihf Yflmf `myco plkflel`hftc| zhlpi tbi `mpt me ~zip`zl~tlmf ozykp lf Mfthzlm ji`hypi

tbi ~zm~mpio bhzamflwhtlmf me ~htift zycip {myco dii~ kifizl` ozykp mee tbi ahzdit emz

cmfkiz& _blp `myco `mpt Mfthzlm y~ tm /8&: jlcclmf ~iz |ihz# amzi tbhf {l~lfk myt tbi phulfkp

ezma tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift“p ziìft ozyk ziemzap4

Mfthzlm hfo tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift pbhzi h `maamf ~izpmfhc lf`mai thr jhpi hfo

Mfthzlm kifizhcc| ~hzhccicp hf| eioizhc `bhfkip& Eioizhc ~zm~mphcp tm ir~hfo lf`mai

p~clttlfk hfo omyjci tbi `mftzljytlmf clalt mf _hr!Ezii Phulfkp H``myftp `myco zioyì

Mfthzlm ziuifyi j| /8&0 jlcclmf hffyhcc|4

@bhfkip lf tbi @hfhoh Bihctb _zhfpeiz "@B_, {lcc `mpt Mfthzlm hcampt /:08 alcclmf

~iz |ihz jhpio mf `yzzift emzi`hptp# jyt `myco zih`b hcampt /?:8 alcclmf le KO^ kzm{tb

ehccp tm tbzii ~iz ìft4 tbipi zioy`tlmfp {lcc kzm{ muiz tlai& _|lfk tbi @B_ tm KO^ kzm{tb

{lcc hcampt lfiulthjc| zioyì tbi eioizhc `mftzljytlmf tm bihctb p~ifolfk4

Ziìft `zlai ciklpchtlmf {lcc ~chì eyztbiz oiahfop mf tbi ~zmulf`lhc `myzt hfo `mzzi`tlmfp

p|ptiap& _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp fmt |it zi`mkflwio mz hoozippio tbi hooltlmfhc `mpt&

_bi cm{ipt `mpt iptlahti me tbi la~h`t me tbi eioizhc `zlai jlcc lp /:: alcclmf ~iz |ihz4

lt {lcc ~zmjhjc| ji ay`b blkbiz4 hfo

H tbzii!|ihz pm`lhc bmyplfk hkziiaift {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift plkfio chpt |ihz {lcc

~zmuloi /?2> alcclmf# p~clt 9>‐9># tm jylco mz zi~hlz 5#>>> heemzohjci bmyplfk yfltp& _bizi lp

`yzziftc| fm eioizhc eyfolfk `maaltaift ji|mfo tbi ifo me tbi `yzzift hkziiaift&

Zlpdp ^mpio j| tbi Ayfl`l~hc Pi`tmz7 _bizi hzi ~mtiftlhc zlpdp emz tbi ~zmulfì lf tbi iuift

me oiehyct j| h ayfl`l~hclt|& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco {mzd {ltb ayfl`l~hcltlip tm ifpyzi tbht

`maaltaiftp hzi ait& Dfm{f zlpdp lf`cyoi ~mtiftlhc muizzyfp lf ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi hfo

tbi ^hf Ha Khaip& Hctbmykb ayfl`l~hcltlip hzi zip~mfpljci emz ahlfthlflfk tbilz

lfezhptzy`tyzi# tbizi hzi `mftlfyhc `hccp mf piflmz kmuizfaiftp tm elfhfì fi{ ~zmgi`tp& [bht lp

fiioio lp h `ma~zibifplui ~chf tbht ~mlftp tbi ~zmulfì# ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift lf tbi phai olzi`tlmf& _blp lp hf m~~mztyfi tlai tm thdi ptm`d me tbi `yzzift

h~~zmh`b tm ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi& _mzmftm hfo tbi Kmcoif Bmzpipbmi ziklmf {lcc bmpt tbi

:>89 ^hf Ha Khaip& _bi ~zmulfì lp `mftzljytlfk /9>> alcclmf hfo lp zip~mfpljci emz hf|

p~ifolfk ji|mfo tbi h~~zmuio /8&? jlcclmf jyokit& Hp tbi oiel`lt kyhzhftmz# tbi ~zmulfì aypt

ji ulklchft lf ifpyzlfk tbht tbi ~hztlip lfumcuio om fmt hccm{ hf| muizzyf lf ir~ifoltyzip&

Yfdfm{f Zlpdp7 Zlpdp tbht {i `hffmt emzipii hzi lfiulthjci& _bi elp`hc ~chf aypt hcpm ji

~zi~hzio emz tbi yfir~i`tio hfo ~zmuloi emz yfdfm{f zlpdp hp {icc&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

50

Lftizkmuizfaifthc Zichtlmfp

Eioizhc# ~zmulf`lhc hfo ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaiftp hcc oicluiz pizulìp tm Mfthzlhfp# metif {ltb

lf`mfplptift mjgi`tluip hfo yf`m!mzolfhtio h`tlultlip& Jittiz `m!mzolfhtlmf {myco bic~ lf pmai

hzihp# jyt lf mtbizp# h {bmci fi{ oiclfihtlmf me zip~mfpljlcltlip lp fiioio& _bi ~zmulfì“p

zichtlmfp {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift hfo {ltb Mfthzlm ayfl`l~hcltlip bhui ahgmz

`mfpixyifìp emz tbi ~zmulf`lhc jyokit& [i {lcc oihc {ltb ih`b lf mzoiz&

Eioizhc!~zmulf`lhc zichtlmfp

Lf :>><‐8># Mfthzlm“p 0< ~iz ìft me @hfhoh“p ~m~ychtlmf `mftzljytio hjmyt 0< ~iz ìft me

eioizhc ziuifyip# jyt jifieltio ezma mfc| 0? ~iz ìft me eioizhc p~ifolfk ‟ h kh~ {mztb hjmyt

/8:&0 jlcclmf mz :&8 ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm“p :>>< KO^& _bi p~ifolfk kh~ lp h `cihz oiamfptzhtlmf

me tbi ~izuizpi ptzy`tyzi me @hfholhf elp`hc eioizhclpa&

Yfoiz tbi @mfptltytlmf# tbi ~zmulf`lhc hfo eioizhc kmuizfaiftp ir~cl`ltc| pbhzi pmaizip~mfpljlcltlip# {blci lppyip yfdfm{f lf tbi 8<tb ìftyz| bhui emzìo kmuizfaiftp tm {mzd

tmkitbiz& _blp `mcchjmzhtlmf bhp zipyctio lf h``ma~clpbaiftp py`b hp aiol`hzi# pm`lhc

pizulìp hfo thr ziemza# jyt eioizhc h`tlmfp `hf pmaitlaip olpzy~t ~zmulf`lhc elp`hc ~chfflfk

hfo ~yjcl` pizulìp& Mfthzlm fiiop eioizhc `m!m~izhtlmf tm hoozipp tbi elp`hc# i`mfmal` hfo

oiamkzh~bl` `bhccifkip lt ehìp# hp om mtbiz ~zmulfìp& Amzi tbhf iuiz# hcc kmuizfaiftp aypt

{mzd tmkitbiz tm ziemza ~yjcl` pizulìp& _bi tlai emz h fi{ eioizhc!~zmulf`lhc ~hzholka lp fm{&

_bi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift pbmyco ipthjclpb hf yfoizpthfolfk {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tbht

eioizhc h`tlmfp ~mpi elp`hc zlpdp tm Mfthzlm& _bizi hzi fm{ emyz ahgmz zlpdp7

@bhfkip tm tbi `maamf thr jhpi7 @maamf ~izpmfhc hfo `mz~mzhti lf`mai thr

jhpip pla~cle| thr elclfk& ^zm~mpio eioizhc `bhfkip mf lf`mai p~clttlfk hfo _hr!Ezii

Phulfkp H``myftp `myco `mpt Mfthzlm /8&0 jlcclmf lf cmpt ziuifyi# plfì tbi ~zmulfì {myco

cldic| alzzmz tbipi `bhfkip& Hfo ji`hypi Mfthzlm ~hzhccicp pmai eioizhc thr ~zmulplmfp emz

jyplfipp# eioizhc `bhfkip tm tbi P`liftlel` Zipihz`b hfo Ir~izlaifthc Oiuicm~aift thr

`ziolt pbmyco mfc| ji omfi lf `mfpycthtlmf {ltb tbi ~zmulfì&

@bhfkip tm @hfhoh“p @zlalfhc @moi7 @bhfkip tm tbi @zlalfhc @moi {lcc la~mpi fi{

oiahfop mf tbi ~zmulf`lhc `myzt hfo `mzzi`tlmfp p|ptia# hoolfk tm tbi elp`hc jyzoif&

_bi fi{ –tmykb mf `zlai‑ ciklpchtlmf lp ir~i`tio tm zipyct lf pyjpthftlhcc| blkbiz `mptp

emz Mfthzlm& "Pii @bh~tiz 8?# Gyptlì Pi`tmz# emz eycc zi`maaifohtlmfp&,

Zioy`lfk py~~mzt emz laalkzhtlmf pittciaift pizulìp7 Lf :>>9# tbi eioizhc hfo

Mfthzlm kmuizfaiftp hkziio tm lf`zihpi eyfop emz laalkzhtlmf pittciaift pizulìp lf

tbi ~zmulfì& _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp yfoizp~ift j| amzi tbhf /::> alcclmf yfoiz

tbi hkziiaift# zioy`lfk ~mtiftlhc pizulìp tm bic~ fi{`maizp pittci# lftikzhti# ziìlui

chfkyhki tzhlflfk hfo elfo {mzd&



5?

Cmfk!tiza bihctb mptp mytptzl~~lfk eioizhc eyfolfk7 _bi @B_ hfo tbi [hlt _laip

Zioy`tlmf Eyfo hzi pit tm ir~lzi lf :>8?& _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift ~chfp tm lf`zihpi tbi

@B_ j| ltp `yzzift plr ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz yftlc :>8;# jyt tbif tli tbi kzm{tb zhti tm @hfhoh“p

fmalfhc KO^# {ltb h tbzii ~iz ìft ecmmz& [blci {i zi`maaifo `h~~lfk tbi kzm{tb me

Mfthzlm bihctb p~ifolfk jicm{ tbht ciuic tm jhchfì tbi jyokit j| :>8;‐82# tbi cmfk!zyf

`mpt me bihctb `hzi {lcc hcampt ìzthlfc| kzm{ ehptiz tbhf fmalfhc KO^& Amulfk tm h

KO^!jhpio kzm{tb zhti {myco `mpt Mfthzlm hjmyt /:0< alcclmf lf :>8;‐82# jyt `myco

zih`b fihzc| /?:8 alcclmf le KO^ kzm{tb lp jicm{ tbzii ~iz ìft& _bipi kh~p {lcc kzm{&

@mfptzhlflfk @B_ tzhfpeizp lf tblp ehpblmf {lcc zioyì iuif eyztbiz tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift“p alfmzlt| pbhzi me bihctb `hzi eyfolfk&

Hploi ezma tbi ahgmz tzhfpeizp "@B_# @hfhoh Pm`lhc _zhfpeiz T@P_Q hfo Ixyhclwhtlmf,#

tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp ahoi fm `maaltaift tm zifi{lfk mtbiz ir~lzlfk tzhfpeizp&

Mfthzlm fiiop h ziclhjci hfo ~ziol`thjci eioizhc ~hztfiz&

Pmai eioizhc ~zmkzhap tbht olzi`tc| pizui Mfthzlhfp mz elp`hc hzzhfkiaiftp tbht py~~mzt

~zmulf`lhc pizulìp pbmyco ji amoizflwio hfo ziemzaio& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco houm`hti

ptzmfkc| tm `bhfki eioizhc ~zmkzhap tbht om fmt {mzd ieei`tluic| lf Mfthzlm“p lftiziptp&

"Eycc zi`maaifohtlmfp mf tbipi ~mlftp `hf ji emyfo lf tbi lfoluloyhc `bh~tizp&,

Ixyhclwhtlmf7 H ìlclfk mf Ixyhclwhtlmf claltp tbi plwi me tbi ~zmkzha tm tbi fmalfhc kzm{tb

zhti me fhtlmfhc KO^ oip~lti zlplfk olp~hzltlip hamfk tbi ~zmulfìp& _bi ~zmkzha ehlcp tm eycc|

`h~tyzi hfo pbhzi tbi {ihctb kifizhtio j| blkb `maamolt| ~zlìp lf mtbiz ~hztp me @hfhoh&

Fmz omip tbi ~zmkzha h``myft emz Mfthzlm“p blkbiz `mpt ~zippyzip# {bl`b heei`t tbi `mpt me

~yjcl` pizulìp& Ixyhclwhtlmf pbmyco eycc| `h~tyzi zipmyzì ziuifyip hfo h``maamohtioleeizlfk ~zlì ciuicp hamfk ~zmulfìp&

@hfhoh Pm`lhc _zhfpeiz7 _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift kifizhtip ziuifyip ezma Mfthzlm mf h

fihzc| ixyhc ~iz `h~lth jhplp4 tbi @P_ tbif zityzfp amfi| tm tbi ~zmulfì mf hf ixyhc ~iz

`h~lth jhplp& _blp yffiìpphz| pti~ lp lfieel`lift hfo zioyìp h``myfthjlclt| hfo tzhfp~hzif`|&

_bi @P_ pbmyco ji tzhfpeizzio tm tbi ~zmulfìp lf tbi emza me thr ~mlftp4 lf mtbiz {mzop#

tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift pbmyco zioyì ltp thrip pm ~zmulfìp `myco lf`zihpi tbilzp j| hf

ixyluhcift# ziuifyi!fiytzhc hamyft&

Ia~cm|aift Lfpyzhfì7 Ia~cm|aift Lfpyzhfì omip fmt aiit tbi fiiop me tbi amoizfchjmyz ahzdit& Lf :>8># Mfthzlhfp `mftzljytio hjmyt ?> ~iz ìft me IL ~zialyap# |it ziìluio

mfc| 0: ~iz ìft me jifieltp& Hfo oip~lti bhulfk hf yfia~cm|aift zhti hjmui tbi fhtlmfhc

huizhki# mfc| 0: ~iz ìft me yfia~cm|io Mfthzlhfp kit IL# {bl`b hcpm ziptzl`tp tbilz iclkljlclt|

emz tzhlflfk& _bi `bhfkip zi`maaifoio j| tbi Am{ht @iftzi emz ^mcl`| Lffmuhtlmf {myco

la~zmui myt`maip emz Mfthzlm {mzdizp hfo ia~cm|izp&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

59

Lf`mai hpplpthfì emz ~izpmfp {ltb olphjlcltlip7 Lfoluloyhcp {ltb piuizi olphjlcltlip

ehì plkflel`hft jhzzlizp tm khlflfk ia~cm|aift hfo ihzflfk h oiìft {hki& _bipi uycfizhjci

lfoluloyhcp hzi fm{ pizuio j| h –thfkcio pheit| fit‑ me eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc ~zmkzhap&

_bi| {myco ji jittiz pizuio j| h fhtlmfhc lf`mai py~~mzt ~zmkzha&

Laalkzhtlmf ~mcl`|7 Laalkzhtlmf {lcc lf`zihplfkc| ji h pmyzì me Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf hfo

i`mfmal` kzm{tb& [i fmtio hjmui tbht tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp yfoizlfuiptio lf Mfthzlm

hfo ~chfp eyztbiz `ytp lf laalkzhtlmf pittciaift p~ifolfk& Amzimuiz# Mfthzlm lp hccm{io tm

fmalfhti mfc| 8#>>> lfoluloyhcp tbzmykb ltp ^F^# `ma~hzio tm 9#>>> emz Hcjizth& _bi ~zmulfì

pbmyco bhui amzi lfecyifì lf oitizalflfk laalkzhtlmf ~mcl`|& _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift pbmyco

hcpm oiumcui laalkzhtlmf pizulìp# {ltb eyfolfk# tm Mfthzlm&

Ioy`htlmf emz Elzpt Fhtlmfp mf!zipizui7 Jittiz ioy`htlmf mf zipizuip lp `zy`lhc tm la~zmulfk

tbi pm`lhc hfo i`mfmal` myt`maip me Elzpt Fhtlmfp ~im~cip# jyt eioizhc eyfolfk ~iz ptyoift

ehccp pbmzt me tbi ~zmulf`lhc huizhki& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ~yt ptzmfk ~zippyzi mf tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift emz hoixyhti eyfolfk& Ehlclfk py`b h`tlmf# {bl`b lp `cihzc| gyptlelio

hfo oip~izhtic| fiioio# tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco ~cyk tblp kh~&

Kziif ifizk|7 _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp ~zmuloio clttci py~~mzt emz Mfthzlm“p kziif ifizk|

lfltlhtluip# jyt /8&? jlcclmf lf hffyhc pyjplolip tm tbi mlc hfo khp pi`tmzp& Mfthzlm fiiop ehlz hfo

ixylthjci py~~mzt emz ltp `cihf ifizk| lfltlhtluip&

[mzdlfk tmkitbiz tm zhtlmfhclwi ~yjcl` pizulìp7 _bi ~zmulf`lhc hfo eioizhc kmuizfaiftp

pbmyco zioyì muizch~ hfo oy~cl`htlmf me pizulìp& _blp olp`ypplmf `myco pthzt j| irhalflfk

lfieel`lif`lip lf muizch~~lfk ia~cm|aift hfo chjmyz!ahzdit tzhlflfk pizulìp4 tbi

ieei`tluifipp me eioizhc laalkzhtlmf pittciaift ~zmkzhap4 tbi ~mtiftlhc khlfp ezma ih`b

kmuizfaift p~i`lhclwlfk lf `mzzi`tlmfp mz ~hzmci pizulìp4 `mcchjmzhtlmf lf olzi`t `ltlwif

tzhfph`tlmfhc pizulìp4 tbi jifielt me h fhtlmfhc tzhfplt ptzhtik|4 hfo zhtlmfhclwhtlmf me

ifulzmfaifthc ~zmti`tlmf h`tlultlip hfo zikychtlmfp&

Ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp7 _bi ezhkaiftio fhtyzi me uhzlmyp eioizhc!Mfthzlm

chjmyz!ahzdit hkziiaiftp claltp tbi ~zmulfì“p hjlclt| tm jifielt ezma eycc| lftikzhtio pizulìp&

Piuizhc me tbipi hkziiaiftp ir~lzi hetiz :>80‐8?# pm tbizi lp hf m~~mztyflt| emz ziemza&

Kzihtiz ecirljlclt| emz Mfthzlm {myco hccm{ tbi ~zmulfì tm hoh~t tbi eycc pylti me chjmyz!ahzdit

~zmkzhap tm aiit `bhfklfk chjmyz!emzì fiiop&



55

Laalkzhtlmf pittciaift hfo lftikzhtlmf pizulìp7 Jmtb tbi eioizhc hfo Mfthzlm

kmuizfaiftp ~zmuloi laalkzhtlmf pittciaift pizulìp# {ltb plkflel`hft muizch~ tbht `zihtip

lfieel`lif`lip hfo zioyìp `m!mzolfhtlmf& Zip~mfpljlclt| emz lftikzhtlfk fi{`maizp pbmyco cli

{ltb cm`hc hytbmzltlip# {bl`b `hf zip~mfo tm ziklmfhc fiiop& Pittciaift ~zmkzhap bhui jiif

oiumcuio tm ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp lf Jzltlpb @mcyajlh# Ahfltmjh hfo Xyiji`# jyt tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift bhp fmt hkziio tm om tbi phai emz Mfthzlm& _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift pbmyco

oiumcui tbipi pizulìp tm Mfthzlm {ltb eyfolfk&

@mzzi`tlmfp pizulìp7 Ieei`tlui zibhjlclthtlmf dii~p `maayfltlip phei hfo `mftzmcp

`mzzi`tlmfhc ir~ifpip# jyt tbi `yzzift hzzhfkiaift ~ziuiftp tbi ahrlalwhtlmf me tbipi

jifieltp& Meeifoizp piftifìo tm cipp tbhf t{m |ihzp km tm ~zmulf`lhc ~zlpmfp# {blci tbi zipt

pizui tbilz tlai lf eioizhc ~ifltiftlhzlip& _bizi hzi tmm ei{ lfahtip pizulfk piftifìp me

jit{iif plr amftbp hfo t{m |ihzp emz tbi ~zmulfì tm ~zmuloi zibhjlclthtlmf pizulìp&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco ir~cmzi y~cmholfk tbi zip~mfpljlclt| emz lfahtip pizulfk plr amftbp

hfo amzi tm tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift4 tblp {myco klui tbipi lfahtip h`ìpp tm eioizhczibhjlclthtlmf pizulìp&

@ltlwif tzhfph`tlmfhc pizulìp7 PizulìMfthzlm# {bl`b lftikzhtip tbi pizulìp oicluizio

j| uhzlmyp alflptzlip lftm mfi ihp|!tm!h`ìpp cm`htlmf# bhp zioyìo {hlt tlaip# la~zmuio

h`ìppljlclt| hfo h`bliuio ieel`lif`lip& _bi eioizhc# ~zmulf`lhc hfo ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaiftp

pbmyco `mftlfyi tm ir~cmzi mtbiz m~~mztyfltlip tm `mcchjmzhti&

Fhtlmfhc tzhfplt ptzhtik|7 _zheel` `mfkiptlmf lp h p|ptial` lppyi ezma `mhpt tm `mhpt#

gyptle|lfk h fhtlmfhc h~~zmh`b& @hfhoh lp tbi pmci fhtlmf lf tbi MI@O tbht ch`dp h fhtlmfhc

tzhfplt ptzhtik|&

Ifulzmfaifthc ~zmti`tlmf hfo zikychtlmf7 Ifulzmfaifthc ahfhkiaift lp pbhzio j|

tbi ~zmulf`lhc hfo eioizhc kmuizfaiftp& Hctbmykb tbi t{m `m!m~izhti mf ifulzmfaifthc

hppippaiftp# amzi ziahlfp tm ji omfi& _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift lp ziuli{lfk ltp ciklpchtlmf

lf tblp hzih hfo bhp pbm{f lftizipt lf ziamulfk oy~cl`htlmf jit{iif h~~zmuhcp ~zmìppip&

_bi t{m kmuizfaiftp pbmyco `mftlfyi tm ~yzpyi tbi `zihtlmf me h –mfi ~zmgi`t‐mfi

ifulzmfaifthc hppippaift‑ pmcytlmf&

^zmulf`lhc‐Ayfl`l~hc Zichtlmfp

Ayfl`l~hcltlip ~zmuloi ahf| pizulìp ‟ py`b hp pm`lhc bmyplfk# pm`lhc hpplpthfì# ozlfdlfk{htiz xyhclt|# ~yjcl` tzhfp~mzthtlmf# chfo ypi ~chfflfk hfo {hpti ahfhkiaift ‟ tbht hzi

kmuizfio j| ~zmulf`lhc ciklpchtlmf hfo pthfohzop& Ampt ayfl`l~hc ziuifyi `maip ezma cm`hc

pmyzìp# ahlfc| ~zm~izt| thrip& \it ~zmulf`lhc tzhfpeizp h``myft emz fihzc| mfi!eletb me tbilz

ziuifyi# lf`cyolfk `mftzljytlmfp tm `mpt!pbhzio ~zmkzhap hfo yf`mfoltlmfhc eyfolfk

tbzmykb tbi Mfthzlm Ayfl`l~hc ^hztfizpbl~ Eyfo "MAÊ,&



Iri`ytlui Pyaahz|

5;

^zmulf`lhc py~~mzt tm ayfl`l~hcltlip bhp lf`zihpio pyjpthftlhcc| plfì :>>0# ahlfc| tm ziuizpi

tbi om{fcmholfk me zip~mfpljlcltlip me tbi ~ziulmyp oi`hoi& Hetiz tbi :>>2 ^zmulf`lhc!Ayfl`l~hc

Elp`hc hfo Pizulì Oicluiz| Ziuli{# tbi ~zmulfì hkziio tm y~cmho uhzlmyp ayfl`l~hc `mptp

muiz h 8>!|ihz ~izlmo& _bi ~zmulfì hcpm eyfop ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi& Zi`maaifohtlmfp

mf ~zmulf`lhc!ayfl`l~hc lppyip hzi emyfo lf ahf| `bh~tizp me tblp zi~mzt&

Py~~mzt tm ayfl`l~hcltlip lp mf tzh`d tm zlpi j| hf huizhki me 9&: ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz tm :>82&

Ay`b me tbi kzm{tb `maip ezma tbi ziahlflfk /9>> alcclmf me y~cmholfk& Ir`cyolfk tbht#

tzhfpeizp {myco ptlcc kzm{ plkflel`hftc| ehptiz tbhf tbi >&2 ~iz ìft hffyhc ~hì {i zi`maaifo

emz muizhcc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk kzm{tb& _bi @maalpplmf py~~mztp tbi y~cmho hfo {i zihclwi tbht

hf| `bhfki lf tbi y~cmho aizic| pbletp# fmt pmcuip# tbi elp`hc ~zmjcia& Ampt ayfl`l~hcltlip hcpm

ptzykkci {ltb tbilz jyokitp& Ptlcc# {i jicliui tbht muizhcc p~ifolfk ziptzhlft aihfp tbht tmthc

tzhfpeizp pbmyco fmt lf`zihpi hp zh~loc|& [i zi`maaifo elzpt tbht tbi y~cmho ~izlmo ji

irtifoio j| t{m |ihzp tm :>:> hfo pi`mfo tbht tbi MAÊ pbmyco oi`clfi tm tbi ~chffio

/9>> alcclmf j| :>85&

_bi ~zmulfì hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip pbmyco hcpm tzh`d bm{ ayfl`l~hcltlip lfuipt tbi jifieltp

zihclwio ezma tbi y~cmhop& _blp h``myfthjlclt| ezhai{mzd pbmyco em`yp mf fi{ ayfl`l~hc

`h~lthc p~ifolfk&

_bi ~zmulfì hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip pbhzi tbi ~zm~izt| thr jhpi ‟ h pthjci ziuifyi pmyzì tbht

eyfop cm`hc pizulìp hfo h ~mztlmf me iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf& Bm{iuiz# tbi

~zh`tlì me `yttlfk ioy`htlmf thr zhtip tm meepit zihppippaift lf`zihpip bhp zioyìo ziuifyip

emz ioy`htlmf# {bl`b lp py~~mztio j| ~zm~izt| thrip& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ahlfthlf pthjci

ioy`htlmf thr ziuifyip lf zihc tizap& "_bizi lp amzi mf tblp lf @bh~tiz 82# Ziuifyi Lftikzlt|&,

Oleeizift ciuicp me kmuizfaift aypt {mzd tmkitbiz tm elfo tbi ampt ieel`lift {h|p tm pizulì

tbmpi ampt lf fiio& _m ahlfthlf pizulì ciuicp {blci claltlfk p~ifolfk kzm{tb tm >&2 ~iz ìft

~iz |ihz# hcc ~ch|izp# lf`cyolfk ayfl`l~hcltlip# aypt `maalt tm kzihtiz ieel`lif`| hfo

tzhfpemzahtlmf&



52




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Mfthzlhfp {hft irìccift ~yjcl` pizulìp ezma tbilz kmuizfaift& _bi @maalpplmf yfoizpthfop

hfo py~~mztp tblp oiplzi& [i pii fm zihpmf {b| Mfthzlm `hffmt bhui tbi jipt ~yjcl` pizulìp

lf tbi {mzco ‟ {ltb tbi ~zmulpm tbht tbi| aypt `mai ht h `mpt Mfthzlhfp `hf heemzo& [ltb py`bh kmhc# {i ehì tbzii muizhz`blfk thpdp& Elzpt# {i aypt yfoizpthfo Mfthzlm“p i`mfmal`

`bhccifkip hfo hoozipp tbia olzi`tc|& Pi`mfo# {i aypt elzac| ipthjclpb h jhchfìo elp`hc

~mpltlmf tbht `hf ji pypthlfio muiz tbi cmfk tiza& Hfo tblzo# {i aypt pbhz~if tbi ieel`lif`|

me cltizhcc| iuiz|tblfk tbi kmuizfaift omip pm Mfthzlhfp kit tbi kzihtipt uhcyi emz amfi| ezma

tbi thrip tbi| ~h|& _blp zi~mzt hoozippip tbipi lppyip hfo meeizp h zmho ah~ tm h oh| {bif

Mfthzlhfp `hf `myft mf ~yjcl` pizulìp tbht hzi jmtb irìccift hfo heemzohjci ‟ tbi ~yjcl`

pizulìp Mfthzlhfp {hft hfo oipizui&

Mfthzlm ehìp amzi piuizi i`mfmal` hfo elp`hc `bhccifkip tbhf ampt Mfthzlhfp zihclwi&

[i hzi lf tbi alopt me h ~izlmo me oii~ hfo {loip~ziho yfìzthlft| muiz tbi `myzpi me tbi{mzco i`mfma| hfo ltp elfhf`lhc p|ptia ‟ h ~izlmo yf~ziìoiftio lf tbi cleitlaip me hcampt

hcc me yp& Jyt iuif hetiz tbi {mzco mfì amzi elfop ltp emmtlfk# Mfthzlhfp `hf fm cmfkiz pla~c|

hppyai tbi ptzmfk i`mfmal` kzm{tb hfo ~zmp~izlt| tm {bl`b tbi| bhui ji`mai h``yptmaio

hfo mf {bl`b tbi ~zmulfì bhp jylct ltp ~yjcl` pizulìp& Kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap `hf ji

pypthlfio lf tbi cmfk tiza mfc| le tbi kmuizfaift ifgm|p tbi ptiho| hfo oi~ifohjci ziuifyi

kzm{tb fiioio tm elfhfì tbia& Hf ir~hfolfk i`mfma| lp tbi emyfohtlmf emz zlplfk ziuifyip&

Le tbi i`mfma| ehlcp tm kzm{ xyl`dc| ifmykb# Mfthzlm“p ziuifyip {lcc ehcc pbmzt me tbi pyap

fiioio tm py~~mzt kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap&

La~zmulfk Mfthzlm“p i`mfmal` ~zmp~i`tp zichtlui jmtb tm tbi ~hpt hfo tm @hfhoh“p zipmyzì!

zl`b ~zmulfìp pbmyco hc{h|p ji h ~zlmzlt| emz ~mcl`|!ahdizp& Jyt tbi| pbmyco h`t laaiolhtic|

tm hoozipp tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc ~mpltlmf# {bl`b lp iftlzic| {ltblf tbilz `mftzmc& Ifocipp oiel`ltp#

{bl`b {myco yfoizalfi tbi ~zmulfì“p i`mfmal` hfo pm`lhc eytyzi# hzi fmt lfiulthjci& _bi kmhc

me iclalfhtlfk tbi oiel`lt `hf ji ait lf chzki ~hzt tbzmykb ziemzap tm tbi oicluiz| me ~yjcl`

pizulìp tbht hzi oiplzhjci lf tbilz m{f zlkbt# fmt gypt ji`hypi tbi| hzi cipp `mptc|& Heemzohjlclt|

hfo irìccifì hzi fmt lf`ma~htljci4 tbi| `hf ji zi`mf`lcio j| kzihtiz ieel`lif`|# {bl`b

pizuip jmtb tbi elp`hc la~izhtlui hfo Mfthzlhfp“ oiplzi emz jittiz!zyf ~zmkzhap& Jhchf`lfk tbi

jyokit# bm{iuiz# {lcc hcpm zixylzi tmykb oi`lplmfp tbht {lcc ifthlc zioyìo jifieltp emz pmai&

Kluif tbht ahf| me tbipi ~zmkzhap hzi fmt pypthlfhjci lf tbilz `yzzift emza# tbi kmuizfaift{lcc fiio tm oi`loi bm{ jipt tm thzkit jifieltp tm tbmpi {bm fiio tbia ampt& _bi tzihtaift

ah| ji oleel`yct# jyt lt lp {mztb tbi ieemzt&



;>

_bi Mytcmmd7 _bzii Pìfhzlmp

_bi ~yjcl` lp ehalclhz {ltb tbi elp`hc pìfhzlm chlo myt lf tbi :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit & Lt {hp

oijhtio lf tbi ciklpchtyzi ht tbi tlai# emzaio tbi jhplp emz tbi kmuizfaift“p ^zi!Ici`tlmf

Zi~mzt mf Mfthzlm“p Elfhfìp hfo emz tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc“p ziuli{ me tbht zi~mzt& _bi –Jyokit

Pìfhzlm#‑ y~ohtio tm ypi tbi elfhc fyajizp emz tbi :>8>‐88 elp`hc |ihz# {hp tbi pthztlfk ~mlft

emz tbi {mzd me tbi @maalpplmf mf tbi Ziemza me Mfthzlm“p ^yjcl` Pizulìp& [i jikhf j|

`mfptzy`tlfk {bht {i `hccio myz –Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm#‑ jhpio mf oleeizift hppya~tlmfp tbhf

tbmpi ypio emz tbi :>88 Jyokit & [i {izi amzi `hytlmyp lf myz ~zmgi`tlmfp me jmtb i`mfmal`

kzm{tb hfo ziuifyi# chzkic| ji`hypi tbi i`mfmal` mytcmmd bhp oitizlmzhtio plfì Ahz`b

:>884 {i hppyaio tbht p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap {myco ji ozluif j| tbi eh`tmzp tbht ypyhcc|

~ypb p~ifolfk blkbiz# py`b hp lfechtlmf# ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb# hklfk# p`bmmc ifzmcaiftp hfo pm

mf& Elfhcc|# {i oiuicm~io {bht {i zikhzo hp tbi –^zieizzio Pìfhzlm#‑ h ~zmgi`tlmf tbht

`majlfip myz amzi `hytlmyp uli{ me i`mfmal` hfo ziuifyi kzm{tb ‟ hcmfk tbi clfip me tbi

Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm ‟ {ltb tbi p~ifolfk thzkit tbht {myco eycelc myz ahfohti tm iclalfhti tbioiel`lt j| :>8;‐82&

H elp`hc pìfhzlm lp gypt tbht ‟ h ~zmgi`tlmf me tbi eytyzi jhpio mf p~i`lel` hppya~tlmfp hjmyt

bm{ xyl`dc| tbi i`mfma|# ziuifyip hfo p~ifolfk {lcc kzm{ hfo hjmyt tbi ciuicp me lftizipt

zhtip tbht bic~ oitizalfi bm{ ay`b tbi kmuizfaift {lcc p~ifo lf lftizipt `mptp mf tbi ~yjcl`

oijt& H pìfhzlm lp fmt h ~ziol`tlmf "hp lf# tblp lp {bht {lcc bh~~if,4 lt lp h ~zmgi`tlmf "hp lf# tblp

lp {bht {lcc bh~~if le hcc myz hppya~tlmfp bmco tzyi,& Hp lt yfemcop# tbi eytyzi hc{h|p tyzfp myt

oleeiziftc| tbhf iuif tbi ampt `hzieycc| `mfploizio hppya~tlmfp# pm# lf tbht pifpi# hcc tbzii

pìfhzlmp {lcc tyzf myt tm ji {zmfk& Fiuiztbicipp# pìfhzlm!jylcolfk lp tbi emyfohtlmf me kmmo

elp`hc ~chfflfk& [ltbmyt h uli{ me tbi eytyzi# kmuizfaiftp `hffmt hppipp {bht zipmyzìp tbi|

{lcc bhui huhlchjci hfo `hffmt pit ~zlmzltlip hamfk `ma~itlfk ~zmkzhap&

Lf pbmzt# kmuizfaiftp fiio h elp`hc ptzhtik|& _bizi lp h {loi zhfki me ~mppljci myt`maip

emz jmtb tbi i`mfma| hfo tbi jyokit ‟ h zhfki tbht {loifp tbi eyztbiz myt {i cmmd&

_bi kmuizfaift lp `mfezmftio {ltb h chzki oijt hfo# lf kmmo ~hzt oyi tm tbi hetizpbm`dp me h

kcmjhc ziìpplmf tbht ploip{l~io tbi Mfthzlm i`mfma|# h chzki oiel`lt hfo tbi ~zmp~i`t me h

cmfk ~htb jh`d tm h jhchfìo jyokit& Lt fiiop tm ch| myt h `cihz ~chf tm iclalfhti tbi oiel`lt

j| :>8;‐82 ‟ ltp m{f thzkit ‟ {ltb jmco h`tlmfp thdif ihzc| hfo houhfìo ptiholc|& Jhplfk

py`b lfltlhtluip mf `hytlmyp hppya~tlmfp {lcc bic~ tm humlo tbi ezyptzhtlmf me zityzflfk hkhlf hfo

hkhlf emz eyztbiz zmyfop me ziptzhlft {bif iuiftp ~zmui tbht tbi lfltlhc pti~p {izi tmm aiid&

Piuizhc Iyzm~ihf `myftzlip hzi tmoh| cihzflfk tbht cippmf&




;8

_bi Jyokit Pìfhzlm

Mfthzlm“p ziuifyip fm{ om fmt `muiz ltp p~ifolfk& Lf :>8>‐88# tbi chtipt eycc elp`hc |ihz# tbi

kmuizfaift zhf h oiel`lt me /8?&> jlcclmf ‟ ixyluhcift tm /8#>9< emz iuiz| Mfthzlhf hfo

:&0 ~iz ìft me tbi ~zmulfì“p kzmpp omaiptl` ~zmoy`t "KO^,# tbi chzkipt oiel`lt zichtlui tm KO^

me hf| ~zmulfì& _blp lp fmt ji`hypi p~ifolfk lp ~hztl`ychzc| blkb4 zichtlui tm KO^# Mfthzlm“pp~ifolfk lp mfi me tbi cm{ipt hamfk tbi ~zmulfìp& Fit oijt hamyftio tm /:8?&9 jlcclmf#

{bl`b lp /85#:85 ~iz `h~lth hfo 09&> ~iz ìft me KO^& Zichtlui tm tbi kmuizfaift“p jyokit h

|ihz ihzcliz# {bl`b bho ~zmgi`tio h oiel`lt me /8<&; jlcclmf# tbi myt`mai {hp ay`b jittiz

tbhf ir~i`tio&

_bi ampt ziìft Jyokit # lf Ahz`b :>88# pit myt h zi`muiz| ~chf tbht {myco zityzf tbi

~zmulfì“p elfhfìp tm jhchfì ‟ {ltb tbi pya me tmthc p~ifolfk hfo tbi /8 jlcclmf `mftlfkif`|

zipizui ixyhc tm ziuifyi ‟ j| tbi :>8;‐82 elp`hc |ihz& _bi `bmlì me :>8;‐82 hp tbi thzkit

|ihz emz h jhchfìo jyokit ~yt Mfthzlm mf h p`bioyci ht cihpt tbzii |ihzp jiblfo tbht me hf|

mtbiz ~zmulfì& Lt {hp tbzii |ihzp jiblfo tbi mzlklfhc eioizhc thzkit me :>8?‐89 emz h zityzf tmh jhchfìo jyokit# jyt lp fm{ t{m |ihzp jiblfo hetiz tbi ziulpio thzkit pit myt lf tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift“p ehcc elp`hc y~ohti& _m h`bliui ltp kmhc# tbi kmuizfaift ~zipiftio h pìfhzlm

me ziuifyi ~zmgi`tlmfp hfo p~ifolfk iptlahtip tbht {myco aiit ltp thzkit ohti emz jhchfì&

_blp ~htb tm{hzop h jhchfìo jyokit {hp ziltizhtio "tbmykb mfc| hp ehz hp :>80‐8?, lf

Elfhfì Alflptiz O{lkbt Oyf`hf“p ^zi!Ici`tlmf Zi~mzt mf Mfthzlm“p Elfhfìp# lf {bl`b tbi

alflptiz hcpm ir~zippio tbi bm~i tbht tblp @maalpplmf –{myco bic~ h`ìcizhti tbi ~chf tm

iclalfhti tbi oiel`lt {blci ptlcc ~zmti`tlfk tbi khlfp ahoi lf bihctb `hzi hfo ioy`htlmf&‑

Plfì myz gmj hp h @maalpplmf lp tm ahdi zi`maaifohtlmfp tm aiit ‟ mz iuif jittiz ‟

tblp thzkit# {i aypt hppipp tbi Jyokit Pìfhzlm hfo tbif oiuicm~# elzpt# myz m{f uli{ me bm{

{i jicliui tbi piuif |ihzp ezma :>8>‐88 tm :>8;‐82 {lcc yfemco lf tbi hjpifì me hf| `bhfki

lf kmuizfaift ~mcl`lip# ~zmkzhap mz ~zh`tlìp& _blp# lf mtbiz {mzop# lp myz Pthtyp Xym mytcmmd&

Le lt ehlcp tm aiit tbi thzkit# {i aypt oiulpi h ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm emz tbi jyokit tbht omip&



;:

_bizi hzi tbzii di| emzi`hptp lf hf| jyokit mytcmmd ‟ ziuifyi# p~ifolfk mf kmuizfaift

~zmkzhap hfo p~ifolfk tm `muiz lftizipt mf tbi ~yjcl` oijt& Lf tbi :>88 Jyokit # tbi

kmuizfaift jhpio ltp ziuifyi ~zmgi`tlmf tm :>8;‐82 mf emzi`hptp me# hfo hppya~tlmfp hjmyt#8

Mfthzlm“p i`mfmal` kzm{tb ji`hypi ziuifyip chzkic| oi~ifo mf tbi kzm{tb me fmalfhc KO^&

_bi Jyokit ozi{ mf hf huizhki me ~zluhti!pi`tmz emzi`hptizp jyt# hp h `hytlmfhz| pti~#

hogyptio tbi huizhki emz KO^ kzm{tb om{f pclkbtc|# {bl`b bho tbi ieei`t me lf`zihplfk tbi plwi

me tbi oiel`lt& _blp lp pthfohzo ~zh`tlì# hfo {i om fmt ehyct tbi kmuizfaift emz emccm{lfk tblp

~zmìoyzi& Bm{iuiz# {i jicliui tbi huizhki ~zluhti!pi`tmz emzi`hpt {hp fmt pyeel`liftc|

`hytlmyp lf clkbt me tbi chzki yfìzthlftlip tbht iuif tbif byfk muiz tbi kcmjhc i`mfma| hfo

tbyp tbi Mfthzlm i`mfma| hp {icc# h ~mlft tm {bl`b {i {lcc zityzf& Bhulfk ~zmoyìo tblp

ziuifyi mytcmmd# tbi Jyokit tbif pit myt h plalchzc| jhpio ~zmgi`tlmf emz ~yjcl` oijt lftizipt

`mptp muiz tbi piuif |ihzp& Lf :>8;‐82# tmthc ziuifyi {myco hamyft tm /8?:&: jlcclmf hfo tbi

`mpt me lftizipt ~h|aiftp {myco ji /85&0 jlcclmf& [bht ziahlfio {hp h kh~ me /8:9&< jlcclmf#

ezma {bl`b tbi kmuizfaift pit hploi /8 jlcclmf hp h `mftlfkif`| zipizui# cihulfk /8:?&< jlcclmf

tm p~ifo mf hcc ~zmkzhap&

_blp ~zmgi`tlmf emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk {hp pla~c| tbi ziployhc tbht {myco jzlfk tbi Jyokit

tm jhchfì lf :>8;‐82& Lt {hp fmt h p~ifolfk emzi`hpt tbht oi~l`tio bm{ p~ifolfk {myco kzm{

le `yzzift ~zmkzhap {izi ahlfthlfio hfo `mftlfyio tm ir~hfo hp ypyhc4 py`b h ~zmgi`tlmf

{myco lfumcui blkbiz ciuicp me p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap& La~cl`lt lf tblp ~zmgi`tlmf# tbif# {izi

amfi|!phulfk ~chfp tbht bho fmt |it jiif oiuicm~io# cit hcmfi hffmyfìo lf tbi Jyokit &

Bm{iuiz# tbi :>88 Jyokit olo fmt ~zipift h pthtyp xym pìfhzlm tm loiftle| tbi oleeizifìp

jit{iif ltp thzkit tzh`d emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk hfo tbi pthtyp xym p~ifolfk mytcmmd# pm mfi

`myco fmt kit ezma tbi Jyokit h pifpi me tbi ahkfltyoi me tbi eytyzi `mpt phulfkp fiioio tm

aiit tbi thzkit&

_bi kmuizfaift“p ^zi!Ici`tlmf Zi~mzt {hp zixylzio tm ~zipift mfc| tbi aiolya!tiza mytcmmd

tm :>80‐8?# hfo olo fmt hoozipp tbi irtifoio mytcmmd tm :>8;‐82& Bm{iuiz# tbi ~zmulfì“p

Hyoltmz Kifizhc# Gla A`@hztiz# lf blp ziuli{ me tbi ^zi!Ici`tlmf Zi~mzt # `hpt omyjt iuif mf

tbi kmuizfaift“p ir~ifpi ~zmgi`tlmfp myt tm :>80‐8?# {bl`b {izi loiftl`hc tm tbmpi lf tbi

:>88 Jyokit &

8 Kzm{tb {hp emzi`hpt tm :>80‐8?4 myt tm :>8;‐82# tbi kmuizfaift ypio cmfk!zyf huizhki kzm{tb zhtip oyzlfk ~izlmop me kzm{tb&




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_bi Hyoltmz Kifizhc# hp ptl~ychtio j| tbi Elp`hc _zhfp~hzif`| hfo H``myfthjlclt| H`t#

pyjgi`tio tbi Jyokit emzi`hpt tm tbi h`t“p pthtio ~zlf`l~ci tbht tbi kmuizfaift jhpi ltp elp`hc

~mcl`| mf –`hytlmyp hfo ~zyoift hppya~tlmfp&‑ Bi `mf`cyoio tbht {blci tbi kmuizfaift“p

iptlahtip me ziuifyip hfo lftizipt mf tbi ~yjcl` oijt ait tbht tipt# –ahf| me tbi hppya~tlmfp

yfoizc|lfk ltp iptlahtip emz ~zmkzha ir~ifpip "tbht lp# ir~ifpip ir`cyolfk lftizipt mf tbi

~yjcl` oijt hfo zipizuip, {izi m~tlalptl` hfo hkkzipplui zhtbiz tbhf `hytlmyp&‑

P~ifolfk bhp jiif pdi{io lf ziìft |ihzp j| tbi kmuizfaift“p mfi!tlai py~~mzt emz tbi hytm

pi`tmz hfo zi`mzo lfezhptzy`tyzi ptlaycyp ir~ifoltyzip hetiz tbi kcmjhc elfhf`lhc `zlplp tbht

jikhf lf :>>;& Jyt hetiz ir`cyolfk tbmpi chzki mfi!tlai mytch|p ezma blp `ma~hzlpmfp# tbi

Hyoltmz Kifizhc `mf`cyoio tbht tbi kmuizfaift“p emzi`hpt hppyaio tbht tbizi {myco ji h uiz|

pbhz~ ozm~ lf tbi kzm{tb zhti me p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap ‟ ezma hf huizhki me 5&< ~iz ìft lf

tbi ~hpt ilkbt |ihzp tm 8&2 ~iz ìft lf tbi tbzii |ihzp ezma :>8>‐88 tm :>80‐8?& Bi plfkcio

myt tbi `mpt me `ma~ifphtlmf "phchzlip# {hkip hfo jifieltp `ma~zlpi bhce me hcc ~zmkzha

p~ifolfk, hfo bihctb `hzi `mptp "{bl`b hamyftio tm ?> ~iz ìft me p~ifolfk lf :>8>‐88#{ltb `mfploizhjci muizch~ {ltb tbi `ma~ifphtlmf `mptp, hp hzihp {bizi p~ifolfk ~zippyzip

hzi tbi ahgmz `mftzljytmzp tm {bht bi `hccio –h bilkbtifio zlpd tbht h`tyhc ir~ifpip {lcc ji

blkbiz tbhf iptlahtio&‑

Lf ieei`t# bi emyfo ‟ fmt pyz~zlplfkc| ‟ tbht tbi Jyokit eihtyzio h p~ifolfk tzh`d cm{iz tbhf

tbi mfi tbht {myco yfemco yfoiz `yzzift ~zmkzha oiplkfp hfo phulfkp ~chfp& _bi Hyoltmz

Kifizhc pyzalpio ‟ hfo {i bhui `mfelzaio ‟ tbht tbizi {izi fm eycc| oiuicm~io ~chfp

ht tbi tlai me tbi Jyokit tm pi`yzi hcc me tbi oi~l`tio ziptzhlft& Le tbizi hzi fm{ ~chfp yfoiz

oiuicm~aift {ltblf kmuizfaift tm pi`yzi hcc me tbi elp`hc ziptzhlft# tbi| bhui fmt jiif

~zmuloio tm tbi @maalpplmf& [bif tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc“p zi~mzt {hp zicihpio# tbi alflptiz h`dfm{ciokio tbht blp ~chf {hp hkkzipplui# jyt ahlfthlfio tbht tbi kmuizfaift {hp

`maalttio tm jhchf`lfk tbi jyokit j| :>8;‐82& –_bizi hzi ifmzamypc| oleel`yct `bmlìp

hbiho#‑ Alflptiz Oyf`hf phlo& –_blp {lcc klui Mfthzlhfp kzihtiz lfplkbt hfo `chzlt| hp tm tbi

`bhccifkip `malfk ht yp&‑ La~cl`ltc|# tbif# tbi alflptiz {hp ~zmalplfk tm oiuicm~ hfo

la~ciaift muiz tlai tbi oithlcp me {bht {myco ji hf hkkzipplui ziptzhlft ~chf& Lfoiio#

tbi kmuizfaift h`dfm{ciokio lf ltp ^zi!Ici`tlmf Zi~mzt tbht –ìzthlf hppya~tlmfp hzi

jhpio mf hftl`l~htio h`tlmfp# ptzhtiklip hfo ~zmkzhap me tbi kmuizfaift tbht hzi `mfplptift

{ltb tbi elp`hc ~chf&‑ _blp# me `myzpi# lp tbi ahlf zihpmf {b| tbi kmuizfaift `zihtio

tblp @maalpplmf ‟ tm ~zmuloi houlì mf {bht h ziptzhlft ~chf alkbt cmmd cldi&



;?

_bi Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm

Myz ahfohti zixylzip yp tm cmmd iuif eyztbiz hbiho tbhf tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc ‟ tm :>8;‐82&

[i emyfo jmtb tbi Jyokit hfo tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc“p zi~mzt h oleel`yct jhplp ezma {bl`b tm

jiklf myz tblfdlfk& Lf ~hztl`ychz# {i `myco filtbiz iptlahti fmz eycc| `ma~zibifo tbi oikzii

tm {bl`b eyztbiz ziptzhlft {myco ji fiìpphz| ji`hypi filtbiz om`yaift meeizp h pthtypxym mytcmmd&

[bif {i jikhf tblp {mzd lf Gyc| :>88# {i elzpt `zihtio myz m{f Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm tbht {i

jicliui meeizp h `cihziz ~izp~i`tlui ‟ ìzthlfc| mfi jhpio mf y~ohtio hfo amzi `hytlmyp

hppya~tlmfp ‟ me tbi piuif elp`hc |ihzp ezma :>8>‐88 tbzmykb :>8;‐82# lf tbi hjpifì me

fi{ hkkzipplui kmuizfaift h`tlmf&

[i tmmd tbi phai h~~zmh`b hp tbi kmuizfaift lf hppipplfk eytyzi ziuifyip hfo ~yjcl` oijt

`mptp# jyt `hai y~ {ltb uiz| oleeizift ziuifyi fyajizp ji`hypi {i ir~i`tio i`mfmal`

kzm{tb tm ji pcm{iz tbhf tbi kmuizfaift olo lf tbi Jyokit hfo pcm{iz tbhf ~zluhti!pi`tmz i`mfmalptp {izi ~zmgi`tlfk ht tbht tlai& [i {izi fmt pla~c| ifkhklfk bizi lf hf irìpp me

~zyoifì& Lf tbi pbmzt tiza# tbi mytcmmd emz tbi {mzco# @hfholhf hfo Mfthzlm i`mfmalip bho

hcziho| olaaio pyjpthftlhcc| lf tbi amftbp hetiz tbi Jyokit {hp ~zipiftio& Hfo ji|mfo

:>80# tbi laaiolhti ~yzuli{ me ampt emzi`hptizp# {i jicliui Mfthzlm“p cmfk!tiza i`mfmal`

kzm{tb ~mtiftlhc {lcc pbzlfd hp tbi chjmyz emzì kzm{p amzi pcm{c| hfo ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb

ziahlfp amoizhti&

[i tmmd h uiz| oleeizift h~~zmh`b ezma tbht me tbi Jyokit mf p~ifolfk& [i jylct myz Pthtyp

Xym p~ifolfk clfi j| ~zmgi`tlfk ~zmkzha ir~ifoltyzip lf h``mzohfì {ltb t{m di| eh`tmzp

tbht heei`t tbi `mpt me kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap& Elzpt# {i ypio tbi ~zippyzip tbht ozlui p~ifolfkmf ~zmkzhap hp tbi| hzi `yzziftc| oiplkfio hfo oicluizio& Pi`mfo# {i hccm{io emz `yzzift

`mpt!phulfk aihpyzip tbht hzi hcziho| lf ~chì hfo cldic| tm ~zmoyì zipyctp lf tbi |ihzp

hbiho& Le h ~hztl`ychz ziptzhlft aihpyzi bhp jiif ~zm~mpio# jyt fmt |it eycc| oiuicm~io hfo

la~ciaiftio# {i olo fmt `myft lt&

_bi zipyctp me tblp iriz`lpi `hf ji pyaahzlwio ihplc|& Lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm# ziuifyi

kzm{tb {lcc ji cm{iz hfo p~ifolfk kzm{tb blkbiz tbhf hppyaio lf tbi :>88 Jyokit & Myz amzi

`hytlmyp pit me hppya~tlmfp cihop fmt tm h jhchfìo jyokit lf :>8;‐82# jyt tm h oiel`lt lf tbi

mzoiz me /0>&: jlcclmf# amzi tbhf omyjci tbi :>8>‐88 oiel`lt# hfo h fit ~yjcl` oijt me

/?88&? jlcclmf# ixyluhcift tm gypt yfoiz 98 ~iz ìft me tbi ~zmulfì“p KO^# `ma~hzio {ltb

09 ~iz ìft tmoh|&




;9

Jzliec|# tbi fyajizp cmmd cldi tblp& _bi :>88 Jyokit ~zmgi`tio ziuifyip me /8?:&: jlcclmf emz

:>8;‐82& Lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm# tbi| {lcc ji `cmpiz tm /80:&; jlcclmf# mz /<&? jlcclmf cipp#:

lf ~hzt ji`hypi {i jicliui i`mfmal` kzm{tb {lcc ji pcm{iz tbhf tbi kmuizfaift la~clio&

_bi Jyokit hcpm ~zmgi`tio hjmyt /8:?&< jlcclmf lf p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap "~cyp h /8&> jlcclmf

`mftlfkif`| zipizui, emz tbht |ihz hfo lftizipt ~h|aiftp me /85&0 jlcclmf# emz h tmthc me

/8?:&: jlcclmf lf p~ifolfk "hcpm lf`cyolfk tbi zipizui, ‟ h pya ixyhc tm ziuifyip4 tblp {myco

aihf tbi Jyokit {myco ji lf jhchfì lf :>8;‐82& [i jicliui lfptiho tbht le ~zmkzhap zithlf

tbilz `yzzift oiplkfp hfo le ziptzhlft aihpyzip fm{ lf tbi {mzdp hzi eycc| la~ciaiftio# tbi

pthtyp xym tzhgi`tmz| la~clip /8?8&? jlcclmf lf ~zmkzha p~ifolfk lf :>8;‐82# ~cyp h chzkiz

`mftlfkif`| zipizui me /8&< jlcclmf tbht {i oiia ~zyoift& Lf hooltlmf# tbi kzm{lfk oijt {myco

zixylzi lftizipt ~h|aiftp me /8<&; jlcclmf& _mthc mytch|p {myco ji /850&> jlcclmf ‟ /0>&: jlcclmf

amzi tbhf myz ~zmgi`tio ziuifyip&

_blp Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm lp# {i jicliui# tbi ahffiz lf {bl`b tbi eytyzi {lcc cldic| yfemco le

`mzzi`tlui h`tlmf lp fmt thdif& Lt {lcc pbm`d ahf| ji`hypi lt aihfp tbht le Mfthzlm lp tm htthlfltp thzkit me h jhchfìo jyokit j| :>8;‐82# tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift aypt thdi ay`b

tmykbiz elp`hc aihpyzip muiz h ~zmtzh`tio ~izlmo tbhf hf|mfi bhp |it olp`yppio ~yjcl`c|&

^mpt~mflfk fiioio lfezhptzy`tyzi ~zmgi`tp yftlc hetiz tbht ohti# h ti`bflxyi kmuizfaiftp metif

ypi tm jhchfì tbilz jmmdp lf tbi pbmzt tiza# lp fm pmcytlmf4 tbi ~zmulfì {myco pla~c| pcl~ jh`d

lftm oiel`lt chtiz mf hp lt tzlio tm `mzzi`t hf lfezhptzy`tyzi oiel`lt& Lfoiio# hf| py`b pbmzt!tiza

aihpyzip {myco pla~c| ahdi amzi cldic| h zipya~tlmf me oiel`lt jyokitp hetiz :>8;‐82#

zhtbiz tbhf ~yt tbi ~zmulfì mf h ~htb tm jhchfìo jyokitp muiz tbi cmfk bhyc& _m ~ycc tmthc

p~ifolfk om{f mftm h tzh`d tbht {lcc aht`b myz amzi amoipt hppippaift me eytyzi ziuifyi

kzm{tb aihfp tbht {i aypt elfo tmthc phulfkp me /0>&: jlcclmf ~iz |ihz j| :>8;‐82& Gypt hp

la~mzthftc|# tbi kmuizfaift aypt ji hjci tm pypthlf tbipi phulfkp ji|mfo tbht |ihz&

: _blp omip fmt hoo oyi tm zmyfolfk&



;5

_bi ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm

[i oiuicm~io myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm ji`hypi {i {hftio tm loiftle| `cihzc| tbi irtift me

hf| fi{ p~ifolfk ziptzhlft tbht {lcc ji fiioio tm jhchfì tbi jyokit j| :>8;‐824 tbht lp#

tbi oleeizifì jit{iif tbi Pthtyp Xym p~ifolfk mytcmmd hfo tbi p~ifolfk fiioio tm iclalfhti

tbi oiel`lt j| tbht ohti& _bi thpd tbif ji`hai mfi me `zihtlfk h ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm ‟ mfi tbht{lcc ciho tm h jhchfìo jyokit lf :>8;‐82& _bi kmuizfaift h`tyhcc| hpdio yp tm houlpi mf

bm{ tm htthlf jhchfì jiemzi tbht |ihz& Bm{iuiz# {i ~zieiz tm hom~t h ptzhtik| me ptl`dlfk tm

tbi meel`lhc thzkit hfo zi`maaifolfk {h|p tm pmclole| tbi ~zmulfì“p `bhfìp me blttlfk lt&

Mfi iciaift me tblp ptzhtik| lp tbi ypi me h `mftlfkif`| zipizui ay`b chzkiz tbhf tbht ypio

lf tbi Jyokit & Hfmtbiz iciaift lp myz ypi me amzi `hytlmyp i`mfmal` hppya~tlmfp# iriz`lplfk

h oikzii me ~zyoifì tbht {i jicliui lp gyptlelio j| tbi `yzzift i`mfmal` mytcmmd& [i {lcc hcpm

zi`maaifo mtbiz ptzhtiklip emz altlkhtlfk tbi zlpd me ~mtiftlhc clhjlcltlip tbht hzi fmt ir~cl`ltc|

zi`mkflwio lf tbi Jyokit mz myz m{f elp`hc tzh`d& _blp h~~zmh`b cihuip zmma tm zih`b jhchfì

ihzcliz le tbi eytyzi tyzfp myt amzi ehumyzhjci tbhf {i bhui hppyaio&

Myz jmttma clfi {lcc ifo y~ lf tbi phai ~chì hp tbi :>88 Jyokit 4 tbht lp# {ltb fm oiel`lt lf tbi

elfhc |ihz& Jyt lf clkbt me myz ziuifyi tzhgi`tmz| jilfk cm{iz tbhf tbht me tbi Jyokit # myz tzh`d

emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk {lcc bhui tm ji >&2 ~iz ìft kzm{tb ~iz |ihz tm :>8;‐82# pyjpthftlhcc|

cm{iz tbhf tbi 8&? ~iz ìft hffyhc kzm{tb pit myt lf tbi Jyokit tm zih`b tbi kmhc me h

jhchfìo jyokit&

_blp lp h uiz| thcc mzoiz# jyt {i hzi m~tlalptl` lt `hf ji omfi& _bzmykbmyt tblp zi~mzt#

{i ~zip`zlji h zihclptl` hfo eihpljci "hcjilt tmykb, {h| myt me tbi elp`hc ~ziol`haift {i bhui

oip`zljio& [i meeiz 05: zi`maaifohtlmfp# pi`tmz j| pi`tmz# tbht {lcc hccm{ tbi kmuizfaift

tm `mfptzhlf p~ifolfk ifmykb tm jhchfì tbi jyokit {ltbmyt thr lf`zihpip& Ahf| me myz

zi`maaifohtlmfp hzi jhpio mf yplfk ~yjcl` zipmyzìp amzi ieel`liftc|4 lf ahf| `hpip# jittiz!

xyhclt| pizulìp {lcc hcpm ji hf myt`mai& _blp {lcc fmt ahdi pmai me tbi zi`maaifoio ziemzap

~hlfcipp emz hcc lfumcuio# ht cihpt fmt lf tbi pbmzt tiza# jyt# muiz tbi cmfk bhyc# {i jicliui tbi|

{lcc klui Mfthzlhfp ay`b jittiz uhcyi emz tbi thrip tbi| ~h| tm py~~mzt ~yjcl` pizulìp&




;;

Plfì myz ahfohti ir~zippc| emzjlop yp ezma ~zm~mplfk fi{ mz lf`zihpio thrip# ampt me tbi

jyzoif me iclalfhtlfk tbi /0>&: jlcclmf pbmztehcc ziuihcio j| tbi Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm aypt ehcc

mf p~ifolfk& Hp {i uiiz ezma tbi Pthtyp Xym mytcmmd "{ltb ltp ~izplptift oiel`ltp, j| hlalfk

emz h jhchfìo jyokit lf :>8;‐82# {i {myco zyf iuiz!oi`clflfk oiel`ltp hcmfk tbi {h|# {bl`b

{myco zioyì lftizipt `mptp mf tbi oijt jicm{ tbmpi piif lf tbi Pthtyp Xym mytcmmd& _blp

{myco phui hjmyt /?&0 jlcclmf0 lf :>8;‐82# jyt tbi ~zmulfì {myco ptlcc fiio tm p~ifo hjmyt

/:0&< jlcclmf cipp mf ~zmkzhap tbhf tbi /8?8&? jlcclmf tbht {i pii hp tbi `yzzift Pthtyp Xym

~zmgi`tlmf ‟ h oleeizifì me 8; ~iz ìft& _bht la~clip# tm ~yt lt alcoc|# h {zif`blfk zioy`tlmf

ezma tbi ~htb tbht p~ifolfk lp fm{ mf& Lt lp# bm{iuiz# fiìpphz| le Mfthzlm lp tm ip`h~i ltp

ziìft blptmz| me zlplfk ~yjcl` oijt tbht emzìp tbi kmuizfaift tm p~ifo amzi tbhf lt pbmyco mf

lftizipt ~h|aiftp ‟ amfi| tbht `myco mtbiz{lpi ji ypio tm elfhfì ~zmkzhap&

_bipi hzi jmco hppiztlmfp# uiz| `cihzc| ht moop {ltb tbi ziìft ~yjcl` oijhti muiz Mfthzlm“p

elp`hc mytcmmd& Oyzlfk tbi ziìft ici`tlmf# hcc ~mcltl`hc ~hztlip ~ciokio tm jhchfì tbi jyokit j|

:>8;‐82# jyt fmfi ~zipiftio h `zioljci ~chf tm h``ma~clpb tblp myt`mai& Myz hppiztlmfptbiziemzi oiahfo ir~chfhtlmf hfo pyjpthftlhtlmf& [i {lcc p~icc myt tbi oithlcp me tbi ^zieizzio

Pìfhzlm chtiz lf tblp `bh~tiz& Bizi# {i {lcc pla~c| fmti tbht {i ch| myt h ~chf oiplkfio tm

pi`yzi h jyokit jhchfì lf :>8;‐82 tbzmykb p~ifolfk ziptzhlft& Hfo tm emzipbhom{ tbi zipt me

tbi zi~mzt# {i ahdi zi`maaifohtlmfp tbzmykbmyt emz ziemzalfk ~zmkzhap hfo pizulì oicluiz|

tm h`bliui tbi muizhcc oikzii me p~ifolfk ziptzhlft zixylzio& Jyt jiemzi oip`zljlfk tbi

^zieizzio Pìfhzlm lf oithlc# {i {lcc jzliec| ziuli{ Mfthzlm“p elp`hc zi`mzo "Om {i zihcc| bhui

h oijt ~zmjcia=, hfo tbif pit myt tbi ziìft ~izemzahfì me tbi Mfthzlm i`mfma| hfo ltp

~zmp~i`tp emz tbi eytyzi& _blp i`mfmal` mytcmmd lp `zltl`hc ji`hypi lt ipthjclpbip tbi `mftirt

lf {bl`b jyokit ~mcl`| aypt ji pit muiz tbi firt piuizhc |ihzp&

0 _blp omip fmt hoo oyi tm zmyfolfk&



;2

Oijt hfo Oiel`ltp

Muiz tbi ~hpt t{m oi`hoip# Mfthzlm“p elp`hc zi`mzo bhp jiif mfi me chzki oiel`ltp tbht bhui

jiif mfc| ~hztlhcc| meepit j| p~mzhol` i~lpmoip me pahcc pyz~cypip& Jiemzi tbht# ezma 8<25‐2;

tbzmykb 8<2<‐<># tbi kmuizfaift“p oijt huizhkio 8?&8 ~iz ìft me KO^# h amoipt jyzoif

tbht {hp ihplc| `hzzlio j| h ~zmulfì hp {ihctb| hp Mfthzlm& _bi ziìpplmf me tbi ihzc| 8<<>p

zipyctio lf chzki oiel`ltp tbht {izi zioyìo mfc| pcm{c| hp tbi oi`hoi {mzi mf tbzmykb

p~ifolfk ziptzhlft lf hcc hzihp4 j| 8<<2‐<<# tbi oijt!tm!KO^ zhtlm bho omyjcio tm 0> ~iz ìft&

Pahcc pyz~cypip lf piuif me tbi firt flfi |ihzp hccm{io tbi oijt zhtlm tm ihpi tm gypt yfoiz

:; ~iz ìft lf :>>;‐>2 jiemzi tbi pyjpthftlhc oiel`ltp hppm`lhtio {ltb tbi ampt ziìft

ziìpplmf ‟ hfo tbi ptlaycyp ~zmkzhap me lfezhptzy`tyzi p~ifolfk oi~cm|io tm hcciulhti lt ‟

zh~loc| ~ypbio tbi oijt blkbiz |it hkhlf# tblp tlai tm 09 ~iz ìft me KO^ lf :>8>‐88&

_bi zi`mzo lp mfi lf {bl`b ziìpplmfp xyl`dc| `zihti hfo ahkfle| h oiel`lt# tbyp ~ypblfk

tbi oijt blkbiz lf h byzz|# jyt kmmo i`mfmal` tlaip ~zmoyì mfc| pahcc la~zmuiaiftp lf

tbi ~zmulfì“p oijt&

@hzz|lfk oijt zixylzip p~ifolfk lf tbi emza me lftizipt ~h|aiftp mf tbi ~zmulfì“p mytpthfolfk

jmfop hfo mtbiz mjclkhtlmfp& Lftizipt zhtip bhui jiif cm{ lf ziìft |ihzp h`zmpp ampt me tbi

kcmji hfo# {ltb h pmyfo zi`mzo lf oijt ahfhkiaift# Mfthzlm bhp jiif hjci tm jmzzm{

`bih~c|& _bi ~zmulfì“p lftizipt ~h|aiftp bhui jiif tziholfk ht hzmyfo tbilz cm{ipt ciuicp lf

tbi ~hpt :> |ihzp# jmtb lf zichtlmf tm KO^ hfo tm tbi ~zmulfì“p tmthc p~ifolfk& Lf :>8>‐88#

lftizipt hamyftio tm ;&< ~iz ìft me tmthc p~ifolfk "{icc jicm{ tbi :>!|ihz huizhki me

88&0 ~iz ìft, hfo 8&9 ~iz ìft me KO^ "`ma~hzio {ltb tbi :>!|ihz huizhki me :&> ~iz ìft,&

_bi ohfkiz bizi lp mjulmyp& Hp lftizipt zhtip zlpi tm amzi fmzahc ciuicp# pm {lcc tbi `mpt me

pizul`lfk tbi kzm{lfk oijt# oluiztlfk omcchzp h{h| ezma ~yjcl` ~zmkzhap&




;<

Yftlc ziìftc|# Mfthzlm“p oijt zi`mzo muiz tbi ~hpt xyhztiz ìftyz| {hp plalchz tm tbht me mtbiz

@hfholhf ~zmulfìp& Lf tbi chti 8<2>p# Mfthzlm“p 8?&8 ~iz ìft oijt zhtlm {hp pclkbtc| jicm{

tbi huizhki emz hcc ~zmulfìp& Lf tbi 8<<>p# tbi huizhki oijt me hcc ~zmulfìp `clajio tm hjmyt

0> ~iz ìft me KO^# gypt cldi Mfthzlm& _bi ~hpt oi`hoi bhp jzmdif tbi blptmzl`hc ~httizf&

H jmma lf `maamoltlip ‟ fmthjc| mlc ‟ hccm{io ~zmulfìp cldi Hcjizth# Phpdht`bi{hf#

Jzltlpb @mcyajlh# hfo Fi{emyfochfo hfo Chjzhomz tm zyf pyz~cypip hfo zioyì tbilz oijt&

Hcjizth# tbi zl`bipt @hfholhf ~zmulfì# fm{ bhp fit hppitp# zhtbiz tbhf oijt# {bl`b zifoizp

tbi hcc!~zmulfì huizhki cipp aihflfkeyc& Jyt {blci Mfthzlm hfo Ahfltmjh `hzzlio plalchz oijt

cmhop jit{iif :>>> hfo :>>9# Ahfltmjh“p oijt bhp plfì ehccif tm hjmyt :9 ~iz ìft me KO^

{blci Mfthzlm“p bhp zlpif& Mfthzlm“p :>8>‐88 oijt zhtlm me 09 ~iz ìft lp zmykbc| tbi phai hp

tbht me Fmuh P`mtlh# Fi{ Jzyfp{l`d hfo ^zlfì Io{hzo Lpchfo& Xyiji` lp tbi mytcliz hamfk

tbi ~zmulfìp# {ltb h fit oijt lf :>8>‐88 me hjmyt 9> ~iz ìft me KO^& Hfmtbiz `mftzljytlfk

eh`tmz tm Mfthzlm“p zlplfk oijt lp tbi blptmzl` `h~lthc lfuiptaiftp lf lfezhptzy`tyzi lf ziìft

|ihzp& [bif tbi elfhf`lhc zixylziaiftp emz tbipi ~zmgi`tp hzi lf`cyoio# Mfthzlm“p jmzzm{lfk

bhp lf`zihpio lf iuiz| |ihz plfì tbi ihzc| 8<<>p# {ltb mfc| mfi irì~tlmf&

J| `yzzift lftizfhtlmfhc pthfohzop# Mfthzlm“p oijt lp zichtluic| pahcc& [i hzi h uiz| cmfk {h|

ezma tbi ozihoeyc elp`hc `mfoltlmf me `myftzlip tbht bhui omalfhtio tbi fi{p muiz tbi ~hpt t{m

|ihzp& Pm# bm{iuiz# {izi ahf| me tbi bihoclfi `myftzlip ht mfi tlai hfo# lf pmai `hpip#

pyz~zlplfkc| ziìftc|& P~hlf“p fit oijt omyjcio tm 95 ~iz ìft me KO^ jit{iif :>>; hfo :>88#

{blci ^mztykhc“p oijt bhp hcampt omyjcio tm 8>: ~iz ìft mfc| plfì :>>0& Hamfk tbi bihoclfi

fhtlmfp {bmpi fit oijt {hp mfì plalchz tm Mfthzlm“p `yzzift 09 ~iz ìft me KO^ hzi Jzlthlf

":>>?,# tbi Yfltio Pthtip ":>>8,# Gh~hf "8<<;, hfo Ezhfì "8<<0,& Iuif Kziiì# tbi ~mptiz

`blco emz zha~hft oijt# `hzzlio hf Mfthzlm!pt|ci oijt cmho hp ziìftc| hp 8<2?& _moh|# oijt

jyzoifp bhui zih`bio ;0 ~iz ìft lf Jzlthlf hfo tbi Yfltio Pthtip# 808 ~iz ìft lf Gh~hf#

28 ~iz ìft lf Ezhfì hfo 890 ~iz ìft lf Kziiì&

_bizi hzi# me `myzpi# byki oleeizifìp jit{iif Mfthzlm hfo ih`b me tbmpi gyzlpol`tlmfp#

pm {i `hffmt ~ypb `ma~hzlpmfp tmm ehz& Mfthzlm lp mfi me tbi {mzco“p chzkipt fmf!pmuizilkf

jmzzm{izp hfo {loic| zikhzoio hp mfi me tbi ampt pm~blptl`htio& Mfthzlm jmfop hzi httzh`tlui

tm lfuiptmzp ji`hypi tbi| hzi blkbc| zhtio# `hzz| kmmo zityzfp hfo hzi uiz| clxylo# aihflfk

tbi| hzi ihp| tm tzhoi# {bl`b lp hc{h|p h ~cyp emz ~im~ci {bm jy| jmfop& Mfthzlm lp uli{io hp

h {icc!kmuizfio ~zmulfì lf h {icc!kmuizfio `myftz|& [i om fmt aihf tm ji hchzalpt lf fmtlfk

tbi ~zmulfì“p oijt ~l`tyzi# mfc| tm ~mlft myt tbht kmuizfaift oijt jyzoifp `hf zlpi xyl`dc| le

tbi| hzi fmt bihoio mee ihzc| {ltb h~~zm~zlhti h`tlmf&



2>

Pbmyco tbi kcmjhc i`mfma| tyzf fhpt| mfì hkhlf# hf| oitizlmzhtlmf lf lfuiptmz `mfeloifì

`myco ji ziahzdhjc| p{let& Lf h {mzco hcziho| h{hpb {ltb kmuizfaift oijt# Mfthzlhfp pbmyco

fmt hppyai tbht lfuiptmzp {lcc hc{h|p pthfo ziho| tm jy| tbi ~zmulf`lhc jmfop fiioio tm

elfhfì fi{ oijt {ltbmyt hpdlfk emz blkbiz lftizipt zhtip tm `ma~ifphti tbia emz tbi

h``ma~hf|lfk zlpdp&

_blp uiz| xyiptlmf {hp tbzm{f lftm pbhz~ ziclie mf Oi`& 89# :>88# {bif Ammo|“p Lfuiptmzp

Pizulì ziulpio ltp mytcmmd mf Mfthzlm“p jmfop ezma pthjci tm fikhtlui& _bi ziulplmf heei`tio

pmai /8<> jlcclmf lf jmfop tbht hzi zhtio Hh8# tbi hkif`|“p pi`mfo!blkbipt zhtlfk&

Ammo|“p phlo lf ltp pthtiaift tbht tbi `bhfki lf ltp mytcmmd –zieci`tp Ammo|“p hppippaift

me zlpdp pyzzmyfolfk tbi ~zmulfì“p hjlclt| tm aiit ltp aiolya tiza elp`hc thzkitp kluif tbi

ziìft pcm{om{f lf ~zmulf`lhc i`mfmal` kzm{tb hfo tbi zipyctlfk zlpdp tm tbi ~zmulfì“p

hjlclt| tm pthjlclwi tbi ziìft h``yaychtlmf me oijt&‑ Ammo|“p ciho hfhc|pt emz Mfthzlm# hpplpthft

ulì!~ziploift Giffleiz [mfk# phlo# –_bi fikhtlui mytcmmd mf tbi ~zmulfì zieci`tp tbi

pmetiflfk i`mfmal` mytcmmd# Mfthzlm“p kzm{lfk oijt jyzoif# hfo tbi irtifoio tlaiezhai me h`bliulfk h jhchfì jyokit&‑

Mfthzlm jmzzm{p amfi| iuiz| |ihz tm elfhfì fiioio cmfk!tiza `h~lthc ~zmgi`tp# h `maamf

~zh`tlì {ltb hcc kmuizfaiftp& Jyt hffyhc oiel`ltp# {bl`b zi~zipift `yzzift p~ifolfk tbht

irìiop ziuifyi# hcpm hoo tm tbi ptm`d me oijt& Mf tbht p`mzi# Mfthzlm“p ziìft zi`mzo lp ~mmz&

Zichtlui tm KO^# lt zhf tbi jlkkipt oiel`ltp lf tbi `myftz| lf tbi tbzii elp`hc |ihzp ezma

:>>2‐>< tbzmykb :>8>‐88& Lf tbi `yzzift elp`hc |ihz# {bl`b ifop Ahz& 08# :>8:# Mfthzlm“p

oiel`lt lp hkhlf cldic| tm ji tbi chzkipt lf @hfhoh&

_blp {lcc ptzldi ahf| hp h ~zmemyfoc| kcmma| aipphki& Lt lp mfi tbht Mfthzlhfp bhui fmt bihzo#ìzthlfc| fmt lf tbi ziìft ici`tlmf `ha~hlkf# jyt lt lp mfi tblp @maalpplmf jicliuip lt aypt

oicluiz& Le Mfthzlhfp hfo tbilz kmuizfaift hzi kmlfk tm `mai tm kzl~p {ltb tbi elp`hc `bhccifkip

tbht cli hbiho# tbi| aypt yfoizpthfo tbi oi~tb me tbi ~zmjcia hfo ltp `hypip& Mfthzlm aypt h`t

pmmf tm ~yt ltp elfhfìp mf h pypthlfhjci ~htb hfo ji ~zi~hzio emz tmykb h`tlmf ‟ fmt gypt emz h

ei{ |ihzp jyt muiz hf irtifoio ~izlmo# ht cihpt hp ehz myt hp :>82&

[i jicliui hcc Mfthzlhfp# hfo ip~i`lhcc| tbmpi lf tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz "J^P, {bm {lcc ji

ampt heei`tio j| tbi kmuizfaift“p elp`hc oi`lplmfp# bhui tbi {lt hfo `zihtlult| tm ahdi ‟ hfo

la~ciaift ‟ tbi dlfo me tbmykbteyc oi`lplmfp fiioio tm zipmcui tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc olciaah

{blci ~zmti`tlfk tm tbi kzihtipt oikzii ~mppljci tbi ~yjcl` ~zmkzhap mf {bl`b Mfthzlhfp zic|#ahf| me {bl`b hzi h pmyzì me gyptlelhjci ~zloi&




28

[i eyztbiz jicliui tbht tbi ~zmulfì `hf om pm lf h ahffiz tbht ahdip elp`hc jhchfì muiz tbi

jyplfipp `|`ci h ~izahfift eihtyzi me Mfthzlm“p elfhfìp& _bi zi{hzop me py`b h`tlmf {lcc ji

`mfploizhjci hfo thfkljci& Blkb!oijt kmuizfaiftp hzi hc{h|p uycfizhjci tm tbi {blap hfo

oiahfop me tbi elfhf`lhc ahzditp ezma {bl`b tbi| bhui jmzzm{io4 kmuizfaiftp lf tblp ~mpltlmf

`hf ji emzìo tm thdi ozh`mflhf aihpyzip tm dii~ tbilz cifoizp bh~~|& Cm{!oijt kmuizfaiftp

bhui ay`b amzi ecirljlclt| tm pit tbilz m{f ~zlmzltlip ‟ mfip tbht aiit tbi fiiop me tbilz

`ltlwifp hfo tbi kmmo me tbilz gyzlpol`tlmf hp h {bmci&

_bi I`mfma|7 Bm{ Olo [i Kit Bizi=

_bi zmmtp me Mfthzlm“p `yzzift elr cli lf jmtb tbi i`mfma| hfo lf tbi ~zmulfì“p zi`mzo me ehlclfk

tm dii~ kzm{tb lf kmuizfaift p~ifolfk lf clfi {ltb ziuifyi kzm{tb& Mfthzlhfp bhui cmfk jiif

h``yptmaio tm tbilz i`mfma| kzm{lfk ehptiz tbhf tbi zipt me tbi `myftz|& _blp {hp mfì tzyi7

lf 89 me tbi :8 |ihzp ezma 8<2: tm :>>:# Mfthzlm kzi{ ehptiz tbhf tbi fhtlmfhc i`mfma|&

Jyt `bhfklfk i`mfmal` `mfoltlmfp bhui blt Mfthzlm bhzoiz tbhf mtbiz ~zmulfìp muiz tbi ~hptoi`hoi4 lf hcc flfi |ihzp ezma :>>0 tm :>88# Mfthzlm“p zihc i`mfmal` kzm{tb {hp jicm{ tbht me

tbi zipt me tbi `myftz|&

_bi zihpmfp hzi pla~ci& Jiklfflfk lf :>>0# tbi @hfholhf omcchz jikhf h ptzmfk hpìft tbht

cletio lt ezma tbi ~izplptift cm{p me tbi ~ziulmyp oi`hoi "hzmyfo ;> YP ìftp, tm tbi ziìft

blkbp "hzmyfo ~hzlt| {ltb tbi Y&P& omcchz, oyzlfk tbi ~hpt emyz |ihzp# {ltb mfc| h jzlie ol~ lf chti

:>>2 hfo ihzc| :>><& _blp pyzki lf tbi `yzzif`| ahoi Mfthzlm“p ir~mztp amzi ir~ifplui emz

emzilkfizp tm jy| hfo zifoizio tbi ~zmulfì“p ir~mztizp cipp `ma~itltlui# {blci hcpm ahdlfk

la~mztp `bih~iz&

_bi la~h`t mf Mfthzlm“p fmalfhc KO^ {hp byki& _bi `mftzljytlmf me tzhoi tm tbi i`mfma| lp

aihpyzio j| fit ir~mztp# tbi oleeizifì jit{iif {bht tbi ~zmulfì piccp mytploi ltp

jmyfohzlip hfo {bht lt jy|p ezma mtbiz `myftzlip hfo ~zmulfìp& Mfthzlm“p fit ir~mztp tm mtbiz

~zmulfìp# {bizi tbizi {hp fm `yzzif`| ieei`t# ziahlfio zichtluic| pthjci& Jyt tbi `mftzljytlmf

tm KO^ me fit ir~mztp tm mtbiz `myftzlip elzpt uhflpbio iftlzic| hfo tbif jikhf tm oitzh`t ezma

Mfthzlm“p kzm{tb& _bi elfhf`lhc `zlplp hfo zipyctlfk Y&P& ziìpplmf# oyzlfk {bl`b hytm phcip eicc

j| hjmyt mfi!tblzo# hkkzhuhtio tblp tzifo& _bi ~zmulfì“p lftizfhtlmfhc tzhoi pyz~cyp# {bl`b

h``myftio emz ?&0 ~iz ìft me KO^ lf tbi 8<<2‐:>>: ~izlmo# olph~~ihzio j| tbi alooci me

:>>5 hfo {hp zi~chìo j| h tzhoi oiel`lt# {bl`b lf tbi elzpt tbzii xyhztizp me :>88 olalflpbio

fmalfhc KO^ j| ;&9 ~iz ìft&



2:

Fmti7 :>88 elkyzip zieci`t ohth huhlchjci emz tbi elzpt tbzii xyhztizp&

Pmyzì7 Jhfd me @hfhoh# zmulf`lhc I`mfmal` H``myftp&

@BHZ_ 8&8 Mfthzlm“p Emzilkf _zhoi Jhchfì hfo tbi Omcchz

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@hfholhf / lf YP ìftp "Zlkbt p`hci,

Mfthzlm“p lftizfhtlmfhc tzhoi jhchfì hp ~iz ìft me KO^ "Ciet p`hci,

YP @iftpîz @ift me KO^

Mfthzlm“p muizhcc KO^ ~iz biho zichtlui tm tbi zipt me tbi `myftz| zieci`tp tbi tyzfhzmyfo lf

tzhoi& Lf 8<<2‐:>>:# Mfthzlm“p KO^ ~iz ~izpmf {hp 8?&8 ~iz ìft blkbiz tbhf tbi huizhki

emz tbi mtbiz flfi ~zmulfìp hfo tbzii tizzltmzlip4 lf tbi elzpt tbzii xyhztizp me :>88# lt {hp

5&9 ~iz ìft cm{iz& Plfì :>>5# Mfthzlm“p KO^ ~iz ~izpmf bhp jiif jicm{ tbi huizhki emz

tbi zipt me @hfhoh&

Hfmtbiz {h| tm cmmd ht tbi ohth lp tm tzh`d tbi kzm{tb me tmthc KO^ lf `yzzift omcchzp#

ji`hypi tbht lp tbi ~zmulfì“p thr jhpi& Plfì :>>:# tbi |ihz jiemzi tbi omcchz jikhf ltp

hpìft# fmalfhc KO^ bhp kzm{f j| cipp tbhf 00 ~iz ìft lf Mfthzlm# `ma~hzio {ltb hcampt

9< ~iz ìft lf tbi zipt me tbi `myftz|&




20

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Zipt me @hfhoh

Mfthzlm

@BHZ_ 8&: Pcm{ Kzm{tb lf tbi _hr Jhpi7 îz @ift @bhfki lfFmalfhc KO^ plfì :>>>

Fmti7 :>88 elkyzip zieci`t ohth huhlchjci emz tbi elzpt tbzii xyhztizp&

Pmyzì7 Fhtlmfhc H``myftp# Mfthzlm I`mfmal` H``myftp&

îz @ift

_bi ziìft ziìpplmf {hp tmykbiz mf Mfthzlm tbhf mf tbi zipt me @hfhoh& _bi ~zmulfì“p

kzm{tb ehctizio lf :>>;# pcm{lfk {blci tbi zipt me tbi `myftz| `mftlfyio h jzlpd ir~hfplmf&

Lf :>>2# Mfthzlm“p zihc KO^ eicc oyzlfk tbi {lftiz "tbi elzpt xyhztiz, hfo# hploi ezma h pahcc

y~tl`d tbht p~zlfk# `mftlfyio tm pbzlfd yftlc kzm{tb zipyaio lf tbi pyaaiz me :>>< "tbi tblzo

xyhztiz, ‟ elui xyhztizp me `mftzh`tlmf muiz h ~izlmo me plr xyhztizp& Icpi{bizi lf @hfhoh#

tbi ziìpplmf olo fmt jiklf yftlc tbi elfhc xyhztiz me :>>2 hfo tbif chptio mfc| tbzii xyhztizp

lf tmthc& Ezma ~ihd tm tzmykb# Mfthzlm cmpt 9&> ~iz ìft me ltp KO^4 tbi zipt me tbi `myftz| cmpt

mfc| 0&; ~iz ìft& Plfì tbi cm{ ~mlft lf tbi pi`mfo xyhztiz me :>><# tbi @hfholhf i`mfma|

hp h {bmci bhp zi`mzoio zip~i`thjci zihc kzm{tb& Jyt lf tbi t{m |ihzp tbzmykb tbi tblzo

xyhztiz me :>88# Mfthzlm chkkio tbi zipt me tbi `myftz|# {ltb 9&2 ~iz ìft kzm{tb `ma~hzio

{ltb ;&? ~iz ìft icpi{bizi&



2?

_bi byahf `mpt me tblp ch`dcyptzi ~izemzahfì pbm{p y~ lf tbi ia~cm|aift ~l`tyzi# {bizi tbi

mco uizltlip me h chjmyz ahzdit lf {bl`b Mfthzlm hc{h|p mytpbmfi tbi zipt me @hfhoh bhui jiif

zi~chìo j| fi{ ~httizfp7

Mfthzlm“p yfia~cm|aift zhti# mfì ziclhjc| cm{iz tbhf tbi fhtlmfhc huizhki# bhp jiif

hjmui tbi fhtlmfhc zhti emz muiz elui |ihzp fm{ hfo {hp kifizhcc| blkbiz tbhf tbi gmjcipp

zhti lf Xyiji` ezma tbi jiklfflfk me :>>< tbzmykb tbi tblzo xyhztiz me :>88& Lf :>>< hfo

:>8># tbi Mfthzlm yfia~cm|aift zhti {hp >&; ~izìfthki ~mlft blkbiz tbhf tbi fhtlmfhc

zhti4 tbi kh~ fhzzm{io lf :>88# {bif tbi Mfthzlm zhti {hp ;&2 ~iz ìft# {blci tbi

@hfholhf zhti {hp ;&9 ~iz ìft&

_bi ia~cm|aift zhti# ~izbh~p tbi jipt aihpyzi me tbi bihctb me tbi chjmyz ahzdit# `myco

mfì ji `myftio mf tm ji ht cihpt tbzii ~izìfthki ~mlftp blkbiz tbhf tbi fhtlmfhc

huizhki& Jyt plfì :>>2# lt bhp jiif cm{iz tbhf tbi fhtlmfhc zhti& Lf :>88# 58&5 ~iz ìft me

{mzdlfk!hki Mfthzlhfp bho h gmj# `ma~hzio {ltb 58&2 ~iz ìft fhtlmfhcc|& _bi Mfthzlm zhti

lp om{f :&8 ~izìfthki ~mlftp ezma tbi ampt ziìft ~ihd lf :>>0 hfo :>>?& Py`b holeeizifì tzhfpchtip lftm hjmyt ::<#>>> gmjp&

_bi oi`clfi me eh`tmz| ia~cm|aift ‟ tzholtlmfhcc| h pmyzì me {icc!~hlo gmjp ‟ hp h pbhzi

me tmthc ia~cm|aift h`ìcizhtio lf tbi ~hpt oi`hoi& Py`b gmjp bhui jiif kzm{lfk

ptiholc| cipp la~mzthft lf hcc oiuicm~io `myftzlip# h `mfpixyifì me ptzmfk ~zmoy`tlult|

khlfp zichtlui tm mtbiz pi`tmzp me tbi i`mfma| hfo me mytpmyz`lfk ahfyeh`tyzlfk h`tlult|

tm cm{iz!{hki Hplhf `myftzlip& Lf 8<;5# ahfyeh`tyzlfk h``myftio emz :0&: ~iz ìft me hcc

Mfthzlm gmjp4 tblp eicc tm 82&: ~iz ìft lf :>>: hetiz zi`muizlfk ezma hf iuif cm{iz ziholfk

oyzlfk tbi ziìpplmf me tbi ihzc| 8<<>p& _bzmykb tbi zipt me tbi chtipt oi`hoi# hp tbi

omcchz `clajio hfo tbi hytm lfoyptz| ehoio# ahfyeh`tyzlfk“p pbhzi me ia~cm|aift bhppclo zh~loc| ‟ tm 88&2 ~iz ìft lf :>8> hfo :>88&




29

Fmt pyz~zlplfkc|# lf`maip bhui hcpm jiif heei`tio& Lf tbi 8<2>p# zihc ~izpmfhc lf`mai ~iz

`h~lth ‟ tbht lp# huizhki ~izpmfhc lf`mai ~iz ~izpmf hogyptio emz lf`zihpip lf tbi la~cl`lt

~zlì lfoir emz hcc `mfpyaiz p~ifolfk ‟ kzi{ j| hf huizhki me 8&< ~iz ìft hffyhcc| lf

Mfthzlm# `ma~hzio {ltb 8&? ~iz ìft lf tbi zipt me tbi `myftz| hfo 8&5 ~iz ìft fhtlmfhcc|&

_bmpi {izi tbi oh|p {bif Mfthzlm {hp pyjpthftlhcc| zl`biz tbhf mtbiz ~hztp me @hfhoh& Lf tbi

pi`mfo bhce me tbi 8<2>p# {bif tbi Mfthzlm i`mfma| {hp jmmalfk hfo mtbiz ~zmulfìp {izi

ptzykkclfk {ltb cm{ ~zlìp emz mlc hfo mtbiz zipmyzìp# Mfthzlm“p huizhki ~izpmfhc lf`mai {hp

amzi tbhf :> ~iz ìft blkbiz tbhf tbi huizhki lf tbi zipt me @hfhoh& _blp `bhfkio

ozhahtl`hcc| hetiz 8<<>& Lf jmtb tbi 8<<>p hfo lf tbi ~izlmo ezma :>>> tm :>8># Mfthzlm“p zihc

~izpmfhc lf`mai ~iz `h~lth kzi{ ht mfc| hjmyt bhce tbi zhti tbht lt olo lf tbi zipt me @hfhoh&

Lf tbi ~izlmo ezma 8<<> tm :>>># tbi huizhki hffyhc kzm{tb zhtip {izi >&? ~iz ìft hfo

>&2 ~iz ìft zip~i`tluic|4 jit{iif :>>> hfo :>88#? tbi| {izi 8&> ~iz ìft hfo :&> ~iz ìft&

J| tbi tblzo xyhztiz me :>88# tblp irtifoio ~izlmo me pcm{ kzm{tb zichtlui tm mtbiz ziklmfp bho

ciet tbi huizhki Mfthzlm lf`mai# lf `yzzift omcchzp# >&9 ~iz ìft cm{iz tbhf lf`maip lf tbi zipt

me @hfhoh&

? Jhpio mf tbi elzpt tbzii xyhztizp me :>88&



25

_bi I`mfma|7 [bht Clip Hbiho=

@hf {i ir~i`t jittiz lf tbi eytyzi= Jhzzlfk hfmtbiz ahgmz kcmjhc elfhf`lhc mz i`mfmal` `zlplp#

h `huiht tbht mf pmai oh|p eiicp pbhd|# Mfthzlm hfo @hfhoh {lcc `mftlfyi tm zi`muiz ezma tbi

ziìpplmf hfo iajhzd mf h fi{ ir~hfplmf& Jyt emz Mfthzlm# eytyzi kzm{tb {lcc hcampt ìzthlfc|

ji pcm{iz tbhf lt bhp jiif lf tbi ~hpt& _blp bhp fmt jiif h fmzahc jyplfipp `|`ci emz tbi {mzco

i`mfma|# mfi lf {bl`b ziìpplmf lp ypyhcc| emccm{io j| h zh~lo zityzf tm eycc `h~h`lt| hfo

eyztbiz kzm{tb ji|mfo tbht& Lt bhp jiif mfi pit lf amtlmf j| h elfhf`lhc `zlplp& Hp Jhfd me

@hfhoh Kmuizfmz Ahzd @hzfi| fmtio ziìftc|# –‥ blptmz| tih`bip tbht ziìpplmfp lfumculfk

elfhf`lhc `zlpip tifo tm ji amzi piuizi hfo bhui zi`muizlip tbht thdi t{lì hp cmfk&‑

Mfthzlm hcpm ehìp eyztbiz ptzy`tyzhc `bhfkip& Ahfyeh`tyzlfk# mfì tbi uljzhft bihzt me tbi

Mfthzlm i`mfma|# bhp emz |ihzp jiif o{lfoclfk hp h pbhzi me tbi ~zmulfì“p myt~yt hfo

ia~cm|aift jhpi& _blp lp tzyi lf ampt me tbi oiuicm~io {mzco hp eh`tmz| {mzd `mftlfyip tm

alkzhti tm cm{!`mpt Hplh& Lf hooltlmf# tbi blkbiz omcchz `mftlfyip tm ahdi lt bhzoiz emz Mfthzlmtm `ma~iti lf {mzco ahzditp# ip~i`lhcc| lf tbi Yfltio Pthtip# tbi ~zmulfì“p ahlf irtizfhc

ahzdit& _bi Y&P& lp `bmdlfk mf ~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti oijt hfo ehìp |ihzp me pcm{ kzm{tb hp

kmuizfaiftp hfo lfoluloyhcp {mzd mee tbilz irìpp jmzzm{lfk& Ht tbi phai tlai# Y&P& hytm

phcip# tbmykb y~ ezma tbilz cm{ ~mlft# {lcc thdi ahf| |ihzp tm eycc| zi`muiz ezma h ~zi`l~ltmyp

oi`clfi jit{iif :>>; hfo :>><& Mfthzlm“p hytm lfoyptz| bhp hcpm jmyfìo jh`d ezma ltp iuif

ptii~iz ozm~ lf ~zmoy`tlmf oyzlfk tbmpi |ihzp# jyt lt ziahlfp ay`b olalflpbio# ~izbh~p

~izahfiftc|& Mfthzlm lfoyptz|# {bl`b bhp jifieltio emz oi`hoip ezma ~ciftleyc ici`tzl`lt| ht

pyjplolwio zhtip# ehìp ay`b blkbiz ~m{iz ~zlìp# ahoi fiìpphz| j| tbi la~izhtlui tm

zi~chì ippiftlhc lfezhptzy`tyzi hetiz |ihzp me fikci`t&

_bizi lp hfmtbiz jhzzliz tm lf`mai kzm{tb7 hcampt hcc tbi kzm{tb lf Mfthzlm“p {mzdlfk!hki

~m~ychtlmf hfo chjmyz emzì {lcc `mai ezma laalkzhtlmf# jyt tbi lf`maip me ziìft laalkzhftp

bhui jiif {icc jicm{ tbmpi me {mzdizp {bm {izi jmzf lf @hfhoh mz hzzluio ihzcliz& _bi

huizhki {hki me ziìft laalkzhftp "tbmpi {bm bhui jiif bizi emz elui |ihzp mz cipp, {hp mfc|

hjmyt ;5 ~iz ìft tbht me @hfholhf!jmzf {mzdizp lf :>8># {blci laalkzhftp {bm bhui jiif

bizi emz 9 tm 8> |ihzp bho hf huizhki {hki tbht {hp 29 ~iz ìft tbht me @hfholhf!jmzf

{mzdizp& _bmpi {ltb muiz 8> |ihzp lf @hfhoh bho {hkip `ma~hzhjci tm @hfholhf!jmzf

{mzdizp& Plfì amzi tbhf t{m!tblzop me eytyzi gmjp {lcc zixylzi pmai emza me ~mpt!pi`mfohz|

ioy`htlmf# lt lp ~hztl`ychzc| olptzipplfk tbht laalkzhftp {ltb yfluizplt| oikziip hzi bhulfk py`b

h oleel`yct tlai lftikzhtlfk lftm tbi {mzdemzì& Lf :>>9# ziìft laalkzhftp {ltb h yfluizplt|

oikzii bho aiolhf ihzflfkp me mfc| /:?#505# cipp tbhf bhce tbi /98#595 ihzfio j| tbmpi {ltb

oikziip {bm {izi jmzf lf @hfhoh& _bi /:;#>:> kh~ {hp {loiz tbhf lt bho jiif lf 8<<9&9

9 Omf Ozyaamfo hfo Ezhf`lp Emfk# –_bi @bhfklfk @hfholhf [mzd~chì#‑ Ahz& 2# :>8># _O I`mfmal`p# om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7 --{{{&to&`ma-om`yaift-ÔE-i`mfmal`p-p~i`lhc-to!i`mfmal`p!p~i`lhc!ee>08>!`hfchj&~oe&




2;

Lf pbmzt# {i `hffmt `myft mf zmjypt i`mfmal` kzm{tb hcmfi tm zipmcui myz oleel`yct

elp`hc `bhccifkip&

Mfthzlm“p tbzii ~iz ìft lf`zihpi lf zihc KO^ lf :>8> zieci`tio ltp zi`muiz| ezma tbi ziìpplmf&

Ht tbi tlai me tbi :>88 Jyokit # ~zluhti!pi`tmz emzi`hptizp {izi ~ziol`tlfk hf huizhki me mfc|

:&; ~iz ìft zihc hffyhc kzm{tb lf tbi emyz |ihzp ezma :>88 tm :>8?4 tbi kmuizfaift p`hcio

tblp jh`d tm :&5 ~iz ìft emz ~chfflfk ~yz~mpip& J| Fmuiajiz# tbi ~zluhti!pi`tmz emzi`hpt

huizhki emz tblp ~izlmo bho ehccif tm :&0 ~iz ìft hfo tbi kmuizfaift# lf ltp :>88 Mfthzlm

I`mfmal` Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc Ziuli{ # zioyìo tblp tm :&: ~iz ìft emz ~chfflfk ~yz~mpip&

Ei{ emzi`hptizp bhui cmmdio myt tm :>82# tbi ~izlmo `muizio lf tbi @maalpplmf“p ahfohti&

[i h`ì~t tbi kmuizfaift“p ~chfflfk hppya~tlmfp emz i`mfmal` kzm{tb myt tm :>8? ezma

tbi :>88 Mfthzlm I`mfmal` Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc Ziuli{ # jyt ji|mfo tbht# {i thdi h `hytlmyp

h~~zmh`b ‟ mfi ol`thtio j| myz uli{ me Mfthzlm“p i`mfmal` `h~h`lt| hfo ltp hjlclt| tm kzm{&

Fm ahttiz bm{ ay`b oiahfo irlptp emz Mfthzlm“p kmmop hfo pizulìp# tbizi lp h clalt tm tbi

ciuic hfo kzm{tb zhti me ltp ~mtiftlhc myt~yt# jmtb tm {bht tbi ~zmulfì `hf ~zmoyì hfo bm{

ehpt ltp i`mfma| `hf kzm{ {ltbmyt `hyplfk zlplfk lfechtlmf& Le hf i`mfma| lp hcziho| zyfflfk ht

eycc `h~h`lt| "mz ~mtiftlhc,# tbizi hzi claltp tm tbi p~iio ht {bl`b lt `hf `mftlfyi tm ir~hfo lf

tbi cmfk tiza& H ziìpplmf zioyìp h`tyhc myt~yt jicm{ ~mtiftlhc# hfo# oyzlfk tbi zi`muiz|

~izlmo# tbi i`mfma| `hf irìio tbi p~iio clalt hfo kzm{ zh~loc| yftlc ltp h`tyhc myt~yt zityzfp

tm eycc `h~h`lt|& Hetiz tbht# tbi kzm{tb zhti aypt ehcc jh`d tm tbi pcm{iz ~hì tbht dii~p lfechtlmf

lf `bi`d&

_bizi lp fm elza aihpyzi me Mfthzlm“p ~mtiftlhc cmfk!tiza zihc kzm{tb zhti# jyt ampt iptlahtip

ìftzi hzmyfo t{m ~iz ìft hffyhcc|# zi`mkflwlfk tbht tbi h`tyhc elkyzi `myco ji bhce h~izìfthki ~mlft chzkiz mz pahcciz& Py`b uhzlhtlmfp `hf xyl`dc| h``yaychti tm chzki

oleeizifìp& Hf i`mfma| kzm{lfk ht 8&9 ~iz ìft hffyhcc| ir~hfop j| 5&8 ~iz ìft muiz

emyz |ihzp4 ht :&9 ~iz ìft hffyhc kzm{tb# tbi emyz!|ihz ir~hfplmf lp 8>&? ~iz ìft&



22

Hp emz tbi ciuic lppyi# Mfthzlm“p h`tyhc myt~yt lp fm{ jicm{ ltp ~mtiftlhc# h `mfpixyifì me tbi

kcmjhc ziìpplmf# jyt tbizi lp clttci hkziiaift mf tbi plwi me tbi myt~yt kh~& Le tbizi lp ~cift| me

pch`d lf jmtb tbi `h~lthc hfo chjmyz ahzditp# tbi i`mfma| `hf kzm{ ehptiz tbhf ~mtiftlhc emz

piuizhc |ihzp jiemzi `zihtlfk lfechtlmfhz| ~zippyzip& _bi Jhfd me @hfhoh iptlahtip tbht tbi

myt~yt kh~ emz tbi `myftz| lp hjmyt mfi ~iz ìft hfo# tbmykb lt omip fmt ~zmuloi ~zmulf`lhc

iptlahtip# tbi Mfthzlm kh~ lp yfcldic| tm ji ay`b chzkiz tbhf tbht& Mtbizp pii h jlkkiz kh~

fhtlmfhcc| hfo tbyp jicliui tbht tbi i`mfma| {lcc kzm{ jzlpdc| lf tbi pbmzt tiza hp lt `cmpip tbi

kh~& [i cihf tm{hzop tbi Jhfd me @hfhoh uli{& Le tbizi {izi ~cift| me pch`d# {i {myco amzi

cldic| pii h ozm~ lf {hkip hfo h ehcclfk lfechtlmf zhti& Filtbiz me tbmpi tblfkp bhp bh~~ifio4

lfechtlmf bhp ziahlfio xylti elza&

H jzythc `bhzh`tizlptl` me ziìpplmfp lp tbht tbi| fmt mfc| zioyì h`tyhc myt~yt jicm{ ~mtiftlhc#

jyt tbi| hcpm oiptzm| pmai me tbi ~mtiftlhc me jmtb `h~lthc hfo chjmyz tm ~zmoyì& Yfypio

ah`blfiz| hfo ixyl~aift hzi zifoizio cipp ~zmoy`tlui mz hzi py~izpioio j| amzi pthti!me!

tbi!hzt ah`blfiz| hfo ixyl~aift tbht `ma~itltmzp bhui ~yt lftm ypi& Yfia~cm|io {mzdizp piitbilz pdlccp htzm~b| hp tbi| hzi yfhjci tm dii~ mf tm~ me tbi chtipt tzifop lf tbilz elicop4 pmai

zitlzi# {blci mtbizp cmpi `mfeloifì lf tbilz hjlcltlip& Iuif le yfia~cm|io {mzdizp ezma tbi

olalflpbio ahfyeh`tyzlfk pi`tmz `hf elfo mtbiz {mzd# tbi| hzi yfcldic| tm ji {mzdlfk ht tbilz

~ziulmyp ciuicp me ~zmoy`tlult|4 tbizi hzi ei{ hctizfhtlui pmyzìp me ia~cm|aift tbht {lcc ~h| h

pdlccio hytm {mzdiz /;> ~iz bmyz lf`cyolfk jifieltp& _zhkl`hcc|# {i jicliui tbi ziìpplmf bhp

oiptzm|io pmai me Mfthzlm“p `h~h`lt| lf jmtb ltp `h~lthc hfo chjmyz ahzditp& Mfthzlm“p hjlclt| tm

py~~c| kmmop hfo pizulìp bhp jiif olalflpbio j| tbi ziìpplmf&

Py~~c| lp# me `myzpi# mfc| bhce tbi ~l`tyzi4 tbi mtbiz bhce lp oiahfo& Zh~lo kzm{tb lf {mzco

oiahfo bic~io Mfthzlm "hfo @hfhoh, tm pby`d mee tbi ziìpplmf me tbi 8<<>p& _bipi oh|p#~zmp~i`tp emz h xyl`d zityzf tm eycc ~mtiftlhc bhui jiif olaaio j| tbi {mzpiflfk ~mpltlmf me

jmtb tbi Yfltio Pthtip hfo Iyzm~i# {bizi tbi i`mfmal` mytcmmd bhp thdif h kzla tyzf lf tbi

amftbp plfì tbi Jyokit & Jmtb ahzditp h~~ihz cldic| tm kzm{ amzi pcm{c| tbhf ~ziol`tio ht tbi

tlai me tbi Jyokit & Yfemztyfhtic|# tbi oiahfo hfo py~~c| ploip me tbi i`mfma| hzi

lftizt{lfio& _bi cmfkiz lt thdip emz oiahfo tm hjpmzj yfypio `h~h`lt|# tbi amzi tbht

~zmoy`tlui `h~h`lt| {ltbizp hfo tbi cipp me lt {lcc ji ~zmoy`tluic| huhlchjci&




2<

_bi ~zluhti!pi`tmz emzi`hptizp {bm# ht tbi tlai me tbi Jyokit lf Ahz`b :>88# {izi ~ziol`tlfk

kzm{tb me :&5 ~iz ìft lf :>88 hfo :&2 ~iz ìft lf :>8: bho# j| tbi tlai me tbi Mfthzlm

I`mfmal` Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc Ziuli{ lf Fmuiajiz :>88# thdif h``myft me tbi kcmmaliz

~l`tyzi hjzmho hfo zioyìo tbilz ~ziol`tlmfp tm :&> ~iz ìft emz :>88 hfo 8&< ~iz ìft emz

:>8:& _bi| ~zmgi`t pmai{bht ptzmfkiz kzm{tb me :&5 ~iz ìft lf :>80 hfo :&; ~iz ìft lf :>8?

hp tbi i`mfma| zityzfp tm eycc ~mtiftlhc j| tbi ifo me :>89& Mfì tbht m``yzp# tbi ampt

~zyoift hppya~tlmf hjmyt Mfthzlm“p i`mfmal` kzm{tb tm :>82 lp tbi ~zmulfì“p cmfk!tiza

~mtiftlhc zhti me kzm{tb& _bht lp tbi mfi {i bhui hom~tio ‟ tbht zihc KO^ {lcc ir~hfo j|

hjmyt :&> ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz ezma :>85 tbzmykb :>82&

_bizi hzi t{m `ma~mfiftp tm ~mtiftlhc kzm{tb ‟ tbi chjmyz emzì hfo ~zmoy`tlult|& _bi chjmyz

emzì lp tbi fyajiz me ~im~ci {mzdlfk mz cmmdlfk emz {mzd4 ~zmoy`tlult| lp tbi myt~yt ~zmoyìo

j| iuiz| ia~cm|ii& Lf ieei`t# ~mtiftlhc kzm{tb lp h eyf`tlmf me ~im~ci hfo tbi kmmop hfo

pizulìp tbi| `hf ~zmoyì& H zh~loc| kzm{lfk {mzdemzì {ltb ptiholc| zlplfk ~zmoy`tlult| {lcc

kifizhti zlplfk ~zmp~izlt|&

Cldi tbi zipt me @hfhoh# Mfthzlm ehìp h pcm{om{f lf tbi kzm{tb me tbi chjmyz emzì&

_bi cmfk!hftl`l~htio zitlziaift me jhj| jmmaizp ezma tbi {mzdemzì bhp jikyf& Muiz tbi

~hpt t{m oi`hoip# tbi chjmyz emzì bhp kzm{f j| hf huizhki me 8&0 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& J| tbi

pi`mfo bhce me tblp oi`hoi# lt lp zihpmfhjci tm ir~i`t kzm{tb me mfc| >&2 ~iz ìft hffyhcc|&

Ht tbi phai tlai# ~zmoy`tlult| lp cldic| tm ir~hfo j| hjmyt 8&: ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& Iuif tblp

elkyzi ah| ji pclkbtc| m~tlalptl` plfì ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb bhp jiif pyjpthftlhcc| cm{iz

tbhf tbht muiz tbi ~hpt oi`hoi& Jit{iif :>>8 hfo :>8># ~zmoy`tlult| kzi{ j| h aihkzi

>&: ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz mf huizhki4 lf :>>2 hfo :>><# ~zmoy`tlult| h`tyhcc| eicc& Bm{iuiz# tblp

pbmyco la~zmui hp h zipyct me ziìft lf`zihpip lf ~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti `h~lthc ‟ lf ~hzt ji`hypi`ma~hflip bhui ypio tbi lf`zihpio ~yz`bhplfk ~m{iz me tbi blkbiz @hfholhf omcchz tm jy|

amzi la~mztio ah`blfiz| hfo ixyl~aift# {bl`b ypyhcc| ifbhfìp ~zmoy`tlult| ‟ hcmfk {ltb

~mcl`| amuip py`b hp cm{iz `mz~mzhti thrip hfo tbi lftzmoy`tlmf me tbi bhzamflwio phcip thr

"BP_,&

Hf| hppya~tlmf hjmyt ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb lp la~zi`lpi ht jipt# jyt {i bhui `bmpif

8&: ~iz ìft# h elkyzi tbht lp pclkbtc| cm{iz tbhf {bht h~~ihzp tm ji la~cl`ltc| iajiooio

lf tbi ~zluhti!pi`tmz `mfpifpyp emzi`hpt& _blp lp tbi pmyzì me myz :&> ~iz ìft hppya~tlmf emz

hffyhc ~mtiftlhc zihc kzm{tb ‟ >&2 ~iz ìft amzi {mzdizp# {ltb ih`b ~zmoy`lfk 8&: ~iz ìft

amzi ih`b |ihz mf huizhki&



<>

La~mzthft hp zihc KO^ kzm{tb lp emz elp`hc ~chfflfk# tbi kzm{tb me fmalfhc KO^# {bl`b

lf`cyoip tbi la~h`t me lfechtlmf# lp iuif amzi `zltl`hc& _m myz zihc kzm{tb me :&> ~iz ìft ~iz

|ihz# {i `hf hoo hfmtbiz 8&< ~iz ìft {mztb me zlplfk ~zlìp tm ~zmoyì h ~zmgi`tlmf me

0&< ~iz ìft hffyhc kzm{tb lf fmalfhc KO^& [i hzzlui ht tbi lfechtlmf iptlahti j| hppyalfk

tbht tbi Jhfd me @hfhoh {lcc `mftlfyi tm aiit ltp thzkit me dii~lfk `mfpyaiz ~zlì lfechtlmf ht

:&> ~iz ìft& Blptmzl`hcc|# tbht pykkiptp tbht lfechtlmf h`zmpp tbi {bmci i`mfma|# fmt gypt ht tbi

`mfpyaiz ciuic# {lcc ji mfc| 8&< ~iz ìft hffyhcc|&

Fmalfhc KO^ lp `zy`lhc ji`hypi lt `mfptltytip tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift“p thr jhpi ‟

tbi i`mfmal` h`tlult| mf {bl`b lt ciulip ltp thrip mf lf`mai# phcip hfo `mz~mzhti ~zmeltp&

Eycc| 2> ~iz ìft me tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift“p ziuifyi `maip ezma ltp m{f pmyzìp&

_zhfpeizp ezma tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift h``myft emz tbi ziahlflfk :> ~iz ìft& Mfc| Hcjizth

hfo Jzltlpb @mcyajlh zic| cipp tbhf Mfthzlm mf eioizhc tzhfpeizp& Hctbmykb tbi :>88 Jyokit olo

fmt ahdi h emzi`hpt me fmalfhc KO^ kzm{tb emz tbi :>89‐82 ~izlmo# lt h~~ihzp tbht tbi Jyokit

hppyaio kzm{tb me ?&9 ~iz ìft hffyhcc|& Myz hppya~tlmf me 0&< ~iz ìft hffyhc kzm{tb bhp~zmemyfo la~cl`htlmfp emz Mfthzlm“p elp`hc mytcmmd&

Jiemzi ir~cmzlfk tbmpi la~cl`htlmfp# {i aypt h`dfm{cioki tbi jhpl` ~zmjcia {ltb hcc emzi`hptp

hfo ~zmgi`tlmfp& _bizi lp h `mfi me yfìzthlft| tbht jzmhoifp tbi eyztbiz myt lftm tbi eytyzi {i

cmmd& _bizi {lcc hc{h|p ji izzmzp# hfo tbi eyztbiz myt tbmpi emzi`hptp hfo ~zmgi`tlmfp cmmd# tbi

chzkiz tbi izzmzp {lcc ji& [i `myco `bmmpi tbi alo!~mlft lf tbi zhfki me emzi`hptp hfo ~mppljci

myt`maip hp tbi jhplp emz jyokit ~chfflfk# jyt tbht {myco cihui h 9>‐9> `bhfì me kittlfk h

zipyct tbht lp {mzpi tbhf tbi mfi {i {hft& Lf tblp `hpi# tbht {myco aihf kittlfk h oiel`lt tbht lp

chzkiz# |ihz j| |ihz# tbhf tbi mfi fiioio tm aiit tbi :>8;‐82 thzkit emz jhchfì&

Ptzhtikl`hcc|# lt lp jittiz tm ~chf mf tbi jhplp me tbi cipp ehumyzhjci i`mfmal` myt`maip4~cihphft pyz~zlpip hzi ay`b jittiz tbhf fhpt| mfip&




<8

Ziuifyi La~cl`htlmfp

Myz `hytlmf muiz tbi mytcmmd emz ~zmulf`lhc ziuifyip zieci`tp h fyajiz me eh`tmzp hfo h~~clip

jmtb tm tbi pbmzt tiza ‟ myt tm :>80‐8? ‟ hfo tbi cmfkiz!tiza ~izlmo ezma tbif yftlc

:>8;‐82& _blp `hytlmf bhp jiif {ltb yp ezma tbi jiklfflfk me myz {mzd lf Gyc| :>88# j| {bl`b

tlai lt {hp hcziho| iuloift tbht tbi i`mfmal` kzm{tb ~zmp~i`tp emz Mfthzlm ‟ hfo tbi zipt me

tbi {mzco ‟ bho pmyzio `mfploizhjc| plfì tbi Jyokit lf Ahz`b& Pyjpixyiftc|# hcc emzi`hptp

me Mfthzlm i`mfmal` kzm{tb bhui jiif eyztbiz ahzdio om{f# {bl`b bhp mjulmyp la~cl`htlmfp

emz ziuifyi kzm{tb& [i hcpm emyfo tbi Jyokit“p la~cl`lt zichtlmfpbl~ jit{iif ziuifyi hfo

i`mfmal` kzm{tb yfoyc| m~tlalptl` emz t{m zihpmfp& Elzpt# ziuifyip {izi ~zmgi`tio tm kzm{

ehptiz tbhf fmalfhc KO^ iuif tbmykb h fyajiz me ziuifyi pmyzìp om fmt kzm{ ht tbi phai

~hì hp fmalfhc KO^& Pi`mfo# pmai thr zioy`tlmfp hzi ptlcc jilfk ~bhpio lf ‟ h cm{iz

`mz~mzhti thr zhti# tbi ~bhpi!lf me lf~yt thr `zioltp yfoiz tbi BP_# pmai ~izpmfhc lf`mai thr

`ytp zichtio tm lftzmoy`tlmf me tbi BP_ hfo pmai `bhfkip j| tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm tbi

_hr!Ezii Phulfkp H``myft ~zmkzha# {bl`b p~lcc muiz lftm Mfthzlm“p thr `mcci`tlmfp&

[ltb tbi zicihpi lf Fmuiajiz me tbi :>88 Mfthzlm I`mfmal` Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc Ziuli{

"hcpm dfm{f hp tbi –ehcc y~ohti‑,# {i bho tbi m~~mztyflt| tm zi!jif`bahzd myz hfhc|plp hfo

~zmgi`tlmfp mftm tbi ehcc y~ohti zhtbiz tbhf zic|lfk mf tbi :>88 Jyokit & [i hkzii {ltb tbi

i`mfmal` kzm{tb ~zmgi`tlmfp lf tbi ehcc y~ohti# {bl`b lp bhzoc| pyz~zlplfk# plfì tbi

kmuizfaift chzkic| hom~tio tbi houlì tbht {i bho kluif lftizfhcc| mf {bht {i jicliuio

{izi tbi ampt h~~zm~zlhti i`mfmal` hppya~tlmfp ‟ mfip tbht zieci`tio tbi kcmjhc i`mfmal`

pltyhtlmf# `yzzift ohth hfo fiio emz ~zyoifì&

[i `mftlfyi tm ji amzi `hytlmyp mf kmuizfaift ziuifyip& [blci tbi ehcc y~ohti p`hciojh`d tbi ~zmgi`tlmfp emz i`mfmal` kzm{tb# ltp ziuifyi ~zmgi`tlmfp myt tm :>80‐8? olo fmt eycc|

zieci`t tbi oitizlmzhtlmf lf tbi i`mfma|&



<:

Lf ahdlfk myz ziuifyi ~zmgi`tlmfp# tbi y~pbmt lp tblp7

[i bhui hom~tio tbi pbmzt!tiza i`mfmal` hppya~tlmfp emyfo lf tbi ehcc y~ohti4

_m tbipi# {i bhui h~~ifoio myz ~zyoift aiolya!tiza i`mfmal` hppya~tlmfp myt

tm :>8;‐824

[i pyjpthftlhcc| {ihdifio tbi ziuifyi fyajizp lf tbi ehcc y~ohti tbzmykb :>80‐8? tm

eycc| zieci`t tbi oitizlmzhtio i`mfmal` mytcmmd hfo tbi uiz| `yzzift h`tyhc ohth# py`b tbht

myz ziuifyi emzi`hpt emz :>80‐8? lp />&2 jlcclmf cm{iz tbhf tbht lf tbi ehcc y~ohti oip~lti

jilfk jhpio mf tbi phai i`mfmal` hppya~tlmfp4 hfo

[i bhui h~~ifoio {bht {i uli{ hp amzi h~~zm~zlhti ziuifyi kzm{tb fyajizp

ji|mfo :>80‐8?&

@ma~hzio {ltb tbi :>88 Jyokit # {i pii h {ihdiz pbmzt!tiza i`mfmal` mytcmmd# {ihdiz

aiolya!tiza i`mfmal` kzm{tb zhtip# {ihdiz pbmzt!tiza ziuifyi kzm{tb hfo {ihdiz aiolya!

tiza ziuifyi kzm{tb fyajizp& H``mzolfkc|# myz ziuifyi fyajizp hzi plkflel`hftc| jicm{ tbi

Jyokit tzh`d lf ih`b |ihz& Hfo emz tbzii me tbmpi emyz zihpmfp "tbi elzpt fm cmfkiz h~~clip,#

myz ziuifyi fyajizp hzi pyjpthftlhcc| jicm{ tbi ehcc y~ohti lf iuiz| |ihz&

Emz tbi ~izlmo ezma :>80‐8? tm :>8;‐82# tbi Jyokit hppyaio hffyhc ziuifyi kzm{tb me

9&> ~iz ìft# h ~hì irìiolfk tbi h~~hzift ?&9 ~iz ìft ~zmgi`tlmf me hffyhc kzm{tb lf

fmalfhc KO^& Lfptiho# {i bhui ~zmgi`tio ziuifyi kzm{tb me hjmyt 0&; ~iz ìft hffyhcc|#

jicm{ myz ?&8 ~iz ìft ir~i`thtlmf emz hffyhc kzm{tb lf fmalfhc KO^& _bht lp {b| myz Pthtyp

Xym Pìfhzlm piip tmthc ziuifyip me mfc| /80:&; jlcclmf lf :>8;‐82# /<&9 jlcclmf cipp tbhf tbi

Jyokit Pìfhzlm“p me /8?:&: jlcclmf&

[i om pii pmai zmma emz h pahcc hamyft me hooltlmfhc ziuifyi kzm{tb {ltbmyt zhlplfk thrip&

H uhzlit| me amoipt ziuifyi aihpyzip `myco |lico hcampt /: jlcclmf lf hffyhc ziuifyi j|

:>8;‐82& _bipi {myco lfumcui h uhzlit| me aihpyzip7 fi{ ptzhtiklip mf `mftzhjhfo tmjh``m

hfo tbi yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma|4 jittiz `ma~clhfì {ltb irlptlfk thr zycip4 jittiz thzkitlfk me mz

iclalfhtlfk pmai thr ir~ifoltyzip4 hfo hooltlmfhc ziuifyip ezma @zm{f hkif`lip& Py`b

lfltlhtluip# {bl`b {i bhui lf`mz~mzhtio lf myz ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm# `myco jzlfk tmthc ziuifyip

lf :>8;‐82 tm /80?&; jlcclmf&




<0

[i `hf ‟ hfo om ‟ bm~i emz jittiz& Jyt {i `hffmt `myft mf tbi dlfo me ziuifyi kzm{tb tbi

kmuizfaift ir~i`tp hfo# amzi la~mzthftc|# {i aypt fmt ahdi elza jyokit ~chfp mf tbi jhplp

me tbht bm~i& Zhtbiz# {i aypt hom~t tbi –`hytlmyp hppya~tlmfp‑ emz elp`hc ~mcl`| ‟ tbi elzpt

~zlf`l~ci pit myt lf tbi Elp`hc _zhfp~hzif`| hfo H``myfthjlclt| H`t& [i aypt h~~c| tbht

~zlf`l~ci tm myz ~zmgi`tlmfp emz ~zmulf`lhc ziuifyip hfo tbif {mzd tm elt myz p~ifolfk ~chfp tm

aht`b tbi ziuifyi ~zmgi`tlmfp& _blp lp fmt ptzl`tc| h `hpi me bm~lfk emz tbi jipt hfo ~chfflfk

emz tbi {mzpt# hp tbi mco hohki kmip4 {i hzi ~chfflfk fmt emz tbi {mzpt# jyt emz hf myt`mai

{i tblfd amzi cldic|& [i `hf bm~i tmm tbht hfmtbiz hohki {lcc h~~c|7 yfoiz~zmalpi hfo

muizoicluiz& Le tbi i`mfma| hfo ziuifyip irìio myz hppya~tlmfp# eytyzi kmuizfaiftp

{lcc ji ciet {ltb tbi ~cihphft thpd me oi`lolfk {bht tm om {ltb tbi zipyctlfk pyz~cypip&

Zichtio tm tbi ziuifyi mytcmmd lp tbi ypyhc `mftlfkif`| zipizui tbht jyokitp lf`cyoi emz

zihpmfp me ~zyoifì ‟ lf `hpi ziuifyip ehcc pbmzt me tbi jyokit emzi`hpt& _bi :>88 Jyokit

pit tbi `mftlfkif`| zipizui ht /;>> alcclmf ~iz |ihz lf :>88‐8: hfo /8&> jlcclmf lf hcc

pyjpixyift |ihzp& Py`b h pthtl` h~~zmh`b# bm{iuiz# alkbt fmt `muiz tbi la~h`t me cmfk!tizatzifop tbht klui zlpi tm emzi`hpt izzmzp& ^zmgi`tlmfp hzi fmt mfc| pyjgi`t tm pbmzt!tiza

yfìzthlft| iahfhtlfk# emz irha~ci# ezma tbi ezhklci kcmjhc zi`muiz|& _bizi lp kziht yfìzthlft|

muiz cmfkiz!tiza tzifop py`b hp ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb hp {icc# {bl`b heei`tp myz hppyaio zhti me

i`mfmal` kzm{tb hfo tbiziemzi myz hppyaio ziuifyi kzm{tb& [i hppyai ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb

me 8&: ~iz ìft hffyhcc|# jyt lt `myco gypt hp ihplc| `mai lf ht mfc| 8&> ~iz ìft& H ~izplptift

pbmztehcc lf ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb {myco tbif bhui h `ma~myfo ieei`t mf myz ~zmgi`tio ziuifyi

kzm{tb& H``mzolfkc|# {i bhui pit tbi `mftlfkif`| zipizui tm `muiz tbi ~mppljlclt| me

muiziptlahtlfk tbi kzm{tb zhti lf ziuifyi j| zmykbc| >&: ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& Ezma >&: ~iz ìft

me ziuifyi lf tbi elzpt |ihz me tblp iriz`lpi ":>88‐8:,# myz zipizui zlpip j| >&: ~izìfthki

~mlft ~iz |ihz tm 8&? ~iz ìft lf tbi thzkit |ihz ":>8;‐82,# {bif tbi `ypblmf {myco hamyft

tm /8&< jlcclmf&



<?

Hp hf hploi# {i {myco cldi tm ahdi mfi mtbiz ~mlft& Myz ahfohti ~zi`cyoip yp ezma

zi`maaifolfk lf`zihpip lf thr zhtip# tbmykb {i bhui ahoi pmai zi`maaifohtlmfp emz

jzlfklfk lf amzi ziuifyip tbzmykb jittiz `ma~clhfì# h`tlfk mf pmai thr ir~ifoltyzip hfo

kifizhtlfk chzkiz zityzfp ezma @zm{f hkif`lip& J| :>8;‐82# tbi h`tlmfp {i zi`maaifo `myco

zhlpi ziuifyip j| hcampt /: jlcclmf& Bm{iuiz# {i {myco ji zialpp le {i ehlcio tm ~mlft myt tbht

iuif {ltb tbipi fmf!thr!zhti ziuifyi aihpyzip# tbi muizhcc thr jyzoif# hp aihpyzio `zyoic|

j| tbi zhtlm me tbi kmuizfaift“p ziuifyip ezma ltp m{f pmyzìp tm KO^# {lcc h`tyhcc| ehcc hp h

pbhzi me KO^ muiz tbi ~zmgi`tlmf ~izlmo& _bizi hzi t{m zihpmfp emz tblp& Elzpt# ziuifyip hzi

zioyìo j| muiz /? jlcclmf ~iz |ihz j| :>8;‐82 hp h zipyct me ~mcl`| oi`lplmfp hcziho| thdif&

_bipi lf`cyoi ~chffio zioy`tlmfp tm tbi `mz~mzhti lf`mai thr zhti# tbi ~bhplfk lf me lf~yt thr

`zioltp yfoiz tbi BP_# ziuifyi cmppip ezma tbi lf`zihpio ypi me _hr!Ezii Phulfkp H``myftp

hfo tbi ~mcl`| me zioy`lfk ~zm~izt| ioy`htlmf thr zhtip iuiz| tlai tbi jhpi zlpip& Pi`mfo#

pmai ziuifyi pmyzìp om fmt tifo tm kzm{ h~hì {ltb fmalfhc KO^& Emz irha~ci# khpmclfi

hfo jiiz thrip hzi p~i`lel` lf tbht tbi| hzi h~~clio tm tbi umcyai me phcip# pm ziuifyip om fmt

zlpi {ltb lfechtlmf& Hcpm# ahf| ypiz eiip hzi pit hp elrio ciulip hfo om fmt hytmahtl`hcc| zlpi hptbi i`mfma| kzm{p mz {ltb lfechtlmf& [i iptlahti tbht emz iuiz| mfi ~iz ìft zlpi lf fmalfhc

KO^# Mfthzlm“p ziuifyip ezma ltp m{f pmyzìp zlpi mfc| hjmyt >&<5 ~iz ìft& H p{lt`b tm ho

uhcmzia thrip hfo hom~tlfk iltbiz eycc `mpt zi`muiz| mf ypiz eiip mz lfoirlfk ypiz eiip tm

lfechtlmf {myco lf`zihpi tblp ziuifyi |lico&

H ptzldlfk eh`t lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm lp tbht m{f!pmyzì ziuifyi ehccp ezma 80&59 ~iz ìft

me KO^ lf :>8>‐88 tm 80&>< ~iz ìft lf :>8;‐82& Lf mtbiz {mzop# tbi thr jyzoif {lcc ehcc4 tbi

kmuizfaift {lcc ji thdlfk cipp ezma tbi i`mfma|# zichtlui tm hffyhc myt~yt# ht tbi ifo me tbi

~izlmo tbhf tbi jiklfflfk& [i bhui pykkiptio h fyajiz me aihpyzip# {mztb hcampt /: jlcclmf

lf :>8;‐82# tbht tbi kmuizfaift `myco thdi tm lf`zihpi ziuifyip {ltbmyt zhlplfk thrip4 tbipi

{myco jzlfk tbi ziuifyi zhtlm jh`d y~ tm 80&00 ~iz ìft& Lf clfi {ltb myz ahfohti# tbi

@maalpplmf lp fmt zi`maaifolfk thr zhti lf`zihpip& Bm{iuiz# {i fmti tbht le tbi zhtlm me

m{f!pmyzì ziuifyi tm KO^ {izi di~t `mfpthft ht 80&59 ~iz ìft me KO^ muiz tbi ~zmgi`tlmf

~izlmo# tbi hooltlmfhc >&0: ~iz ìft me KO^ {myco kifizhti hcampt /:&5 jlcclmf lf hooltlmfhc

ziuifyip lf :>8;‐82& _blp {myco hccm{ tbi kmuizfaift tm jhchfì tbi jyokit {ltb ~zmkzha

p~ifolfk tbht lp /:&5 jlcclmf blkbiz tbhf lf myz pìfhzlm& _bi kzm{tb zhti me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk

`myco ji 8&8 ~iz ìft zhtbiz tbhf >&2 ~iz ìft& @cihzc|# py`b h ziuifyi pìfhzlm omip fmt lf

hf| aihflfkeyc {h| fikhti tbi fiio emz jmco p~ifolfk ziemzap& Lt omip# bm{iuiz# ihpi tbi

jyzoif me p~ifolfk ziptzhlft pmai{bht&




<9

Lfiulthjc|# pmai ~im~ci {lcc jhcd ht tbi piuizlt| me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk ziptzhlft tm jhchfì tbi

jyokit j| :>8;‐82 {ltbmyt hf| lf`zihpip lf thr zhtip4 fhtyzhcc|# pmai {lcc pykkipt tbht blkbiz

thrip ji ~hzt me tbi pmcytlmf tm Mfthzlm“p jyokit ~zmjcia& _blp lp# me `myzpi# fmt hf m~tlmf emz

tbi @maalpplmf4 myz ahfohti ~zi`cyoip hf| py`b zi`maaifohtlmfp mz iuif ay`b olp`ypplmf

me tbi lppyi&

Fmfitbicipp# {i om {lpb tm ziklptiz pmai tbmykbtp&

Ampt me tbi ziemzap {i zi`maaifo pbmyco km hbiho zikhzocipp me tbi ~hztl`ychz p~ifolfk

kzm{tb zhti thzkit& Ahf| ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp hzi fmt jilfk oicluizio ieel`liftc|& [bitbiz mz

fmt tbi phulfkp hzi fiioio tm aiit pmai ~hztl`ychz p~ifolfk thzkit# tbizi lp fm uhclo zihpmf

fmt tm hoozipp tblp xyiptlmf& Lt lp gypt ~chlf kmmo pifpi emz thr~h|izp tm {hft iuiz|tblfk tm zyf

hp ieel`liftc| hp ~mppljci hfo emz tbi kmuizfaift tm ifpyzi tbht tblp m``yzp& Pm hf| zi~zliui

tbht alkbt ji thdif ezma tbi p~ifolfk hyptizlt| {i zi`maaifo pbmyco fmt ji h~~clio h`zmpp

tbi jmhzo& Kluif tbi fyajiz me myz zi`maaifohtlmfp# lt pbmyco `mai hp fm pyz~zlpi tbht

pmai {myco bhui jiif humloio le fmt emz tbi p~ifolfk claltp la~mpio j| tbi :>8;‐82 thzkit

ohti emz jhchf`lfk tbi jyokit&

H `zltl`hc pixyif`lfk lp lfumcuio bizi& [i hzi hohahft tbht tbi kmuizfaift“p elzpt ~zlmzlt| aypt

ji tm la~ciaift h ~zmìpp tbht ifpyzip kzihtiz ieel`lif`| lf p~ifolfk& Fmtblfk tbht alkbt ji

omfi mf tbi thr ploi pbmyco iuiz olptzh`t ezma tblp& ^ypb tbi thr jyttmf tmm xyl`dc| hfo tbht

olp`l~clfi alkbt ji cmpt& Alflptzlip pbmyco ji kluif piuif!|ihz p~ifolfk thzkitp# emz irha~ci#

zikhzocipp me tbi oikzii me muizhcc p~ifolfk ziptzhlft& Hfo hkhlf# ampt me myz ziemzap pbmyco

ji omfi gypt emz tbi phdi me oicluizlfk jittiz uhcyi emz thr~h|izp“ amfi|&

Elfhcc|# lt pbmyco ji yfoizptmmo tbht lt thdip h cmt me thr zhti ieemzt tm kit ay`b ziclie ezma tbi

p~ifolfk ziptzhlft& Py~~mpi tbht lfptiho me myz zi`maaifoio >&2 ~iz ìft kzm{tb zhti emz

~zmkzha p~ifolfk# tbi kmuizfaift ~zieizzio h thzkit me :&> ~iz ìft& _bht {myco zhlpi tbi

ciuic me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk j| hzmyfo /8> jlcclmf lf :>8;‐82 zichtlui tm myz ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm&

Jyt le tbi jyokit {izi ptlcc tm ji jhchfìo# ziuifyip {myco hcpm bhui tm ji /8> jlcclmf blkbiz&

_bht hamyftp tm hcampt h 8> ~iz ìft lf`zihpi lf iuiz| ~zmulf`lhc pmyzì me thr hfo fmf!thr

ziuifyi& _bi ~izpmfhc lf`mai thr zhti# `mz~mzhti lf`mai thr zhti# BP_ zhti# khpmclfi thr#

ypiz eiip hfo pm mf {myco hcc bhui tm zlpi j| tbi ixyluhcift me 8> ~iz ìft# mz tbi kmuizfaift

{myco bhui tm elfo pmai `majlfhtlmf "l&i&# cipp me mfi# amzi me hfmtbiz, tbht ~zmoyìp tbi

phai zipyct& _bi ampt i`mfmal`hcc| fiytzhc {h| me omlfk tblp {myco ji tm zhlpi tbi amfi|tbzmykb h jzmho!jhpio `mfpya~tlmf thr# py`b hp tbi BP_& Le tbht {izi tbi mfc| pmyzì me

blkbiz thrip# tbif tm zhlpi hf irtzh /8> jlcclmf# tbi ~zmulf`lhc ~mztlmf me tbi BP_ {myco bhui tm

zlpi ezma 2 ~iz ìft tm 88 ~iz ìft# {bl`b {myco clet tbi {bmci BP_ ezma ltp `yzzift 80 ~iz ìft

tm 85 ~iz ìft&



<5

Pm {bitbiz |my cldi myz zi`maaifohtlmfp mz fmt# tbizi lp fm ip`h~lfk tbi fiio tm ~h|

httiftlmf tm tbi mfip emz p~ifolfk ziptzhlft hfo tbi ~zmìppip zixylzio tm oicluiz tbia&

_bi ziuifyi mytcmmd lp mfc| tbi elzpt jylcolfk jcm`d lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm& [i fm{ tyzf

tm p~ifolfk&

P~ifolfk Mytcmmd

_bi :>88 Jyokit pit myt h ~zmelci emz p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap "iuiz|tblfk# tbht lp# irì~t

lftizipt mf tbi oijt, tbht {hp# hp tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc ~yt lt# –m~tlalptl` hfo hkkzipplui zhtbiz

tbhf `hytlmyp&‑ Lf ~chlfiz chfkyhki# tbi Jyokit hppyaio p~ifolfk kzm{tb tbht {myco ji

pcm{iz tbhf tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc jicliuio cldic|& Myz {mzd bhp `mfelzaio tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc“p

hppippaift&

@majlfio {ltb ltp ziuifyi ~zmgi`tlmf# tbi kmuizfaift“p :>88 Jyokit pìfhzlm `mfthlfio h

~zmgi`tlmf emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk tbht {myco jzlfk tbi muizhcc jyokit lftm jhchfì j| :>8;‐82#

{bif tmthc ziuifyi hfo tmthc p~ifolfk {myco ih`b `mai tm /8?:&: jlcclmf& _bi Jyokit

Pìfhzlm {hp jhpio mf hf hppya~tlmf tbht ~zmkzha p~ifolfk {myco kzm{ j| 8&> ~iz ìft

hffyhcc| ezma :>8>‐88 tm :>80‐8?4 hetiz tbht# lt {myco kzm{ j| mfc| 8&; ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz&

"Le tbi ieei`tp me mfi!tlai ptlaycyp p~ifolfk hzi ir`cyoio# tbi kzm{tb zhti emz ~zmkzha

p~ifolfk {myco ji 8&2 ~iz ìft emz :>8>‐88 tm :>80‐8?&, _blp ~zmgi`tlmf emz tbi ~izlmo hetiz

:>80‐8?# hp {i ir~chlfio ihzcliz# {hp zihcc| gypt h ziployhc ‟ tbi hamyftp ciet muiz hetiz tbi

:>88 Jyokit bho ~zmgi`tio ziuifyip hfo lftizipt `mptp& Ih`b |ihz“p iptlahti emz ~zmkzha

p~ifolfk `mfptltytio h thzkit tbi kmuizfaift {myco bhui tm blt tm dii~ ltp ~zmgi`tio |ihz!j|!

|ihz zioy`tlmfp lf tbi oiel`lt mf tzh`d&

Bm{iuiz# le {i hppyai tbht kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap `mftlfyi hp tbi| hzi fm{ oicluizio# tbif

tbi amfi| p~ift mf hcc kmmop hfo pizulìp lp h`tyhcc| mf tzh`d tm kzm{ j| amzi tbhf omyjci

tbht ~hì ‟ 0&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz mf huizhki muiz tbi piuif!|ihz ~izlmo& Ptlcc# lt lp fmti{mztb|

tbht tblp lp hzmyfo bhce tbi ~hì me tbi ~hpt oi`hoi# pm plkflel`hft h`tlmf bhp jiif thdif&




<;

_blp tzhgi`tmz| lp myz Pthtyp Xym mytcmmd emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk7 lt lf`mz~mzhtip tbi lf`zihpip

tbht hzi cldic| tm thdi ~chì le `yzzift ~zmkzhap hzi zithlfio lf tbilz `yzzift emza# le fm fi{

~zmkzhap hzi lftzmoyìo# hfo le fmtblfk eyztbiz lp omfi tm ziptzhlf p~ifolfk& _blp Pthtyp

Xym mytcmmd lp fmt gypt h ai`bhflptl` irtifplmf lftm tbi eytyzi me ~hpt tzifop lf tmthc ~zmkzha

p~ifolfk& Zhtbiz# lt lp jhpio mf {bht hzi `hccio tbi ozluizp me p~ifolfk kzm{tb ‟ tbi emzìp

tbht oitizalfi bm{ ay`b tbi kmuizfaift {myco bhui tm p~ifo lf tbi eytyzi tm ahlfthlf

`yzzift pizulìp& _{m me tbmpi ozluizp ‟ lfechtlmf hfo ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb ‟ hzi `maamf tm

ahf| ~zmkzhap# jyt ampt ~zmkzhap bhui tbilz m{f hooltlmfhc yflxyi ~zippyzip tbht ozlui

y~ `mptp&

Emyz jcm`dp me p~ifolfk h``myftio emz muiz ;; ~iz ìft me hcc ~zmkzha ir~ifpip lf :>8>‐887

bihctb4 ioy`htlmf "dlfoizkhztif tbzmykb Kzhoi 8:,4 `blcozif“p hfo pm`lhc pizulìp4 hfo ~mpt!

pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf& Ciet mf tbilz m{f# tbi| {myco h~~zmh`b 20 ~iz ìft me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk

lf :>8;‐82& _bipi ~zmkzhap {lcc `maahfo iuiz!kzm{lfk pbhzip# pxyiiwlfk myt p~ifolfk mf

tbi kmuizfaift“p mtbiz ~zmkzhap ‟ gyptlì# tzhfp~mzthtlmf# i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift# tmyzlpa#hkzl`yctyzi# fhtyzhc zipmyzìp hfo mtbizp&

Bizi lp bm{ pmai me tbi `mpt ozluizp {mzd lf tbmpi emyz ahgmz hzihp me kmuizfaift p~ifolfk&

Bihctb `hzi ir~ifpip h``myftio emz ?>&0 ~iz ìft me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk lf :>8>‐88 ‟

/??&2 jlcclmf myt me /888&: jlcclmf p~ift mf ~zmkzhap& H `mftlfyhtlmf me `yzzift ~zh`tlìp {myco

zixylzi tbi ~zmulfì tm lf`zihpi p~ifolfk mf bihctb `hzi j| hf huizhki me ?&; ~iz ìft

hffyhcc| tbzmykb :>80‐8? hfo 9&> ~iz ìft hffyhcc| ezma tbif yftlc :>8;‐82# {bif lt {myco

zih`b /5:&9 jlcclmf& H cmmd ht tbi ozluizp lf tbi tbzii jlkkipt `ma~mfiftp me bihctb `hzi

eyfolfk pbm{p {b|&

_bi `mpt me zyfflfk bmp~lthcp# tbi plfkci jlkkipt ltia lf tbi muizhcc bihctb `hzi jyokit ht

/89&9 jlcclmf lf :>8>‐88# lp ozluif ~zlahzlc| j| tbzii eh`tmzp ‟ lfechtlmf# ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb

hfo hklfk "mcoiz ~im~ci fiio bmp~lthcp amzi tbhf |myfkiz ~im~ci,& ^m~ychtlmf kzm{tb {lcc

hoo 8&: ~iz ìft tm `mptp ih`b |ihz tbzmykb tbi {bmci ~izlmo tm :>8;‐82 hfo hklfk hfmtbiz

8 ~iz ìft& Lfechtlmf# tbi zlplfk `mpt me jy|lfk tbi kmmop hfo pizulìp fiioio tm m~izhti

bmp~lthcp# lp ir~i`tio tm hoo 0&> ~iz ìft tm `mptp tblp |ihz hfo hjmyt hfmtbiz :&> ~iz ìft lf

tbi firt emyz |ihzp& Ampt me {bht bmp~lthcp jy| hzi tbi pizulìp me tbilz ia~cm|iip# pm tbi

lfechtlmf ozluiz lp ~zlahzlc| tbi `mpt me `ma~ifphtlmf ‟ {hkip# phchzlip hfo jifieltp& [bitbiz

bmp~lthcp `hf bmco tblp :&> ~iz ìft clfi mf lfechtlmf muiz py`b h cmfk ~izlmo lp m~if tmxyiptlmf& Fmti# bm{iuiz# tbht ~m~ychtlmf hklfk ‟ {bl`b lf ay`b me tbi ~yjcl` oijhti bhp

ji`mai tbi ahgmz –pmyzì‑ me eytyzi `mpt ~zippyzip ‟ h``myftp emz cipp tbhf h xyhztiz me tbi

`mpt ozluizp emz bmp~lthc p~ifolfk& Hcc tmco# bmp~lthc p~ifolfk lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm {myco

zlpi j| hf huizhki me ?&8 ~iz ìft hffyhcc| muiz piuif |ihzp tm /:>&9 jlcclmf lf :>8;‐82&



<2

_bi Mfthzlm Bihctb Lfpyzhfì ^chf "MBL^, lp tbi firt jlkkipt ltia lf bihctb p~ifolfk ‟

/88&< jlcclmf lf :>8>‐88& Lt lp pyjgi`t tm tbi phai ~m~ychtlmf hfo lfechtlmf ozluizp hp bmp~lthcp4

lf tblp `hpi# tbi lfechtlmf ozluiz lp tbi `mpt me ~h|lfk om`tmzp& Hf hooltlmfhc ozluiz# {bl`b {i

alkbt `hcc –ytlclwhtlmf hjmui ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb#‑ lp ir~i`tio tm hoo 0&> ~iz ìft hffyhcc| tm

`mptp& _blp zieci`tp tbi eh`t tbht# muiz tlai# tbizi bhp jiif hf lf`zihpi lf tbi ypi me bihctb

`hzi& Fi{ ti`bfmcmk| ~izaltp amzi lftizuiftlmfp "bl~ hfo dfii zi~chìaiftp# emz irha~ci,

hfo amzi tiptp ji`mai ~mppljci& Py`b oiuicm~aiftp la~zmui tbi ~m~ychtlmf“p {icc!jilfk# jyt

tbi| hcpm hoo fi{ `mptp tm tbi p|ptia& "Bihctb `hzi ah| ji tbi mfc| hzih lf {bl`b

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`mptp aypt km ji|mfo iptlahtlfk bm{ ay`b tmoh|“p ~zh`tlìp {lcc `mpt lf tbi eytyzi& _bizi {lcc

omyjtcipp ji hf ir~hfolfk hzzh| me bihctb `hzi pizulìp tbht ji`mai eihpljci hfo tbht

~b|pl`lhfp hfo ~htliftp {lcc {hft tm ypi& _bi Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm emz MBL^ piip hf huizhki

me 5&? ~iz ìft kzm{tb ~iz |ihz tbht {myco clet p~ifolfk tm /82&? jlcclmf lf :>8;‐82&

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tbi kzm{lfk ~m~ychtlmf me tbmpi hkio 59 mz mcoiz# {lcc zhlpi `mptp j| 0&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz4 tbi

mtbiz ozluiz# fi{ ozykp hfo ti`bfmcmk|# {lcc hoo 8&9 ~iz ìft hffyhcc|& _bipi hzi pla~c|

irha~cip me bm{ `mpt ozluizp {mzd lf tbi jlkkipt ~zmkzhap tbht ahdi y~ tbi bihctb `hzi

jyokit& Iuiz| ~zmkzha lf tbi bihctb `hzi jyokit bhp ltp m{f ozluizp tbht ah| ji ptzmfkiz

mz {ihdiz tbhf tbi huizhki&

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pi`mfohz| p`bmmcp& @mcci`tlui jhzkhlflfk hkziiaiftp emz tbi ~zmulfì“p tih`bizp ir~lzi lf

Hykypt :>8:# hfo tbi `mpt ozluizp zieci`t tbht& _bi `yzzift hzzhfkiaiftp pbm{ y~ ~zmalfiftc|

lf tbi blkbiz pbmzt!tiza kzm{tb& _bi elui |ihzp ezma :>80‐8? tbzmykb :>8;‐82 lf`cyplui hzi

fmt `muizio j| irlptlfk `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp& Emz tbi ~yz~mpip me tblp zi~mzt# lfechtlmfhz|

kzm{tb lp tbi di| `mpt ozluiz emz tbi elui |ihzp& _bi ioy`htlmf jyokit hcpm eihtyzip tbi

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`mptp blkbiz hp lt lp zmccio myt jit{iif fm{ hfo Pi~tiajiz :>8?# {bif lt lp p`bioycio tm ji

eycc| lf ~chì&




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^mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf `mpt /5&8 jlcclmf lf :>8>‐88# mz 9&9 ~iz ìft me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk#

hfo lp mf tzh`d tm kzm{ tm /;&< jlcclmf lf :>8;‐82& _bi jlkkipt `byfd me tblp `mfplptp me

m~izhtlfk kzhftp tm yfluizpltlip hfo `mccikip7 /?&; jlcclmf lf :>8>‐88# kzm{lfk tm /5&8 jlcclmf lf

:>8;‐82& Bizi# tbi `mpt ozluizp hzi lfechtlmf hfo ifzmcaift kzm{tb&

_bi `mpt me `blcozif“p hfo pm`lhc pizulìp ~zmkzhap {hp /80 jlcclmf lf :>8>‐88# mz 88&; ~iz

ìft me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& Lf h Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm# tbht pya kzm{p tm /8;&5 jlcclmf lf

:>8;‐82& _bi ozluizp hzi ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb hamfk tbi ziciuhft hki kzmy~p ‟ `blcozif lf

pmai lfpthfìp# hoyctp lf mtbizp ‟ hfo lfechtlmf# ahlfc| lf tbi emza me `ma~ifphtlmf&

Kzm{lfk `hpicmhop `mfptltyti hfmtbiz `mpt ozluiz emz pm`lhc hpplpthfì ~zmkzhap cldi tbi

Mfthzlm @blco Jifielt# Mfthzlm Olphjlclt| Py~~mzt ^zmkzha hfo Mfthzlm [mzdp ‟ hfo emz

Mfthzlm [mzdp# tbi y~cmholfk me ~zmkzhap ezma ayfl`l~hcltlip tm tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift

{lcc hcpm ~ypb y~ `mptp&

Fm mfi pbmyco kit tbi la~zipplmf ezma hcc tblp tbht p~ifolfk lp myt me `mftzmc mz {lcoc|

irìpplui& Lfoiio# Mfthzlm zyfp mfi me tbi cm{ipt!`mpt ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp lf @hfhoh

zichtlui tm ltp KO^ hfo bhp omfi pm emz oi`hoip& [i aypt hcpm zi`mkflwi tbht la~mzthft pti~p

bhui jiif thdif lf ziìft |ihzp tm bic~ ahfhki `mptp# la~zmui ~zmp~i`tp emz eytyzi i`mfmal`

kzm{tb hfo ifbhfì pizulìp tm tbi ~yjcl`& _bizi hzi ahf| ~mpltlui irha~cip& La~zmuiaiftp

tm tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia tbht jiklf tm zieci`t amzi me h ~htlift!ìftzl` h~~zmh`b hfo h~~c|

iuloifì!jhpio ~mcl`| oi`lplmfp bhui jiif lftzmoyìo tbzmykb tbi Irìccift @hzi emz Hcc H`t&

[blci tbi `mpt me ~zip`zl~tlmf ozykp lp ptlcc h byki jyzoif emz kmuizfaift# tbi ziìft amui tm

zioyì tbi `mpt me kifizl` ozykp bhp hcziho| `zihtio oluloifop tm tbi ~zmulfì me byfoziop

me alcclmfp me omcchzp hffyhcc|& Myz iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf p|ptiap bhui pit h

uiz| blkb pthfohzo {ltb ozhahtl` la~zmuiaiftp lf tipt p`mzip hfo kzhoyhtlmf zhtip# hfo tbi5? ~iz ìft blkbiz ioy`htlmf htthlfaift zhti lp tbi blkbipt me tbi 0? Mzkhflwhtlmf emz

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oicluiz| fit{mzd emz h zhfki me kmuizfaift pizulìp tbht ziìftc| lf`zihpio ltp muizhcc

`yptmaiz phtlpeh`tlmf zhtlfk tm <: ~iz ìft& Hfo tbi BP_ bhp kluif Mfthzlm h `ma~itltluifipp

ioki tbht bic~io uhyct @hfhoh tm fyajiz mfi lf Emzjip ahkhwlfi“p zhfdlfk me jipt `myftzlip

lf {bl`b tm om jyplfipp& Zikzitthjc|# pth|lfk tbi `myzpi mf tbipi `zltl`hc la~zmuiaiftp lp fmt

ifmykb& _bizi lp hf yfoiflhjci fiio tm h`ìcizhti ~zmkzipp lf tbipi hzihp hfo la~ciaift

fi{ ziemzap lf ahf| mtbiz hzihp tm `zihti h pypthlfhjci `clahti emz ~yjcl` pizulìp lf tbi

~zmulfì& Hfo {i aypt om pm ht h tlai {bif tbi fiio tm iclalfhti h ptlcc!pyjpthftlhc oiel`lt

lp `ma~icclfk&



8>>

@ma~hzlpmf me tbi Pìfhzlmp

H`zmpp hcc ~zmkzhap# tbi Pthtyp Xym p~ifolfk pìfhzlm ‟ hogyptio emz `hpip {bizi tbi

kmuizfaift bhp hcziho| la~ciaiftio elza ~chfp tm ziptzhlf p~ifolfk ‟ ~mlftp tm p~ifolfk lf

:>8;‐82 tbht lp /8;&? jlcclmf blkbiz tbhf tbi pyap `mfthlfio lf tbi :>88 Jyokit pìfhzlm emz h

jhchfìo jyokit lf tbht |ihz& "_blp lf`cyoip myz /<>> alcclmf lf`zihpi lf tbi `mftlfkif`|zipizui# ir~chlfio ihzcliz&, _h`d mf lftizipt ~h|aiftp tbht hzi /0&? jlcclmf blkbiz tbhf emyfo lf

tbi Jyokit "h `mfpixyifì me blkbiz oiel`ltp mf tbi {h| tm :>8;‐82, hfo tbi zipyct lp tmthc

ir~ifoltyzip tbht hzi hjmyt /:>&2 jlcclmf blkbiz tbhf tbi Jyokit ~zmgi`tlmf& Plfì {i hppyai

tbht tmthc ziuifyi lf :>8;‐82 {lcc ehcc /<&? jlcclmf pbmzt me tbi Jyokit“p hppya~tlmf# tbi zipyct lf

myz pìfhzlm lp h /0>&: jlcclmf kh~ `ma~hzio {ltb tbi Jyokit Pìfhzlm&

Hcc pìfhzlmp hzi ~zmgi`tlmfp jhpio mf hppya~tlmfp# me `myzpi# jyt {i jicliui tbi o|fhal`p me

ziuifyi hfo p~ifolfk kzm{tb ~mlft hcampt lfip`h~hjc| tm tblp Pthtyp Xym myt`mai le fm h`tlmf

lp thdif ‟ h ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift {ltb h oijt me /?88&? jlcclmf# ixyluhcift tm 9>&; ~iz ìft me

hffyhc KO^# fmt tbi amzi jiflkf /0::&9 jlcclmf "0<&; ~iz ìft me KO^, la~clio lf tbi:>88 Jyokit &

_m ~ziuift tbht myt`mai# tbi kmuizfaift `hf zhlpi thrip mz `yt tbi zhti me kzm{tb me

p~ifolfk# mz jmtb& [i fiio tm elfo /0>&: jlcclmf tm `cmpi tbi :>8;‐82 kh~ jit{iif ziuifyi

hfo p~ifolfk& Plfì myz ahfohti ~zi`cyoip yp ezma zi`maaifolfk fi{ mz lf`zihpio thrip#

{i hzi emzìo tm irhalfi kmuizfaift p~ifolfk hp tbi ~zlahz| pmyzì me h pmcytlmf& Bm{iuiz#

{i bhui hcziho| pykkiptio tbht h pit me ziuifyi aihpyzip tbht om fmt `mfptltyti thr

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thr ir~ifoltyzip hfo @zm{f hkif`lip ‟ `myco zhlpi hcampt /: jlcclmf hfo {i zi`maaifo tbht

tbi kmuizfaift ~zmìio {ltb tbipi aihpyzip& Ptiholc| zioy`lfk tbi oiel`lt tm wizm j|

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tbi kh~ hfo jhchfì tbi jyokit&

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p~ifolfk me tbi phai hamyft& Lftizipt mf tbi oijt {myco `mpt /89&0 jlcclmf4 tbmykb {i# tmm#

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jyt jicm{ tbi /8:?&< jlcclmf emzipiif lf tbi :>88 Jyokit emz tbht |ihz&




8>8

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8>:

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8>0

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kmuizfaift htth`b oleeizift ~zlmzltlip tm oleeizift ~zmkzhap# hfo pmai meeiz amzi m~~mztyfltlip

emz ieel`lif`| khlfp tbhf mtbizp&

Hf|mfi {ltb iuif h pahttizlfk me hzltbaitl` {lcc zihclwi tbht le pmai ~zmkzhap kzm{ ehptiz tbhf

>&2 ~iz ìft hffyhcc|# mtbiz ~zmkzhap {lcc bhui tm kzm{ amzi pcm{c|& Bihctb `hzi lp hc{h|p tbi

blkbipt ~zlmzlt| me Mfthzlhfp hfo lt lp oleel`yct tm dfm{ bm{ ehz om{f ltp kzm{tb zhti `hf ji

ozluif {ltbmyt `ma~zmalplfk tbi pizulìp oicluizio& _bi p|ptia fiiop eyfohaifthc ziemza lf

ltp mzkhflwhtlmf# hp {i {lcc hzkyi chtiz lf amzi oithlc# jyt lt lp {mztb fmtlfk bizi tbht bihctb `hzi

lp yflxyi lf tbht fi{ ti`bfmcmk| lf`zihpip `mptp zhtbiz tbhf zioyìp tbia& Ei{ `myftzlip

bhui py`ìioio lf h`bliulfk h pypthlfhjci kzm{tb zhti lf bihctb p~ifolfk me cipp tbhf

emyz ~iz ìft lf zihc tizap4 tbht lp# jiemzi h``myftlfk emz lfechtlmf&

Myz jhpl` ~zmjcia lp pla~ci7 tbi ehptiz bihctb p~ifolfk kzm{p# tbi amzi mtbiz ~zmkzhap {lcc

ji pxyiiwio& Le# muiz tbi ~izlmo ezma :>8>‐88 tm :>8;‐82# bihctb p~ifolfk `mftlfyip tm kzm{

j| 5&0 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz ‟ ltp tzh`d zi`mzo lf tbi elui |ihzp ezma :>>9‐>5 tm :>8>‐88 ‟

tbif hcc ~zmkzhap mtbiz tbhf bihctb {myco bhui tm `mftzh`t j| ?&8 ~iz ìft hffyhcc| tm aiit

myz thzkit me >&2 ~iz ìft kzm{tb lf tmthc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& Muiz tbi {bmci ~izlmo# tmthc bihctb

p~ifolfk {myco zlpi j| 90&? ~iz ìft4 hcc mtbiz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk {myco ehcc j| :9&: ~iz ìft&

J| :>8;‐82# bihctb {myco h``myft emz 92&9 ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm“p ~zmkzha p~ifolfk# `ma~hzio

{ltb ?>&0 ~iz ìft lf :>8>‐88&

_blp `hffmt ji myz eytyzi& La~mzthft hp lt lp# bihctb `hzi aypt fmt ji hccm{io tm zyf zmykbpbmo

muiz iuiz| mtbiz ~zlmzlt|& Lt aypt fmt ji hccm{io tm kyt iuiz| mtbiz kmuizfaift pizulì tbht

Mfthzlhfp zic| mf emz tbilz ioy`htlmf# pm`lhc {icehzi# gyptlì p|ptia# lfezhptzy`tyzi fiiop hfoh bmpt me mtbiz ~zmkzhap tbht ahttiz tm tbi ~im~ci me tblp ~zmulfì&

[blci tmthc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk kzm{tb aypt `mai tm hf huizhki me >&2 ~iz ìft hffyhcc|#

tbizi lp hf hcampt lfelflti pit me ~mppljlcltlip emz hccm`htlfk p~ifolfk h`zmpp tbi kmuizfaift“p

ahf| ~zmkzhap&



8>?

_bi `bmlìp {i ahdi mf bm{ tm hccm`hti eyfop pbmyco elzpt zieci`t ~yjcl` ~mcl`| ~zlmzltlip&

_bi @maalpplmf {hp lfptzy`tio tm zip~i`t tbi ~zlmzlt| htth`bio tm bihctb hfo ioy`htlmf# hfo

emz kmmo zihpmf& Mfthzlhfp hc{h|p loiftle| bihctb hp tbilz tm~ lftizipt lf tizap me ~yjcl`

pizulìp& Hfo lf tblp dfm{cioki!jhpio izh# ioy`htlmf lp tbi di| tm i`mfmal` py`ìpp& Lt lp

hcpm tbi ampt ~m{izeyc pm`lhc ixyhclwiz& _bi @maalpplmf fmt mfc| h`ì~tp jyt bihztlc| hkziip

{ltb tblp oiplkfhtlmf me ~zlmzltlip& Py`b zhfdlfk aypt `mftlfyi mf tbzmykb tbi eycc zhfki me

~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp& P~ifolfk `bmlìp aypt hcpm zieci`t hf| m~~mztyfltlip emz tbi

kmuizfaift tm h`bliui ieel`lif`| khlfp lf ltp ~zmkzhap& _bi| pbmyco iuif `mfploiz {bitbiz h

~hztl`ychz pizulì iuif fiiop tm ji ~zmuloio j| tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift&

Bihctb lp `zltl`hc fmt mfc| emz {bitbiz tbi muizhcc p~ifolfk thzkit {lcc ji h`bliuio# jyt plfì lt

zi~zipiftp /? me iuiz| /8> p~ift mf ~zmkzhap# lt hcpm oitizalfip bm{ ay`b `hf ji p~ift mf

iuiz|tblfk icpi& _hjci 8&: pbm{p tbi plwi me ih`b ahgmz p~ifolfk `htikmz|&

_HJCI 8&: ^zmkzha P~ifolfk4 Chtipt Ciuicp hfo Ziìft Kzm{tb Zhtip:>8>‐88Jlcclmfp

"/,

Pbhzi me ^zmkzhaP~ifolfk

"),

Huizhki Hffyhc Kzm{tbZhti# :>>8‐>: tm :>8>‐88

"),

Bihctb ??&2 ?>&0 ;&8

Ioy`htlmf# zlahz| hfo Pi`mfohz| P`bmmc :8&< 8<&; ?&9

Ioy`htlmf# mpt!Pi`mfohz| 5&8 9&9 2&:

Pm`lhc Pizulìp 80&> 88&; 5&:

Hcc Mtbiz ^zmkzha P~ifolfk :9&9 ::&< 2&9

_mthc ^zmkzha P~ifolfk 888&:' 8>>&> 5&2

'Fyajizp ah| fmt hoo oyi tm zmyfolfk&

_m lccyptzhti bm{ bihctb heei`tp hcc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk# {i `hf jiklf {ltb tbi :>88 Jyokit #

{bl`b la~cl`ltc| ~zmgi`tio 0&> ~iz ìft hffyhc lf`zihpip emz bihctb p~ifolfk tbzmykb :>8;‐82&

Le bihctb kzm{p ht 0&> ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz# tbif {i {lcc bhui tm `yt hcc mtbiz ~zmkzhap j| >&; ~iz

ìft hffyhcc| tm aiit myz muizhcc thzkit me >&2 ~iz ìft kzm{tb lf ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& Fm{

irtifo tblp iriz`lpi& Le bihctb lp ht 0&> ~iz ìft# jmtb ~hztp me ioy`htlmf hzi ht 8&> ~iz ìft hfo

pm`lhc pizulìp "pm`lhc hpplpthfì zhtip bhui |it tm zi`muiz ezma h :8 ~iz ìft `yt lf 8<<9, hzi

ht 8&> ~iz ìft# tbif iuiz|tblfk icpi {lcc bhui tm ji `yt j| hf huizhki me 0&2 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz#

emz h `yaychtlui oi`clfi me hcampt :? ~iz ìft lf tbi ciuic me p~ifolfk muiz tbi piuif |ihzp&

Cit yp ~mfoiz tblp pìfhzlm emz h amaift& Ht tbzii ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz# bihctb {myco ji kzm{lfk

ht cipp tbhf bhce ltp ziìft blptmzl`hc ~hì "5&0 ~iz ìft hffyhcc| lf tbi chpt elui |ihzp,& \it lt

{myco ptlcc ji –`zm{olfk myt‑ iuiz|tblfk icpi tm h plkflel`hft oikzii& Ht mfi ~iz ìft hffyhc

kzm{tb# ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf p~ifolfk {myco fmt dii~ ~hì {ltb tbi ir~i`tio zlpi lf

ifzmcaift# pm tbizi {myco ji h zioy`tlmf lf kzhftp ~iz ptyoift lf fmalfhc tizap hfo hf iuif

chzkiz `yt {bif lfechtlmf lp eh`tmzio lf&




8>9

_bi 0&2 ~iz ìft hffyhc `yt tm –iuiz|tblfk icpi‑ {myco ji hcampt la~mppljci tm ahfhki&

_bi ~zmp~i`t me pxyiiwlfk amzi ih`b |ihz {myco emzì alflptzlip tm pla~c| `bm~ hf h`tlult|

hctmkitbiz mz la~mpi tbi :? ~iz ìft `yt hcc ht mfì hfo tbif pmzt myt tbi eytyzi {ltb h jyokit

elrio ht tbi fi{ cm{iz ciuic& Lf pmai `hpip# py`b `ytp {myco jmzoiz mf tbi ti`bfl`hcc|

lfeihpljci mz zixylzi oi`lplmfp tbht `myco ji `myftiz~zmoy`tlui& Emz irha~ci# h pyjpthftlhc

~mztlmf me tbi –iuiz|tblfk icpi‑ `htikmz| `mfplptp me tbi `mpt me hamztlwlfk irlptlfk `h~lthc

"ahlfc| lfezhptzy`tyzi ~zmgi`tp,# tbi kmuizfaift“p `mftzljytlmfp tm irlptlfk ~ifplmf

hzzhfkiaiftp {ltb ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ia~cm|iip hfo tbi `mpt me ici`tzl`lt| `mftzh`tp& _bipi ltiap#

{bl`b lf :>8;‐82 {lcc h``myft emz muiz 08 ~iz ìft me tbi –iuiz|tblfk icpi‑ p~ifolfk# `hffmt

ji `yt& _blp la~clip tbht tbi `yt tm iuiz|tblfk mtbiz tbhf tbmpi elrio ltiap {myco ji lf tbi

mzoiz me 5&? ~iz ìft hffyhcc|# emz h `yaychtlui oi`clfi me amzi tbhf 0; ~iz ìft muiz

piuif |ihzp&

Hcpm lf`cyoio bizi hzi `mpt!pbhzlfk ~zmkzhap {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift# pm le tbi ~zmulfì

`yt /8>> alcclmf ezma ~zmkzhap lf {bl`b tbi eioizhc‐~zmulf`lhc `mpt p~clt lp 5>‐?># tbifMtth{h“p `mftzljytlmf {myco ehcc j| /89> alcclmf hfo tmthc p~ifolfk lf tbi ~zmulfì {myco ji `yt

j| /:9> alcclmf& H``mzolfkc|# tbi jyzoif me ziptzhlft {lcc ehcc iuif amzi bihulc| mf mtbiz

~zmkzhap&

_blp lp h pla~ci lccyptzhtlmf me tbi dlfo me `bmlìp Mfthzlhfp aypt ehì lf tbi amftbp hbiho&

Hfmtbiz `bmlì lfumcuip chjmyz `ma~ifphtlmf& Plfì tbi tmthc jlcc emz {hkip# phchzlip hfo

jifieltp h``myftp emz hjmyt bhce me hcc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk# lt lp oleel`yct tm jicliui tbht ~zmkzha

p~ifolfk `hf ji bico tm hffyhc kzm{tb me >&2 ~iz ìft le chjmyz `mptp zlpi j| ay`b amzi

tbhf tbht&

Bhulfk oiuicm~io h fyajiz me pìfhzlmp emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk# {i bhui m~tio tm zi`maaifo

mfi tbht piidp iuif kzihtiz phulfkp ezma bihctb `hzi tm cihui zmma emz hooltlmfhc kzm{tb lf

p~ifolfk mf mtbiz ~zmkzhap& Hp {i {lcc p~icc myt lf oithlc lf @bh~tiz 9# Bihctb# {i jicliui

tbizi lp ha~ci p`m~i lf tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia emz ieel`lif`lip tbht {lcc hccm{ bihctb `hzi

~zmuloizp tm oicluiz tbi pizulìp Mfthzlhfp fiio {ltbmyt kittlfk hffyhc lf`zihpip me tbi dlfo

piif lf ziìft |ihzp&



8>5

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8!87 [i zi`maaifo tbi emccm{lfk hffyhc `bhfkip lf ~zmkzha p~ifolfk

myt tm :>8;‐827


Ioy`htlmf "~zlahz| hfo pi`mfohz|, ‟ ~cyp 8&> ~iz ìft4

^mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf "ir`cyolfk tzhlflfk, ‟ ~cyp 8&9 ~iz ìft4

Pm`lhc pizulìp ‟ ~cyp >&9 ~iz ìft4 hfo

Hcc mtbiz ~zmkzhap ‟ alfyp :&? ~iz ìft& Hp lf tbi irha~ci `ltio# tblp {myco la~c| hf

iuif jlkkiz `yt emz iuiz|tblfk irì~t tbi elrio ltiap zieizzio tm ihzcliz4 lf tblp `hpi# tbi `yt

{myco ji lf tbi mzoiz me ?&9 ~iz ìft&

_blp ~izaltp ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf kzhftp tm hcampt dii~ ~hì {ltb ifzmcaift hfo

~zmuloip h amzi zihclptl` ~htb emz fmf!bihctb# fmf!ioy`htlmf# fmf!pm`lhc pizulìp p~ifolfk&

Emz tbi chttiz ~zmkzhap# lt ptlcc zi~zipiftp h uiz| plkflel`hft oikzii me ziptzhlft ‟ h `yaychtlui

oi`clfi lf tbi ciuic me p~ifolfk me hjmyt 89&5 ~iz ìft muiz piuif |ihzp ‟ iuif tbmykb h

plkflel`hft ~mztlmf me tblp –iuiz|tblfk icpi‑ `htikmz| lp iltbiz eycc| `maalttio j| blptmzl`hc

hzzhfkiaiftp py`b hp hamztlwhtlmf hfo ~ifplmf `mftzljytlmfp mz pla~c| yf{lpi tm `yt#

py`b hp irlptlfk pbhzio!`mpt hkziiaiftp# {bizi tbi ~zmulfì {myco ji klulfk y~ eioizhc

omcchzp& Emz iuiz|tblfk mtbiz tbhf tbi elrio ltiap# tbi `yaychtlui oi`clfi {myco `mai tm

hjmyt :; ~iz ìft muiz piuif |ihzp&

Hp aiftlmfio ihzcliz# ~zmkzha p~ifolfk {myco zlpi j| /5&0 jlcclmf jit{iif :>8>‐88 hfo

:>8;‐82& Myz zi`maaifohtlmf la~clip tbi emccm{lfk `bhfkip emz tbi ahgmz ~zmkzha

`htikmzlip7 bihctb# y~ /2&? jlcclmf4 ioy`htlmf "~zlahz| hfo pi`mfohz|,# y~ /8&5 jlcclmf4~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf# y~ />&; jlcclmf4 pm`lhc pizulìp# y~ />&9 jlcclmf4 hcc mtbiz ~zmkzhap#

om{f /?&> jlcclmf&;

;_bipi ltiap hoo tm /;&: jlcclmf& Hf m~izhtlfk zipizui {myco ji y~ />&0 jlcclmf# jyt |ihz!ifo phulfkp# h pthfohzo eihtyzi me Mfthzlm“pjyokitlfk# {myco pyjtzh`t /8&: jlcclmf# cihulfk tbi /5&0 jlcclmf tmthc lf`zihpi lf ~zmkzha p~ifolfk&




8>;

@mf`cyplmf

Mfthzlm“p elfhfìp om fmt |it `mfptltyti h `zlplp hfo {ltb ihzc|# ptzmfk h`tlmf# h `zlplp `hf ji

huiztio& @zlpip hc{h|p p~yz h`tlmf# jyt hcampt lfiulthjc|# tbi| hcpm jzlfk emztb jho ~yjcl` ~mcl`|

oi`lplmfp& Ehìo {ltb tbi fiio tm ahdi byki `mzzi`tlmfp lf uiz| pbmzt mzoiz# kmuizfaiftp

kzhp~ ht {bht cmmd cldi ehpt hfo ihp| pmcytlmfp# jyt tmm metif aiit tbi oiahfop me tbi ~zipift

j| ~ypblfk mee ir~ifpip emz eytyzi kifizhtlmfp tm ~h|& _bi `yzzift h`tlmfp me ahf| Y&P& pthtip

hp tbi| `m~i {ltb tbi ziìpplmf hfo h tizzljc| {ihd zi`muiz| pbmyco pizui hp h {hzflfk&

Hcampt hcc hzi jmyfo j| `mfptltytlmfhc zixylziaiftp tm jhchfì tbilz jyokitp hfo ahf| hzi

zip~mfolfk tm pyooif ziuifyi ozm~p {ltb p~ifolfk `ytp tbht hzi yttizc| lfh~~zm~zlhti ‟ cldi

phuhki `ytp tm ioy`htlmf jyokitp tbht {lcc yfoizalfi tbi cluip me tbilz `blcozif emz oi`hoip&

_bi cippmfp me blptmz| hfo me {bht lp bh~~iflfk icpi{bizi tmoh| hzi `cihz7 _bi kmuizfaift

aypt thdi ohzlfk elp`hc h`tlmf ihzc|# jiemzi tmoh|“p `bhccifkip hzi tzhfpemzaio lftm tmamzzm{“p

`zlpip& H `bhccifki# yfcldi h `zlplp# `hf ji ait {ltb {icc!`mfploizio# elza# ptiho| hfo iuiflahklfhtlui h`tlmf tbht oihcp {ltb tbi ~zmjciap aitbmol`hcc| hfo ~bhpip lf tbi fiioio

`bhfkip muiz h ~izlmo me |ihzp# klulfk ~im~ci h `bhfì tm hogypt& _bi kmuizfaift“p oi`lplmf

tm `zihti tbi @maalpplmf hfo klui lt h jzmho ahfohti tm hoozipp fihz! hfo cmfk!tiza elp`hc

lppyip plkfhcp ltp lftift tm hoozipp tbipi `bhccifkip hfo biho mee hf| `zlplp& Myz kmhc lf tblp

zi~mzt lp tm pit myt tbi dlfo me aihpyzip tbht {lcc aiit tbi thpd&



8>2

_HJCI 8&0 I`mfmal` Hppya~tlmfpH`tyhc Emzi`hpt @ma~myfo Hffyhc

Kzm{tb Zhti

:>8> :>88 :>8: :>80 :>8? :>89 :>85 :>8; :>82 :>8>‐89 :>89‐82

Zihc KO^ "/ Alcclmfp,

AME' :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit 9:;#280 9?>#?28 999#>;0 9;>#>5> 92?#22: F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H

AME :>88 Ehcc I`mfmal` Pthtiaift 9:;#280 90;#08? 9?5#<29 95>#55> 9;9#:0; F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H

^zluhti!Pi`tmz Fmuiajiz Huizhki 9:;#280 902#05< 9?2#9<2 95:#25: 9;2#>9< 9<8#<00 5>;#0:0 5:8#:<8 50?#<5> :&0) :&?)

@maalpplmf Hppya~tlmfp 9:;#280 90;#08? 9?5#<29 95>#55> 9;9#:0; 92<#>?0 5>>#2:? 58:#2?> 5:9#><; :&:) :&>)

Zihc KO^ Kzm{tb7Hffyhc iz @ift

AME' :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit 0&> :&? :&; :&; :&5 F-H F-H F-H F-H

AME :>88 Ehcc I`mfmal` Pthtiaift 0&> 8&2 8&2 :&9 :&5 F-H F-H F-H F-H

^zluhti!Pi`tmz Fmuiajiz Huizhki 0&> :&> 8&< :&5 :&; :&? :&5 :&0 :&:

@maalpplmf Hppya~tlmfp 0&> 8&2 8&2 :&9 :&5 :&? :&> :&> :&>

KO^ Oiechtmz

AME' :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit 885&> 882&9 8:8&0 8:0&2 8:5&: F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H

AME :>88 Ehcc I`mfmal` Pthtiaift 885&> 882&5 8:>&2 8:0&> 8:9&0 F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H

^zluhti!Pi`tmz Fmuiajiz Huizhki 885&> 88<&> 8:8&0 8:0&5 8:9&2 8:2&> 80>&: 80:&? 80?&5 :&>) 8&;)

@maalpplmf Hppya~tlmfp 885&> 882&5 8:>&2 8:0&> 8:9&0 8:;&5 80>&> 80:&? 80?&< 8&<) 8&<)

Fmalfhc KO^ "/ Alcclmfp,

AME' :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit 58:#?<? 5?>#55< 5;0#0?0 ;>9#550 ;02#80? F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H

AME :>88 Ehcc I`mfmal` Pthtiaift 58:#?<? 505#<<5 55>#950 52<#5:; ;:>#558 F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H

^zluhti!Pi`tmz Fmuiajiz Huizhki 58:#?<? 5?>#55< 559#599 5<9#5>< ;:5#<8: ;9;#??: ;<>#;5< 2::#?>> 29?#?;? ?&0) ?&8)

@maalpplmf Hppya~tlmfp 58:#?<? 505#<<5 55>#950 52<#5:; ;:>#558 ;98#5?< ;2>#<50 288#?:8 2?0#>55 ?&:) 0&<)

Fmalfhc KO^ Kzm{tb7Hffyhc iz @ift

AME' :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit 9&0 ?&5 9&8 ?&2 ?&5 F-H F-H F-H F-H

AME :>88 Ehcc I`mfmal` Pthtiaift 9&0 ?&> 0&; ?&? ?&9 F-H F-H F-H F-H

^zluhti!Pi`tmz Fmuiajiz Huizhki 9&0 ?&5 0&< ?&9 ?&9 ?&: ?&? ?&> 0&<

@maalpplmf Hppya~tlmfp 9&0 ?&> 0&; ?&? ?&9 ?&0 0&< 0&< 0&<

_bzii!Amftb _zihpyz| Jlcc Zhti'"îz @ift,

AME' :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit >&5 8&? :&5 :&; :&9 F-H F-H F-H F-H AME :>88 Ehcc I`mfmal` Pthtiaift >&5 >&< 8&: :&0 :&9 F-H F-H F-H F-H ^zluhti!Pi`tmz Fmuiajiz Huizhki >&5 >&< 8&8 8&2 :&< 0&5 ?&: ?&9 ?&5

@maalpplmf Hppya~tlmfp F-H >&< 8&> 8&2 0&> 0&5 ?&> ?&> ?&>

8>!|ihz Kmuizfaift Jmfo Zhti'"îz @ift,

AME' :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit 0&: 0&? ?&> ?&0 ?&0 F-H F-H F-H F-H AME :>88 Ehcc I`mfmal` Pthtiaift 0&: :&2 :&; ?&> ?&0 F-H F-H F-H F-H ^zluhti!Pi`tmz Fmuiajiz Huizhki 0&: :&2 :&9 0&0 ?&8 ?&5 ?&2 9&8 9&8

@maalpplmf Hppya~tlmfp 0&: :&2 :&9 0&0 ?&: ?&2 9&> 9&> 9&>

' Kmuizfaift me @hfhoh lftizipt zhtip& Lftizipt zhti hppya~tlmfp zieci`t ~zluhti!pi`tmz iptlahtip&F-H 1 ohth fmt huhlchjci&AME1Alflptz| me Elfhfì&_m ahdi tbi ~zmgi`tlmfp ma~hzhjci# :>8> KO^ ciuicp hzi jif`bahzdio tm tbi chtipt ^zmulf`lhc I`mfmal` H``myftp# {bl`b zipyctp lf olp`zi~hf`| ezma ~yjclpbio Jyokit ciuicp&




8><


@cmplfk tbi jyokit kh~ j| :>8;‐82 {lcc fmt ji ihp|& Bm{iuiz# ahf| @hfholhf kmuizfaiftp

bhui py`ìppeycc| ehìo oii~ elp`hc ~zmjciap lf tbi ~hpt t{m oi`hoip hfo lf tbi ~zmìpp bhui

ptzifktbifio tbilz `h~h`lt| tm oihc {ltb ezipb `bhccifkip hp tbi| hzmpi& Ampt me tbmpii~lpmoip m``yzzio lf tbi 8<<>p# {bif h pbhz~ ziìpplmf {hp emccm{io j| h zi`muiz| tbht

{hp bhctlfk ht elzpt jiemzi khtbizlfk ifmykb amaiftya tm kifizhti h pmclo ir~hfplmf&

I`mfmal` kzm{tb bic~io kmuizfaiftp jh`d tm elp`hc bihctb# jyt ahf| ziptzhlfio p~ifolfk ‟

lf pmai `hpip# plkflel`hftc| ‟ hfo pmai iuif zhlpio thrip tm jhchfì tbilz jyokitp& Cippmfp

`hf ji cihzfio ezma tbipi ~izlmop me ziptzhlft# jyt tbi yfoizc|lfk aipphki ‐‐ tbht tbi thpd lp

omhjci ‟ aypt ji tia~izio tblp tlai hzmyfo j| tbi ir~i`thtlmf tbht i`mfmal` kzm{tb hcmfi

{lcc fmt ji ptzmfk ifmykb tm pdhti yp mfploi& Lfoiio# lt ah| fmt iuif ji ptzmfk ifmykb# hp lt

{hp lf tbi 8<<>p# tm cifo ay`b me h bhfo&

_bi 8<<>p

Fhtlmfhcc|# tbi jipt!dfm{f irha~ci me oiel`lt iclalfhtlmf {hp tbht me tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift

jit{iif 8<<9# {bif tbi @bzitlif kmuizfaift jikhf tm thdi pizlmyp h`tlmf#8 hfo 8<<2# {bif

tbi oiel`lt olph~~ihzio& Emyz ~zmulfìp tbht hcpm ifkhkio lf ulkmzmyp oiel`lt!`yttlfk iriz`lpip

hzi me p~i`lhc lftizipt tm yp ‐‐ Hcjizth# Phpdht`bi{hf# Fi{ Jzyfp{l`d hfo "me kzihtipt

ziciuhfì, Mfthzlm& –Lf p~lti me tbilz oleeizift pltyhtlmfp hp {icc hp h~~zmh`bip# hcc me tbipi

kmuizfaiftp {izi py`ìppeyc lf tbilz ieemztp#‑ mfi ptyo| `mf`cyoio&: H tbziho `maamf tm hcc me

tbipi {hp tbilz ziclhfì mf p~ifolfk ziptzhlft mz mytzlkbt `ytp tm h ay`b kzihtiz irtift tbhf

thr lf`zihpip&

Oiel`lt!`yttlfk {hp h eihtyzi me tbi 8<<>p lf @hfhoh emccm{lfk h piuizi ziìpplmf tbht zioyìo

kmuizfaift ziuifyip hfo lf`zihpio kmuizfaift oijt& Hetiz h kifizhtlmf lf {bl`b @hfholhfp

tmcizhtio kzm{lfk oiel`ltp# tbi ~yjcl` ammo tyzfio lf tbi olzi`tlmf me kzihtiz elp`hc

zip~mfpljlclt|# ampt mjulmypc| ht tbi eioizhc ciuic# jyt hcpm lf ahf| ~zmulfìp# ip~i`lhcc| tbmpi

{bmpi oijt bho zlpif xyl`dc|&

8 _bi @bzitlif kmuizfaift h~~clio pmai ziptzhlft lf 8<<?# ltp elzpt |ihz lf meelì# jyt ltp ieemztp {izi {loic| zikhzoio# ip~i`lhcc| lf elfhf`lhcahzditp# hp tmm ti~lo&

: _blp pi`tlmf ziclip bihulc| mf {mzd omfi j| Omf Ozyaamfo hfo Pmf|h Kychtl me _O I`mfmal`p hfo ~yjclpbio yfoiz tbi tltci –Fi{Jzyfp{l`d Ehìp _mykb Elp`hc @bmlìp Hbiho#‑ Fmu& :<# :>8>& _bi elkyzip ypio hzi hcc ozh{f ezma tbi Elp`hc Zieizifì _hjcip "EZ_,~yjclpbio hffyhcc| j| Elfhfì @hfhoh# {bl`b ahdi pmai hogyptaiftp tm pthfohzolwi tbi ohth emz h``myftlfk oleeizifìp h`zmpp gyzlpol`tlmfp& Hp h zipyct# pmai me tbi EZ_ ohth oleeiz ezma tbmpi ~yjclpbio j| tbi Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Elfhfì& Lftiz~zmulf`lhc `ma~hzlpmfpyplfk EZ_ ohth aypt ji ahoi {ltb `hytlmf ji`hypi tbi h``myftlfk p|ptiap me tbi ~zmulfìp oleeiz&



88>

_bi eioizhc kmuizfaift“p oijt zih`bio t{m!tblzop me hffyhc KO^ lf elp`hc 8<<0‐<?# tbi |ihz

lf {bl`b tbi fi{ kmuizfaift me Gihf @bzitlif {hp ici`tio ~zmalplfk tm zioyì tbi oiel`lt ‐‐

9&5 ~iz ìft me KO^ lf tbi ~ziulmyp elp`hc |ihz ‐‐ tm 0&> ~iz ìft me KO^ muiz tbzii |ihzp&

Piuizi umchtlclt| lf tbi elfhf`lhc ahzditp# {bizi lfuiptmzp olo fmt jicliui tbht @hfhoh {hp

`maalttio tm oiel`lt zioy`tlmf# ~izpyhoio tbi kmuizfaift tm km iuif eyztbiz lf 8<<9& _bi

zipyct {hp h zmyfo me plkflel`hft `ytp jmtb tm tbi m~izhtlfk jyokitp me oi~hztaiftp hfo tm tbilz

kzhftp hfo `mftzljytlmfp ‐‐ ahf| lf tbi zhfki me 89 ~iz ìft tm :9 ~iz ìft# hfo pmai iuif

blkbiz& _zhfpeizp tm tbi ~zmulfìp {izi hcpm `yt pbhz~c| ‐‐ j| amzi tbhf :8 ~iz ìft muiz h

t{m!|ihz ~izlmo&

Lf tbi ifo# piuif me iuiz| ilkbt omcchzp fiioio tm iclalfhti tbi oiel`lt `hai ezma p~ifolfk

ziptzhlft zhtbiz tbhf ziuifyi!kifizhtlfk aihpyzip& J| 8<<;‐<2# tbi eioizhc jyokit {hp jh`d

lf jhchfì& Pyjpixyiftc|# thrip {izi `yt piuizhc tlaip hfo p~ifolfk zipyaio ht h zh~lo `cl~#

jyt tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift `mftlfyio tm jhchfì ltp jyokit ‐‐ hfo iuif zyf pyz~cypip lf

ahf| |ihzp ‐‐ emz amzi tbhf h oi`hoi& _bi xyl`d oi`clfi lf tbi oiel`lt oyzlfk tbi tbzii |ihzp{blci tbi oiel`lt {hp jilfk {l~io myt `hcaio tbi elfhf`lhc ahzditp# klulfk tbi Jhfd me @hfhoh

zmma tm zioyì lftizipt zhtip# {blci zmjypt i`mfmal` kzm{tb kifizhtio ptzmfk ziuifyi

lf`zihpip& _mthc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk# {bl`b bho ~ihdio lf 8<<?‐<9# eicc j| hcampt 8> ~iz ìft

lf tbi elzpt t{m |ihzp me tbi ziptzhlft ~izlmo hfo ziahlfio jicm{ tbi ~zi!ziptzhlft ~ihd emz

elui |ihzp&

[mztb ziaiajizlfk lp tbi eh`t tbht oi`clflfk lftizipt zhtip hfo zmjypt i`mfmal` kzm{tb ‐‐

fmt gypt lf @hfhoh# jyt {mzco{loi hfo ip~i`lhcc| lf tbi Yfltio Pthtip ‐‐ kzihtc| bic~io fmt

mfc| tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift# jyt hcpm tbi ~zmulfìp# py`ìppeycc| htth`d tbilz elp`hc ~zmjciap&

@hfhoh ifgm|io h ptzmfk khlf lf ltp tizap me tzhoi hfo {hp emztyfhti tbht lt {hp mfi me tbi ei{`myftzlip h~~c|lfk hf| dlfo me elp`hc ziptzhlft& _bi i`mfmal` ifulzmfaift lp ehz oleeizift tmoh|#

hp {mzco kzm{tb ehctizp# ~hztc| ji`hypi pm ahf| kmuizfaiftp hzi {mzdlfk playcthfimypc| tm

zi~hlz tbilz elp`hc ziklaip hfo zioyì oijt&




888

Hcjizth“p ozlui tm iclalfhti ltp oiel`lt jikhf lf tbi 8<<:‐<0 elp`hc |ihz# {bif tbi fi{

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KO^ hfo h oijt ixyhc tm 89&2 ~iz ìft me KO^# h `mfoltlmf hcampt yflahklfhjci lf h ~zmulfì

tbht bho jiif oijt!ezii mfc| plr |ihzp ihzcliz& Dcilf ~zmalpio tm jhchfì tbi jyokit {ltblf

tbzii |ihzp hfo kit zlo me tbi oijt lf 8> |ihzp& Bi jiht jmtb thzkitp# zityzflfk tbi jyokit tm h

pyz~cyp lf mfc| t{m |ihzp "lf 8<<?‐<9, hfo ~h|lfk mee tbi oijt lf ilkbt "lf :>>>‐>8,& Bi olo

tblp iftlzic| tbzmykb `ytp tm p~ifolfk hfo pizulìp& P~ifolfk {hp `yt pyjpthftlhcc| lf hcc

alflptzlip# lf`cyolfk bihctb hfo ioy`htlmf# {blci pm`lhc hpplpthfì zhtip {izi zioyìo j|

fihzc| :> ~iz ìft muiz tbzii |ihzp& Hcampt 8>#>>> ~yjcl` pizulì gmjp {izi iclalfhtio# {blci

tbi ziahlflfk `lulc pizuhftp ehìo {hki `ytp hfo ahf| pm`lhc pizulìp {izi `mftzh`tio myt tm

fmf!kmuizfaifthc hkif`lip& Fmthjc|# tmthc p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap eicc j| hcampt :: ~iz ìft lf

tbi tbzii |ihzp ezma 8<<:‐<0 tm 8<<9‐<5 hfo ziahlfio jicm{ ltp 8<<:‐<0 ~ihd emz plr |ihzp#

tbzmykb 8<<2‐<<&

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Phpdht`bi{hf“p ~clkbt {hp pm pizlmyp tbht –tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift bho tm pti~ lf {ltb

iaizkif`| elfhf`lhc hpplpthfì hfo `mftlfkif`| ~chfp {izi ozh{f y~ lf tbi iuift tbi

~zmulfì emyfo ltpice lf h ~mpltlmf {bizi lt `myco fmt zhlpi amfi| lf tbi emzilkf jmfo ahzditp&‑0

_bi Zmahfm{ kmuizfaift“p pmcytlmf lfumcuio h alr me p~ifolfk `ytp hfo thr lf`zihpip#

{bl`b lt `hccio –_bi Phpdht`bi{hf [h|&‑ _bi ~chf# cldi Hcjizth“p# lf`cyoio hf irtifoio ~izlmo

lf {bl`b ~zmkzha p~ifolfk {hp bico jicm{ tbi 8<<>‐<8 ~ihd# tbmykb lf Phpdht`bi{hf“p

`hpi# tbi ~ihd!tm!tzmykb oi`clfi hamyftio tm mfc| 8> ~iz ìft& Ptlcc# lt chptio h |ihz cmfkiz

tbhf Hcjizth“p ziptzhlft# emz h eycc piuif |ihzp tm 8<<;‐<2& Oi~hztaifthc p~ifolfk {hp `yt# `lulc

pizuhftp“ {hkip {izi ezmwif hfo tbi kmuizfaift# amzi kifizhcc|# om{fplwio& [icehzi

ziemzap if`myzhkio ~im~ci ziìlulfk pm`lhc hpplpthfì tm ji`mai amzi lfoi~ifoift tbzmykb

ihzfio lf`mai py~~ciaiftp hfo tzhlflfk lfltlhtluip& Lf tbi ifo# lt tmmd Phpdht`bi{hf mfc|

tbzii |ihzp tm kit ltp jyokit jh`d tm jhchfì&

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88:

Fi{ Jzyfp{l`d# {bl`b {ift tbzmykb t{m i~lpmoip me ziptzhlft yfoiz Cljizhc ^zializ Ezhfd

A`Diffh# bhp h alrio zi`mzo& _bi elzpt jikhf hetiz tbi ~zmulfì zi`mzoio h oiel`lt lf 8<25‐2;

hamyftlfk tm 0&9 ~iz ìft me KO^# {bl`b zhlpio tbi oijt!tm!KO^ zhtlm tm :?&; ~iz ìft&

J| 8<2<‐<># tbi oiel`lt bho pbzyfd tm /:? alcclmf ezma /052 alcclmf tbzii |ihzp ihzcliz&

Ziuifyi lf`zihpip h``myftio emz ampt me tblp ~zmkzipp4 tbi kzm{tb me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk

pcm{io# jyt fiuiz eicc& Bm{iuiz# tbi zityzf tm hf hcampt jhchfìo jyokit {hp pbmzt!cluio&

J| 8<<8‐<:# tbi ziìpplmf bho ~ypbio tbi oiel`lt jh`d y~ tm :&5 ~iz ìft me KO^ {blci tbi

oijt zhtlm# {bl`b bho ehccif tm :0 ~iz ìft oyzlfk tbi ziptzhlft |ihzp# {hp jh`d y~ tm

:5&? ~iz ìft& _blp tlai# h `majlfhtlmf me ir~ifoltyzi `yzjp ‐‐ {bl`b bico tbi kzm{tb me

p~ifolfk tm hf huizhki me mfc| >&; ~iz ìft hffyhcc| ‐‐ hfo ziuifyi!zhlplfk aihpyzip

jzmykbt tbi jyokit tm pyz~cyp lf emyz |ihzp& _blp {hp fmt h ahgmz# mz iuif ~zmcmfkio# htth`d mf

kmuizfaift p~ifolfk# {bl`b h`tyhcc| eicc lf mfc| mfi me tbmpi |ihzp hfo ziahlfio jicm{ ltp

~zi!ziptzhlft ~ihd emz t{m&

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8<2>p i`mfmal` jmma& Lt {hp emccm{io j| h oii~ ziìpplmf hfo elui |ihzp me oiel`ltp ezma

8<<>‐<8 tbzmykb 8<<?‐<9 tbht zhlpio tbi oijt tm :<&: ~iz ìft me KO^& Lf tbi 8<<9 ici`tlmf#

tbi ^zmkzipplui @mfpizuhtluip yfoiz Aldi Bhzzlp {mf ~m{iz hetiz zyfflfk mf h ~chtemza `hccio

tbi –@maamf Pifpi Ziumcytlmf‑ "@PZ,& _bi ~chtemza pit myt emyz di| mjgi`tluip7 thr

zioy`tlmf# jhchf`lfk tbi jyokit# zioy`lfk tbi plwi me kmuizfaift# hfo kzihtiz ia~bhplp mf

lfoluloyhc i`mfmal` zip~mfpljlclt|& _bi fi{ kmuizfaift pyjpthftlhcc| la~ciaiftio ltp

~chtemza& [ltb tbi irì~tlmf me bihctb `hzi# p~ifolfk {hp zilfio lf4 tbi t{m ampt ozhahtl`

amuip {izi h :: ~iz ìft `yt lf pm`lhc hpplpthfì zhtip hfo h om{fcmholfk me ~zmkzha

zip~mfpljlcltlip tm ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaiftp# {ltb h ~hztlhc elp`hc meepit ezma mtbiz `bhfkip lf

Mfthzlm!ayfl`l~hc zichtlmfp hfo tbi lfoyìo zioy`tlmfp lf pm`lhc hpplpthfì ir~ifoltyzip&

îzpmfhc thrip {izi `yt j| hcampt 0> ~iz ìft muiz h ~izlmo me piuizhc |ihzp# {blci h fi{

bihctb thr mf blkb lf`mai ihzfizp {hp ciulio tm bic~ ~h| emz zlplfk bihctb `hzi `mptp&

@mz~mzhti thrip {izi `yt hp {icc&

Ptzmfk i`mfmal` hfo ziuifyi kzm{tb hetiz 8<<9 bic~io tbi ~zmulfì jhchfì ltp jyokit j|

8<<<‐:>>># j| {bl`b tlai p~ifolfk bho jikyf tm zlpi hkhlf& Hctbmykb tbi Bhzzlp kmuizfaift

zithlfp ltp zi~ythtlmf hp mfi tbht ahoi oii~ hfo chptlfk p~ifolfk `ytp# tbi zihclt| lp zhtbiz

oleeizift& Ezma ltp 8<<9‐<5 ~ihd# ~zmkzha p~ifolfk eicc j| mfc| ?&8 ~iz ìft hfo pth|io jicm{

tbi ~ihd emz mfc| tbzii |ihzp& J| `ma~hzlpmf {ltb Hcjizth hfo Phpdht`bi{hf# Mfthzlm“p

ziptzhlft {hp jmtb alcoiz hfo ay`b pbmztiz& Iuif Xyiji` `yt ~zmkzha p~ifolfk j| amzi tbhf

Mfthzlm oyzlfk tblp ~izlmo ‐‐ ?&5 ~iz ìft lf tbi t{m |ihzp ezma 8<<?‐<9 tm 8<<5‐<;&




880

Bmcolfk ~zmkzha p~ifolfk lf `bi`d lp fiuiz ihp|# ip~i`lhcc| fmt {bif kmuizfaiftp ehì

`mfpthft ~zippyzi tm lf`zihpi p~ifolfk& Lfechtlmf# ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb# `ma~ifphtlmf oiahfop

hfo pbiiz fiio hcc ~ypb kmuizfaiftp lf tbi olzi`tlmf me blkbiz p~ifolfk# hp om um`hc lftizipt

kzmy~p tbht houhfì hf| fyajiz me `hypip# ahf| me tbia {mztb|& Plfì tbi `yzzift

kmuizfaift ehìp pmai me tbi phai lppyip hp tbi Bhzzlp kmuizfaift# Mfthzlm“p ir~izlifì lf

tbi 8<<>p aizltp `cmpiz irhalfhtlmf&

Mfthzlm7 H @cmpiz Cmmd

@bh~tiz 8# _bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc H`tlmf# lf`cyoio myz pìfhzlm emz tbi piuif |ihzp ezma

:>8>‐88 tbzmykb :>8;‐82& Fm{ {i {hft tm `ma~hzi# yplfk jzmho ptzmdip# tbi ~htb {i bhui

chlo myt {ltb h `ma~hzhjci ~izlmo lf tbi 8<<>p# tbi chpt tlai tbi ~zmulfì kzh~~cio {ltb h

pyjpthftlhc oiel`lt& P~i`lel`hcc|# {i bhui `bmpif tbi plr!|ihz p~hf ezma 8<<0‐<?# {bif tbi

oiel`lt {hp /88&: jlcclmf# tbzmykb 8<<<‐:>>># {bif tbi kmuizfaift zi~mztio h pyz~cyp me

/8&> jlcclmf&?

[i {lcc oihc elzpt {ltb ziuifyip& Myz ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm ~zmgi`tp tbht ziuifyi {lcc kzm{ j|

0&? ~iz ìft hffyhcc| ezma :>8>‐88 tm :>8;‐82& _blp lp h ay`b amzi amoipt lf`zihpi tbhf

tbi mfi tbht m``yzzio oyzlfk tbi zi`muiz| ~izlmo ezma oiel`lt lf tbi 8<<>p& Jit{iif 8<<0‐<?

hfo 8<<<‐:>>># ziuifyi kzi{ j| h zmjypt ?&; ~iz ìft hffyhcc|# iuif tbmykb thrip {izi `yt

oyzlfk tbi ~izlmo hetiz 8<<9& _bi chti 8<<>p {izi h ~izlmo me zmjypt i`mfmal` kzm{tb tbht

kifizhtio h ptzmfk ecm{ me ziuifyip tm tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift& _bi tlalfk me tbi i`mfmal`

ir~hfplmf {hp emztyltmyp# plfì eioizhc tzhfpeiz ~h|aiftp eicc hp tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift

{mzdio tm iclalfhti ltp m{f oiel`lt& Bm{iuiz# Mfthzlm“p ziuifyi ezma ltp m{f pmyzìp

kzi{ pyjpthftlhcc|&

? [i {myco bhui ~zieizzio tm jiklf myz 8<<>p `ma~hzlpmf {ltb 8<<:‐<0 emz t{m zihpmfp& Elzpt# tbi zi~mztio oiel`lt ~ihdio lf tbht |ihz hfo#pi`mfo# lt {myco bhui kluif yp h piuif!|ihz p~hf lf tbi 8<<>p tm `ma~hzi {ltb tbi piuif |ihzp tm :>8;‐82 tbht {i hzi fm{ {mzdlfk{ltb& Bm{iuiz# tbi kmuizfaift p{lt`bio ezma `hpb h``myftlfk tm h``zyhc h``myftlfk lf 8<<0‐<?# pm tbi 8<<:‐<0 elkyzip hzi fm cmfkiz `ma~hzhjci& _bi zi~mztio pyz~cyp me />&; jlcclmf lf 8<<<‐:>>> bhp jiif hogyptio tm iclalfhti hfmtbiz h``myftlfk `bhfki tbht hzmpi ezmatbi ziptzy`tyzlfk me tbi Mfthzlm ici`tzl`lt| lfoyptz|&



88?

Ziuifyi ezma ~izpmfhc lf`mai thrip kzi{ j| mfc| :5&: ~iz ìft jit{iif 8<<0‐<? hfo

8<<<‐:>>># hf irtziaic| {ihd pbm{lfk kluif tbi 0<&? ~iz ìft zlpi lf tbi yfoizc|lfk fmalfhc

KO^ oyzlfk tbht ~izlmo# jyt tbizi {hp h zihpmf emz tblp& _hr ziuifyip tifo tm ji blkbc| ichptl`

oyzlfk h ~izlmo me ptzmfk i`mfmal` kzm{tb emccm{lfk h ziìpplmf4 tbht lp# thr ziuifyip t|~l`hcc|

kzm{ ehptiz tbhf KO^ le thr zhtip hzi ciet yf`bhfkio& Jyt muiz tbi 8<<9 tm 8<<< ~izlmo#

~izpmfhc lf`mai thr zhtip {izi zioyìo pbhz~c|& Bm{iuiz# zithlc phcip thr ziuifyi lf`zihpio

j| 99&0 ~iz ìft hfo thdlfkp ezma `mz~mzhti lf`mai thrip amzi tbhf omyjcio& _{m mtbiz

ziuifyi pmyzìp olp~ch|io ptzmfk kzm{tb& Ziuifyi ezma kmuizfaift iftiz~zlpip zmpi jzlpdc|#

~zlahzlc| ji`hypi me tbi ir~hfolfk cmttiz| hfo khalfk jyplfippip4 pm olo mtbiz emzap me

ziuifyi# chzkic| hp h zipyct me lf`zihpio ziuifyip tm tbi ~zmulfì ezma ayfl`l~hcltlip&

_bi kmuizfaift me tbi oh| tzhfpeizzio h fyajiz me ~zmkzhap tm ayfl`l~hcltlip# jyt oyzlfk h

tzhfpltlmf ~izlmo# tbi ayfl`l~hcltlip zilajyzpio tbi ~zmulfì emz pizulìp lt {hp ptlcc ~zmulolfk

mf tbilz jibhce&

Zichtlui tm tbi plwi me tbi ~zmulf`lhc i`mfma|# m{f!pmyzì ziuifyip lf 8<<<‐:>>> {izi89&< ~iz ìft me KO^& Lf :>8>‐88# tbi m{f!pmyzì ziuifyi pbhzi {hp iuif cm{iz ‐‐

80&59 ~iz ìft& Plfì tbi @maalpplmf“p Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm emz tbi firt piuif |ihzp

hppyaip tbht ziuifyip {lcc kzm{ amzi pcm{c| tbhf tbi i`mfma| hp h {bmci# tblp pbhzi {lcc

oi`clfi eyztbiz# tm mfc| 80&>< ~iz ìft me KO^# lf tbi hjpifì me hf| aihpyzip tm lf`zihpi

ziuifyi& Lf @bh~tiz 8# _bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc H`tlmf# {i zi`maaifoio h pizlip me

ziuifyi aihpyzip {mztb hcampt /: jlcclmf j| :>8;‐824 tbipi pti~p# lfumculfk `mftzhjhfo

tmjh``m# tbi yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma|# `mcci`tlmfp lppyip# thr ir~ifoltyzip hfo hooltlmfhc

ziuifyip ezma @zm{f hkif`lip# {myco zhlpi tbi pbhzi tm 80&00 ~iz ìft j| tbht |ihz& Eioizhc

tzhfpeizp zichtio tm tbi ziìft i`mfmal` ptlaycyp ~h`dhki hfo tzhfpltlmf tm tbi BP_ {lcc ehcc mee

muiz tbi firt ei{ |ihzp4 hcc tmco# tzhfpeizp hzi ir~i`tio tm hamyft tm 0&0 ~iz ìft me KO^ j|

:>8;‐82# om{f ezma 0&2 ~iz ìft lf :>8>‐88&

Aht`blfk p~ifolfk tm ziuifyip j| :>8;‐82 ‐‐ tbi thzkit pit myt lf tbi :>88 Jyokit ‐‐ {hp

fiuiz kmlfk tm ji ihp|& Iuif pm# tbi Jyokit `cihzc| plkfhccio tbi fiio emz tbi ~zmulf`lhc

kmuizfaift tm ziptzhlf p~ifolfk lf tbi piuif |ihzp tm :>8;‐82& Ltp pìfhzlm emz tbi thzkit |ihz

~yt ~zmkzha p~ifolfk ht /8:?&< jlcclmf4 {ltb ltp ~zmgi`tlmf me /8?:&: jlcclmf lf ziuifyi#

/85&0 jlcclmf lf lftizipt `mptp hfo h /8 jlcclmf zipizui# tbi jyokit {myco ji lf jhchfì&




889

Ziahzdhjc|# tbi la~cl`htlmfp me tblp p~ifolfk kmhc {ift hcampt iftlzic| yfziahzdio j| tbi

~yjcl` lf tbi amftbp plfì tbi Jyokit {hp zicihpio& _bi thzkit me /8:?&< jlcclmf lf ~zmkzhap

zi~zipiftio hf lf`zihpi me 8>&: ~iz ìft ezma {bht tbi Jyokit iptlahtio {hp tbi

/880&0 jlcclmf p~ift lf :>8>‐88# hf lf`zihpi me 8&? ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz&9 Jyt le |my hogypt emz

~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb me 8&: ~iz ìft hffyhcc| hfo emz lfechtlmf me :&: ~iz ìft hffyhcc|# tbi

kmuizfaift“p Jyokit Pìfhzlm ~mlftp tm h ptiho| oi`clfi lf zihc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk ~iz `h~lth

tbht {myco huizhki 8&< ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& Lt lp pthztclfk tm `ma~hzi tblp {ltb tbi 8<<0‐<? tm

8<<<‐:>>> ~izlmo& Oyzlfk tbht tlai# zihc ~iz `h~lth ~zmkzha p~ifolfk eicc ht hf hffyhc zhti me

:&> ~iz ìft& Mfthzlhfp ah| fmt bhui fmtlìo lt# jyt tbi :>88 Jyokit {hp ~zmgi`tlfk piuif

|ihzp lf {bl`b ~zmkzha p~ifolfk mf h zihc ~iz `h~lth jhplp {myco ehcc ht hcampt tbi phai zhti

hp lt olo lf tbi 8<<>p&

Yfemztyfhtic|# tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbht tbipi aihpyzip {lcc fmt ji ifmykb# hp fmtio lf

@bh~tiz 8# _bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc H`tlmf& Kluif myz kzihtiz `hytlmf lf ~zmgi`tlfk ziuifyi

kzm{tb# myz pìfhzlm pykkiptio tbht ~zmkzha p~ifolfk ‐‐ hkhlf mf h zihc ~iz `h~lth jhplp ‐‐{lcc bhui tm ehcc j| :&9 ~iz ìft hffyhcc|&

Le tbi `ytp me tbi 8<<>p h~~ihz pahcciz tbhf tbi elkyzip tbht cmma lf tbi aiamzlip me ahf|

Mfthzlhfp# jihz lf alfo tbht lf 8<<<‐:>>># tbi elfhc |ihz me tbi ~izlmo {i hzi yplfk# tmthc

~zmkzha p~ifolfk lf`zihpio j| 0&> ~iz ìft& _bi kmuizfaift me tbi oh| {hp biholfk emz h

jhchfìo jyokit hfo cmmpifio tbi ~yzpi ptzlfkp tbht |ihz# ahlfc| tm oihc {ltb tbi ~zippyzip

tbht bho h``yaychtio oyzlfk tbi ~ziulmyp plr |ihzp me ziptzhlft& _blp {hp ip~i`lhcc| iuloift lf

bihctb p~ifolfk# {bl`b lf`zihpio j| 88&? ~iz ìft tbht |ihz& Lt lp hcpm {mztb zi`hcclfk tbht h

:: ~iz ìft zioy`tlmf lf pm`lhc hpplpthfì zhtip {hp h di| iciaift me tbi Bhzzlp |ihzp4 plfì

tbipi zhtip bhui emz tbi ampt ~hzt fmt lf`zihpio plfì tbif# tbht huifyi lp fmt m~if fm{ pmziptzhlft lf mtbiz hzihp {lcc bhui tm ji ay`b tmykbiz&

_bizi lp h cippmf bizi ezma iriz`lpip lf ziptzhlft& Kmuizfaiftp `hf bmco tbi clo mf p~ifolfk

emz h {blci j| thdlfk irtzhmzolfhz| aihpyzip tm `mfthlf `ma~ifphtlmf `mptp# ~mpt~mflfk

`h~lthc ~zmgi`tp hfo p`zla~lfk mf lfezhptzy`tyzi ahlftifhfì& Yfcipp amzi eyfohaifthc

ziemzap tm p~ifolfk ~zmkzhap hzi la~ciaiftio# bm{iuiz# mco ~zippyzip zihppizt tbiapicuip

hfo kmuizfaiftp {ltb fi{c| jhchfìo jyokitp bhui h bhzoiz tlai ziplptlfk tbia& _bi Mfthzlm

ir~izlifì me tbi 8<<>p lp ~hztl`ychzc| lfptzy`tlui lf tblp zikhzo ji`hypi ziemzap {izi h~~clio

lf piuizhc hzihp lf`cyolfk bmp~lthcp# p`bmmcp hfo ayfl`l~hc zichtlmfp# hfo ptlcc tbi elp`hc

~zippyzip kzi{&

9 ^zmkzha p~ifolfk iuiftyhcc| `hai lf ht /888&: jlcclmf hp h zipyct me chzkiz!tbhf!ir~i`tio |ihz!ifo phulfkp&



885

Ziuifyip hfo Ir~ifoltyzip7 Bm{ Mfthzlm @ma~hzip

Lt lp hc{h|p lfptzy`tlui ‐‐ hfo pmaitlaip pyz~zlplfk ‐‐ tm `ma~hzi myzpicuip {ltb

mtbiz ~zmulfìp&

Mfthzlm“p ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift# emz irha~ci# thdip zichtluic| cipp ezma ltp i`mfma| tbhf

hcampt hcc mtbiz ~zmulfìp& Ezma 8<28 tbzmykb :>>5# emz irha~ci# Mfthzlm“p tmthc ziuifyip

{izi tbi cm{ipt lf @hfhoh# zhfklfk lf h fhzzm{ jhfo jit{iif 8?&9 ~iz ìft hfo 85&5 ~iz ìft

me KO^4 ezma :>>; tm :>><# Hcjizth eicc jicm{ Mfthzlm# {ltb hf huizhki thdi me 8?&0 ~iz ìft#

{blci Mfthzlm {hp pi`mfo cm{ipt {ltb hf huizhki me 85&0 ~iz ìft&5 Xyiji`# Ahfltmjh hfo tbi

emyz Htchftl` ~zmulfìp# lf tbi ampt ziìft ohth# bhui kifizhtio tbi chzkipt ziuifyip ‐‐

jit{iif :0 ~iz ìft hfo 00 ~iz ìft me KO^&

Lf jzmho tizap# tbizi hzi t{m pmyzìp me ziuifyi emz h ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift7 tzhfpeizp ezma

tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift hfo tbi ziuifyip lt `hf zhlpi mf ltp m{f# ahlfc| j| thrlfk ~im~ci#

`ma~hflip hfo zithlc phcip& Emz tbi ~mmziz ~zmulfìp# tzhfpeizp ezma tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift

bhui blptmzl`hcc| jiif hf la~mzthft pmyzì me ziuifyi# huizhklfk hjmyt 05 ~iz ìft tm ?0 ~iz

ìft me ziuifyi lf tbi Htchftl` ~zmulfìp lf tbi chtipt oi`hoi emz {bl`b tbizi hzi ohth ":>>>

tbzmykb :>><,& Lf Mfthzlm# tzhfpeizp h``myftio emz 8?&2 ~iz ìft me ziuifyip oyzlfk tblp ~izlmo#

tbmykb tbi ziìft tzifo lp zlplfk& _zholtlmfhcc|# Hcjizth“p ziclhfì mf eioizhc tzhfpeizp bhp jiif

tbi cm{ipt me hf| ~zmulfì# {ltb Mfthzlm hfo Jzltlpb @mcyajlh gmptclfk emz tbi pi`mfo!cm{ipt

p~mt& Lf :>><# bm{iuiz# Mfthzlm ziìluio 82&; ~iz ìft me ltp ziuifyip ezma Mtth{h#; {bl`b

~yt lt tblzo ezma tbi jmttma4 jicm{ lt {izi Hcjizth "80&2 ~iz ìft, hfo Jzltlpb @mcyajlh

"8;&5 ~iz ìft,&

5 _bipi elkyzip hzi jhpio mf tbi ^zmulf`lhc I`mfmal` H``myftp `ma~lcio j| Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh& _bi chtipt ohth emz kmuizfaiftp hziezma :>><&

; _bi elkyzi me :> ~iz ìft `ltio lf @bh~tiz 8# _bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc H`tlmf# {hp jhpio mf tbi Mfthzlm ~yjcl` h``myftp aihpyzi&




88;

_bi zipt me Mfthzlm“p ziuifyip `mai ezma ltp m{f pmyzìp& Ezma 8<28 tbzmykb :>>0# tbi

Mfthzlm kmuizfaift“p m{f!pmyzì ziuifyip zichtlui tm KO^ ‐‐ {bl`b zi~zipiftp tbi

kmuizfaift“p thr jyzoif mf tbi ~zmulfì ‐‐ {izi tbi cm{ipt lf tbi `myftz|# huizhklfk

80&0 ~iz ìft tbzmykb tblp ~izlmo& Lt cmpt tbht olptlf`tlmf lf :>>?# {bif Fi{emyfochfo hfo

Chjzhomz hfo# pyjpixyiftc|# Hcjizth# amuio jicm{ Mfthzlm& Lf :>><# bm{iuiz# Mfthzlm“p thr

cmho# ht 80&: ~iz ìft me KO^# {hp tbi pi`mfo cm{ipt lf @hfhoh4 mfc| Hcjizth“p# ht

88&5 ~iz ìft# {hp cm{iz& _bi huizhki emz hcc ~zmulfìp lf tbht |ihz {hp 8?&5 ~iz ìft&

Xyiji`“p m{f!pmyzì ziuifyi hamyftio tm 8<&< ~iz ìft me KO^ lf :>><# ahdlfk lt j| h {loi

ahzklf tbi bihulipt!thrio ~zmulfì lf @hfhoh&2

Iuiz| ~zmulfì bhp ltp m{f alr me ziuifyi pmyzìp hfo tbilz ~m{iz tm elcc tbi kmuizfaift

`meeizp uhzlip h``mzolfk tm tbi zhtip me thrhtlmf tbi| ciu| hfo tbi hjlclt| me ih`b thr jhpi tm

|lico ziuifyip& Olzi`t thrip mf ~izpmfp# h `htikmz| lf tbi ^zmulf`lhc I`mfmal` H``myftp tbht

`mfplptp ahlfc| me ~izpmfhc lf`mai thrip# {lcc kifizhti amzi ziuifyi emz kmuizfaiftp lf h

~zmulfì {ltb blkb huizhki ~izpmfhc lf`maip tbhf lf mfi {ltb cm{ huizhki ~izpmfhc lf`maip&Fhtyzhc zipmyzì {ihctb lp h ahgmz ~mlft me oleeizifì hamfk tbi ~zmulfìp& Lf tbi 8> |ihzp

ezma :>>> tbzmykb :>><# gypt muiz 02 ~iz ìft me tbi Hcjizth kmuizfaift“p ziuifyi `hai ezma

{bht Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh `chpplelip hp lfuiptaift lf`mai# {bl`b `mfplptp me zityzfp ezma

kmuizfaift!m{fio jyplfippip hfo fhtyzhc zipmyzì zm|hctlip& Lf Hcjizth“p `hpi# tblp aihfp

zm|hctlip mf mlc hfo fhtyzhc khp ~zmoy`tlmf& Hp h ziuifyi pmyzì# zm|hctlip `hf ji uiz| umchtlci#

tifolfk tm zlpi hfo ehcc {ltb tbi ~zlì me tbi `maamolt|4 lf tbi chpt oi`hoi me ohth# Hcjizth“p

ziuifyi pbhzi ezma lfuiptaift lf`mai bhp zhfkio ezma :5&9 ~iz ìft "lf :>><, tm ?0&< ~iz

ìft "lf :>>5,& Mfthzlm bhp fm py`b cyryz| me ihp| amfi| ezma zipmyzì {ihctb& Mfc| hjmyt

emyz ~iz ìft me ltp ziuifyip bhui `mai ezma lfuiptaift lf`mai "amptc| hp zityzfp ezma

@zm{f `mz~mzhtlmfp, lf ziìft |ihzp hfo tbi pbhzi lp oi`clflfk& Mfc| ^zlfì Io{hzo Lpchfo

ziclip cipp tbhf Mfthzlm mf lfuiptaift lf`mai&

2 _m ahdi tbi ohth eycc| `ma~hzhjci# tbi huizhki m{f!pmyzì zhtlmp emz hcc ~zmulfìp hfo emz Xyiji` bhui jiif hogyptio ezma tbi mzlklfhcohth tm zieci`t tbi Xyiji` hjhtiaift& Lf tbi 8<5>p# tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift meeizio ~zmulfìp m~tlfk!myt hzzhfkiaiftp emz pmai eioizhc‐~zmulf`lhc ~zmkzhap# py`b hp bmp~lthc `hzi hfo pm`lhc hpplpthfì4 mfc| Xyiji` `bmpi tm ypi tblp ai`bhflpa& Yfoiz tbi hzzhfkiaiftp# tbieioizhc kmuizfaift zioyìo# mz –hjhtio#‑ ~izpmfhc lf`mai thr j| 80&9 ~izìfthki ~mlftp {blci Xyiji` lf`zihpio ltp ~izpmfhc lf`maithrip j| hf ixyluhcift hamyft& Xyiji` `mftlfyip tm ziìlui tbi uhcyi me tbipi irtzh thr ~mlftp tbzmykb ltp m{f lf`mai thr p|ptia# lf cliyme `hpb# {blci mtbiz ~zmulfìp ziìlui tbi `mzzip~mfolfk hamyftp lf `hpb& _zhfpeizp tm Xyiji` emz tbi @hfhoh Bihctb _zhfpeiz hfo tbi@hfhoh Pm`lhc _zhfpeiz hfo Ixyhclwhtlmf hzi pbm{f lf tbi eioizhc jyokit mf tbi phai jhplp hp tzhfpeizp tm mtbiz ~zmulfìp& Jyt plfì~hzt me tbi Xyiji` tzhfpeiz lp ahoi tbzmykb cm{iz eioizhc thrip# tblp hamyft lp fittio myt me tzhfpeiz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk&



882

Lfolzi`t thrip# tbi dlfo ~im~ci ~h| hp h `mfpixyifì me pmai mtbiz h`tlult|# `mfptltyti tbi

ampt la~mzthft pmyzì me ziuifyip emz Mfthzlm& Lf hooltlmf tm tbi ~zmulf`lhc phcip thr "mz amzi

~zi`lpic|# tbi ~zmulf`lhc ~mztlmf me tbi BP_,# tblp `htikmz| lf`cyoip khpmclfi thrip# ~h|zmcc

thrip# khalfk ~zmeltp hfo amtmz uibl`ci clìfì eiip& @mcci`tluic|# tbipi h``myftio emz hjmyt

02 ~iz ìft me tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift“p tmthc ziuifyip lf tbi chtipt oi`hoi# `ma~hzio {ltb h

fhtlmfhc huizhki me 0: ~iz ìft& Mfthzlm ziclip amzi mf lfolzi`t thrip tbhf hf| mtbiz ~zmulfì4

firt lf clfi hzi Jzltlpb @mcyajlh hfo Xyiji`# ht gypt muiz 09 ~iz ìft& Hcjizth# {ltb fm

~zmulf`lhc phcip thr# ziclio cihpt mf lfolzi`t thrip ‐‐ cipp tbhf 82 ~iz ìft me ltp tmthc ziuifyip&

Olzi`t thrip mf ~izpmfp hzi tbi firt jlkkipt ziuifyi pmyzì4 lf tbi chtipt oi`hoi# tbi|

h``myftio emz :2 ~iz ìft me tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift“p tmthc ziuifyip# `ma~hzio {ltb h

fhtlmfhc huizhki me :?&9 ~iz ìft&

Olzi`t thrip mf `mz~mzhtlmfp< hzi hfmtbiz plkflel`hft lf`mai pmyzì emz Mfthzlm# h``myftlfk emz

2&9 ~iz ìft me tmthc ziuifyip mf huizhki oyzlfk tbi chpt oi`hoi# pi`mfo mfc| tm Hcjizth“p 2&5

~iz ìft& Oi~ifolfk mf tbi ~zlì me mlc hfo khp# {bl`b lf blkb!~zlì |ihzp fhtyzhcc| ahdipHcjizth!jhpio ifizk| `ma~hflip amzi ~zmelthjci# Mfthzlm hfo Hcjizth thdi tyzfp hp tbi

~zmulfì {ltb tbi kzihtipt ziclhfì mf olzi`t jyplfipp thrip& _bipi t{m hzi {icc hbiho me mtbiz

~zmulfìp lf tblp `htikmz|# ~zlahzlc| ji`hypi tbi| bhui amzi biho meelìp tbhf tbi mtbizp&

Pm`lhc lfpyzhfì thrip "{mzdizp“ `ma~ifphtlmf ciulip hzi tbi jlkkipt irha~ci, bhui

h``myftio emz hfmtbiz 0&; ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm“p ziuifyi lf tbi chtipt oi`hoi& Mfthzlm hfo

Xyiji` hzi tbi cihoizp lf tblp `htikmz|&

[bif lt `maip tm p~ifolfk# Mfthzlm lp uiz| ay`b mf tbi cm{ ifo me tbi p`hci& Lf tbi chtipt 8>

|ihzp emz {bl`b tbizi hzi ohth# Mfthzlm p~ift hf huizhki me mfc| 8?&; ~iz ìft me KO^ mf

kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap& Mfc| Hcjizth# ht 80&8 ~iz ìft# p~ift cipp& Huizhkip om fmt ticc tbi{bmci ptmz|# bm{iuiz& Hp h pbhzi me KO^# ~zmkzha p~ifolfk j| tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift

~ihdio ht 82 ~iz ìft lf 8<<:# eicc tm 8:&2 ~iz ìft lf :>>> hfo plfì tbif bhp jiif zlplfk

ptiholc| ‐‐ tm 8;&; ~iz ìft lf :>><# `cmpi tm tbi fhtlmfhc huizhki me 8<&0 ~iz ìft&

< _blp `htikmz| lf`cyoip kmuizfaift jyplfipp iftiz~zlpip hfo ~zmulf`lhc thrip mf alflfk hfo emziptz|&




88<

_bi jlkkipt jzmho ir~ifpi `htikmz| lp p~ifolfk mf kmmop hfo pizulìp# {bl`b lf`cyoip

`ma~ifphtlmf emz tbi ~yjcl` pizulì& _bht hamyftio tm hf huizhki me 2&; ~iz ìft me KO^ muiz

tbi chtipt 8>!|ihz ~izlmo "`ma~hzio {ltb 8>&0 ~iz ìft emz hcc ~zmulfìp, hfo 8>&; ~iz ìft lf

:>>< "8:&> ~iz ìft emz hcc ~zmulfìp,& _zhfpeizp tm cm`hc kmuizfaiftp {izi tbi firt jlkkipt

ir~ifpi# `malfk lf ht 0&0 ~iz ìft lf tbi chtipt oi`hoi "0&8 ~iz ìft emz hcc ~zmulfìp, hfo

0&< ~iz ìft lf :>>< "0&9 ~iz ìft emz hcc ~zmulfìp,& _zhfpeizp tm ~izpmfp# tbht lp# pm`lhc

pizulìp# hamyftio tm :&0 ~iz ìft lf tbi chtipt oi`hoi "jicm{ tbi :&5 ~iz ìft emz hcc

~zmulfìp, hfo :&; ~iz ìft lf :>>< "hkhlf jicm{ tbi :&< ~iz ìft emz hcc ~zmulfìp,&

H pi~hzhti Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh ohthjhpi8> meeizp iuif amzi oithlc mf ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift

p~ifolfk& Lf :>>2‐><# tbi chtipt |ihz huhlchjci lf Elfhf`lhc Ahfhkiaift P|ptia ohth# tbi

Mfthzlm kmuizfaift“p tmthc p~ifolfk hamyftio tm 8;&2 ~iz ìft me KO^# tbi tblzo cm{ipt me hcc

~zmulfìp4 tbi huizhki emz hcc ~zmulfìp {hp 8<&5 ~iz ìft& Lf tbi chtipt oi`hoi# ezma

8<<2‐<< tm :>>2‐><# p~ifolfk kzi{ j| hf huizhki me ?&2 ~iz ìft hffyhcc|# emyztb cm{ipt lf

@hfhoh hfo jicm{ tbi hcc!~zmulfì huizhki me 9&0 ~iz ìft&

_blp ~httizf lp zieci`tio lf p~ifolfk mf tbi ahgmz ~zmulf`lhc jyokit ltiap# lf `ma~hzlpmfp tbht

hzi mfc| ~mppljci ezma tblp pmyzì7

Bihctb p~ifolfk {hp 5&< ~iz ìft me KO^ lf Mfthzlm# hjmui tbi hcc!~zmulfì huizhki me

5&5 ~iz ìft& Mfthzlm zhfdio plrtb hamfk tbi ~zmulfìp emz bihctb p~ifolfk4

P~ifolfk mf hcc ioy`htlmf ‟ ~zlahz|# pi`mfohz|# ~mpt!pi`mfohz| hfo tzhlflfk ‟ {hp

0&9 ~iz ìft me KO^# jicm{ tbi 0&< ~iz ìft @hfhoh!{loi huizhki& Mfthzlm zhfdio plrtb4

Pm`lhc pizulìp `mpt tbi kmuizfaift tbi ixyluhcift me :&< ~iz ìft me KO^# cipp tbhf tbi

0&0 ~iz ìft huizhki& Mfthzlm zhfdio plrtb4 hfo

Hcc mtbiz p~ifolfk `hai tm ?&9 ~iz ìft# `ma~hzio {ltb 9&2 ~iz ìft emz hcc ~zmulfìp&

Mfthzlm zhfdio flftb&

8> _bi Elfhf`lhc Ahfhkiaift P|ptia ohthjhpi lp tbi ampt oithlcio pmyzì me `ma~hzhjci ohth emz kmuizfaift elfhfì& Pthtlptl`p @hfhoholpahftcip iuiz| kmuizfaift jyokit ‟ eioizhc# ~zmulf`lhc hfo ayfl`l~hc ‟ hfo zi`mfptzy`tp ltp ziuifyi hfo p~ifolfk mf h `maamfkzlo# zikhzocipp me tbi h``myftlfk p|ptia ypio j| ih`b kmuizfaift& _bi zipyct lp h ohth pit tbht lp eycc| `ma~hzhjci# h byki houhfthki#kluif tbht ampt kmuizfaiftp ypi oleeizift h``myftlfk p|ptiap& _bi olphouhfthki lp tbht tbi fyajizp `mai mfc| {ltb h chk4 tbi chtipt ohthkm y~ tm :>>2‐><&



8:>

Mfthzlm“p zmci hp h chkkhzo lf ~yjcl` p~ifolfk {hp blkbclkbtio lf h :>88 zi~mzt88 ezma tbi

Mfthzlm @bhajiz me @maaizì tbht lf`cyoio tbi emccm{lfk `ma~hzlpmfp7

Mfthzlm bho 500 fyzpip ~iz 8>>#>>> me ~m~ychtlmf# tbi pi`mfo cm{ipt lf @hfhoh#

hfo {icc jicm{ tbi fhtlmfhc huizhki me ;2<4

Mfthzlm bho <0> ziploiftlhc `hzi jiop emz piflmzp ~iz 8>>#>>> me ~m~ychtlmf# tbi tblzo

cm{ipt lf @hfhoh# tbmykb gypt hjmui tbi fhtlmfhc huizhki me <854

Mfthzlm yfoizkzhoyhti yfluizplt| ptyoiftp ~hlo /9#5?0 lf tyltlmf# tbi pi`mfo blkbipt

lf tbi `myftz|# hfo plkflel`hftc| hjmui tbi fhtlmfhc huizhki me /?#50?4 hfo

Mfc| 8<&5 ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm `blcozif bho h`ìpp tm zikychtio oh|`hzi p~hìp#

`ma~hzio {ltb :>&0 ~iz ìft fhtlmfhcc|& Mfthzlm zhfdio plrtb lf @hfhoh&

_bipi hzi fhzzm{ aihpyzip hfo# yfcldi tbi Elfhf`lhc Ahfhkiaift P|ptia ohth# om fmt thdi

lf tbi jzihotb me hcc p~ifolfk mf bihctb# ioy`htlmf hfo pm`lhc pizulìp& Jyt lf ih`b me tbipi

`hpip# tbi ~zmulfìp meeizlfk tbilz `ltlwifp h jittiz# mz `bih~iz# pizulì hzi hamfk tbi

tzholtlmfhcc| –bhui!fmt‑ ~zmulfìp tbht ziìlui pyjpthftlhc eioizhc tzhfpeizp&

Hctbmykb Mfthzlm lp fm{ ziìlulfk Ixyhclwhtlmf ~h|aiftp# tbi eh`t ziahlfp tbht tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift thdip h chzkiz pbhzi me ltp ziuifyip ezma Mfthzlm tbhf Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf pbhzi

hfo oiumtip h pahcciz pbhzi me ltp p~ifolfk tm Mfthzlm tbhf Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf pbhzi&

"Pii @bh~tiz :># Lftizkmuizfaifthc Zichtlmfp&, Hp h zyci# {bifiuiz tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift“p

jyokit lp jhchfìo mz lf pyz~cyp# lt thdip amzi ezma Mfthzlm lf thrip tbhf lt ~zmuloip lf tbi {h|

me eioizhc pizulìp tm tbi ~zmulfì hfo lf tzhfpeizp jmtb tm Mfthzlhfp hfo tm tbilz ~zmulf`lhc

kmuizfaift& Ezma 8<<; tbzmykb :>>; lf`cyplui# tbi |ihzp lf {bl`b tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift zhf

h pyz~cyp "mf h fhtlmfhc h``myftp jhplp,# Mfthzlm“p fit `mftzljytlmf huizhkio ?&5 ~iz ìft me

KO^# h elkyzi irìioio mfc| j| Hcjizth“p 9&5 ~iz ìft&

88 Ohulo Ah`Dlffmf# –Omcchzp hfo Pifpi# H @hpi emz Amoizflwlfk @hfhoh“p _zhfpeiz Hkziiaiftp#‑ h zi~mzt ~zi~hzio emz tbi Mfthzlm@bhajiz me @maaizì# Eijzyhz| :>88&




8:8

_bi @bhccifki

Oip~lti ltp zichtluic| amoipt ir~ifpip zichtlui tm tbi plwi me ltp i`mfma| hfo ~m~ychtlmf#

Mfthzlm aypt fm{ `cmpi h chzki kh~ jit{iif tbht p~ifolfk hfo ltp ziuifyip& _bi /8? jlcclmf

oiel`lt lf :>8>‐88 lp h plkflel`hft la~zmuiaift ezma tbi /8<&0 jlcclmf pbmztehcc h |ihz ihzcliz&

Jyt Mfthzlm bhp h cmfk hfo tmykb p~icc hbiho le lt {hftp tm iclalfhti tbi oiel`lt iftlzic| j|

:>8;‐82& Lt lp filtbiz h blkb!thr fmz h blkb!p~ifo ~zmulfì4 lt omip fmt ifgm| tbi ihp| ~l`dlfkp

me fhtyzhc zipmyzì ziuifyi fmz lp lt h ahgmz zi`l~lift me eioizhc tzhfpeizp j| `ma~hzlpmf {ltb

tbi zipt me @hfhoh&

Jyt gypt tm aiit tbi kmuizfaift“p kmhc me h jhchfìo jyokit piuif |ihzp bifì# tbi

kmuizfaift {lcc bhui tm `yt iuif amzi oii~c| ezma ltp p~ifolfk mf h zihc ~iz!`h~lth jhplp#

hfo muiz h ay`b cmfkiz ~izlmo tbhf tbi Bhzzlp kmuizfaift olo lf tbi 8<<>p# {ltbmyt tbi m~tlmf

me hf laaiolhti oii~ `yt lf pm`lhc hpplpthfì zhtip& Lt {lcc bhui tm ahlfthlf ziptzhlft emz hp cmfk

hp Hcjizth“p Dcilf kmuizfaift hfo Phpdht`bi{hf“p Zmahfm{ kmuizfaift olo lf tbi 8<<>p#zi`mkflwlfk tbht Dcilf hcpm ahoi oii~ `ytp tm pm`lhc hpplpthfì ~h|aiftp# {blci Zmahfm{

zhlpio thrip tm bic~ aiit blp kmhc& Lfoiio# Mfthzlm ehìp tbi ~zmp~i`t tbht py`b ziptzhlft ah|

fmt ifo {ltb h zifi{io jyzpt me p~ifolfk hp lt olo lf tbi chti 8<<>p# jyt ~izplpt lf h {mzco me

pcm{iz i`mfmal` kzm{tb tbht zilfp lf tbi ~mppljlcltlip me {bht kmuizfaift `hf om&

_bi yctlahti `bhccifki lf tbi |ihzp hbiho {lcc ji tm elfo {h|p tm ahdi kmuizfaift {mzd

jittiz4 tm elfo amzi ieel`lift {h|p me oicluizlfk tbi pizulìp Mfthzlhfp fiio hfo {hft4 tm kit

jittiz uhcyi emz amfi| ezma tbi thr ziuifyip tbi kmuizfaift zhlpip4 hfo yctlahtic| tm

~zipizui hp ay`b hp ~mppljci tbi ~zmkzhap Mfthzlhfp `bizlpb ampt&



8::




8:0


[i bhui zieizzio jzliec| tm pmai iciaiftp me tbi @maalpplmf“p ahfohti ezma tbi kmuizfaift

hfo pmai me myz tblfdlfk hp {i h~~zmh`bio tblp thpd& Jiemzi amulfk mf tm myz oithlcio

hfhc|plp me kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap hfo zi`maaifohtlmfp emz `bhfki# bm{iuiz# {i {hft tmichjmzhti mf jmtb myz ahfohti# ~hztp me {bl`b {izi m~if tm lftiz~zithtlmf# hfo myz tblfdlfk mf

piuizhc lppyip tbht `yt h`zmpp hcc alflptzlip hfo hkif`lip me tbi kmuizfaift&

_bi @maalpplmf“p Ahfohti

_bizi hzi elui ~hztp tm myz ahfohti7

8& Houlpi mf bm{ tm jhchfì tbi jyokit ihzcliz tbhf tbi :>8;‐82 elp`hc |ihz&

Kluif tbi oitizlmzhtlmf lf tbi i`mfmal` mytcmmd plfì tbi :>88 Jyokit # {i jicliui lt lp filtbiz

~zh`tl`hc fmz oiplzhjci tm pit hf ihzcliz meel`lhc thzkit emz jhchfì& Zhtbiz# {i zi`maaifo hfh~~zmh`b tbht {lcc pmclole| tbi ~zmp~i`t me jhchf`lfk lf :>8;‐82 tbzmykb `hytlmyp i`mfmal`

hppya~tlmfp hfo tbi ypi me h~~zm~zlhti zipizuip& Le {i bhui jiif tmm `hytlmyp# hfo iuiftp

~zmui amzi ehumyzhjci tbhf myz hppya~tlmfp# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco ypi hf| y~ploi ‟ tbht

lp# blkbiz!tbhf!hppyaio ziuifyip mz cm{iz!tbhf!hppyaio p~ifolfk ‟ tm jhchfì tbi

jyokit ihzcliz&

:& Mfì tbi jyokit lp jhchfìo# ifpyzi h pypthlfhjci elp`hc ifulzmfaift&

Myz ~zm~mphcp hzi hlaio ht dii~lfk tbi jyokit zmykbc| lf jhchfì mf h pypthlfhjci jhplp hetiz

:>8;‐82& [i htth`b kziht la~mzthfì tm tblp kmhc# {bl`b {myco plkflel`hftc| hctiz tbi

kmuizfaift“p h~~zmh`b tm jyokit jhchf`lfk lf `ma~hzlpmf {ltb pmai ~ziulmyp iriz`lpip&

[i hzi yfla~zippio {ltb tbi tzh`d zi`mzo me py`b `maamf ti`bflxyip hp oieizzlfk

ir~ifoltyzip tm pmai yfoielfio eytyzi oh|4 tbi ypyhc myt`mai lp tbht p~ifolfk ~zippyzip

eiptiz hfo kzm{ yftlc tbi| `hf fm cmfkiz ji ziplptio# zikhzocipp me tbilz heemzohjlclt|& Ht tbi

phai tlai# {i ~chì amzi uhcyi mf ziemzalfk ~zmkzhap zhtbiz tbhf pla~c| `yttlfk `mptp

ji`hypi `ytp {ltbmyt ziemza ah| ji yfpypthlfhjci&

0& Ifpyzi tbht tbi kmuizfaift lp kittlfk uhcyi emz amfi| lf hcc ltp h`tlultlip&

_blp irtifop myz ahfohti ji|mfo h ptzhlkbtemz{hzo elp`hc mfi& _bi @maalpplmf lftiz~zitp tblp

hp h zixylziaift tm zi`maaifo {h|p me ifpyzlfk tbht hcc ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp hzi h`bliulfktbi jipt ~mppljci myt`maip {ltblf huhlchjci zipmyzìp&



8:?

?& Om fmt zi`maaifo ~zluhtlwhtlmf me bihctb `hzi mz ioy`htlmf&

[i lftiz~zit tblp tm aihf tbht bihctb `hzi aypt ji di~t {ltblf tbi ~yjcl` ~h|iz amoic& [i om

fmt lftiz~zit lt hp oif|lfk m~~mztyfltlip emz ~zluhti!pi`tmz oicluiz| me pizulìp# le tbht lp amzi

ieel`lift& Ioy`htlmf lp pmai{bht oleeizift# plfì tyltlmf eiip h``myft emz ?> ~iz ìft me

yfluizplt| ziuifyip& Pm lf tbi `hpi me ioy`htlmf# {i lftiz~zit myz ahfohti tm aihf tbht {i{lcc fmt houm`hti hf| pblet tm ioy`htlmfhc lfptltytlmfp tbht hzi ~ziomalfhftc| elfhfìo ezma

~zluhti ziuifyi&

9& Om fmt zi`maaifo thr lf`zihpip&

[i lftiz~zit tblp tm aihf tbht {i `hffmt zi`maaifo thr zhti lf`zihpip mz hf ir~hfplmf me tbi

`mzi thr jhpip& Bm{iuiz# {i irhalfi {bitbiz amzi ziuifyi `myco ji kifizhtio ezma

irlptlfk thr ptzy`tyzip {ltbmyt hogyptlfk thr zhtip& [i hcpm irhalfi pmai thr ~zieizifìp tbht

emz hcc lftiftp hfo ~yz~mpip m~izhti hp pyjptltytip emz p~ifolfk ~zmkzhap& Fiuiztbicipp# ampt

me tbi h`tlmfp {i zi`maaifo tm h`bliui jyokit jhchfì ehcc mf tbi ~zmkzha p~ifolfk ploi&

Me `myzpi# tbi kmuizfaift `hf hc{h|p ~yzpyi thr m~tlmfp# jyt tbi @maalpplmf omip fmt

hoozipp tblp huifyi# lf clfi {ltb myz ahfohti&

Jzmho Kyloiclfip emz H`tlmfp Hlaio ht Jhchf`lfk tbi Jyokit

Kifizhcc|# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco {mzd tm `bhfki h `yctyzi lf {bl`b jzmho!jhpio ieemztp tm

la~zmui ieel`lif`| m``yz ahlfc| hp ~hzt me h ahgmz jyokit ziptzhlft iriz`lpi hfo hzi iltbiz

olp`hzoio mz emzkmttif {bif ptzmfkiz ziuifyi kzm{tb zityzfp& Plfì {i om fmt jicliui tbht tbi

`yptmahz| zhtip me ziuifyi kzm{tb {lcc zityzf hf| tlai pmmf# tblp `|`ci me ziptzhlft hfo chrlt|

aypt ifo& Pla~c| ~yt# kmuizfaift alflptzlip hfo hkif`lip pbmyco ptzlui emz ieel`lif`| khlfp ht

hcc tlaip& _blp kmhc pbmyco h~~c| fmt gypt tm tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì# tbi `mzi me tbi

~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift# jyt hcpm tm tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz# {bl`b lf`cyoip ayfl`l~hcltlip#

yfluizpltlip# `mccikip# p`bmmc jmhzop# bmp~lthcp# cmfk!tiza `hzi eh`lcltlip# `maayflt| `hzi

h`ìpp ìftzip hfo @blcozif“p Hlo Pm`litlip& Hploi ezma i~lpmoip me muizhcc jyokit ziptzhlft#

lfieel`lif`lip h~~ihz tm ji th`dcio mfc| {bif yfihztbio j| tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc mz ir~mpio j|

h p~ifolfk p`hfohc& Yfemztyfhtic|# tbi zipyctlfk M~~mpltlmf ~hzt| htth`dp hfo lftifpi aiolh

httiftlmf tmm metif ~zmumdi hf muizdlcc zip~mfpi tbht lf tbi ifo la~hlzp ieel`lif`|&

Hcc kmuizfaiftp bhui ehìo tblp ~zmjcia hfo ahf| bhui tzlio yfpy`ìppeycc| tm la~ciaift

p|ptiap tbht if`myzhki `mftlfymyp ieel`lif`| la~zmuiaiftp# pm tblp kmhc ah| ji la~mppljc|loihclptl`& Iuif pm# tbi fmza pyzic| pbmyco ji tbht alflptizp hfo meel`lhcp hfo tbilz alflptzlip

hfo hkif`lip hzi hc{h|p `hzieyc {ltb tbi ~yjcl`“p amfi|# hc{h|p piidlfk {h|p me omlfk tblfkp

amzi ieei`tluic| hfo ieel`liftc|# hfo hc{h|p cmmdlfk emz ~zmkzhap mz thr ir~ifoltyzip tbht hzi

mytohtio "hfo pbmyco tbiziemzi ji p`zh~~io, mz fmt {mzdlfk hp {icc hp tbi| pbmyco&

Kmuizfaift mzkhflwhtlmfp pbmyco ji hjci tm iriz`lpi py`b olp`l~clfi fmt gypt lf bhzo tlaip# jyt

hcpm lf fmzahc hfo kmmo tlaip&




8:9

@hfhoh“p ziìft blptmz| meeizp ~cift| me i~lpmoip lf {bl`b kmuizfaiftp bhui tzlio tm iclalfhti

tbilz oiel`ltp hfo dii~ tbilz jyokitp lf jhchfì mfì tbi oiel`lt {hp kmfi& Ezma tbht

ir~izlifì# {i `hf ozh{ piuizhc cippmfp ezma {bht bhp {mzdio hfo {bht bhp fmt& [i bhui

hcpm ozh{f y~mf cippmfp cihzfio ezma ~zluhti!pi`tmz ziptzy`tyzlfkp tbht bhui {mzdio&

[i bhui tyzfio tbipi lftm kyloiclfip tbht bhui bic~io yp lf ezhalfk myz amzi oithlcio

zi`maaifohtlmfp& [i jicliui tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco hom~t tbia hp lt oi`loip bm{ tm

~zmìio mf hcc ezmftp& Emz tbmpi {bmpi gmj lt ji`maip tm la~ciaift p~i`lel` ziemzap#

{i pykkipt tbht# {bif lf omyjt# tipt h ~zm~mphc hkhlfpt tbipi kzmyfo zycip&

_bipi ahrlap ehcc fhtyzhcc| lftm h pizlip me –omp hfo omf“tp#‑ {bl`b {i {lcc pit myt lf

ziuizpi mzoiz&

Myz clpt me –omf“tp‑ `mfplptp me ~zm~mphcp tbht hzi `maamfc| bihzo hfo pmyfo ihp|& _bi| hzi

filtbiz ihp| fmz ~zmoy`tlui4 amzi metif# tbi| hzi h`tyhcc| bhzaeyc& Hp Haizl`hf gmyzfhclpt hfo

pm`lhc `zltl` B&C& Aif`dif mfì phlo7 –_bizi lp hc{h|p h {icc!dfm{f pmcytlmf tm iuiz| byahf

~zmjcia ‟ fiht# ~chypljci hfo {zmfk&‑

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!87 Om fmt pla~c| `yt `mptp& _bi la~izhtlui tm ziptzhlf p~ifolfk pbmyco

lfptiho ji hf m~~mztyflt| tm ziemza ~zmkzhap hfo pizulì oicluiz|& Pla~ci `mpt!`yttlfk `hf ji

ieei`tlui lf blttlfk fihz!tiza oiel`lt zioy`tlmf thzkitp# jyt lt omip fmt if`myzhki cmfkiz!zyf

elp`hc pthjlclt| mz hccm{ emz ziemzap tbht {lcc kifizhti amzi uhcyi emz amfi| p~ift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!:7 Humlo h`zmpp!tbi!jmhzo `ytp& Py`b h jcyft tmmc tzihtp ixyhcc| h

uhcyhjci# ieel`liftc| zyf ~zmkzha hfo mfi tbht lp mytohtio hfo pcm~~lc| ahfhkio& _blp lp oyaj&

P~ifolfk pbmyco ji hclkfio {ltb kmuizfaift ~zlmzltlip pm tbht blkb!~zlmzlt| lfltlhtluip hzi

hoixyhtic| eyfoio {blci cm{iz!~zlmzlt| ~zmkzhap hzi iltbiz `yt pyjpthftlhcc| mz iclalfhtio

mytzlkbt& H`zmpp!tbi!jmhzo `ytp zi~zipift hf hjol`htlmf me tbi kmuizfaift“p zip~mfpljlclt| tm

ahdi zihc# hfo metif oleel`yct# oi`lplmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!07 Humlo pittlfk thzkitp emz tbi plwi me tbi `lulc pizulì4 lfptiho# pit

thzkitp emz myt~ytp# fmt lf~ytp& Em`yp mf tbi `mpt me ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp hfo mf uhcyi emz

amfi|& H pahcciz hfo cihfiz `lulc pizulì {lcc ji hf lfiulthjci zipyct me zioy`lfk tbi `mpt me

~zmkzhap hfo h`bliulfk kzihtiz uhcyi emz amfi|&




8:;

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!;7 Mfì lt bhp oi`loio bm{ tm zip~mfo tm tblp zi~mzt# tbi kmuizfaift

pbmyco jiklf {ltb h kmmo zmho ah~ ‐‐ h emzahc om`yaift me ltp ulplmf hfo tbi ~htb tm tbi kmhc&

_bizi hzi ~ziìoiftp emz py`b h tmmc& Lf 8<2?# tbi Ayczmfi| kmuizfaift ~yjclpbio ltp Hkifoh

emz I`mfmal` Zifi{hc # hf irtifplui ~h~iz tbht chlo myt lf mfi ~chì hcc tbi kmuizfaift“p

~chfp& _bi @bzitlif kmuizfaift olo tbi phai lf 8<<? {ltb t{m om`yaiftp zi`hccio amzi emz

tbilz `mcmyz ‟ tbi ^yz~ci Jmmd hfo tbi Kzi| Jmmd ‟ tbhf tbilz tltcip& Ih`b me tbipi

om`yaiftp fmt mfc| lfemzaio tbi ~yjcl` hjmyt tbi `bhfkip tbht ch| hbiho# jyt hcpm ji`hai h

p`zl~t emz hcc jyzihy`zhtp# {bm ph{ bm{ tbilz m{f ~zmkzhap hfo h`tlultlip elt lftm tbi

jzmhoiz ~l`tyzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!27 Blkbiz ~zlmzlt| pbmyco ji hpplkfio tm ~zmkzhap hfo h`tlultlip tbht

lfuipt lf tbi eytyzi hp m~~mpio tm tbmpi tbht pizui tbi `yzzift pthtyp xym& _blp lp fiuiz ihp|7

tbi pthtyp xym bhp ~cift| me houm`htip4 tbi eytyzi omip fmt& Lt lp y~ tm kmuizfaift tm elcc tblp

jzih`b& Hp Ahpph`bypittp Lfptltyti me _i`bfmcmk| i`mfmalpt Ciptiz _byzm{ mfì pykkiptio#

–_bi ~zm~iz zmci me kmuizfaift lf `h~lthclpt pm`litlip lp tm zi~zipift tbi eytyzi tm tbi ~zipift&‑

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!<7 ^mcl`| oiuicm~aift hfo tbi ~yjcl` pizulì lf kifizhc pbmyco ji amzi

iuloifì!jhpio& _blp zixylzip pittlfk `cihz mjgi`tluip jhpio mf pmyfo zipihz`b hfo iuloifì&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco `mcci`t ohth hfo ypi lt tm iuhcyhti {bitbiz mjgi`tluip hzi jilfk ait

hfo bm{ ieel`liftc|& Ahfhkizp pbmyco ji h``myfthjci emz h`bliulfk tbipi mjgi`tluip& [bizi

mjgi`tluip hzi fmt jilfk ait# ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp pbmyco ji hogyptio& Zi~mztlfk pbmyco ji

tzhfp~hzift hfo hyoltp `mfoy`tio& _bi iuloifì!jhpio amoic pbmyco ji h~~clio tm tbi

py`ìpp me lfoluloyhcp hfo oi~hztaiftp lf aiitlfk mjgi`tluip& Ht tbi phai tlai# alflptzlip#

hp {icc hp hkif`lip hfo iftltlip h``myfthjci tm tbi kmuizfaift# pbmyco ji kluif pmai chtltyoi

tm `mfoy`t tbilz heehlzp lf hf ieel`lift ahffiz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!8>7 _blp zhlpip h tzl`d| lppyi tbht ehìp hcc kmuizfaiftp& Mf tbi mfi

bhfo# tbi| fiio tm alflalwi tbi `mpt me m~izhtlmfp4 mf tbi mtbiz# tbi| fiio zycip hfo zi~mztlfk

tm ifpyzi tbht thr~h|izp“ amfi| lp fmt jilfk hjypio& Hcc kmuizfaiftp aypt ptzldi h jhchfì

jit{iif tbipi `ma~itlfk mjclkhtlmfp& [i jicliui tbi ~ifoycya bhp fm{ p{yfk tmm ehz

tm{hzop irìpplui zycip& Kmuizfaift m~izhtlmfp bhui tzmyjci zip~mfolfk xyl`dc| hfo

`mfplptiftc|# metif ji`hypi lt thdip pm ay`b tlai# emz irha~ci# tm ~zmìpp alfmz zixyiptp emz

~zm~mphcp "ZE^p, mz tm kit `mfplptift py~~clip {bif iuiz|tblfk lp jzmdif lftm olp`ziti ZE^p&

[bif tbizi hzi tmm ahf| zycip# hp tbizi hzi fm{# kmuizfaift ia~cm|iip hfo ~zluhti

py~~clizp hzi emzìo tm oluizt ~im~ci ‟ mz iuif hoo fi{ pthee ‟ tm ifpyzi tbht `ma~clhfì

hfo zi~mztlfk zixylziaiftp hzi ait& _blp lp tbi `hpi iuif tbmykb tbi lfemzahtlmf zi~mztio lp

metif fmt ypio ht tbi mtbiz ifo tm lfecyifì `bhfkip lf ~mcl`| mz pizulì oicluiz|& Hctbmykb lt lp

la~mppljci tm kit h eycc h``myftlfk me tbi `mptp me amfltmzlfk `ma~clhfì zichtlui tm tbi jifieltp

khlfio# {i jicliui tbizi hzi pla~c| tmm ahf| ch|izp me {ht`bizp ht tbi ir~ifpi me ~im~ci {bm

h`tyhcc| kit tblfkp omfi& _bi kmuizfaift aypt elfo h fi{ alooci kzmyfo&



8:2

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!887 Jmyfohzlip jit{iif ~yjcl`! hfo ~zluhti!pi`tmz h`tlultlip pbmyco ji

pbletio hfo# lf ahf| `hpip# ziamuio& Emz tbi ampt ~hzt# ~mcl`| oiuicm~aift fiiop tm ziahlf

lf tbi zihca me tbi kmuizfaift# tbmykb uhzlmyp pthdibmcoizp hfo `maayflt| kzmy~p `myco hfo

pbmyco ji amzi lfumcuio& Irtizfhc kzmy~p pbmyco iuif ji lfumcuio lf houlplfk tbi ampt piflmz

kmuizfaift oi`lplmf!ahdlfk jmolip# lf`cyolfk tbi @hjlfit&

Alflptzlip# hfo lf pmai `hpip ~hztl`ychz ~zmkzhap# pbmyco ji lfemzaio j| irtizfhc houlì&

Houlpmz| ~hficp me iri`ytluip {bm bhui cio ziemza-ziptzhlft iriz`lpip lf tbilz m{f

mzkhflwhtlmf# jmtb ~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti# `myco pbhzi tbilz ir~izlifì& Alflptzlip pbmyco hcpm

piid ir~izt lf~yt ht h amzi ti`bfl`hc ciuic tm bic~ hppipp m~tlmfp emz ahdlfk tbilz

m~izhtlmfp amzi ieel`lift&

Pizulì oicluiz| pbmyco ji amuio hp `cmpi hfo `mfuiflift hp ~mppljci tm tbi `cliftp&

Lt fiio fmt hc{h|p ji pmcic| lf tbi ~yjcl` omahlf& Pizulìp `hf metif ji oicluizio amzi

ieel`liftc| j| tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz# mz tbzmykb h pi~hzhti hkif`| me kmuizfaift "py`b hp

PizulìMfthzlm,# jyt `cihz mjgi`tluip hfo h``myfthjlclt| ai`bhflpap hzi fiioio& Lf ahf|`hpip# ~yjcl`!~zluhti ~hztfizpbl~p `myco oicluiz pizulìp# hp lp omfi {ltb hctizfhtlui

elfhf`lfk emz lfezhptzy`tyzi& _blp `myco ji irtifoio tm m~izhtlmfp zixylzlfk `h~lthc emz

lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk|4 ~zluhti!pi`tmz iftltlip `myco ~zmuloi pmai me tbi `h~lthc hfo

hppyai pmai me tbi zlpdp lf zityzf emz {bl`b tbi| {myco kit h pthdi lf tbi ziuifyi mz

phulfkp ecm{p& Emz irha~ci# tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz `myco ji hpdio tm ~hztl`l~hti lf tbi

ahfhkiaift me oleel`yct elcip# py`b hp tbi bihu| `mfìftzhtlmf me bihctb `mptp lf h pahcc

~mztlmf me tbi ~m~ychtlmf# lf zityzf emz h pbhzi me hf| `mpt phulfkp& Lf hcc `hpip# tbi `bmlì

jit{iif ~yjcl`! hfo ~zluhti!pi`tmz oicluiz| pbmyco ji ozluif fmt j| loimcmk| jyt j|

`mfploizhtlmfp me xyhclt|!hogyptio `mpt&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!8:7 [ltblf tbilz m~izhtlmfp# ~yjcl`!pi`tmz pizulì ~zmuloizp pbmyco

hpplkf ~im~ci tm gmjp {bizi tbi| hzi ampt ieei`tlui# ieel`lift hfo heemzohjci& ^b|pl`lhfp

pbmyco fmt ~izemza thpdp tbht `myco ji omfi amzi ieel`liftc| hfo ht h cm{iz `mpt j| ~b|pl`lhf

hpplpthftp# ziklptizio fyzpip# fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp mz ~bhzah`lptp& @hpi {mzdizp fiio fmt oihc

{ltb hcc hp~i`tp me pm`lhc hpplpthfì# ia~cm|aift mz tzhlflfk ahttizp {bif pmai `cliftp hzi

{lcclfk hfo hjci tm ziìlui pizulìp j| tici~bmfi mz tbzmykb tbi Lftizfit& Lf tbi ~mcl`lfk pi`tmz#

fmf!`mzi pizulìp py`b hp ohth iftz| `myco ji omfi j| `cizl`hc pthee zhtbiz tbhf meelìzp {bmpi

tlai hfo tzhlflfk hzi jittiz oi~cm|io icpi{bizi&




8:<

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!807 Piid `maamf tbiaip h`zmpp tbi ziemzap tm h`bliui i`mfmalip me

p`hci lf h`tlmf hfo pla~cle| `maayfl`htlmfp& @maamf tbiaip {myco lf`cyoi h pblet tm{hzop

iuloifì!jhpio ~mcl`| oiuicm~aift hfo pizulì oicluiz|4 amzi ieel`lift pizulì oicluiz|

amoicp emz hcc hzihp lftizh`tlfk {ltb tbi ~yjcl`4 tbi ieel`lift ypi me hfo h~~zm~zlhti zhtip me

zityzf mf @zm{f hppitp4 hfo `mfpmclohtlmf me py`b jh`dzmma m~izhtlmfp hp lfemzahtlmf

ti`bfmcmk| hfo byahf zipmyzìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!8?7 Ziemza aypt ji ~izuhplui hfo p~iio|& _bizi lp hf yfoizpthfohjci

tifoif`| tm h~~zmh`b hf| pit me ziemzap ~liìaihc hfo muiz hf irtifoio ~izlmo& _blp

tifoif`| aypt ji ziplptio# lf ~hzt ji`hypi tbi zi`mzo lp fmt dlfo tm py`b hf h~~zmh`b hfo

amzi la~mzthftc|# ji`hypi lt zyfp `mftzhz| tm myz elp`hc ahfohti tm jhchfì tbi jyokit j|

:>8;‐82& Elzpt# tbi kmuizfaift {lcc fiio tm la~ciaift hcc tbi ziemzap {i zi`maaifo ‟ mz ht

cihpt pmai zihpmfhjci eh`plalci lf elp`hc tizap ‟ tm ziptzhlf tbi kzm{tb me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk

ifmykb tm h`bliui jhchfì j| :>8;‐82& _blp lp fmt h pamzkhpjmzo ezma {bl`b tbi kmuizfaift

`hf `bmmpi mfc| tbi thptlipt amzpicp hfo lkfmzi tbi cipp ~hchthjci& Pi`mfo# tbi ziptzhlft~zmìpp {lcc py`ìio mfc| le tbi ~yjcl` jicliuip tbi ziemzap hzi ehlz& Jzmhoiz h`tlmf ehumyzp

py`b h ~izì~tlmf hp m~~mpio tm h uli{ tbht h bhfoeyc me ~zmkzhap {izi yfehlzc| thzkitio&

_blzo# {i `hf hcc hkzii tbht `bhfki lp olpzy~tlui# jyt tbi aiol`lfi omip fmt km om{f amzi

ihplc| le lt lp ozhkkio myt muiz h cmfk ~izlmo& Lfoiio# py`b oich| aizic| olp`myzhkip ~im~ci ‟

~yjcl` pizuhftp hfo tbmpi ziìlulfk kmuizfaift pizulìp ‟ hfo ~mpt~mfip tbi oh| {bif h

fi{ p|ptia lp m~izhtlfk ieel`liftc|& Hctbmykb tbizi ah| ji claltp tm tbi `h~h`lt| me tbi ~yjcl`

pizulì tm lfptlkhti# iri`yti hfo amfltmz `bhfki# mfì tbi elfhf`lhc ~hzhaitizp hzi pit# elzpt

emz alflptzlip hfo tbif emz ~zmkzhap# ahf| me tbi ziemzap {lcc ji bhfocio j| ~im~ci eyztbiz

om{f tbi `bhlf&



80>

Hajltlmyp emz Irìccifì7 H Chzkiz Ulplmf

_bipi hzi hcc ~zh`tl`hc pykkiptlmfp emz yplfk tbi `yzzift elp`hc `bhccifki hp hf m~~mztyflt| tm

tzhfpemza tbi {h| tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift oicluizp ~yjcl` pizulìp& îzbh~p# tbmykb# {i `hf

pbmmt emz h kzhfoiz kmhc ‟ h ~zmulfì tbht ~zmuloip tbi jipt ~yjcl` pizulìp# oicluizio lf tbi

ampt ieel`lift ahffiz# lf tbi {mzco&

_blp pmyfop la~mppljc| hajltlmyp ‟ hf hp~lzhtlmf tbht jmzoizp mf ehfthp|& Jyt ~yt tbi

xyiptlmf hfmtbiz {h|7 {b| fmt= [i hzi emziuiz kmholfk myz jyplfipp pi`tmz tm thdi mf tbi

{mzco j| oiuicm~lfk fi{ ~zmoy`tp hfo yplfk lahklfhtlui ahzditlfk tm {lf fi{ `yptmaizp

{mzco{loi iuif lf tbi ehì me ptlee kcmjhc `ma~itltlmf& [b| fmt h~~c| tbi phai kmhcp tm myz

kmuizfaift= [b| fmt klui myz ~yjcl` pizuhftp hf mjgi`tlui tbht `hf tyzf tbi thpd me

tzhfpemzahtlmf ‟ {bl`b {lcc ht tlaip ji h uiz| tmykb pcmk ‟ lftm h ~zmgi`t tbht ji`maip h

pmyzì me zihc ~zloi= Lp py`b h kmhc iuif ~mppljci= Cit yp ji jcyft7 tbi `ma~itltlmf lp fmt hcc

tbht ptlee hfo tblp ~zmulfì bhp ~cift| kmlfk emz lt& Mfthzlm bhp tbi jipt!ioy`htio ~m~ychtlmf lftbi {mzco& Lt bhp h blptmz| me pthjci# oiam`zhtl` kmuizfaift& Lt bhp h tizzlel` zi~ythtlmf emz kmmo

~yjcl`!pi`tmz ahfhkiaift hamfk mfi me tbi tmykbipt hyolifìp lf tbi {mzco ‟ tbi jmfo

jy|izp {bm cifo yp amfi| ht zichtluic| cm{ lftizipt zhtip& Fm gyzlpol`tlmf lf tbi {mzco bhp hf|

houhfthki muiz Mfthzlm {bif lt `maip tm oicluizlfk ~yjcl` ~mcl`| hfo pizulìp&

[bht Omip Jilfk tbi Jipt ht ^yjcl` ^mcl`|hfo Pizulìp Cmmd Cldi=

^yjcl` pizulì {myco ji hf bmfmyzhjci `hcclfk tbht {myco ozh{ tbi ~zmulfì“p jipt hfo

jzlkbtipt ~im~ci lftm tbi kmuizfaift hfo ltp hkif`lip# {bizi tbi| {myco ji meeizio

h~~zm~zlhti lfìftluip hfo zi{hzoio {ltb `ma~ifphtlmf tlio tm ~izemzahfì# myt`maip hfo

~zmoy`tlult|&

_bi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì {myco pit `cihz mjgi`tluip# ypi ~zm~iz aitzl`p tm aihpyzi

~zmkzipp hfo ~zmuloi `cihz h``myfthjlclt| emz tbmpi ir~i`tio tm aiit tbmpi mjgi`tluip&

Lf ahf| hzihp# {i zi`maaifo tbht tbi kmuizfaift oiuicm~ cmfk!tiza ~chfp emz di|

~zmkzhap&

_bi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì {myco jif`bahzd ltpice hkhlfpt tbi jipt lf tbi {mzco ‟ jmtb lf tbi

~zluhti pi`tmz hfo lf tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmzp me mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp&




808

_bi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì {myco `mfpthftc| iuhcyhti ~zlmzltlip& Le h fi{ ~zlmzlt| lp loiftlelio#

tbif j| oielfltlmf irlptlfk ~zlmzltlip {myco amui om{f h ~chì& Pmai ht tbi jmttma me tbi

bih~# mfì ypieyc jyt fm{ mytamoio# {myco ji olp`hzoio& Fi{ ~zlmzltlip `hffmt gypt ji

pth`dio mf tm~ me irlptlfk mfip4 mtbiz{lpi# tbi hzzh| me kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap jiklfp tm cmmd

cldi h gyfd ~lci& Lf mtbiz {mzop# tbizi {myco ji `mftlfymyp –~zmkzha ziuli{&‑

_bi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì {myco ozlui ziciftcippc| tm{hzop ieei`tluifipp hfo ieel`lif`|#

kmhcp tbht `ma~ciaift ih`b mtbiz& Mjgi`tluip# aitzl`p# h``myfthjlclt| hfo jif`bahzdlfk

{myco ozlui ieei`tluifipp& Kmuizfaiftp t|~l`hcc| ptzykkci {ltb h`bliulfk ieel`lif`|&

_bi `maamf ir~chfhtlmf lp tbht yfcldi tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz# kmuizfaift mzkhflwhtlmfp ch`d tbi

olp`l~clfi la~mpio j| h jmttma!clfi ~zmelt amtlui hfo j| pbhzibmcoizp {bm bmco tbilz eiit tm tbi

elzi& [i `hffmt bic~ jyt mjpizui tbht lf ziìft |ihzp {i bhui piif ifmykb ozihoeyc

~izemzahfìp lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz tbht {i `hffmt jclfoc| ~yt tbi jyplfipp amoic mf py`b h

blkb ~ioipthc& Jiploip# omip tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz zihcc| bhui fm irtizfhc pmyzìp me olp`l~clfi=

_bi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift bhp amzi tbhf 80 alcclmf pthdibmcoizp ‟ Mfthzlm“p ziploiftp# ampt me {bma ~h| thrip& _bmpi thr~h|izp bhui ahoi lt uiz| `cihz tbht tbi| om fmt {hft tm ~h| amzi

thrip hfo om fmt {hft tbilz kmuizfaift tm zyf ~izplptift chzki oiel`ltp& ^zippyzip emz ieel`lif`|

hzi fmt tmthcc| ch`dlfk lf tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz& \it tblp zi~mzt lp eycc me zi`maaifohtlmfp emz {bizi

{i tblfd ieel`lif`| `myco ji ozhahtl`hcc| la~zmuio# {bizi ~zmkzhap {hptieycc| muizch~# {bizi

jh`dzmma m~izhtlmfp `myco hfo pbmyco ji `mfpmclohtio& _bipi m~~mztyfltlip emz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz

la~zmuiaift hzi fmt yflxyi tm Mfthzlm& Fmtblfk {i bhui emyfo pykkiptp tbht Mfthzlm“p ~yjcl`

pi`tmz lp cipp ieel`lift tbhf ~yjcl` pi`tmzp icpi{bizi& Amzi fiiop tm ji omfi hfo amzi pbmyco

ji ir~i`tio ezma tbi jipt&

Hp hf irha~ci me bm{ tbi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì {myco m~izhti# thdi hf ia~cm|aift pizulì{bmpi thpd lp tm bic~ hf yfia~cm|io ahf# {bm lp ~izbh~p ziìlulfk pm`lhc hpplpthfì# elfo h

gmj tbht {lcc ptl`d& _bht lp tbi mjgi`tlui& Lt {myco ji `cihz {bm {lcc bic~ bla hfo lf {bht ahffiz#

pm bi lp fmt ciet tm fhulkhti hcmfi h a|ptle|lfk gyajci me ~zmkzhap meeizio j| tbzii ciuicp me

kmuizfaift& _bi py`ìpp hfo `mpt me ~zmulolfk tbi pizulì {myco ji tzh`dio& Olo bi elfo

{mzd= [bht zipmyzìp olo tbi kmuizfaift oiumti tm bic~lfk bla= Lf ieei`t# {bht {hp tbi

~yjcl` `mpt me elfolfk bla h gmj= _hdlfk lftm h``myft tbi cldiclbmmo tbht bi {lcc dii~ tbi fi{ gmj

hfo p{lt`b mee pm`lhc hpplpthfì# olo tbi jifieltp "bi lp fm cmfkiz ziìlulfk pm`lhc hpplpthfì

hfo lp ~izbh~p ~h|lfk thrip, irìio tbi `mpt me bic~lfk bla elfo h gmj= _bi jipt ~yjcl`

pizulì {myco dfm{ tbi hfp{iz tm tblp xyiptlmf&



80:

îzlmol`hcc|# tbi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì {myco pthfo jh`d tm hpd ‟ hfo hfp{iz ‟ mtbiz xyiptlmfp

tbht hzi cipp ptzhlkbtemz{hzo& @myco tbi gmj!pihz`b ieemzt bhui jiif omfi amzi ieel`liftc|

{ltblf tbi irlptlfk ezhai{mzd= @myco lt bhui jiif omfi amzi ieel`liftc| lf h oleeizift

ezhai{mzd= îzbh~p lt `myco bhui jiif omfi j| h fmf!kmuizfaifthc mzkhflwhtlmf "FKM, tbht

lp pdlccio ht aht`blfk ~im~ci tm gmjp ‟ h ~zluhti `ma~hf| mz h fmt!emz!~zmelt `maayflt| ìftzi#

emz irha~ci& Lf zityzf emz h~~c|lfk ltp zipmyzìp hfo tlai mf hlolfk tbi yfia~cm|io# tbi FKM

alkbt ziìlui h pbhzi me tbi fit jifieltp me ltp py`ìpp&

_bi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì {myco ji emz{hzo cmmdlfk hfo thdi hf iuif jzmhoiz cmmd ht myz

ia~cm|aift pizulì& Lt {myco hppiajci tbi ohth# ptyo| tbi iuloifì hfo ypi tblp zipihz`b

tm ~ziol`t {bl`b ~im~ci hzi uycfizhjci tm gmj cmpp& [bizi ~mppljci# lt {myco ahdi ptzhtikl`

lftizuiftlmfp tm biho mee tbi ~zmjcia& _blp lp fmt ihp|& _bi `blie mjpth`ci lp tbht tbi ~h|mee

ypyhcc| omip fmt h~~ihz {ltblf tbi ypyhc ~mcltl`hc `|`ci me h ei{ |ihzp& Fmfitbicipp#

h emz{hzo!cmmdlfk ~yjcl` pizulì {myco thdi tblp h~~zmh`b&

Py`b tblfdlfk `hf ji h~~clio tm hcampt hf| ~mcl`| elico&

Bihctb `hzi lp h ~zlai irha~ci& _bi bihctb `hzi p|ptia mf {bl`b kmuizfaiftp chulpb pm

ay`b httiftlmf h``myftp emz mfc| :9 ~iz ìft me tbi ~m~ychtlmf“p bihctb myt`maip#

h``mzolfk tm tbi Pifhti Pyj`maalttii mf ^m~ychtlmf Bihctb&8 Pm`lm!i`mfmal` eh`tmzp

py`b hp ioy`htlmf hfo lf`mai ir~chlf 9> ~iz ìft# jlmcmk| hfo kifitl`p hfmtbiz

89 ~iz ìft# hfo tbi ~b|pl`hc ifulzmfaift tbi ziahlflfk 8> ~iz ìft& _m zioyì tbi bihctb

`hzi jlcc :> |ihzp ezma fm{# lt alkbt ji amzi oiplzhjci tm la~zmui tbi ioy`htlmf me

uycfizhjci |myfk ~im~ci tmoh| tbhf ahdi olzi`t `bhfkip lf bihctb `hzi& Bihctb `hzi tmoh|

lp chzkic| h ahttiz me ~ht`blfk y~ ~im~ci hetiz pmaitblfk kmip {zmfk# jyt {i om clttci tm~zmamti jittiz bihctb lf kifizhc& Lfoiio# tbi zipihz`b elico lp fmt ~hztl`ychzc| zmjypt# pm {i

hzi yf`cihz mf {bht irh`tc| hzi tbi pahztipt bihctb ~zmamtlmf ptzhtiklip&

_hzkitlfk lp hfmtbiz lppyi& H zichtluic| pahcc ~mztlmf me tbi ~m~ychtlmf h``myftp emz h byki

pbhzi me ~yjcl` p~ifolfk lf hcampt iuiz| elico& [i dfm{ tbht mfi ~iz ìft me tbi ~m~ychtlmf

h``myftp emz hjmyt ?2 ~iz ìft me tbi `mpt me bihctb `hzi& [i dfm{ tbht h zichtluic| pahcc

fyajiz me |myfk ~im~ci lf `bhccifklfk pm`lm!i`mfmal` `mfoltlmfp {lcc h``myft emz ay`b me

tbi eytyzi `mpt me pm`lhc hpplpthfì hfo tbi `zlalfhc gyptlì p|ptia& _bi iuloifì lp ehlzc|

`cihz7 tbi kmuizfaift `hf iltbiz hoozipp {icehzi hfo gyptlì ~zmjciap {bif tbi| ji`mai

h`yti# mz lt `hf lftizuifi ptzhtikl`hcc| fm{ tm ~ziuift tbmpi ~zmjciap&

8 Pthfolfk Pifhti @maalttii mf Pm`lhc Heehlzp# P`lifì hfo _i`bfmcmk|# –Elfhc Zi~mzt me Pifhti Pyj`maalttii mf ^m~ychtlmf Bihctb#

H Bihctb|# ^zmoy`tlui @hfhoh7 H Oitizalfhft me Bihctb H~~zmh`b#‑ Gyfi :>><# ~~& ;‐<# om{fcmhoio ezma

btt~7--{{{&~hzc&k &`h-@mftift-PIF-@maalttii-?>:-~m~y-zi~-zi~bihctb8gyf><!i&~oe




800

@mfploiz aifthc bihctb& _bi ~zmjciap hzi amyftlfk hfo tbi p|ptia lp fmt zip~mfolfk&

_bi zipyct7 ahf| ~im~ci {ltb aifthc bihctb ~zmjciap ifo y~ lf ~zlpmf# {bl`b ‟ hploi ezma

tbi eh`t tbht lt lp ir~ifplui ‟ omip tbia hfo pm`lit| fm kmmo& [i hzi kmlfk ht tblfkp ezma

tbi {zmfk ifo4 {i pbmyco `mfoy`t zipihz`b hfo oiplkf ~zmkzhap tm kit ht tbi zmmtp me

tbi lppyip&

[bm pbmyco `mfoy`t py`b zipihz`b= H `maamf zip~mfpi lp tm jzlfk lf h`hoial`p hfo

`mfpycthftp {bmpi ir~iztlpi hfo mtbiz ptyolip bhui hcziho| hahppio tbi lfticci`tyhc

`h~lthc fiioio tm hppipp tbipi lppyip& _bi ~zmjcia lp tbht tbi ir~iztlpi tbif ziptp {ltb

tbi irtizfhc zipihz`biz# fmt {ltb tbi kmuizfaift hfo ltp ia~cm|iip& Hfo t|~l`hcc|# ~zmgi`tp

km fm{bizi lf kmuizfaift yfcipp tbizi lp hf lftizfhc `bha~lmf hfo ~im~ci {bm

yfoizpthfo tbi zipihz`b& _blp aihfp tbi kmuizfaift aypt ptzifktbif ltp m{f lftizfhc

~mcl`| zipihz`b `h~h`lt|& Mfi zihpmf {i bihzo emz tbi kmuizfaift“p zipihz`b {ihdfipp lp

tbht alflptzlip hzi blttlfk tbilz claltp emz eycc!tlai ia~cm|iip# iuif {bif tbi| bhui eyfop lf

tbilz jyokitp tbht `myco elfhfì py`b {mzd& _blp pyzic| ~mlftp tm tbi emcc| me thzkitlfk tbi

fyajiz me eycc!tlai ia~cm|iip hp h ziptzhlft ai`bhflpa&

_bi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì {myco em`yp mf myt`maip# fmt lf~ytp& Lp h ~zmkzha oicluizlfk tbi

mjgi`tlui= Lp lt omlfk pm ieel`liftc|= Bm{ ay`b lp lt `mptlfk= H tm~ ~yjcl` pizulì {myco fmt pit

ayctl~ci mjgi`tluip tbht alr myt`maip hfo lf~ytp# cldi ziptzl`tlfk tbi fyajiz me eycc!tlai

ia~cm|iip& Lt {myco klui ahfhkizp tbi ecirljlclt| tm om tbi gmj jipt {ltblf tbilz jyokit&

_bi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì {myco h~~zmh`b zlpd ezma h p`liftlel` jhplp& [i om fmt {hft tm

{hpti thr~h|izp“ amfi|4 tblp lp hf yfoizpthfohjci hfo fmjci kmhc& Jyt "hfo tblp lp h oi`loioc|

yfp`liftlel` h~~zmh`b, byfoziop me alcclmfp me omcchzp `hf ji {hptio lf tbi lftizipt me

~ziuiftlfk h ei{ omcchzp ezma jilfk ypio lfh~~zm~zlhtic|& _bi ~ifoycya lf Mfthzlm bhp p{yfk

tmm ehz tm{hzop oiumtlfk ahpplui zipmyzìp tm al`zm!ahfhki ~zmìppip py`b hp ~zm`yziaift

hfo ir~ifpip& J| hcc aihfp# ipthjclpb zycip hfo zikychtlmfp hlaio ht ~ziuiftlfk {hpti& _bif

cit ahfhkizp hfo ia~cm|iip om tbilz gmj hp ieel`liftc| hp ~mppljci& Pit y~ amfltmzlfk hfo

hyolt p|ptiap tm `ht`b ~zmjciap# jyt om fmt {hpti iuiz|mfi“p tlai j| ozh{lfk tbia h{h|

ezma la~mzthft ~mcl`| hfo pizulì oicluiz| mjgi`tluip tm httifo tm alfyti oithlcp me zi~mztlfk

hfo `ma~clhfì&

_bi thpd hbiho fiio fmt ji ozihz|& Ahf| {lcc p`mee tbht tbi jyplfipp me iclalfhtlfk h elp`hc

oiel`lt lp pla~c| h ayfohfi iriz`lpi me ziptzhlft# tbht tbi uiz| loih me `zihtlfk hf mzkhflwhtlmf

tbht oicluizp tbi {mzco“p jipt ~yjcl` pizulìp lp bm~icippc| fhlui# hfo tbht {i pbmyco fmt iuif

tblfd ‟ cit hcmfi p~ihd ‟ me py`b cmet| kmhcp& Jyt myz zih`b pbmyco hc{h|p irìio myz kzhp~&

Blkb hajltlmf pbmyco fiuiz ji pfiizio ht& Py`b hf mjgi`tlui `myco lfptlc lf myz ~mcltl`lhfp# myz

~yjcl` pizuhftp hfo hcc Mfthzlhfp h pifpi me ~yz~mpi tbht {myco bic~ pii yp tbzmykb tblp

amfyaifthc alpplmf&

[b| fmt=



80?




809

@bh~tiz ?7 Ahdlfk _zhfpemzahtlmf [mzd7^zmìpp hfo Ptzy`tyzip

_bi ~yjcl` lp `yzziftc| yfh{hzi me tbi oi~tb me tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc `bhccifki# pm Mfthzlhfp

hzi yf~zi~hzio emz tbi piuizlt| me tbi ziptzhlft fiioio tm jhchfì tbi jyokit j| :>8;‐82&

Zhlplfk ~yjcl` h{hzifipp me tblp `bhccifki aypt ji omfi ihzc|# `cihzc| hfo `mfplptiftc|&

_blp ~zmìpp jikhf {ltb tbi :>88 Jyokit # {bl`b ia~bhplwio lf h kifizhc ehpblmf tbht

plkflel`hft ziemzap {myco ji fiìpphz| tm `mfthlf ~zmkzha p~ifolfk kzm{tb tm 8&? ~iz ìft

~iz |ihz tbzmykb :>8;‐82& Firt# tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc fmtio tbht –ahf| me tbi hppya~tlmfp

yfoizc|lfk ltp iptlahtip emz ~zmkzha ir~ifpip "tbht lp# ir~ifpip ir`cyolfk lftizipt mf

tbi ~yjcl` oijt hfo zipizuip, {izi m~tlalptl` hfo hkkzipplui zhtbiz tbhf `hytlmyp&‑

_bi kmuizfaift+p Fmuiajiz P~ii`b ezma tbi _bzmfi hfo pyjpixyift Mfthzlm I`mfmal`

Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc Ziuli{ `mftlfyio tbi aipphki tbht oleel`yct oi`lplmfp {myco ji zixylzio

mf tbi elp`hc ezmft& _bi @maalpplmf“p zi~mzt pitp myt lf kzihtiz oithlc tbi elp`hc `bhccifki hfo~zmuloip jmtb jzmho ~hzhaitizp hfo 05: p~i`lel` zi`maaifohtlmfp emz {bht h`tlmfp {lcc ji

fiioio& _bi :>8: Jyokit pbmyco pit myt hp ay`b oithlc me tbi ziptzhlft hp eihpljci&

Lf hf| mzkhflwhtlmf# h ahgmz tzhfpemzahtlmf `hf py`ìio mfc| le lt lp `cihzc| cio ezma tbi tm~&

_bi ~zmulf`lhc Jyokit lp tbi mzkhflwlfk om`yaift emz hf| eytyzi `bhfkip lf hcc `mzfizp me tbi

jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz "J^P, lf Mfthzlm# pla~c| ji`hypi tbi Jyokit lp {bizi tbi kmuizfaift“p

~zlmzltlip hfo ~chfp hcc `mai tmkitbiz lf mfi ~chì& Lt lp tbzmykb tbi Jyokit tbht tbi

kmuizfaift ahdip ltp tzhoi!meep hamfk `ma~itlfk `chlap mf tbi ~yjcl` ~yzpi4 p~iccp myt ltp

p~ifolfk ~zlmzltlip4 pitp ltp thzkitp emz ih`b alflptz| hfo hkif`|4 hccm`htip tbi eyfop huhlchjci

tm ih`b4 hfo ahdip ~zmulplmf emz tbi ziuifyip tbht {lcc `muiz hcc p~ifolfk& Mfì tbi Jyokit lp`zhetio# tbi thpd me ifpyzlfk tbht tbi p~ifolfk thzkitp tyzf lftm elza h`tlmf ehccp tm tbi ^zializ“p

Meelì hfo @hjlfit Meelì& Lt aypt ji `cihz tm hcc tbht tbi ^zializ“p Meelì lp klulfk eycc amzhc

hfo mzkhflwhtlmfhc py~~mzt tm tbi ieemzt# hfo {bif ~zmoolfk lp fiìpphz| tm dii~ tbi ~zmìpp

amulfk# mfc| tbi ^zializ“p Meelì bhp tbi `cmyt tm ~ypb tbi tzhfpemzahtlmf emz{hzo& _bizi {lcc

ji oleel`yct oh|p ‟ iuif {iidp mz amftbp ‟ hcmfk tbi {h|# hfo lt lp ippiftlhc tbht tbi ~yjcl`

yfoizpthfo jmtb {bht lp jilfk omfi hfo bm{ lt `mftzljytip tm tbi yctlahti kmhc& _m tblp ifo#

tbi `maayfl`htlmfp ieemzt pbmyco ji cio j| tbi ^zializ“p Meelì&

Kluif tbi la~mzthfì me jmtb tbi jyokit ~zmìpp hfo tbi cmfk!tiza ahfhkiaift me tbi ziemza

~zmìpp# {i oihc {ltb ih`b lf pmai oithlc&



805

Jyokit ^chfflfk

_bi jyokit ~zmìpp ltpice fiiop pmai ziemzap& _bi hffyhc jyokit ‟ hcmfk {ltb tbi elp`hc

y~ohti tbht ~ziìoip lt ‟ `hf ji h ~m{izeyc ioy`htlmfhc tmmc jmtb emz Mfthzlhfp lf kifizhc

hfo emz tbi meel`lhcp {bm {mzd lf tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz& _bi kifizhc ~yjcl` `hf cihzf amzi hjmyt

tbi fhtyzi me tbi elp`hc `bhccifkip eh`lfk tbilz kmuizfaift hfo tbi metif oleel`yct tzhoi!meep tbht

aypt ji ahoi lf oi`lolfk jmtb tbi zlkbt alr me thrip hfo p~ifolfk# hfo tbi zlkbt ~zlmzltlip emz

p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap& _bi ~yjcl` pizulì `hf cihzf hjmyt tbi `bmlìp tbht aypt ji ahoi

hfo tbilz zmci lf bic~lfk @hjlfit ahdi tbmpi `bmlìp hfo la~ciaift hf| oi`lplmfp ahoi&

_zhfp~hzif`|# `chzlt|# tbi ypi me zipizuip hfo h cmfk!tiza ~izp~i`tlui hzi hcc ulztyip lf

jyokit!ahdlfk& Ht tbi amaift# tbizi lp tmm clttci me hcc emyz& Jicm{ hzi zi`maaifohtlmfp tbht

{myco ptzifktbif tbi elp`hc ~chfflfk ~zmìpp&

8& @bzmfmcmkl`hcc|# tbi pixyifì me iuiftp ciholfk tm tbi firt jyokit lp tbi P~ii`b ezma tbi

_bzmfi# Mfthzlm I`mfmal` Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc Ziuli{ hfo :>8: Jyokit & "_bi elzpt t{mbhui fm{ jiif omfi&, Lftizfhcc|# bm{iuiz# tbi tbzii iuiftp pbmyco ji `mfploizio tmkitbiz

hfo# lf h pifpi# lf ziuizpi mzoiz& Lf mtbiz {mzop# di| iciaiftp me tbi :>8: Jyokit

pbmyco ji {mzdio myt jiemzi tbi P~ii`b ezma tbi _bzmfi hfo Mfthzlm I`mfmal`

Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc Ziuli{ pm tbht ~yjcl` aipphklfk `hf ji `cihz hfo `mfplptift muiz

tlai hfo h`zmpp ~yjcl` om`yaiftp hfo pthtiaiftp&

:& _bi Hyoltmz Kifizhc“p :>88 ^zi!Ici`tlmf Zi~mzt mf Mfthzlm“p Elfhfìp oiamfptzhtio tbi

`mfeyplmf hzmyfo {bht `mfptltytip h –pthtyp xym‑ mytcmmd# hf hppya~tlmf hfo h elza ~chf&

_m ~zmuloi `chzlt| lf tbi :>8: Jyokit # tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco elzpt thdi h pti~ jh`d{hzo

hfo ~zmoyì h –`cihf pthtyp xym‑ elp`hc ~zmgi`tlmf myt tm :>8;‐82 tbht zieci`tp mfc|

oi`lplmfp hfo h`tlmfp hcziho| thdif& Lt pbmyco lf`cyoi fm hppyaio eytyzi phulfkp ezma

~chfp fmt |it ichjmzhtio& Ezma tblp jhpi# tbi phulfkp ezma elza fi{ h`tlmfp pbmyco ji

pbm{f& _bipi h`tlmfp aypt ji pyeel`lift# yfoiz `zioljci hppya~tlmfp# tm pi`yzi jyokit

jhchfì fm chtiz tbhf :>8;‐82 hfo ~zmuloi h zihpmfhjci `bhfì me h`bliulfk

jhchfì ihzcliz&




80;

0& [ltbmyt thr lf`zihpip# lt {lcc ji oleel`yct emz Mfthzlm tm zityzf tm h jhchfìo jyokit ihzcliz

tbhf :>8;‐82& _biziemzi# tblp ohti pbmyco ziahlf tbi thzkit& Bm{iuiz# h fyajiz me pti~p

pbmyco ji thdif tm lf`zihpi tbi ~zmjhjlclt| me pi`yzlfk tblp :>8;‐82 thzkit 7

• Ypi ~zluhti!pi`tmz emzi`hptp tm lfemza tbi jyokit ~chfflfk ~zmìpp jyt zioyì tbmpi

emzi`hptp le lt h~~ihzp tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz lp fmt h~~zm~zlhtic| zieci`tlfk tbi zlpdp tm tbiMfthzlm i`mfma|& Hf| hogyptaift tm tbi ~zluhti!pi`tmz kzm{tb emzi`hptp pbmyco ji

jhpio mf pm~blptl`htio lftizfhc i`mfmal` hfo zlpd hfhc|pip& [bizi tbizi lp h zhfki

me ~mppljci myt`maip# om fmt `bmmpi tbi alo!~mlft me tbi zhfki# jyt pmaitblfk mf

tbi ~zyoift ploi me tbi alooci me tbi zlpd olptzljytlmf&

• Ifpyzi hf hoixyhti `mftlfkif`| zipizui hkhlfpt emzi`hpt izzmzp& _m ~zmti`t hkhlfpt

izzmzp lf ziuifyi mz ir~ifoltyzi kzm{tb zhtip# tbi ciuic me tbi zipizui pbmyco kzm{ muiz

tlai hp tbi jyokit ~zmgi`tlmf lp ~ypbio eyztbiz myt lftm tbi eytyzi&

• Oiuicm~ h ~chf tm loiftle| hfo zioyì p~i`lel` zlpdp tm tbi elp`hc ~chf "tbi `mftlfkif`|

zipizui lp oiplkfio amzi tm hoozipp zlpdp tbht `hffmt ji loiftlelio jiemzi tbi eh`t,&Irha~cip me p~i`lel` zlpdp {myco ji ìzthlf eioizhc kmuizfaift h`tlmfp hfo pmai

~ifplmf clhjlcltlip&

• Kluif tbi tlkbt `mfptzhlftp tbht {lcc ji la~mpio mf alflptz| m~izhtlfk jyokitp# h

ìftzhcc| bico m~izhtlfk zipizui pbmyco `mftlfyi tm ji ahlfthlfio hfo h`ìppio mfc|

tbzmykb h ~zmìpp lfumculfk @hjlfit hfo _zihpyz| Jmhzo& Lt pbmyco ji ypio lf `hpip

{bizi bihctb hfo pheit| alkbt ji `ma~zmalpio mz pizulìp tm tbi ampt uycfizhjci hzi

gim~hzolwio& _blp m~izhtlfk zipizui `myco hcpm ji h~~clio tm hzihp {bizi tbizi lp h

`mfulf`lfk hzkyaift tbht hf lfltlhc lfuiptaift lp zixylzio tm h`bliui pyjpthftlhc phulfkp

"hfo-mz xyhclt| la~zmuiaift, muiz tlai&

• Jit{iif fm{ hfo :>8;‐82# lt lp lfiulthjci tbht fi{ ~zmkzhap {lcc ji lftzmoyìo&

@mfplptift {ltb tbi kmuizfaift“p `yzzift ~mcl`| emz ~zmkzha meepitp# tbipi {lcc fiio tm

ji eyfoio tbzmykb oii~iz `ytp tm pmai irlptlfk ~zmkzhap "mz tbilz mytzlkbt iclalfhtlmf,&

_blp la~clip tbht tbi lfltlhc p~ifolfk thzkitp emz alflptzlip {lcc bhui tm ji pit cm{ ifmykb

tm `zihti h ~mcl`| zipizui pm tbht hooltlmfhc `ytp om fmt bhui tm ji h~~clio hp fi{

~zmkzhap hzi `mfploizio&

• Ht tbi ifo me ih`b elp`hc |ihz# hf| zipizuip fmt zixylzio pbmyco ji ~yt tm{hzop oiel`lt

zioy`tlmf& H tzhfp~hzift h``myftlfk ~zmìpp aypt ji ipthjclpbio tm oiamfptzhti tblp&

Bm{ tbi zipizuip {izi bhfocio pbmyco ji ir~chlfio lf h ~yjcl` om`yaift lppyio ‟hfo {icc ~yjcl`lwio ‟ {ltblf 5> oh|p me tbi ~yjcl` h``myftp elkyzip ji`malfk huhlchjci

ih`b |ihz&



802

• Lf tbi elp`hc h~~zmh`b oip`zljio lf tbi @maalpplmf“p ahfohti# ~zmkzha p~ifolfk

ji`maip h ziployhc& _bi hf`bmz lp tbi thzkit me h jhchfìo jyokit j| :>8;‐82& Hp thr

zhtip hzi fmt tm ji `bhfkio# ziuifyip {lcc pla~c| zieci`t tbi lftizh`tlmf me i`mfmal`

~izemzahfì hfo tbi irlptlfk thr ptzy`tyzi4 lf ieei`t# tbi| hzi h kluif& Plalchzc|# lftizipt

mf tbi ~yjcl` oijt lp h kluif# zieci`tlfk tbi lftizh`tlmf me ~zmgi`tio lftizipt zhtip hfo tbi

hamyft me ~zmulf`lhc jmzzm{lfk& _blp cihuip tmthc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk hp tbi ziployhc4 tbht

lp# {bht lp ciet hetiz lftizipt ~h|aiftp hzi pyjtzh`tio ezma ziuifyip&

• [ltblf tbi tmthc ziployhc emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk# tbi kmuizfaift“p em`yp pbmyco elzpt ji

h~~clio tm tbi jlk!tl`dit ltiap ‟ bihctb# ioy`htlmf hfo chjmyz `mptp& Bihctb hfo

ioy`htlmf hcmfi h``myft emz amzi tbhf 5> ~iz ìft me tmthc p~ifolfk "lf`cyolfk tbilz

chjmyz `ma~mfift,& Lf`cyolfk chjmyz `mptp ezma tbi zipt me p~ifolfk# tbipi tbzii jzmho

hzihp h``myft emz amzi tbhf 2> ~iz ìft me tmthc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& Bihctb hfo

ioy`htlmf {hzzhft p~i`lhc httiftlmf ji`hypi tbi| bhui jiif hamfk tbi

ehptipt!kzm{lfk `ma~mfiftp me p~ifolfk hfo zhfd ht tbi tm~ me ~yjcl` lftizipt& Bihctb#

yfoizpthfohjc|# lp hc{h|p tbi tm~ ~zlmzlt| tbht ~im~ci `bmmpi lf ~yjcl` m~lflmf pyzui|p&

Ioy`htlmf lp di| tm tbi pthfohzo me clulfk me lfoluloyhcp hfo tm Mfthzlm pm`lit| hp h

{bmci& Mfì tbi kmuizfaift oitizalfip tbi irtift tm {bl`b bihctb hfo ioy`htlmf `hf

ji ziptzhlfio# tbif tbi zipt me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk ji`maip tbi ziployhc ezma tbi

ziployhc4 tbht lp# {bht ~zmkzha p~ifolfk lp ciet muiz hetiz bihctb hfo ioy`htlmf

hccm`htlmfp bhui jiif pit& Alflptz| p~ifolfk {lcc bhui tm ji lfemzaio j| h uli{ me eytyzi

chjmyz `mptp& Lt lp fmt phtlpeh`tmz| tm pla~c| hppyai tblp h{h| j| hppiztlfk tbht

alflptzlip aypt hjpmzj hf| lf`zihpip lf chjmyz `mptp& _bi| {lcc ji hpdio tm ahdi `ytp

emz ahf| mtbiz zihpmfp& _bilz muizhcc hjlclt| tm hjpmzj tbi ziptzhlft {lcc fmt ji

lfoi~ifoift me tbi `myzpi me chjmyz `mptp&

• Elp`hc ziptzhlft iriz`lpip tmm metif eihtyzi {hki eziiwip hfo tbi iclalfhtlmf me

ahfhkizp“ jmfypip& Jyt lf tbi `mftirt me Mfthzlm“p elp`hc `bhccifkip# em`yp aypt ziahlf

mf tbi chzkiz ~l`tyzi# {bl`b lp tbi kmuizfaift“p fiio tm kit tbi zlkbt ~im~ci lftm tbi

zlkbt ~mpltlmfp ht h `mpt tbht lp jmtb `ma~htljci {ltb ltp elp`hc `lz`yapthfìp hfo

h~~zm~zlhtic| hclkfio {ltb ~zluhti!pi`tmz `ma~ifphtlmf& _bi kmuizfaift {lcc bhui tm

httzh`t hfo zithlf jzlkbt# `ma~itift ~im~ci xyhclelio tm `hzz| myt tbi oleel`yct thpdp

hbiho& Lt {lcc zixylzi `mfploizhjci ecirljlclt| lf chjmyz hzzhfkiaiftp& Py`b jzmhoiz

`mfploizhtlmfp ah| {icc ji amzi la~mzthft tbhf hf| pbmzt!tiza `mpt phulfkp&




80<

• Ih`b alflptz| hfo hkif`| pbmyco ji kluif h p~ifolfk clalt muiz tbi ~izlmo lt lp

~zmgi`tio tm thdi tm zityzf tm elp`hc jhchfì& Lf tblp `hpi# tbi ~zmgi`tlmf ~izlmo lp tbi

piuif |ihzp tm :>8;‐82& _bi ~zmìpp me pittlfk tbmpi claltp jikhf {ltb tbi

:>88 Mfthzlm I`mfmal` Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc Ziuli{# {bl`b ypio zihclptl` i`mfmal`

hppya~tlmfp emz ltp ~zmgi`tlmfp& _bi kmuizfaift bhp hcpm jikyf tm blkbclkbt tbi

pizlmypfipp me tbi `bhccifki hfo pifo h `cihz aipphki tm tbi J^P tbht tbilz jyokitp

ehì hf irtifoio ~izlmo me ziptzhlft& _blp ~zmìpp aypt `mftlfyi hp oi`lplmfp hzi ahoi

tbht {lcc p~icc myt tbi oithlcp tbht {lcc emzì alflptzlip tm jiklf eyfohaifthc ziemza&

• ^chfp pbmyco ji ziuli{io ~izlmol`hcc| hkhlfpt tbi elp`hc clalt hfo tbilz ~zmkzipp tm{hzop

cmfk!tiza kmhcp pbmyco ji tzh`dio& _blp ~zmìpp pbmyco ji cio j| tbi ^zializ“p Meelì#

{ltb py~~mzt ezma _zihpyz| Jmhzo hfo tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì& "[i pit myt amzi oithlcp

jicm{&, _bipi thzkitp ah| fiio tm ji hogyptio emz alflptzlip hp tbi ~zmìpp yfemcop&

Jyt tbi tmthc `hffmt ji hctizio ezma tbht fiioio tm zityzf tm h jhchfìo jyokit# pm hf|

`mfìpplmfp tm mfi alflptz| aypt ji meepit j| oii~iz `ytp icpi{bizi&

• _bi @maalpplmf bhp jiif lfptzy`tio fmt tm zi`maaifo thr lf`zihpip& Bm{iuiz# tbizi

hzi h fyajiz me {h|p tbht ziuifyip `hf hfo pbmyco ji ifbhfìo {ltbmyt zhlplfk thr

zhtip hfo {i {lcc ahdi zi`maaifohtlmfp lf tblp hzih&

_zhfpemzahtlui ^zmìppip hfo Ptzy`tyzip

Lf @bh~tiz 8# _bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc H`tlmf# {i ahoi tbi `hpi emz laaiolhti jmco h`tlmf

j| tbi kmuizfaift tm hoozipp tbi elp`hc `bhccifki& _bi ziahlfoiz me tblp zi~mzt oihcp {ltb tbi

pyjpthfì me ziemzap ‟ h jzmho hzzh| me tzhfpemzahtlmfhc aihpyzip tbht zi~zipiftp tbi

@maalpplmf“p jipt houlì mf tbi t|~i me hkkzipplui h`tlmfp tbht hzi fiìpphz|& _bi zi~mzt

omip fmt# bm{iuiz# ch| myt h p~i`lel` la~ciaifthtlmf ~chf mz p`bioyci emz tbipi lfltlhtluip& _bi

ir~iztlpi me kmuizfaift meel`lhcp hfo irtizfhc houlpizp ‟ {bm dfm{ tbilz m{f kzmyfo ehz amzi

lftlahtic| tbhf {i om ‟ {lcc ji zixylzio tm tzhfpchti myz zi`maaifohtlmfp lftm h amzi

oithlcio# pti~!j|!pti~ ~chf emz la~ciaifthtlmf&

_bi blptmz| me elp`hc tzhfpemzahtlmfp ~zmuloip la~mzthft cippmfp hfo oiamfptzhtip tbht tbizi

hzi tbzii `zltl`hc lfkzioliftp tm py`ìppeyc ziemzap7

_bi mjgi`tluip hfo aihfp me tbi ziemzap aypt ji ir~chlfio `cihzc| hfo tzhfp~hziftc|4

_bi pyjpthfì me tbi ziemzap aypt ji pmyfo hfo ahdi pifpi tm `ltlwifp# meel`lhcp

hfo ~mcltl`lhfp4 hfo

_bizi aypt ji h~~zm~zlhti lftizfhc ~zmìppip tm oicluiz tbi oiplzio myt`maip&

[i zi`maaifo tbzmykbmyt tblp om`yaift tbi pmztp me `maayfl`htlmfp tbht {lcc ji fiioio&

Bizi# {i `ma~ciaift tbht houlì {ltb pmai tbmykbtp mf tbi lftizfhc ~zmìppip tbi

kmuizfaift {lcc fiio tm `hzz| myt tblp ifmzamyp thpd&



8?>

_bi @maalpplmf yfoizpthfop tbht tbi ~h`dhki me ziemzap zi`maaifoio lf tblp zi~mzt hamyft

tm h bizml` `bhccifki& _m tbi eyccipt irtift ~mppljci# {i tblfd alflptizp hfo tbilz meel`lhcp

pbmyco ji kluif h kziht oihc me olp`zitlmf lf oi`lolfk bm{ tm la~ciaift ziemza lf h ahffiz

tbht aiitp tbilz mjgi`tluip emz tbilz alflptzlip hfo hkif`lip& Ht tbi phai tlai# tbizi hzi

piuizhc kmuizfaift!{loi lppyip tbht ahf| alflptizp hfo alflptzlip {lcc ehì lf `maamf4 pmai

tbht zl~~ci tbzmykb myz zi~mzt hzi7

Chjmyz lppyip& @ma~ifphtlmf {lcc omyjtcipp ji h `mftiftlmyp ~mlft# hp {lcc xyiptlmfp me

piuizhfì ~h`dhkip hfo amulfk ~im~ci lftm mtbiz gmj `htikmzlip# hp ~zlmzltlip pblet hfo

ieel`lif`lip thdi bmco4

Muizch~ hfo oy~cl`htlmf h`zmpp ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp& I`mfmal` oiuicm~aift ~zmkzhap#

emz irha~ci# hzi oicluizio j| flfi pi~hzhti alflptzlip hfo tbizi hzi piuizhc ia~cm|aift

pizulìp tbht `hf ji `mfpmclohtio hfo zhtlmfhclwio4

_bi ~mppljlclt| tbht pizulìp `hf ji oicluizio lf amzi ieel`lift {h|p& Zi`maaifohtlmfp tm

tblp ifo hzi emyfo lf piuizhc hzihp4 hfo

Ahfhklfk tbi ~zmulfì“p `mfploizhjci hppitp amzi ieel`liftc|& Mjulmypc|# h `maamf

h~~zmh`b tm hppit ahfhkiaift lp oiplzhjci&

Alflptizp hfo tbilz meel`lhcp `hf cihzf ezma ih`b mtbiz hfo ~zmuloi py~~mzt tm tbilz `mccihkyip

j| `malfk tmkitbiz mf py`b xyiptlmfp hp tbi| hzlpi&

[blci hcc iciaiftp me tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì hfo J^P pbmyco bhui h ìzthlf oikzii me

olp`zitlmf# tbi `zltl`hc la~mzthfì me tbi tzhfpemzahtlmf {i ~zm~mpi aihfp tbht h ulklchft {ht`b

aypt ji ahlfthlfio mf tbi lfoluloyhc ziemzap hfo bm{ tbi| hzi `malfk tmkitbiz&

Lt lp {ltb hcc tblp lf alfo tbht {i zi`maaifo pmai lftizfhc ~zmìppip tm kyloi tblp {mzd&

Hf| tzhfpemzahtlmfhc ~zmìpp# ip~i`lhcc| mfi tbht lfumcuip ahgmz ir~ifoltyzi ahfhkiaift#

aypt ji cio ezma tbi tm~& Lf tbi `hpi me tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift# tblp aihfp tbht tbi ìftzi

me kmuizfaift ‟ tbi ^zializ“p Meelì hfo @hjlfit Meelì ‟ aypt ji olzi`tc| lfumcuio hfo

~zmuloi ptzmfk cihoizpbl~ tm tbi ~zmìpp emz hp cmfk hp lt thdip tm zityzf tbi ~zmulf`lhc jyokit

tm jhchfì& H ptiizlfk `maalttii pbmyco ji ipthjclpbio# {ltb zi~zipifthtlmf ezma tbi

^zializ“p Meelì# @hjlfit Meelì hfo Alflptz| me Elfhfì& _blp `maalttii# py~~mztio j| h

pi`zithzlht {ltblf @hjlfit Meelì# {myco ji tbi em`hc ~mlft emz tbi kmuizfaift!{loi {mzd

fiìpphz| tm oiuicm~ la~ciaifthtlmf ~zm~mphcp emz p~i`lel` ziemzap hfo emz `zmpp!`yttlfk

aihpyzip hoozipplfk tbiaip tbht tmy`b mf ayctl~ci pi`tmzp& Mfì ziemza ~zmìppip hzi

yfoiz{h|# tblp `maalttii {myco hcpm amfltmz jmtb tbi muizhcc ziemza iriz`lpi hfo ~zmkzipp

mf lfoluloyhc lfltlhtluip&




8?8

_bi ptiizlfk `maalttii {myco olzi`t alflptizp hfo tbilz alflptzlip tm oiuicm~ ~zm~mphcp hfo

la~ciaifthtlmf ~chfp# hfo ~zmuloi h p`bioyci emz zi~mztlfk tbipi ~zm~mphcp tm @hjlfit&

_bi ptiizlfk `maalttii {myco hcpm kyloi h fyajiz me {mzdlfk kzmy~p `zihtio tm `mfoy`t

zipihz`b hfo hfhc|plp me tbi ahgmz `zmpp!`yttlfk lppyip7 chjmyz hfo `ma~ifphtlmf4 muizch~

hfo oy~cl`htlmf4 fi{ oicluiz| amoicp4 hfo m~tlalwhtlmf me hppitp& _bipi kzmy~p {myco ji

h zipmyzì jmtb tm tbi ptiizlfk `maalttii hfo tm alflptzlip hp tbi| oiuicm~ p~i`lel`

tzhfpemzahtlmf ~zm~mphcp tbht bhui la~cl`htlmfp emz mtbiz alflptzlip# hp ahf| me tbia {lcc&

_bi ptiizlfk `maalttii `myco hcpm `maalpplmf lfoi~ifoift zipihz`b tm lfemza tbi {mzdlfk

kzmy~p mf di| hzihp me hfhc|plp&

Alflptzlip {lcc jzlfk emz{hzo tbilz tzhfpemzahtlmf ~zm~mphcp hfo ~chfp tm h ^zializ“p zipyctp

thjci mf ptzhtikl` ziemza emz ltp `mfploizhtlmf hfo lf~yt ~zlmz tm emzahc @hjlfit `mfploizhtlmf&

_bi zipyctp thjci {myco ji `bhlzio j| tbi ^zializ hfo `ma~mpio me h alr me piflmz @hjlfit

alflptizp hfo lfoi~ifoift ir~iztp {ltb ir~izlifì lf `mpt!`yttlfk hfo tzhfpemzahtlmfhc

`bhfki {ltblf tbilz mzkhflwhtlmfp "iltbiz ~yjcl` mz ~zluhti,& Lt {myco ji tbi ahlf emzya emz jmtb`bha~lmflfk hfo `mftiptlfk ziemza ~zm~mphcp& _bi zipyctp thjci {myco ji olzi`tc| py~~mztio

j| tbi ptiizlfk `maalttii# pm tbizi {myco hytmahtl`hcc| ji olzi`t lfumcuiaift j| piflmz pthee

ezma tbi ^zializ“p Meelì hfo @hjlfit Meelì# hfo piflmz meel`lhcp ezma tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì&

^zm~mphcp tbht hzi amzi zmytlfi hfo fmt –tzhfpemzahtlmfhc‑ lf p`hci `hf ~zmìio tbzmykb tbi

fmzahc `bhffic me _zihpyz| Jmhzo hfo mf tm @hjlfit& _bi ptiizlfk `maalttii pbmyco `mftlfyi

tm amfltmz tbi ~zmkzipp me tbipi lfltlhtluip# lf mzoiz tm bhui h `ma~zibifplui uli{ me tbi

pthtyp me muizhcc ziemza&

_m py~~mzt tbi ^zializ“p zipyctp thjci hfo _zihpyz| Jmhzo# h ti`bfl`hc p~ifolfk ziuli{ai`bhflpa pbmyco ji ipthjclpbio tm ziuli{ hcc ziemza mz phulfkp ~zm~mphcp ezma lfoluloyhc

alflptzlip hfo tbi hffyhc zipyctp!jhpio ~chf pyjalpplmfp& _blp ti`bfl`hc kzmy~ {myco

`ma~zlpi tbi fiìpphz| ir~iztlpi ezma mfi mz amzi ~zluhti `mfpyctlfk elzap tbht hzi

`mftzh`tio ulh h `ma~itltlui ~zm`yziaift ~zmìpp& Lt {myco ~zmuloi h tblzo!~hzt| ziuli{ hfo

`zltlxyi me ~zm~mphcp hfo pyjalpplmfp# ifpyzlfk h``yzh`| hfo hobizifì tm tbi ~zlf`l~cip

me ziemza&

Elfhcc|# {i {myco zi`maaifo tbht tblp ptzy`tyzi hfo tbi hppm`lhtio ~zmìppip pth| lf ~chì

emz ht cihpt piuizhc |ihzp kluif tbi jzihotb# oi~tb hfo cldic| cifktb me tbi ziemzap& Pmai ~hztp

me lt# mz ht cihpt amolel`htlmfp tm lt# pbmyco ji`mai ~izahfift eihtyzip& Emz irha~ci# {i bihzopm ay`b iuloifì me `mfeyplfk muizch~ hfo oy~cl`htlmf lf {mzd h`zmpp alflptzlip

"i&k&# i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift ~zmkzhap# pm`lhc pizulìp# hfo tzhlflfk hfo ia~cm|aift

pizulìp, tbht {i zi`maaifo tbht `zmpp!`yttlfk {mzdlfk kzmy~p mz pyj`maalttiip me @hjlfit

ji`mai h ~izahfift eihtyzi tm oihc {ltb tbipi lppyip&



8?:



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8?0

@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

Bihctb `hzi lp ht mfì tbi jlkkipt ltia lf tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift“p jyokit tbi lppyi me ampt

`mfìzf tm Mfthzlhfp tbi pmyzì me tbi ampt lftifpi hfo iamtlmfhc ~yjcl` ~mcl`| oijhti hfo

tbi ìftzi me tbi ampt `ma~cir oicluiz| p|ptia me hf| pit me ~zmkzhap elfhfìo j| tbi

~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift&8

Emz ht cihpt t{m oi`hoip fm{ Mfthzlhfp ‟ hcmfk {ltb mtbiz @hfholhfp ‟ bhui {mzzlio hjmyt

tbi xyhclt| hfo h`ìppljlclt| me tbilz bihctb `hzi& Hp bihctb bhp `mfpyaio h zlplfk pbhzi me tbi

~zmulf`lhc jyokit tbi oijhti bhp lf`zihplfkc| em`ypio mf tbi pypthlfhjlclt| me tbi bihctb `hzi

p|ptia lf h emza tbht kluip Mfthzlhfp {bht tbi| {hft& _bi p|ptia lp pypthlfhjci le {i `hf

hfp{iz –|ip‑ tm mfi me tbzii xyiptlmfp& Hzi {i {lcclfk tm ~h| iuiz!lf`zihplfk thrip tm py~~mzt

lt= Le fmt hzi {i {lcclfk tm pxyiiwi myt p~ifolfk mf hcc mtbiz ~yjcl` pizulìp ‟ lf`cyolfk

ioy`htlmf ht hcc ciuicp pm`lhc pizulìp gyptlì lfezhptzy`tyzi hfo i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift ‟tm ahdi zmma emz zlplfk bihctb `hzi `mptp= Le fmt hzi {i {lcclfk tm pblet h plkflel`hft ~mztlmf

me bihctb `hzi p~ifolfk tm lfoluloyhcp zikhzocipp me tbilz hjlclt| tm ~h|=

^yjcl` m~lflmf pyzui|p lfol`hti tbht tbi hfp{izp tm tbi elzpt t{m xyiptlmfp hzi ~zmjhjc| –fm‑

"plkflel`hft alfmzltlip meeiz h ti~lo –|ip‑, hfo tm tbi tblzo h zipmyfolfk –fm&‑ ^mcltl`hcc|

bm{iuiz tbi hfp{izp hzi –fm‑ tm hcc tbzii& Mfthzlhfp hzi yfcldic| tm {hft iltbiz blkbiz fi{

thrip mf lfoluloyhcp mz `ytp tm fmf!bihctb ~zmkzhap tm h``maamohti tbi ziciftcipp lf`zihpi lf

bihctb `hzi p~ifolfk4 fmfi {lcc iuif tmcizhti olp`ypplmfp tbht pm ay`b hp blft ht amulfk h{h|

ezma tbi ~yjcl` ~h|iz fhtyzi me elfhf`lfk bmp~lthc `hzi hfo ~b|pl`lhfp“ pizulìp& Lfoiio tbi

@maalpplmf“p m{f ahfohti emzjlop yp ezma zi`maaifolfk blkbiz thrip mz ~zluhtlwhtlmftbmykb hp {i bhui hcziho| fmtio {i jicliui tbht hccm{p yp tm zi`maaifo amzi ~zluhti!

pi`tmz lfumcuiaift lf tbi oicluiz| me bihctb `hzi hp cmfk hp tbi ~yjcl` ~h|iz amoic

ziahlfp lfth`t&

Pmai Mfthzlhfp ah| kzhp~ ht tbi bm~i tbht i`mfmal` kzm{tb mz ~zmoy`tlult| khlfp {lcc

kifizhti tbi hooltlmfhc {ihctb fiioio tm ~h| tbi jlccp emz bihctb `hzi& Hp {i {lcc hzkyi jicm{

lf amzi oithlc tblp lp blkbc| yfcldic| hfo lf hf| iuift fm jhplp mf {bl`b tm ahdi ~mcl`|

oi`lplmfp heei`tlfk tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia |ihzp lftm tbi eytyzi& [i `hffmt `myft mf tbi ahkl`

jyccitp me ehptiz i`mfmal` kzm{tb mz zh~lo ~zmoy`tlult| khlfp tm elfhfì myz bihctb `hzi fiiop

hfo {hftp& Fmz h~~hziftc| `hf {i h`ì~t blkbiz thrip h zioy`tlmf lf mtbiz kmuizfaiftpizulìp mz kzihtiz ~zluhtlwhtlmf tm pxyhzi tbi bihctb `hzi elp`hc h``myftp&

8 _bi hfhc|plp lf tblp `bh~tiz hfo ahf| me tbi ~hpphkip lp ozh{f olzi`tc| ezma –H ^zip`zl~tlmf emz @hfhoh“p Bihctb P|ptia‑Omf Ozyaamfo“p Jifieh`tmzp Ci`tyzi tm tbi @&O& Bm{i Lfptltyti Fmu& 8; :>88 om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&òbm{i&mzk-~oe-Jifieh`tmzp]Ci`tyzi]:>88&~oe&



8??

Pm le {i `hffmt ‟ lf pbmzt ‟ cmmd tm –ihp|‑ hfp{izp tm tbi ~zmjcia {i hzi ciet {ltb bhzo

hfp{izp hfo oleel`yct pmcytlmfp& [i hzi ciet {ltb tbi `bhccifki me ziemzalfk tbi bihctb `hzi

p|ptia tm ahdi lt m~izhti amzi ieel`liftc| hfo klui yp kzihtiz uhcyi emz amfi|& _blp lp fmt

ihp| ip~i`lhcc| fmt {bif iuiz| ~zm~mphc emz eyfohaifthc `bhfki lp kziitio lf pmai xyhztizp

j| `zlip tbht aiol`hzi {lcc ji oiptzm|io le ^zm~mphc R mz Zi`maaifohtlmf \ mz Pìfhzlm W lp

hom~tio& _bi ~yjcl` oijhti lf @hfhoh bhp jiif ~mlpmfio lf ziìft oi`hoip j| h {loip~ziho

ehlcyzi tm `ma~zibifo tbi lppyip mz tzhoi!meep tbht aypt ji ahoi4 j| dfii!gizd zih`tlmfp tm

{mztb| jyt `ma~cir loihp emz `bhfki4 j| ~mcltl`lhfp "hfo aiolh mytcitp, {bm bhui jiif tmm

{lcclfk tm ~hfoiz tm eihz!amfkizlfk4 j| pthdibmcoizp lf tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia {bm {lpblfk tm

`clfk tm tbi pthtyp xym ziplpt `bhfki4 hfo kifizhcc| j| h ch`d me m~if!alfoio h`ì~thfì me

tbi zihclt| tbht `bhfki lp fiioio fm{ hfo tbht amfi| hcmfi {lcc pmcui fmtblfk&

[bht {i fiio lp h jzmho ziuha~lfk me tbi p|ptia tbht ahdip tbi ~hztp {mzd jittiz tmkitbiz

pm tbht tbi {bmci lp kzihtiz tbhf ‟ mz ht tbi uiz| cihpt ixyhc tm ‟ tbi pya me tbi ~hztp&

Py`b `bhfki lp hcziho| yfoiz{h| lf jltp hfo ~liìp tbht hoozipp p~i`lel` ~zipplfk fiiop& Lt lpjilfk `hzzlio emz{hzo j| bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp lf iuiz| `mzfiz me tbi p|ptia {bm zi`mkflwi ehz

jittiz tbhf tbi ~mcltl`lhfp mz tbi ~yjcl` {bht fiiop tm ji omfi hfo ‟ ~izbh~p amzi

la~mzthftc| ‟ {bht fm cmfkiz fiiop tm ji omfi& Hcziho| tbi| hzi amulfk tbi p|ptia

lf`ziaifthcc| tm{hzop tbi kzihtiz lftikzhtlmf tbht lp yttizc| fiìpphz|& [bht tbi| fiio fm{

hfo lf tbi |ihzp hbiho lp amzi if`myzhkiaift ezma kmuizfaift hfo elfhf`lhc lfìftluip tbht

{lcc lfoyì ~im~ci hfo mzkhflwhtlmfp tm jibhui lf {h|p tbht {lcc ~zmoyì h bihctb `hzi p|ptia

tbht jittiz pizuip yp hcc&

_bi ulthc elzpt pti~ lp h cmfk!tiza uli{ me bm{ tbi bihctb p|ptia pbmyco `bhfki tm aiit tbi

fiiop me tbi eytyzi& _bi kmuizfaift aypt pit myt h :>!|ihz ~chf {ltb h ulplmf tbht hccMfthzlhfp `hf yfoizpthfo hfo h`ì~t hp fmt mfc| fiìpphz| jyt hcpm oiplzhjci4 h ~chf tbht

{lcc tbmykb lt lfumcuip tmykb oi`lplmfp lf tbi pbmzt tiza oicluiz h py~izlmz bihctb `hzi p|ptia

om{f tbi zmho&

_bi ~yz~mpi me ziemza lp fmt pla~c| tm phui amfi| tbmykb tbht lp h {ic`mai `mfpixyifì&

_bi ~yz~mpi lp tm la~zmui tbi xyhclt| me tbi p|ptia emz tbi jifielt me hcc Mfthzlhfp j| pbletlfk

ezma h p|ptia tbht {hp jylct ahlfc| emz h`yti `hzi ‟ hfo ziahlfp chzkic| lf tbht amoi ‟

tm h p|ptia jylct ahlfc| emz `bzmfl` `hzi {bl`b lp {bizi tbi hklfk me tbi ~m~ychtlmf lp ozlulfk

Mfthzlm“p bihctb `hzi fiiop& [i `hffmt ia~bhplwi ptzmfkc| ifmykb tbht xyhclt| me `hzi hfo

ieel`lif`| hzi ippiftlhc tm hf| ziemza& Jittiz `hzi oicluizio pammtbc| hfo jzlpdc| h`zmpp hzhfki me fiiop {lcc jifielt ~htliftp hfo ~zmuloizp hcldi4 lt {lcc hcpm phui amfi| lf tbi cmfk zyf&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8?9

Lfoiio xyhclt| hfo ieel`lif`| km bhfo lf bhfo& _mm metif tzihtaift oich|io lp tzihtaift

olalflpbio& _bi ptzmdi ul`tla {bm `hffmt khlf laaiolhti h`ìpp tm fiìpphz| ~b|plmtbizh~|

ah| pyeeiz ~izahfift ohahki {ltb cmfk!tiza `mptp tm tbi ~htlift tbi ehalc| hfo tbi bihctb

`hzi p|ptia hcldi& Hf ieel`lift p|ptia {myco fmt cit tblp bh~~if& _bi icoizc| ~izpmf {bm lp

pty`d lf hf h`yti `hzi bmp~lthc jio lp fmt kittlfk tbi jipt `hzi {bl`b {myco ji ~mppljci le bi

mz pbi pbmyco lfptiho ji tzhfpeizzio tm h cmfk!tiza `hzi eh`lclt| mz pift bmai {ltb h~~zm~zlhti

py~~mzt& Hf ieel`lift p|ptia {myco fmt cit tblp bh~~if iltbiz&

[i {lcc zi`maaifo h fyajiz me {h|p lf {bl`b tblp `hf ji omfi& Jiemzi {i kit tm tbmpi

~zm~mphcp bm{iuiz {i {lcc pdit`b myt {bht {i zikhzo hp tbi ampt phclift eh`tp hjmyt bihctb

`hzi hfo tbi ~izp~i`tluip tbht {i jzlfk tm tbi lppyi&

Jh`dkzmyfo

Bihctb `hzi lp tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift“p plfkci jlkkipt p~ifolfk ~zmkzha& Lf :>8>‐88

tbi ~zmulfì p~ift /??&;; jlcclmf mf bihctb ?>&0 ~iz ìft me ltp tmthc p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap&

Jhpio mf `yzzift tzifop tblp pbhzi lp cldic| tm ir~hfo tm amzi tbhf ?? ~iz ìft j| :>8;‐82&

_bi `mpt me bihctb `hzi lp ozluif j| lfechtlmf ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb hklfk fi{ ti`bfmcmk| hfo

tbi lf`zihplfk ypi me ~zmìoyzip cldi bl~ hfo dfii zi~chìaiftp& Zlplfk `mptp ‟

hfo xyiptlmfp hp tm ltp pypthlfhjlclt| ‟ bhui jiif h pyjgi`t me lftifpi ~yjcl` httiftlmf hfo

olp`ypplmf emz ht cihpt t{m oi`hoip fm{& ^yjcl` m~lflmf pyzui|p `mfplptiftc| pbm{ tbht bihctb

`hzi lp mfi me tbi jlkkipt lppyip me `mfìzf emz Mfthzlhfp hfo mtbiz @hfholhfp& Iuiz|

~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift {lcc pmmf thdi h`tlmf tm zilf lf zlplfk bihctb `hzi `mptp hp ~hzt me tbilz

ieemztp tm zityzf tm jhchfìo jyokitp& _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift lp hcpm h di| ~ch|iz4 h 8>!|ihz

hkziiaift yfoiz {bl`b lt elfhfìp h ~mztlmf me ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift bihctb `hzi `mptp lp oyitm ir~lzi lf :>8?& _bi @hfholhf kmuizfaift bhp ziìftc| `maalttio tm kzm{ tbi @hfhoh

Bihctb _zhfpeiz "@B_, j| plr ~iz ìft ezma fm{ yftlc :>85‐8; hetiz {bl`b lt {lcc kzm{ lf clfi

{ltb h tbzii!|ihz amulfk huizhki me KO^ {ltb h tbzii ~iz ìft ecmmz& Pbletlfk tm tbi KO^!tlio

zhti tbi @B_ lp iptlahtio tm kzm{ j| hjmyt emyz ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz lf :>8;‐82 hfo ji|mfo&



8?5

_bi em`yp mf zlplfk bihctb `hzi `mptp lp ihp| tm yfoizpthfo& Muiz tbi ~hpt oi`hoi {blci tbi

Mfthzlm kmuizfaift“p tmthc ziuifyi lf`zihpio j| mfc| ?&> ~iz ìft hffyhcc| ltp p~ifolfk mf

bihctb `hzi bhp zlpif j| hf huizhki me 5&< ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz&: _m h oikzii tbipi zh~lo `mpt

lf`zihpip zieci`t pmai zilfuiptaift emccm{lfk tbi ziptzhlft me tbi 8<<>p& P~ifolfk kzm{tb bhp

pcm{io lf ziìft |ihzp& Lf :>8>‐88 tbi chtipt elp`hc |ihz bihctb p~ifolfk ir~hfoio j| mfc|

0&; ~iz ìft ltp cm{ipt hffyhc zhti me kzm{tb lf h oi`hoi& Lf tbi chtipt tbzii |ihzp tbi kzm{tb

zhti {hp 9&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz om{f ezma 5&5 ~iz ìft lf tbi ~ziulmyp tbzii |ihzp&

Jyt ziìft ptyolip pykkipt tbht tbi tzhgi`tmz| me iuiz!amzi!`mptc| bihctb `hzi {lcc amoizhti

mfc| amoiptc| le ciet tm m~izhti hp lt omip fm{ fmt mfc| lf Mfthzlm jyt lf mtbiz ~zmulfìp hp

{icc& H :>8> zi~mzt j| _O I`mfmal`p ~zmgi`tio tbht Mfthzlm“p ~yjcl` bihctb `hzi `mptp lf tbi

hjpifì me plkflel`hft ziemza {myco kzm{ j| 5&9 ~iz ìft hffyhcc| muiz tbi firt t{m oi`hoip&0

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@hfhoh&? Py`b lf`zihpip {lcc kzihtc| irìio tbi kzm{tb me fmalfhc KO^ lf Mfthzlm hfo

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kzm{ amzi pcm{c|& Mfthzlm bhp ahoi pmai ~zmkzipp lf ziìft |ihzp4 jit{iif :>>; hfo :>88

h``mzolfk tm `ma~hzlpmfp ahoi huhlchjci j| tbi @hfholhf Lfptltyti emz Bihctb Lfemzahtlmf

"@LBL, tmthc Mfthzlm kmuizfaift p~ifolfk mf bihctb kzi{ j| hf huizhki me 9&8 ~iz ìft

hffyhcc| tbi pi`mfo! cm{ipt ~hì lf @hfhoh hfo ~zmulf`lhc p~ifolfk ~iz `h~lth lf`zihpio j|

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bihctb `hzi `mptp {myco hjpmzj hf lf`zihplfk pbhzi me thr omcchzp&

: _blp lp tbi `ma~myfo hffyhc kzm{tb zhti ezma :>>>‐>8 tm :>8>‐88&0 Omf Ozyaamfo hfo Oizid Jyzcitmf –@bhztlfk h ^htb tm Pypthlfhjci Bihctb @hzi lf Mfthzlm 8> ^zm~mphcp tm Ziptzhlf @mpt Kzm{tb

[ltbmyt @ma~zmalplfk Xyhclt| me @hzi‑ _O I`mfmal`p Ah| :; :>8> om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&to&`ma-om`yaift-ÔE-i`mfmal`p-p~i`lhc-to!i`mfmal`p!p~i`lhc!oj>98>!bihctb!`hzi&~oe&

? Ohulo Omoki hfo Zl`bhzo Olmf –@bzmfl` Bihctb`hzi P~ifolfk Olpihpi7 H Ah`zm Olhkfmplp hfo ^zmkfmplp‑ @&O& Bm{i Lfptltyti H~zlc :>88 om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&òbm{i&mzk-~oe-@maaifthz|]0:;&~oe&

9 @hfholhf Lfptltyti emz Bihctb Lfemzahtlmf –Fhtlmfhc Bihctb Ir~ifoltyzi _zifop 8<;9 tm :>88‑ M`tmjiz :>88& @hc`ychtlmfp jhpio mf ohthlf _hjcip J&?&8 hfo J&?&:4 om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--pi`yzi&`lbl&`h-`lbl{ij-~zmoy`tp-fbir]tzifop]zi~mzt]:>88]if&~oe&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8?;

_bi @mpt7 Fm{ hfo Hbiho

[i bhui mytclfio jzliec| "lf @bh~tiz 8 _bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc H`tlmf, pmai me tbi `mptp

me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia elfhfìo j| tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift hfo tbi eh`tmzp tbht ozlui

tbmpi `mptp blkbiz& _m zi`h~ Mfthzlm“p bihctb `hzi jyokit lf :>8>‐88 {hp /??&;; jlcclmf

mz ?>&0 ~iz ìft me iuiz|tblfk tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift p~ifop mf ~zmkzhap&

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hfo P~mzt "AB^P,&

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"l&i&# ~h|aiftp yfoiz MBL^,#

[bht tbif lp tbi ~zmkfmplp emz tbi |ihzp hbiho= Lt lp zichtluic| pla~ci tm irtzh~mchti eytyzi

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`hzi hfo hf| lf`zihpip lf `ma~ifphtlmf emz tbi ~im~ci {bm {mzd lf tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia

hzi `mpt ozluizp tbht heei`t hcc `mzfizp me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia& Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf `hf ji

ir~i`tio tm zlpi j| hjmyt 8&: ~iz ìft hffyhcc| lf tbi |ihzp tm :>8;‐82 {blci lfechtlmf

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me bihctb `hzi& Fi{ ozykp hfo zichtio ti`bfmcmk| {lcc hoo hfmtbiz 8&9 ~iz ìft tm tbi `mpt me

tbi ozyk ~zmkzhap& \it hfmtbiz tbzii ~iz ìft lf hffyhc `mpt lf`zihpip {lcc `mai ezma tbi

amzi lftifpi ypi me bihctb `hzi hp fi{ tzihtaiftp ji`mai huhlchjci&



8?2

Hklfk lf kifizhc {lcc hoo hjmyt mfi ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz tm tbi `mpt me zyfflfk bmp~lthcp hfo

`maayflt| `hzi {bl`b hp {i bhui piif h``myftp emz hjmyt t{m!eletbp me bihctb p~ifolfk&

Ji`hypi tbi kmuizfaift“p ozyk ~zmkzhap hzi hlaio ht tbi ~m~ychtlmf hkio 59 hfo muiz

kzm{tb lf tbht hki `mbmzt {lcc hoo hjmyt 0&9 ~iz ìft hffyhcc| tm tbmpi ~zmkzhap& Plalchzc|

kzm{tb lf tbi ~m~ychtlmf hkio ;9 hfo muiz {lcc hoo hjmyt :&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz tm tbi `mpt me

py~~mztlfk cmfk!tiza `hzi bmaip {bl`b `myco aihf tbht amzi cmfk!tiza `hzi jiop {myco

fiio tm ji jylct ‟ tbht lp yfcipp {i `hf amzi ieel`liftc| hfo ieei`tluic| ypi bmai `hzi&

Lf Oifahzd {bizi mfi!eletb me tbi ~m~ychtlmf lp muiz hki 5> tbi kmuizfaift ptm~~io `zihtlfk

fi{ cmfk!tiza `hzi jiop lf tbi chti 8<2>p hfo lfptiho em`ypio mf jylcolfk h {loi uhzlit| me

o{icclfkp tbht hzi hoh~tio emz mcoiz ~im~ci& Fm{ h~~zmrlahtic| 2> ~iz ìft me tbi icoizc| clui

lfoi~ifoiftc| lf tbi `maayflt| ziìlulfk bmai `hzi `maayflt| pm`lhc py~~mztp hfo

~zh`tl`hc bic~ hzmyfo tbi bmypi&5 @majlfio ozykp hfo cmfk!tiza `hzi h``myft emz gypt muiz

89 ~iz ìft me hcc `mptp lf Mfthzlm&

Hklfk lp h plkflel`hft `mpt ozluiz tbmykb ltp la~mzthfì bhp jiif muizjcm{f lf ~m~ychz olp`myzpi& Aiajizp me tbi chzki jhj| jmma kifizhtlmf fm{ zhfki lf hki ezma hjmyt ?9 tm 594

j| :>82 ‟ tbi clalt me myz bmzlwmf emz tblp zi~mzt ‟ tbi| {lcc ji 9: tm ;:& Iuif j| tbif ampt

jmmaizp {lcc fmt |it bhui zih`bio hf hki {bif aiol`hc `mptp jiklf tm zlpi pbhz~c|& Lt lp

la~mzthft tm ziaiajiz tbht tbi ~m~ychtlmf hkip kzhoyhcc| hfo bihctb `hzi `mptp hcpm zlpi

kzhoyhcc| {ltb ~htliftp“ hki& ^m~ychtlmf hklfk lp fmt tbi dlcciz olpihpi bizi&

Lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm tbi mfi tbht ziclip bihulc| mf irlptlfk ozluizp tm ~zmgi`t tbi muizhcc

`mpt me kmuizfaift ~zmkzhap Mfthzlm“p bihctb `hzi jyokit zlpip ezma /??&;; jlcclmf lf

:>8>‐88 tm /5:&?5 jlcclmf j| :>8;‐82 emz hf huizhki hffyhc lf`zihpi me ?&< ~iz ìft& _blp lp

jicm{ tbi 9&9 ~iz ìft huizhki me tbi ampt ziìft tbzii |ihzp jyt fmt j| ay`b& Amzimuiz ltppbhzi me tmthc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk ‟ {bl`b {myco lf`zihpi j| 0&9 ~iz ìft hffyhcc| ‟ {myco

zlpi tm ??&: ~iz ìft ezma ?>&0 ~iz ìft lf :>8>‐88& Lf tblp pìfhzlm tbi `mpt me MBL^ {myco

zlpi j| hf huizhki me 5&? ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz cmfk!tiza `hzi bmaip j| ?&; ~iz ìft `maayflt|

`hzi j| ?&? ~iz ìft ozykp j| ?&0 ~iz ìft hfo tbi m~izhtlmf me bmp~lthcp j| ?&8 ~iz ìft&

Lf myz ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm {i bhui pit myt h ay`b amzi amoipt ~htb emz bihctb `hzi

p~ifolfk mfi lf {bl`b ir~ifoltyzip kzm{ fmt j| ?&< ~iz ìft hffyhcc| jit{iif fm{ hfo

:>8;‐82 jyt j| :&9 ~iz ìft& Plfì {i hzi bmcolfk hcc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk tm hf lf`zihpi me

mfc| >&2 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz tblp aihfp ‟ lzmfl`hcc| ‟ tbht j| :>8;‐82 bihctb {myco h``myft

emz ?9&? ~iz ìft me hcc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& Lf ziìft |ihzp py`b zhtlmp bhui ~zmumdio `mfìzfptbht tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia lp yfpypthlfhjci lf ltp ~zipift emza&

5 Oz& Ohulo H& [hcdiz –@hzlfk emz myz Hklfk ^m~ychtlmf hfo Hoozipplfk Hctizfhti Ciuic me @hzi7 Zi~mzt Pyjalttio tm tbi Alflptiz me Bihctbhfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi‑ Gyfi 0> :>884 om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&bihctb&kmu&mf&`h-if-~yjcl`-~yjcl`htlmfp-alflptz|]zi~mztp-{hcdiz]:>88-{hcdiz]:>88&~oe&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8?<

Lp tbi Bihctb @hzi P|ptia Pypthlfhjci=

Pypthlfhjlclt| lp h pcl~~iz| `mfì~t tbht `hf ji uli{io ezma piuizhc ~izp~i`tluip&

Mfi lp ~yjcl` m~lflmf& Bm{ om Mfthzlhfp pii tbi lppyi= Om tbi| tblfd tbi pthtyp xym lp

h`ì~thjci= [bht om tbi| {hft ezma tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia= [bht ‟ hfo bm{ ay`b ‟

hzi tbi| {lcclfk tm ~h|= Hfo bm{ om tbi| {hft tm ~h| emz {bht tbi| {hft ‟ ezma tbilz m{f

~m`ditp mz tbzmykb tbilz thr omcchzp=

_bizi hzi fm ptzhlkbtemz{hzo hfp{izp tm tbipi xyiptlmfp {bl`b oi~ifo mf jmtb ~yjcl`

httltyoip hfo ~mcltl`lhfp“ zih`tlmfp& _m hf i`mfmalpt tbizi lp fmtblfk ~hztl`ychzc| pyz~zlplfk mz

hchzalfk hjmyt bihctb `hzi zlplfk hp h ~izìfthki me ~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti jyokitp& Lt lp h `chppl`

–cyryz|‑ kmmo4 hp lfoluloyhcp hfo pm`litlip kit zl`biz tbi| {lpb tm hccm`hti h chzkiz pbhzi me

tbilz zlplfk lf`mai tm bihctb `hzi& Fmjic ~zlwi!{lfflfk Y&P& i`mfmalpt Zmjizt [& Emkic

iptlahtip tbht lf tbi cmfk zyf emz iuiz| mfi ~iz ìft lf`zihpi lf lf`mai lf tbi Yfltio Pthtip

~im~ci {lcc `mfpyai 8&5 ~iz ìft amzi bihctb pizulìp& Emkic h``mzolfkc| ~zmgi`tp tbht bihctb`hzi {lcc zmykbc| omyjci ltp {ilkbt lf Y&P& KO^ muiz tbi firt tbzii oi`hoip&; Pm tbi lppyi lp

fmt tbi olzi`tlmf me bihctb `hzi hp h pbhzi me jyokitp jyt zhtbiz j| bm{ ay`b tbht pbhzi

{lcc lf`zihpi&

^mccp meeiz pmai lfplkbt lftm ~yjcl` httltyoip tm{hzop bihctb `hzi lppyip jyt aypt ji tzihtio

`hytlmypc|& Lf hf Mfthzlm ~mcc omfi lf chti :>8> j| tbi Khfohce Kzmy~ emz tbi Bihctb`hzi me

Mfthzlm îfplmf ^chf ampt ~im~ci zip~mfoio tbht tbi| {izi ~zi~hzio tm ~h| amzi thrip hfo

pii mtbiz ~yjcl` p~ifolfk `zm{oio myt tm ~zipizui tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia& Bm{iuiz tbizi

hzi zihpmfp tm ji pdi~tl`hc me tblp zipyct {bl`b ah| h~~c| amzi lf tbimz| tbhf lf ~zh`tlì&

Ampt ~im~ci pyjpthftlhcc| yfoiziptlahtio jmtb tbi ~yjcl` `mpt me bihctb `hzi hfo tbi zhti ht{bl`b lt lp lf`zihplfk& Ht tbi tlai tbi ~mcc {hp `mfoy`tio bihctb `hzi h``myftio emz gypt muiz

?> ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm“p ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& \it flfi ~iz ìft me zip~mfoiftp tbmykbt bihctb

`hzi {hp cipp tbhf :> ~iz ìft me tbi tmthc hfmtbiz :9 ~iz ìft phlo tbi elkyzi {hp jit{iif

:> hfo 0> ~iz ìft hfo h eyztbiz :< ~iz ìft phlo jit{iif 0> hfo ?> ~iz ìft&2 Lf pbmzt

hcampt t{m!tblzop me Mfthzlhfp yfoiziptlahtio ‟ ahf| me tbia {lcoc| ‟ bihctb `hzi“p pbhzi

me {bht tbilz ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift p~ifop& Bm{ ay`b {ilkbt pbmyco {i htth`b tm tbi ~yjcl`“p

uli{= [myco tbilz uli{p `bhfki le `mfezmftio {ltb tbi zihclt| me {bht tbi `yzzift bihctb

p|ptia mptp=

; Zmjizt [& Emkic –Emzi`hptlfk tbi @mpt me Y&P& Bihctb @hzi lf :>?> Fhtlmfhc Jyzihy me I`mfmal` Zipihz`b‑ [mzdlfk ^h~iz 8?058om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&fjiz&mzk-~h~izp-{8?058&

2 Oithlcio pyzui| zip~mfpip ~zmuloio j| tbi Khfohce Kzmy~ om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&bmm~~&`ma-p|a~mplya-om`p-oiel`ltozluif-bmm~~]tblfdthfd]~zip&~oe&



89>

H `mftzhz| elfolfk `maip ezma h ~mcclfk pyaahz| ~zi~hzio j| tbi @hfholhf Bihctb Pizulìp

Zipihz`b Emyfohtlmf "@BPZE, {bl`b ziuihcio tbht mfc| mfi!tblzo me @hfholhfp {izi

~zi~hzio tm h`ì~t blkbiz thrip hfo cipp tbhf mfi!xyhztiz phlo tbi| {myco h`ì~t h `mftlfyio

pxyiiwlfk myt me mtbiz ~yjcl` pizulìp&< Py~~mzt emz tbipi ziaiolip eicc {icc pbmzt me h ahgmzlt|

jyt iuif tbipi alfmzlt| uli{p aypt ji xyhclelio7 ~im~ci olo fmt ph| bm{ jlk h thr lf`zihpi

tbi| {myco h`ì~t fmz j| bm{ ay`b mtbiz p~ifolfk `myco ji `yt& Ji|mfo blkbiz thrip mz `ytp

tm fmf!bihctb p~ifolfk bm{iuiz @hfholhfp bhui kluif pmai tbmykbt tm hfmtbiz {h| tm ~h|

emz bihctb `hzi& _bi @BPZE ~mcclfk pyaahz| lfol`htio tbht t{m!tblzop me zip~mfoiftp {izi

~zi~hzio tm h`ì~t h `mftzljytlmfp!jhpio phulfkp ~chf tm hahpp amfi| emz eytyzi bihctb `mptp

py`b hp cmfk!tiza `hzi hfo ~bhzahìytl`hcp&

Iuif tbmykb Mfthzlhfp pizlmypc| yfoiziptlahtio tbi tzyi `mpt tm kmuizfaift me bihctb `hzi

tbizi lp iuloifì tbht @hfholhfp lf kifizhc hzi lf`zihplfkc| {mzzlio hjmyt tbi pypthlfhjlclt|

me bihctb `hzi p~ifolfk& _bi @BPZE ~mcclfk pyaahz| `ltio t{m xyiptlmfp tbht {izi hpdio lf

pyzui|p h oi`hoi h~hzt& Zip~mfoiftp {izi elzpt meeizio tblp pthtiaift7 –Bihctb `mptp {lcc zlpikzhoyhcc| jyt tbi lf`zihpi {lcc ji ahfhkihjci oyi tm kzm{tb lf tbi i`mfma|&‑ Lf :>>>

8< ~iz ìft me zip~mfoiftp hkziio jyt lf :>8> mfc| piuif ~iz ìft olo& _bi pi`mfo

pthtiaift {hp7 –_bi oiahfo emz bihctb `hzi {lcc lf`zihpi jyt {i {lcc ji hjci tm `mfthlf `mptp

j| m~izhtlfk tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia amzi ieel`liftc|&‑ Lf :>>> :< ~iz ìft me zip~mfoiftp

hkziio4 lf :>8> mfc| 8? ~iz ìft& Lf pbmzt tbizi bho jiif h oi`clfi lf ~yjcl` `mfeloifì tbht

h kzm{lfk i`mfma| mz kzihtiz ieel`lif`| khlfp `hf zip`yi tbi p|ptia&

^mcclfk hcpm ziuihcp chzki kh~p jit{iif bm{ {i zyf bihctb `hzi lf @hfhoh hfo {bht

@hfholhfp ph| tbi| {hft& H kmmo irha~ci lp tbi cm{ ~yjcl` `muizhki me bihctb `hzi `mptp

mtbiz tbhf ~b|pl`lhfp hfo bmp~lthcp& Lf 8<<; h``mzolfk tm tbi @BPZE ~mcclfk pyzui|<? ~iz ìft me @hfholhfp phlo tbht le h ~b|pl`lhf ~zip`zljip h aiol`htlmf mz uh``lfi lt

pbmyco ji `muizio j| h ~zip`zl~tlmf ozyk ~chf& Lf :>>5 <8 ~iz ìft me zip~mfoiftp phlo tbht

~yjcl`c| lfpyzio pizulìp pbmyco ji irtifoio tm bmai `hzi cmfk!tiza `hzi aifthc bihctb

`hzi hfo ozyk jifieltp& Py`b amuip bhui jiif zi`maaifoio lf ahf| bihctb `hzi zi~mztp

lf`cyolfk tbi :>>: Zmahfm{ @maalpplmf hfo :>>? Dlzj| Pifhti @maalttii Zi~mzt&

Lt h~~ihzp tbizi lp hf h~~itlti zilfemzìo j| ir~izt m~lflmf emz hf ir~hfoio uizplmf

me aiol`hzi&

< Ptyhzt F& Pmzmdh ":>88, –^yjcl` îzì~tlmfp hfo Aiolh @muizhki me tbi @hfholhf Bihctb`hzi P|ptia7 H P|ftbiplp‑ @hfholhf BihctbPizulìp Zipihz`b Emyfohtlmf4 zicihpio M`tmjiz :>88 om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&`bpze&`h-Cljzhzlip-@maalpplmfio]Zipihz`b]Zi~mztp-Pmzmdh8!IF&pecj&hpbr&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

898

Lf Mfthzlm h ei{ pla~ci aipphkip iaizki ezma tbi ~mcclfk zipyctp tbht om piia zmjypt7

Mfthzlhfp zikhzo bihctb `hzi hp tbi plfkci ampt la~mzthft ~yjcl` ~mcl`| lppyi4 tbi| hzi {iooio

tm tbi plfkci ~yjcl` ~h|iz amoic4 hfo tbi| {lcc fmt tmcizhti hf|tblfk tbht `hypip oitizlmzhtlmf

lf h`ìpp hfo xyhclt| me `hzi& Hcpm tbizi fm{ piiap tm ji cipp `mfìzf tbht hcc pizulìp ji

oicluizio yfoiz ~yjcl` hoalflptzhtlmf hp cmfk hp tbi jlcc `hf ji `muizio j| hf MBL^ `hzo&

@cihzc| Mfthzlhfp {hft tbilz bihctb `hzi p|ptia fmt mfc| pypthlfio jyt hcpm la~zmuio& @hf

eihzp me yfpypthlfhjlclt| ‟ tbht tbi p|ptia {lcc fmt ziahlf heemzohjci ‟ ji ihpio j| ~zm~mplfk

pmai me tbi amzi mjulmyp ‟ mz ht cihpt ampt metif `ltio ‟ pmcytlmfp= Hkhlf yfemztyfhtic|

tbizi lp fm ptzhlkbtemz{hzo zip~mfpi& Pypthlfhjlclt| lfumcuip ahf| amulfk ~hztp4 hf| fyajiz

me `bhfkip tm tbi ixyhtlmf `hf zifoiz bihctb `hzi amzi pypthlfhjci mz cipp pm& _bzii me tbi

amulfk ~hztp `mai tm alfo7

Elzpt ptzmfkiz ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb j| kifizhtlfk amzi i`mfmal` kzm{tb {myco ahdi lt

ihpliz tm heemzo amzi bihctb `hzi p~ifolfk& Jyt iuif le ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb omyjcio ezma ltp

cm{ ciuicp me tbi ~hpt oi`hoi tzifo kzm{tb lf fmalfhc KO^ {myco ptlcc ehcc ehz pbmzt me tbi

~zmgi`tio lf`zihpip lf bihctb `hzi p~ifolfk& Lf hf| `hpi py`b hf hkkzipplui hppya~tlmf

hjmyt ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb lp aizi {lpbeyc tblfdlfk plfì {i bhui fm ziho| hfp{izp mf bm{

tm ziului lt& [lpbeyc tblfdlfk fiiocipp tm ph| `hffmt ji tbi emyfohtlmf me h ~mcl`|

zip~mfpi tm tbi pypthlfhjlclt| lppyi&

Pi`mfo {i `myco heemzo amzi bihctb `hzi le {i zhlpio thrip jyt thr zhtip {myco bhui tm

zlpi ~izplptiftc| tm dii~ tbi fi{ ziuifyi ziìluio hjmui lf`mai kzm{tb& _blp alkbt

kifizhti umtiz thr ehtlkyi hfo {myco lfiulthjc| zipyct lf jzmhoiz i`mfmal` cmppip hp tbi

i`mfmal` olptmztlmfp lfoyìo j| zlplfk thrip ahkflelio&

_blzo {i `myco ziptzhlf hcc mtbiz kmuizfaift p~ifolfk piuizic| tm cihui amzi zmma emz

bihctb `hzi& Jyt hp _O I`mfmal`p ~mlftio myt pthtyp xym tzifop pykkipt tbht j| :>0>

bihctb `hzi {myco h``myft emz 2> ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm“p ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& _bi ziahlflfk

:> ~iz ìft {myco fmt iuif `muiz tbi `yzzift ioy`htlmf p|ptia cit hcmfi hf| mtbiz

~yjcl` pizulìp&



89:

Lt kmip hcampt {ltbmyt ph|lfk tbht tbipi hzi fmt pmcytlmfp4 tbi pthtyp xym kzm{tb ~htb me bihctb

`hzi p~ifolfk fiiop tm ji `yzjio& Ht tbi phai tlai ay`b me tbi Mfthzlm bihctb `hzi p|ptia

fmt mfc| `hf ji la~zmuio jyt `hccp myt emz la~zmuiaift& Lt lp ihp| tm ji payk {bif {i

`ma~hzi myzpicuip {ltb tbi Yfltio Pthtip {bl`b p~ifop ehz amzi tbhf @hfhoh zichtlui tm

jmtb ltp ~m~ychtlmf hfo ltp KO^ |it lf :>8> ciet hcampt 9> alcclmf ~im~ci ‟ muiz 85 ~iz ìft me

ltp ~m~ychtlmf ‟ yf`muizio j| bihctb lfpyzhfì&8> Le {i `ma~hzi myzpicuip tm `myftzlip mtbiz

tbhf tbi Yfltio Pthtip bm{iuiz {i metif `mai y~ pbmzt& [i fiio tm om amzi hfo {i fiio

tm om jittiz ‟ hfo {i fiio tm om jmtb mf h tlkbt jyokit&

Bhzo _zytbp Aihpyzip hfo @ma~hzlpmfp

Lt lp ihp| ‟ tmm ihp| ‟ tm ziptzl`t myz em`yp tm bm{ ay`b tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift p~ifop mf

bihctb hfo {bizi tbi `hpb kmip& Bihctb `hzi lp hjmyt pm ay`b amzi tbhf amfi| tbht py`b h

jclfdizio h~~zmh`b lp fmt bic~eyc& Ptlcc h ei{ mjpizuhtlmfp hjmyt p~ifolfk mf bihctb `hzi hfo

tbi zipmyzìp oiumtio tm lt {lcc ipthjclpb pmai `mftirt jiemzi {i jzmhoif myz h~~zmh`b tmfmf!elfhf`lhc lppyip&

_bi bihctb `hzi p|ptia lp fmt zihcc| h p|ptia

_bzmykbmyt tblp `bh~tiz {i bhui jiif zieizzlfk tm Mfthzlm“p `mcci`tlmf me bihctb `hzi

~zmuloizp hp h –p|ptia&‑ Lf zihclt| tbi ~zmulfì bhp h pizlip me olpgmlftio pizulìp {mzdlfk lf

ahf| oleeizift plcmp& _bi Alflptz| me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi "AMBC_@, aypt {mzd {ltb

ltp bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp hoalflptzhtmzp hfo pthdibmcoizp tm `m!mzolfhti zmcip pla~cle| tbi

~htb{h|p me `hzi hfo la~zmui tbi muizhcc ~htlift ir~izlifì&

@mfploiz tbi emccm{lfk pìfhzlmp ~zipiftio tm tbi @maalpplmf7

8> Y&P& @ifpyp Jyzihy –Lf`mai ^muizt| hfo Bihctb Lfpyzhfì @muizhki lf tbi Yfltio Pthtip7 :>8>‑ Pi~tiajiz :>88 om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&ìfpyp&kmu-~zmo-:>88~yjp-~5>!:0<&~oe&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

890

@hpi Ptyo| #87 H 9>!|ihz!mco {mahf bhp h ahaamkzha& _bi zipyctp km tm biz ehalc| ~b|pl`lhf {bmpi meelì `hccp hfo hpdp biz tm `mai lf emz tbi firt

huhlchjci h~~mlftaift {bl`b lp h {iid chtiz& Ht tbi h~~mlftaift tbi ehalc| ~b|pl`lhf ph|p tbi zipyctp hzi ~mpltlui emz `hfìz hfo tbht pbi

{lcc hzzhfki emz h fiioci hp~lzhtlmf& _bi ehalc| ~b|pl`lhf bhp tzmyjci elfolfk h zholmcmklpt tm om tbi fiioci hp~lzhtlmf hfo lt thdip tbzii

{iidp tm bhui lt ~izemzaio& _bi zholmcmklpt tbif bhp oleel`yct| elfolfk tbi ahaamkzha hp lt {hp omfi pmai{bizi mtbiz tbhf lf blp `clfl``zihtlfk eyztbiz oich|& _bi hp~lzhtlmf pbm{p pyp~l`lmyp ìccp hfo tbi ehalc| ~b|pl`lhf“p meelì `hccp tbi ~htlift jh`d hfo hpdp biz tm ahdi

hfmtbiz h~~mlftaift tm olp`ypp tbi zipyctp& _bi ehalc| ~b|pl`lhf fm{ {lpbip tm om hf AZL hfo hkhlf tbizi lp oleel`yct| kittlfk lt omfi lf h

tlaic| ehpblmf& Aihf{blci tbi ~htlift lp ji`malfk ezhftl` hfo thdlfk h cmt me tlai mee {mzd& [bif tbi AZL lp omfi tbi ~htlift lp hkhlf

`hccio jh`d tm tbi ehalc| ~b|pl`lhf“p meelì {bizi tbi om`tmz tzlip tm elfo h jzihpt `hfìz pyzkimf tm ~izemza h jlm~p| hp biz ~zieizzio

pyzkimf lp mf bmcloh|& _bzii {iidp chtiz tbi jzihpt `hfìz pyzkimf ~izemzap tbi jlm~p| {bl`b lp emyfo tm ji fikhtlui "l&i& `hfìz!ezii,&

@hpi Ptyo| #8 [bht `myco bh~~if7 Hetiz h ~mpltlui ahaamkzha tbi ~htlift lp zieizzio ici`tzmfl`hcc| hp h –@htikmz| 8‑ tm h jzihpt hppippaift ìftzi& _bi ~htlift kmip

mfclfi tm biz m{f zi`mzo hfo clfdp tm tbi ìftzi {bizi pbi `hf elfo hfo jmmd hf h~~mlftaift ht h tlai tbht pyltp biz tbht lp hcpm {ltblf

tbi @htikmz| 8 {lfom{ emz olhkfmplp hfo tzihtaift& _bzmykb tblp mfclfi ~mzthc tbi ~htlift lp hcpm tmco bm{ tm ~zi~hzi hfo {bht tm ir~i`t

ht biz h~~mlftaift& [bif tbi ~htlift hzzluip ht tbi jzihpt hppippaift ìftzi {ltblf tbi ~zm~iz tlai!ezhai pit myt j| jipt ~zh`tlì

kyloiclfip pbi piip h fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfiz ir~izt hfo bhp biz jcmmo {mzd omfi h fiioci hp~lzhtlmf hfo hf irhalfhtlmf j| om`tmz hcc lfmfi h~~mlftaift& _bi ~htlift tbif jmmdp biz m{f emccm{y~ h~~mlftaift emz emyz oh|p chtiz {bl`b bh~~ifp tm ji hf ihzc| iuiflfk

h~~mlftaift pm pbi `hf km hetiz {mzd& Ht tbi emccm{y~ h~~mlftaift biz zipyctp hzi olp`yppio hfo hzi hcpm huhlchjci tm tbi ~htlift mfclfi

{ltb iahlc hfo tirt h`ìpp tm h ziklptizio fyzpi& _bht emccm{y~ h~~mlftaift humlop tbi yffiìpphz| AZL hfo tbi ~htlift lp jmmdio emz

jlm~p|& Hkhlf tbi ~htlift hf pii tbi zipyctp hfo olp`ypp tbia laaiolhtic| j| iahlc hfo ~bmfi&

[bht lp ampt pyz~zlplfk lp tbht jmtb `hpip `myco bh~~if lf Mfthzlm hp lt bhp tbi zipmyzìp lf

pmai hzihp me tbi ~zmulfì jyt ch`dp tbi `m!mzolfhtlmf& Lf @hpi Ptyo| #8 tbi –p|ptia‑ jzihdp

om{f {blci cmplfk plkbt me tbi ~htlift ir~izlifì hp p`bioyclfk oich|p ch|iz mf tm~ me mfi

hfmtbiz& Lf tbi hctizfhti myt`mai pìfhzlm tbi ~htlift bhp `mftzmc me tbi p`bioyclfk hfo lp httbi ìftzi me h pthfohzolwio ~zmìpp&

[i fiio tm pii tbi p|ptia ~zm~mpio lf tbi –{bht `myco bh~~if‑ pìfhzlm ji`mai tbi

pthfohzo m~izhtlfk ~zmìoyzi emz jzihpt `hfìz olhkfmplp h`zmpp tbi ~zmulfì& @ma~hzhjci

p|ptiap `myco ji oiuicm~io emz h bmpt me `mfoltlmfp lf`cyolfk olhjitip `bzmfl` mjptzy`tlui

~ycamfhz| olpihpi hfo dlofi| olpihpi&

Mfthzlm fiiop tm lftikzhti plcmp hfo zioyì hoalflptzhtlui zio th~i tbht la~ioip ieel`lift hfo

ieei`tlui pizulì& _bht phlo emz tbi phdi me pla~cl`lt| {i {lcc `mftlfyi tm ypi tbi tiza –p|ptia‑

emz tbi ziahlfoiz me tblp `bh~tiz&



89?

_bi bihctb `hzi p|ptia lp `mptc|

@hfhoh bhp mfi me tbi `mptclipt bihctb `hzi p|ptiap lf tbi {mzco {bl`b ah| pyz~zlpi ~im~ci

{bm hzi tmm h``yptmaio tm `ma~hzlfk myz zi`mzo mfc| tm tbht me tbi Yfltio Pthtip& @hfhoh

p~ift hcampt /8<0 jlcclmf mf bihctb `hzi lf :>8> mz 88&< ~iz ìft me KO^&88 Lf Mfthzlm {bizi

tmthc bihctb p~ifolfk {hp /;9&9 jlcclmf tbi pbhzi me KO^ {hp 8:&0 ~iz ìft pclkbtc| blkbiz tbhf tbi fhtlmfhc huizhki jyt mfc| tbi eletb blkbipt me hf| ~zmulfì& _blp piiap cldi h jhzkhlf

`ma~hzio tm tbi 8;&? ~iz ìft "lf :>><, emz tbi Yfltio Pthtip jyt @hfholhfp metif ehlc tm

zi`mkflwi tbht tbi Yfltio Pthtip bhp j| ehz tbi ampt ir~ifplui p|ptia lf tbi {mzco ahdlfk lt

tbi ahgmz mytcliz lf tblp hfo ahf| mtbiz bihctb `hzi aihpyzip& Lt lp fmt h ypieyc `ma~hzhtmz emz

@hfhoh&

Me tbi 0? `myftzlip `muizio lf tbi chtipt bihctb ohth ezma tbi Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal`

@m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift "MI@O,8: @hfhoh bho tbi plrtb ampt ir~ifplui p|ptia lf

:>>< {bif lt {hp tlio {ltb P{ltwizchfo& _bi pi`mfo!zhfdio `myftz| "hetiz tbi Yfltio Pthtip,

{hp tbi Fitbizchfop {bmpi p~ifolfk zichtlui tm KO^ {hp mfc| >&5 ~izìfthki ~mlft muiz tbhtme @hfhoh& _blp ~ytp @hfhoh lf tbi kzmy~ me oiuicm~io `myftzlip {ltb tbi `mptclipt bihctb `hzi

p|ptiap& [mzpi ahf| me tbi mtbiz `myftzlip bhui mcoiz ~m~ychtlmfp tbhf @hfhoh pm mtbiz

tblfkp jilfk ixyhc myz p|ptia pbmyco ji cipp ir~ifplui ji`hypi bihctb p~ifolfk zlpip

pbhz~c| {ltb tbi hki me tbi ~m~ychtlmf& Hogyptio emz hki @hfhoh oielfltic| bhp mfi me tbi ampt

ir~ifplui p|ptiap&

_bi p|ptia lp fmt hp ~yjcl` hp ampt ~im~ci tblfd

Mfthzlhfp cldi ampt @hfholhfp em`yp hcampt ir`cypluic| mf tbi ~yjcl` `ma~mfift me bihctb

`hzi hzmyfo {bl`b h zmjypt a|tbmcmk| bhp kzm{f& Myz p|ptia lp fmt hp ~yjcl` hp ampt@hfholhfp piia tm jicliui& Le h blkbc| ~yjcl` p|ptia lp h ulztyi @hfhoh cmmdp kmmo mfc|

zichtlui tm tbi Yfltio Pthtip& _bi chtipt MI@O ohth pbm{ tbht tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz h``myftio emz

;>&5 ~iz ìft me hcc bihctb `hzi p~ifolfk lf @hfhoh lf :>>< ay`b blkbiz tbhf tbi aizi

?;&; ~iz ìft lf tbi Yfltio Pthtip& Jyt tbi mtbiz elui K; `myftzlip hcc bhui h blkbiz ~yjcl`

pbhzi tbhf @hfhoh“p& Me tbi :; MI@O `myftzlip tbht zi~mztio py`b ohth emz :>>< @hfhoh

zhfdio 8<tb&80 Cmmdio ht ezma tbi mtbiz ~izp~i`tlui @hfholhfp p~ift hf huizhki me /505

"Y&P&, lf myt!me!~m`dit bihctb ~h|aiftp emz bihctb tbi eletb blkbipt me :; `myftzlip aihpyzio&

88 @hfholhf Lfptltyti emz Bihctb Lfemzahtlmf –Fhtlmfhc Bihctb Ir~ifoltyzi _zifop 8<;9‐:>88‑ Fmuiajiz :>88 ~~& 882 8?? 8?5om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--pi`yzi&`lbl&`h-`lbl{ij-~zmoy`tp-fbir]tzifop]zi~mzt]:>88]if&~oe&

8: Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal` @m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift –MI@O Bihctb Ohth :>88 ‐‐ Ezixyiftc| Zixyiptio Ohth‑ Fmuiajiz :>88om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&miò&mzk-om`yaift-85->0;?5if]:5?<]0;?>;]:>29:>>]8]8]8]0;?>;>>&btac&

80 Lf :>>2 @hfhoh zhfdio :0zo me tbi 0: `myftzlip emz {bl`b tbizi hzi ohth&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

899

@hfhoh“p bihctb `hzi p|ptia lp ht ltp ampt ~yjcl` {bif lt `maip tm ~b|pl`lhf hfo bmp~lthc

pizulìp4 <8 ~iz ìft me tbi emzaiz hfo << ~iz ìft me tbi chttiz hzi ~hlo emz j| kmuizfaiftp&

Jyt h``mzolfk tm tbi @LBL tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz `muizp mfc| ?5 ~iz ìft me ~zip`zl~tlmf ozyk

ir~ifoltyzip4 ~zluhti lfpyzhfì ~h|p emz 05 ~iz ìft hfo myt!me!~m`dit ir~ifpip ahdi y~

tbi ziahlflfk 82 ~iz ìft& ^yjcl` `muizhki me tbi `mpt me mtbiz ~zmeipplmfhcp“ pizulìp lp

aihkzi ‟ h aizi piuif ~iz ìft& Ippiftlhcc| tbi aiol`hzi p|ptia me {bl`b @hfholhfp hzi

pm ~zmyo `muizp aiol`hcc| fiìpphz| bmp~lthc hfo ~b|pl`lhf pizulìp hfo clttci icpi& _bi clpt me

pizulìp fmt `muizio j| aiol`hzi lp cmfk7 myt!me!bmp~lthc ozykp fyzplfk ~p|`bmcmk| hfo mtbiz

`myfpicclfk `maayflt| aifthc bihctb pizulìp fytzltlmf houlì hajychfì pizulìp hool`tlmf

tzihtaift cmfk!tiza `hzi i|i `hzi hfo oifthc `hzi&

_bi bihctb `hzi p|ptia lp mfc| ~hzt me tbi ~l`tyzi

[i hcpm fiio tm kit ~hpt myz a|m~l` em`yp mf bihctb `hzi tm h jzmhoiz uli{ me bihctb amzi

kifizhcc|& Bihctb lp ay`b amzi tbhf ~ht`blfk y~ ~im~ci mfì pmaitblfk bhp kmfi {zmfk&

_bi Pifhti Pyj`maalttii mf ^m~ychtlmf Bihctb8? iptlahtio tbht mfc| :9 ~iz ìft me tbi~m~ychtlmf“p bihctb myt`maip `hf ji httzljytio tm tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia mf {bl`b {i chulpb

py`b httiftlmf& Bhce `hf ji ir~chlfio j| pm`lm!i`mfmal` eh`tmzp py`b hp ioy`htlmf hfo

lf`mai4 hfmtbiz 89 ~iz ìft zichtip tm jlmcmk| hfo kifitl`p {blci tbi ~b|pl`hc ifulzmfaift

h``myftp emz tbi ziahlflfk 8> ~iz ìft& _m jzlfk hjmyt aihflfkeyc ziemza {i aypt jzlfk hcc

tbipi ifulzmfaifthc eh`tmzp lftm tbi ixyhtlmf& Emz irha~ci ptzhtikl` ioy`htlmf lftizuiftlmfp

ah| ji amzi ieei`tlui lf zioy`lfk eytyzi bihctb `hzi `mptp tbhf lfuiptaiftp lf bmp~lthcp tmoh|&

\it hahwlfkc| tbzii!xyhztizp me tbi lfecyifìp tbht h``myft emz bihctb myt`maip jhzic|

ziklptiz lf tbi bihctb `hzi oijhti&

_bi p|ptia omip fmt ~zmoyì py~izlmz zipyctp

@hfholhfp `mfplptiftc| ticc ~mccptizp tbht tbi| om fmt ~hztl`ychzc| `hzi ay`b hjmyt tbi `mpt me

bihctb `hzi ‟ tbi| pla~c| {hft h`ìpp hfo xyhclt| me `hzi& _bi blkb `mpt me myz bihctb `hzi

p|ptia `myco ~izbh~p ji emzkluif le tbi p~ifolfk ~zmoyìo py~izlmz zipyctp& Lt omip fmt&

@hfhoh omip fmt h~~ihz lf h ehumyzhjci clkbt mf h uhcyi!emz!amfi| jhplp zichtlui tm mtbiz

`myftzlip& H :>8> zi~mzt j| tbi @maamf{ihctb Eyfo89 zhfdio tbi xyhclt| me tbi bihctb `hzi

p|ptiap lf Hyptzhclh @hfhoh Kizahf| tbi Fitbizchfop Fi{ Wihchfo Jzlthlf hfo tbi

Yfltio Pthtip& ^ziol`thjc| tbi Yfltio Pthtip `hai chpt& Jyt @hfhoh {hp pi`mfo tm chpt lf

tbi muizhcc zhfdlfk pi`mfo tm chpt mf ieel`lif`| hfo oiho chpt mf tbi tlaiclfipp me `hzi&

8? Pthfolfk Pifhti @maalttii mf Pm`lhc Heehlzp P`lifì hfo _i`bfmcmk| Elfhc Zi~mzt me Pifhti Pyj`maalttii mf ^m~ychtlmf Bihctb–H Bihctb| ^zmoy`tlui @hfhoh7 H Oitizalfhft me Bihctb H~~zmh`b‑ Gyfi :>>< ~~& ;‐< om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&~hzc&k`&`h-@mftift-PIF-@maalttii-?>:-~m~y-zi~-zi~bihctb8gyf><!i&~oe&

89 @maamf{ihctb Eyfo –Alzzmz Alzzmz mf tbi [hcc7 Bm{ tbi îzemzahfì me tbi Y&P& Bihctb @hzi P|ptia @ma~hzip Lftizfhtlmfhcc| :>8>Y~ohti‑ ~& 0 om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&`maamf{ihctbeyfo&mzk-v-aiolh-Elcip-^yjcl`htlmfp-Eyfo):>Zi~mzt-:>8>-Gyf-8?>>]Ohulp]Alzzmz]Alzzmz]mf]tbi]{hcc]:>8>&~oe&



895

[i bhui ei{iz ~b|pl`lhfp tbhf mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp

Fyaizmyp ptyolip pykkipt tbht {i om fmt bhui ifmykb aiol`hc om`tmzp& _bi @LBL `mf`cyoio

tbht ei{iz ~b|pl`lhfp ~iz `h~lth lf @hfhoh –ah| cifo lfplkbt lftm {b| @hfholhfp `mftlfyi tm

zi~mzt oleel`yctlip lf h`ìpplfk bihctb `hzi {bif `ma~hzio tm mtbiz `myftzlip&‑85 H``mzolfk tm

tbi [mzco Bihctb Mzkhflwhtlmf hamfk tbi `myftzlip lf tbi @maamf{ihctb Eyfo zi~mzt mfc|Hyptzhclh bhp ei{iz ~b|pl`lhfp ~iz `h~lth& Ht 8< ~b|pl`lhfp ~iz 8>>>> ~im~ci @hfhoh

`ma~hzip yfehumyzhjc| tm tbi Yfltio Pthtip ht :; hfo ip~i`lhcc| tm tbi `mftlfifthc Iyzm~ihf

K; `myftzlip {bizi ampt hzi {icc lftm tbi 0>p& Mf tbi jhplp me zh{ ohth @hfhoh lp lf tbi

alooci me tbi MI@O ~h`d mf ~b|pl`lhfp ~iz `h~lth& \it lf h :>>2 zi~mzt8; tbi Ezhpiz Lfptltyti

`hc`ychtio tbht hogyptlfk emz ~m~ychtlmf hki @hfhoh tlio emz :0zo myt me :2 `ma~hzhjci MI@O

`myftzlip mf ~b|pl`lhfp ~iz `h~lth& Hfo @hfhoh piiap tm ji ehcclfk jiblfo7 :? MI@O

`myftzlip lf`zihpio tbilz ~b|pl`lhf!tm!~htlift zhtlm j| ht cihpt 8> ~iz ìft ezma 8<<> tm :>>2

{bizihp tbi zhtlm mfc| la~zmuio elui ~iz ìft lf @hfhoh&82 Eyztbiz :: ~iz ìft me @hfholhf

~b|pl`lhfp hzi muiz hki 5> pm tbizi lp h ~ifolfk {hui me zitlziaift&8< _bi ieei`tluifipp me

~b|pl`lhfp lp hcpm `mfptzhlfio lf @hfhoh ji`hypi me tbilz cm{ ypi me ici`tzmfl` zi`mzop&

_bi @maamf{ihctb Eyfo zi~mzt emyfo tbht mfc| 0; ~iz ìft me @hfholhf ~b|pl`lhfp ypio

ici`tzmfl` zi`mzop tm pizui tbilz ~htliftp tbi cm{ipt zhti hamfk tbi 88 `myftzlip ptyolio&

_bi tzifop lf @hfhoh plfì 8<<> hzi ptlcc bihulc| lfecyifìo j| `ytjh`dp me tbi 8<<>p&

Oyzlfk tbi ~hpt oi`hoi bm{iuiz tbi fyajiz me ampt bihctb ~zh`tltlmfizp bhp kzm{f&

H``mzolfk tm @LBL tbi fyajiz me ~b|pl`lhfp kzhoyhtlfk ezma @hfholhf aiol`hc p`bmmcp

`clajio j| hcampt 9> ~iz ìft jit{iif 8<<< hfo :>><& Jit{iif :>>8 hfo :>>2 tbizi {hp

hf lf`zihpi me 85 ~iz ìft lf ziklptizio ~b|pl`lhfp hfo 89 ~iz ìft lf ziklptizio fyzpip4

jit{iif :>>? hfo :>>2 tbi fyajiz me fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp kzi{ j| <> ~iz ìft&:>

_bipi pthtlptl`p h~~ihz tm ahdi h oielfltlui `hpi tbht {i bhui fmt mfc| ei{iz om`tmzp tbhf

icpi{bizi jyt tmm ei{ om`tmzp lf hjpmcyti tizap& _blp ah| fmt ji tbi `hpi& Lt ah| pla~c| ji

tbht {i om fmt ahdi ieel`lift ypi me tbilz tlai& Py~~mpi tbht fyzpip zicliuio om`tmzp me tbi

thpd me klulfk ampt uh``lfhtlmfp& Py~~mpi tbht h eycc pit me ici`tzmfl` zi`mzop ifhjcio hf

icoizc| ~izpmf tm ptm~ ahdlfk ayctl~ci ulpltp tm oleeizift om`tmzp ir~chlflfk blp mz biz hlcaiftp

hkhlf hfo hkhlf& Py~~mpi tbht ~bhzah`lptp ~ch|io h kzihtiz zmci lf lppylfk ~zip`zl~tlmfp&

_bipi hfo mtbiz `bhfkip `myco ezii y~ ifmykb ~b|pl`lhfp“ tlai ~izbh~p j| ifmykb tm

zioyì le fmt iclalfhti hf| –pbmzthki‑ me om`tmzp&

85 @hfholhf Lfptltyti emz Bihctb Lfemzahtlmf –Bihctb @hzi lf @hfhoh :>8>‑ ~& 29 om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~p7--pi`yzi&`lbl&`h-iptmzi-~zmoy`tPizlip&bta=~`1^@@5?&

8; Ezhpiz Lfptltyti –Bm{ Kmmo lp @hfholhf Bihctb @hzi= :>>2 Zi~mzt‑ ~& 99 om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&ezhpizlfptltyti&mzk-zipihz`b!fi{p-olp~ch|&hp~r=lo1808>?

82 @LBL –Bihctb @hzi lf @hfhoh :>8>‑ m~& `lt& ~& 29&8< Ljlo& ~& 2?&:> Ljlo& ~~& 2:‐2?&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

89;

@hfhoh ehccp pbmzt mf ahf| aihpyzip

_bi :>>2 Ezhpiz Lfptltyti zi~mzt {blci h`dfm{cioklfk tbi oleel`yct| me `ma~hzlfk bihctb

myt`maip h`zmpp `myftzlip {ltb yfluizphc h`ìpp ~yjcl`c| eyfoio bihctb `hzi p|ptiap emyfo

tbht –@hfhoh {blci p~ifolfk amzi mf bihctb `hzi tbhf hf| mtbiz lfoyptzlhclwio `myftz| lf tbi

MI@O phui Lìchfo hfo P{ltwizchfo zhfdp piuiftiiftb lf tbi ~izìfthki me tmthc cleiir~i`thf`| tbht {lcc ji cluio lf eycc bihctb zhfdp t{ift|!emyztb lf lfehft amzthclt| hfo

piuiftiiftb lf ~zifhthc amzthclt| zhfdp plrtb lf amzthclt| haifhjci tm bihctb `hzi zhfdp tiftb

lf ~mtiftlhc |ihzp me clei cmpt tm olpihpi zhfdp tiftb lf tbi lf`loifì me jzihpt `hfìz amzthclt|

hfo zhfdp pi`mfo lf tbi lf`loifì me amzthclt| ezma `mcmf `hfìz&‑:8

Jyt Mfthzlm“p lp tbi jipt p|ptia lf @hfhoh

Lftizfhtlmfhcc| `ma~hzhjci ohth hzi ypyhcc| jhpio mf @hfholhf huizhkip& Jyt tbizi lp pmai

iuloifì tbht mf la~mzthft ahttizp Mfthzlm bhp mfi me tbi jipt mz iuif tbi jipt p|ptia {ltblf

@hfhoh& Emz irha~ci tbi Ezmftliz @iftzi zhfdp Mfthzlm hp bhulfk tbi jipt p|ptia h``mzolfk

tm ltp muizhcc @mfpyaiz Lfoir me Bihctb:: hctbmykb Jzltlpb @mcyajlh hfo Fi{ Jzyfp{l`d hzi

uiz| `cmpi& _bi zichtlui ptzifktb me Mfthzlm lp lf ~zlahz| `hzi hfo ~zmjcia ~ziuiftlmf&

Lf ~hztl`ychz tbi Ezmftliz @iftzi fmtip tbht –h chzki fyajiz me Mfthzlhfp bhui zikychz h`ìpp

tm h ehalc| om`tmz&‑:0 Bm{iuiz tbi @iftzi bhptifp tm hoo tbht –hcc 8> ~zmulfìp bhui

plkflel`hft {mzd tm om tm h`bliui tbi ay`b pbmztiz bihctb `hzi {hlt tlaip tbht irlpt lf tm~

Iyzm~ihf `myftzlip py`b hp Kizahf| Ezhfì hfo tbi Fitbizchfop&‑:?

:8 Ezhpiz Lfptltyti m~& `lt& ~& 2&:: Ezmftliz @iftzi –@hfhoh Bihctb @mfpyaiz Lfoir :>8>‑ Oiìajiz :>8> ~& 8; om{fcmhoio ezma

btt~7--{{{&e`~~&mzk-elcip-8-^P<2]@B@L!:>8>]O@80]E(J&~oe&:0 Ljlo& ~& :8&:? Ljlo& ~& :<&



892

Ozyk `mptp hzi kzm{lfk ehptiz tbhf mtbiz bihctb p~ifolfk

^bhzahìytl`hcp bhui jiif tbi ehptipt!kzm{lfk `ma~mfift me bihctb `hzi `mptp lf ziìft

oi`hoip& Pthjlci hfo Kziifjchtt fmti tbht ezma 8<;9 tm :>>5 lfechtlmf!hogyptio p~ifolfk ~iz

`h~lth mf bmp~lthcp zmpi 98 ~iz ìft tbi `mpt me ~b|pl`lhf pizulìp zmpi <2 ~iz ìft hfo

~bhzahìytl`hc `mptp {ift y~ 002 ~iz ìft&:9

_bi phai zi~mzt om`yaiftp tbht tbi `mpt me ~zip`zl~tlmf ozykp irìioio muizhcc kzm{tb emz bihctb `hzi p~ifolfk lf iuiz| |ihz ezma

8<25 tm :>>;&:5 Jypj| hfo Zmjpmf emyfo tbht tbi Mfthzlm Ozyk ^chf "MO^, fm{ `mfptltytip

8> ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm“p bihctb p~ifolfk ‟ /?&9 jlcclmf lf :>8> ‟ hfo bhp kzm{f j|

<&? ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz muiz tbi ~hpt :> |ihzp&:; Hjmyt tbzii!xyhztizp me tbi `mpt zichtip tm

ozykp emz piflmzp {bm ahdi uiz| cm{ `m!~h|aiftp4 plfkcip {ltb lf`mai muiz /85>82 hfo

`my~cip {ltb lf`mai muiz /:?8;9 ~h| hf hffyhc oioy`tljci me /8>> hfo h /5&88 olp~ifplfk

eii ~iz ~zip`zl~tlmf {blci cm{iz!lf`mai piflmzp ~h| fm oioy`tljci hfo /:&>> ~iz ~zip`zl~tlmf&

Jmtb pitp me zipihz`bizp {ziptcio {ltb tbi lppyi me bm{ ehpt ozyk `mptp {lcc kzm{ lf eytyzi&

Mf tbi ~mpltlui ploi ahf| ~zip`zl~tlmf ozykp {lcc pmmf ji `malfk mee ~htift ~zmti`tlmf pmpmai hzkyi tbht `mpt lf`zihpip {lcc amoizhti& Lfoiio ht cipp tbhf elui ~iz ìft ozyk `mptp

bho mfi me tbi cm{ipt zhtip me lf`zihpi lf :>8> lf ahf| oi`hoip& Bm{iuiz ozyk ypi lp

bihulc| `mfìftzhtio lf tbi icoizc| hfo fi{ ozyk olp`muizlip `myco ~ypb tbi `mpt `yzui jh`d

y~& Pthjlci hfo Kziifjchtt cmmdio ht pìfhzlmp {ltb ozyk `mptp zlplfk emyz plr hfo ilkbt

~iz ìft hffyhcc|& Ht ilkbt ~iz ìft kzm{tb ptlcc cipp tbhf lf tbi ziìft ~hpt ozykp {myco km

ezma >&5: tm 2&5 ~iz ìft me KO^ lf 9> |ihzp& Jypj| hfo Zmjpmf ~zmgi`t MO^ `mptp tm zlpi

2&? ~iz ìft ~iz hffya muiz tbi firt :> |ihzp gypt pclkbtc| cipp tbhf tbi <&? ~iz ìft ~hì me

tbi ~hpt :> |ihzp&

Lf ltp :>8> Pyzui| me @hfhoh tbi MI@O fmtio tbht @hfholhf kifizl` ozyk ~zlìp hzi tbi

blkbipt lf tbi MI@O iuif blkbiz tbhf lf tbi Yfltio Pthtip hfo t{lì hp blkb hp lf Elfchfo&

Lt lp fmt pyz~zlplfk tbif tbht Mfthzlm tmmd oi`lplui h`tlmf lf :>8> tm cm{iz kifizl` ozyk ~zlìp

tm :9 ~iz ìft me jzhfo ~zlìp& Mtbiz ~zmulfìp hzi thdlfk plalchz pti~p&

:9 Ahzd Pthjlci hfo Gh`xyiclfi Kziifjchtt –^zmulolfk ^bhzah`hzi emz hf Hklfk ^m~ychtlmf7 Lp ^zieyfolfk tbi Pmcytlmf=‑ LZ^^ Ptyo|Eijzyhz| :>8> ~& < om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&lz~~&mzk-~yjp-LZ^^ptyo|-LZ^^]Ptyo|]fm:&~oe&

:5 Ljlo& ~& ;&:; @mclf Jypj| hfo [lcclha J&^& Zmjpmf –H Pm`lhc Lfpyzhfì Amoic emz ^bhzah`hzi7 Mfthzlm“p M~tlmfp emz h Amzi Pypthlfhjci

@mpt!Ieei`tlui Ozyk ^zmkzha‑ @&O& Bm{i Lfptltyti H~zlc :>88 om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&òbm{i&mzk-~oe-@maaifthz|]0:5&~oe&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

89<

_bizi hzi lfieel`lif`lip lf tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia

_bi @hfholhf Lfptltyti emz Bihctb Lfemzahtlmf“p Bihctb @hzi lf @hfhoh :>8> zi~mzt olp`yppip

h fyajiz me irha~cip me lfieel`lif`| lf tbi @hfholhf bihctb `hzi p|ptia& Emz irha~ci

oip~lti ch`d me iuloifì me jifielt 05>> tbizh~iytl` dfii hztbzmp`m~lip hfo 8>9>

uiztijzm~chptlip {izi ~izemzaio lf @hfhoh lf :>>2‐><&:2

Ht 8< ~iz ìft me hcc oicluizlip`hiphzihf pi`tlmfp ehz irìio `clfl`hc kyloiclfip hp omip tbi `mftlfylfk {loip~ziho ~zh`tlì

me b|ptizi`tma|&:< @ma~hzio {ltb mtbiz `myftzlip @hfhoh omip ~mmzc| mf humlohjci bmp~lthc

hoalpplmfp emz olhjitip& _bi MI@O fmtio lf ltp :>8> @hfhoh Pyzui| tbht bmp~lthclwhtlmfp lf

@hfhoh emz olhjitip ~iz 8>>>>> ~im~ci hzi hjmui tbi MI@O huizhki& _bi @LBL ozh{p tbi

clfd tm tbi mjpizuhtlmf tbht mfc| 0: ~iz ìft me olhjitl`p zi~mztio ziìlulfk hcc emyz

zi`maaifoio tiptp lf :>>;& 0> _blp lccyptzhtip tbi pblet tbht lp fiioio ezma bmp~lthc!jhpio

tzihtaift tm `clfl` hfo bmai!jhpio ~ziuiftlmf&

Ahf| bmp~lthc jiop hzi m``y~lio j| ~htliftp {bm `myco kit jittiz xyhclt| `hzi ht h cm{iz

muizhcc `mpt icpi{bizi lf tbi p|ptia& _bi @LBL tzh`dp {bht lp dfm{f hp hctizfhti ciuic me `hzi "HC@, {bl`b zieizp tm ~htliftp {bm m``y~| bmp~lthc jiop jyt fm cmfkiz fiio h`yti

`hzi pizulìp ‟ –jio!jcm`dizp‑ lf ~m~ychz ~hzchfì& Lf :>>2‐>< elui ~iz ìft me

bmp~lthclwhtlmfp hfo 80 ~iz ìft me hcc bmp~lthc oh|p {izi HC@&08 Lt lp yfoizpthfohjci tm h

oikzii tbht ~htliftp {myco ifo y~ `chpplelio hp HC@ fihz tbi ifo me tbilz bmp~lthc pth|&

Jyt flfi ~iz ìft me HC@ ~htliftp {izi hoalttio tm h`yti `hzi hp HC@ hfo tbi| h``myft emz

88 ~iz ìft me HC@ oh|p& _bi ampt `maamf zihpmfp emz ~htliftp jilfk lf HC@ pthtyp lp tbht

tbi| piid ~hcclhtlui `hzi "0? ~iz ìft, hzi {hltlfk emz hoalpplmf tm hfmtbiz hoixyhti eh`lclt|

":; ~iz ìft, mz piid ~b|pl`hc tbizh~| "88 ~iz ìft,& _bipi HC@ ~htliftp tifo tm pth| tbht {h|

emz h cmfk tlai ‟ 5: ~iz ìft pth| amzi tbhf h {iid hfo :? ~iz ìft amzi tbhf h amftb& Elui

~iz ìft pth| iuif cmfkiz tbhf 8>> oh|p&

@hpi Ptyo| #:7 Hetiz tbi oihtb me blp {lei tbi ehalc| me h ;5!|ihz!mco ahf oi`loio tm amui tbilz ehtbiz `cmpiz tm tbilz bmai {bl`b {hp :9> dlcmaitzip

h{h|& Hetiz fmtl`lfk pmai oiaiftlh bi {hp amuio lftm tbi ehalc| bmai {bizi tbi oiaiftlh {mzpifio tm tbi ~mlft {bizi tbi ehalc|

jzmykbt bla tm tbi cm`hc bmp~lthc iaizkif`| oi~hztaift& Bmai `hzi `myco fmt ji kluif emz amzi tbhf t{m oh|p ~iz {iid& Bi {hp

hoalttio olzi`tc| tm h bmp~lthc yflt {bizi pti~p emz ~chìaift lftm h cmfk!tiza `hzi eh`lclt| {izi thdif& Bi {hp lf hf HC@ bmp~lthc jio emz

889 oh|p h{hltlfk ~chìaift ji`hypi tbi cmfk!tiza `hzi bmaip olo fmt `mfploiz bla pylthjci oip~lti tbi eh`t tbht tbi| bho ia~t| jiop&

:2 @LBL –Bihctb @hzi lf @hfhoh‑ :>8> m~& `lt& ~~& ::‐:?&:< Ljlo& ~~& :9‐09&0> Ljlo& ~~& ?0‐?9&08 Ljlo& ~~& ?<‐9?&



85>

_bi zipyctp me tblp lfieel`lif`| lf`cyoi ~im~ci lf bmp~lthc jiop {bm `myco ji jittiz `hzio emz

icpi{bizi `zm{olfk me iaizkif`| eh`lcltlip `hfìcchtlmfp me pyzkizlip ji`hypi jiop hzi fmt

huhlchjci hfo h `cmkklfk me hajychfì pizulìp jzlfklfk ~im~ci tm hfo ezma bmp~lthcp&

_bipi hzi `chppl` p|a~tmap me h p|ptia jylct emz h`yti `hzi ht h tlai {bif tbi fiiop bhui

pbletio amzi tm `bzmfl` `hzi& Lt aypt ji fmtio tbht lf Mfthzlm {bl`b bhp mfi me tbi `myftz|“p

blkbipt ciuicp me HC@ "py`b ~htliftp m``y~| piuif ~iz ìft me bmp~lthc jiop `ma~hzio {ltb

elui ~iz ìft fhtlmfhcc|, tbi kmuizfaift lftzmoyìo ltp Hklfk ht Bmai Ptzhtik| lf :>>;

oiplkfio lf ~hzt tm zioyì tbi fyajiz me HC@ ~htliftp& Amzi ziìftc| Mfthzlm {lpic|

`maalpplmfio h ptyo| j| Oz& Ohulo [hcdiz {bm ahoi zi`maaifohtlmfp "{i {lcc zityzf tm

tbipi chtiz, mf HC@ hfo pti~p tbht pbmyco ji thdif tm pblet tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia tm{hzop

`hzlfk emz hf mcoiz ~m~ychtlmf&0:

_bi MI@O zipihz`bizp {bm tmmd h pthj ht aihpyzlfk lfieel`lif`| `mptp lf bihctb `hzi p|ptiap

`hai tm h pthztclfk `mf`cyplmf hjmyt tblp `myftz|& _bi| iptlahtio tbht le @hfhoh ji`hai hp

ieel`lift hp tbi jipt!~izemzalfk `myftzlip tbizi {myco ji h phulfk lf ~yjcl` bihctb `hzi `mptpme :&9 ~iz ìft me KO^ lf :>8;&00 Pi`yzlfk py`b ieel`lif`| khlfp {myco fmt ~izahfiftc| cm{iz

tbi kzm{tb me bihctb `hzi `mptp jyt `myco ìzthlfc| om pm muiz tbi tzhfpltlmf ~izlmo&

_bi MI@O pykkiptp tbht @hfhoh hp h {bmci –{hptio‑ /?>&5 jlcclmf me tbi /805&< jlcclmf tbht

tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz p~ift mf bihctb lf :>8>4 tbi `ma~hzhjci elkyzi emz Mfthzlm le tbi :&9 ~iz ìft

elkyzi hcpm bmcop tzyi emz tbi ~zmulfì {myco ji /80&? jlcclmf lf –{hpti‑ myt me /?;&2 jlcclmf lf

tmthc ~yjcl` p~ifolfk& Lf mtbiz {mzop ieel`lif`| khlfp {myco hamyft tm hcampt 0> ~iz ìft me

~yjcl`!pi`tmz p~ifolfk lf :>8>&0? Me `myzpi aihpyzlfk lfieel`lif`| ip~i`lhcc| j| `ma~hzlfk

oleeizlfk lftizfhtlmfhc p|ptiap lp uiz| oleel`yct pm {i aypt ji `hytlmyp lf lftiz~zitlfk tbi

MI@O elkyzi& Eyztbiz lt pla~c| ah| fmt ji eihpljci tm iclalfhti mz iuif pyjpthftlhcc| zioyìtbi elkyzi& _bht phlo lt lp fmt h chzki cih~ tm ~zipyai tbht le {i `myco ziamui hp clttci hp 8> ~iz

ìft me tblp lfieel`lif`| muiz tbi firt 8> |ihzp ~yjcl` bihctb `hzi p~ifolfk `myco ji ziptzhlfio

tm h uiz| cm{ kzm{tb zhti muiz tbht ~izlmo&

0: [hcdiz m~& `lt&00 Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal` @m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift& –Bihctb`hzi P|ptiap7 Ieel`lif`| hfo ^mcl`| Pittlfkp :>8>‑ om{fcmhoio ht

btt~7--{{{&miò&mzk-om`yaift-0<->00?0if]:5?<]00;00]?5?<8?08]8]8]8]8>>&btac&0? @hc`ychtlmfp jhpio mf @LBL –Fhtlmfhc Bihctb Ir~ifoltyzi _zifop 8<;9‐:>88‑ m~& `lt& _hjci ?&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

858

H jzmhoiz ~izp~i`tlui `hf ji thdif mf ieel`lif`| me bihctb `hzi j| `mfploizlfk tbi `mpt

phulfkp ~mppljci tbzmykb la~zmulfk uhzlmyp cleipt|ci ~httizfp tbht bhui bihctb la~cl`htlmfp&

_bi @mfeizifì Jmhzo me @hfhoh iptlahtio tbht la~zmulfk tbi ciuicp me di| zlpd eh`tmzp py`b

hp mjiplt| pamdlfk zhtip hfo b|~iztifplmf {myco bhui oicluizio `yaychtlui `mpt phulfkp me

/;5&? jlcclmf muiz tbi :>>9‐8> ~izlmo&09

Mtbiz zi~mztp bhui iptlahtio ieel`lif`| khlfp& Emz irha~ci h ptyo| j| tbi @hfholhf @iftzi

emz ^mcl`| Hctizfhtluip05 iptlahtio tbht h fhtlmfhc ~bhzah`hzi ~chf {myco phui jit{iif

8> hfo ?: ~iz ìft me tmthc ozyk ir~ifoltyzip& \it fm eioizhc httiftlmf bhp jiif olzi`tio ht

tblp xyiptlmf& _bi lppyi {hp bhzoc| zhlpio oyzlfk tbi :>88 eioizhc ici`tlmf fmz olo lt iaizki

lf hf| me tbi ahf| ~zmulf`lhc ici`tlmfp muiz tbi ziahlfoiz me :>88&

_bi `mf`cyplmf ezma hcc tblp zipihz`b piiap lfip`h~hjci& _bi @hfholhf bihctb `hzi p|ptia

omip fmt oicluiz kziht uhcyi emz amfi| {bif gyokio ezma h jzmhoiz lftizfhtlmfhc ~izp~i`tlui&

[i `hf hfo pbmyco om jittiz& Lf jzlie oip~lti tbi ~yjcl`“p zichtlui phtlpeh`tlmf tbi p|ptia lp

pbm{lfk olptlf`t plkfp me lcc bihctb tmoh|&

@ma~cir `hpip ozlui `mptp

Hf| p|ptia oiplkfio tm hoozipp tbi fiiop me tbi ahgmzlt| me tbi ~m~ychtlmf {lcc ji

muiz{bicaio hfo oluiztio j| tbi p~i`lhc fiiop me tbi tzyc| `ma~cir hfo ir~ifplui `hpip&

Hjmyt mfi ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf h``myftp emz ?< ~iz ìft me bmp~lthc hfo bmai `hzi

`mptp hfo 8> ~iz ìft me tbi ~m~ychtlmf h``myftp emz <9 ~iz ìft me py`b `mptp h``mzolfk tm h

:>8> ptyo| j| tbi @hfholhf Bihctb Pizulìp Zipihz`b Kzmy~ "@BPZK,&0; _bi Lfptltyti emz

@clfl`hc hfo Iuhcyhtlui P`lifìp "L@IP, cmmdio ht p|ptia!{loi bihctb `hzi `mptp "ir`cyolfk

lf!~htlift aifthc bihctb hfo fmf!eii!emz!pizulì ~b|pl`lhf `mptp, hfo emyfo h plalchz tzifo7mfi ~iz ìft me tbi ~m~ychtlmf h``myftp emz 0? ~iz ìft me `mptp hfo 8> ~iz ìft h``myftp emz

;< ~iz ìft me p|ptia!{loi `mptp&02 Hp h ~mlft me `ma~hzlpmf tbi Gmyzfhc me tbi Haizl`hf

Aiol`hc Hppm`lhtlmf ziìftc| ~yjclpbio hf hztl`ci pthtlfk tbht hjmyt 8> ~iz ìft me tbi Y&P&

~m~ychtlmf `mfpyaip hjmyt 5? ~iz ìft me bihctb `hzi ir~ifoltyzip&0<

09 @mfeizifì Jmhzo me @hfhoh –_bi @hfholhf Bihzt Bihctb Ptzhtik|7 Zlpd Eh`tmzp hfo Eytyzi @mpt La~cl`htlmfp‑ Eijzyhz| :>8> ~& 8;om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&`mfeizifìjmhzo&`h-i!cljzhz|-hjptzh`t&hp~r=olo10??;%kmhc81HY_BF&

05 Ahz`!Hfozì Khkfmf hfo Kylcchyai Bìjizt –_bi I`mfmal` @hpi emz Yfluizphc ^bhzah`hzi7 @mptp hfo Jifieltp me ^yjcl`c| Eyfoio Ozyk@muizhki emz Hcc @hfholhfp‑ @hfholhf @iftzi emz ^mcl`| Hctizfhtluip Pi~tiajiz :>8> om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&~mcl`|hctizfhtluip&`h-~yjcl`htlmfp-zi~mztp-i`mfmal`!`hpi!yfluizphc!~bhzah`hzi&

0; @& ^zi|zh –Zihclwlfk tbi Bihctb Jhpio Hccm`htlmf Amoic‑ ^m{iz^mlft oi`d ~zmuloio j| Az& ^zi|zh :>8> ~& 0;&02 [& [mo`blp ^& Hyptlf H& Fi{ahf hfo H& @mzhccm –Blkb @mpt Ypizp me tbi Mfthzlm Bihctb @hzi P|ptia7 ^ziclalfhz| Hfhc|pip‑ :>88

^m{iz^mlft oi`d ~zmuloio j| L@IP ~& 0&0< I&G& Iahfyic –[bizi Hzi tbi Bihctb @hzi @mpt Phulfkp=‑ GHAH 0>; "Ghf& ? :>8:, fm& 8& ~~& 0<‐?>&



85:

Le tbi ~zmulfì `hf elfo ieel`lif`lip tbht zioyì tbipi `mptp j| iuif gypt 8> ~iz ìft tbht `myco

hamyft tm ht cihpt /8&9 jlcclmf h |ihz lf phulfkp?> h ~mztlmf me {bl`b `myco ji h`bliuio

tbzmykb jittiz `m!mzolfhtlmf me pizulìp&?8 H ay`b oii~iz hfhc|plp yfoizthdif j| Jzloki~mlft

Bihctb hfo Jmptmf @mfpyctlfk Kzmy~ lf :>88 pykkiptp tbht tbi phulfkp h`bliuio tbzmykb

jittiz `m!mzolfhtlmf me `hzi lf Mfthzlm `myco ji iuif kzihtiz lf tbi zihca me /? jlcclmf tm

/5 jlcclmf ~iz |ihz&?: Bm{iuiz tbipi p~i`lhc `hpip fiio tm ji bhfocio ptzhtikl`hcc|&

[bm hzi tbi ~im~ci lf tblp mfi ~iz ìft `htikmz|= _bi| hzi ~im~ci {bm hzi ezixyiftc| lf hfo

myt me myz bihctb `hzi p|ptia `mfpthftc| jilfk hoalttio tm olp`bhzkio ezma hfo tbif

zihoalttio tm bmp~lthcp& Lf tbi @BPZK“p hfhc|plp tbipi {izi ampt cldic| ~htliftp {ltb

`lz`ychtmz| hfo zip~lzhtmz| p|ptia lppyip `hfìz lfgyzlip mz ~mlpmflfk "ezixyiftc| ezma ~mpt!

pyzkl`hc `ma~cl`htlmfp zipyctlfk ezma iltbiz lfei`tlmfp mz oiulì ehlcyzip,& Bihzt ehlcyzi lp tbi

ampt `maamf zihpmf emz ~im~ci lf tblp mfi ~iz ìft `htikmz| tm ji hoalttio tm bmp~lthc&

_bipi bihzt ehlcyzi ~htliftp bhui h zihoalpplmf zhti me 00 ~iz ìft hfo hzi ampt cldic| tm ji

zihoalttio {ltblf 8> oh|p me jilfk zicihpio ezma bmp~lthc&?0

Le h ~izpmf lp piif j| h bihctb~zmuloiz {ltblf t{m oh|p me jilfk zicihpio ezma bmp~lthc ptyolip bhui pbm{f tbht tbilz

~zmjhjlclt| me jilfk zihoalttio ozm~p j| ht cihpt mfi!tblzo& [bht ahttizp lp fmt aizic| tbi

lftizuiftlmf ltpice jyt tbi tlaiclfipp {ltb {bl`b lt lp `hzzlio myt&

_bizi lp hcpm ~zmme tbht bmai!jhpio `hzi `hf zioyì zihoalpplmfp emz bihzt ehlcyzi&???9 Jzltlpb

ptyolip pykkipt tbht –ticiamfltmzlfk me ulthc plkfp hfo p|a~tmap eh`lclthti ihzc| oiti`tlmf me

oitizlmzhtlmf hfo zioyì zi!hoalpplmf zhtip hfo cifktb me bmp~lthc pth| lf ~htliftp {ltb bihzt

ehlcyzi&‑?5 _bipi lftizuiftlmfp hzi pla~ci hfo hcziho| huhlchjci tm Mfthzlhfp&

?> Mfthzlm p~ift /??&2 jlcclmf chpt |ihz mf bihctb& Yplfk tbi L@IP elkyzip 0? ~iz ìft me /??&2 jlcclmf lp /89&: jlcclmf pm h 8> ~iz ìftzioy`tlmf lf `mptp {myco ji /8&9 jlcclmf&

?8 [& [mo`blp it hc& m~& `lt& ~& :8&?: Jzloki~mlft Bihctb hfo Jmptmf @mfpyctlfk Kzmy~ –La~zmulfk Uhcyi lf Ahfhklfk ^htliftp {ltb @ma~cir @bzmfl` Olpihpi‑ ^m{iz^mlft

oi`d ~zmuloio j| Jzloki~mlft Bihctb :>88&?0 @& ^zi|zh m~& `lt& ~& ?8&?? P& Pti{hzt H&G& Uhfoifjzmid P& îhzpmf hfo G&O& Bmzm{ltw –^zmcmfkio Jifiel`lhc Ieei`tp me h Bmai!Jhpio Lftizuiftlmf mf Yf~chffio

Zihoalpplmfp hfo Amzthclt| Hamfk ^htliftp {ltb @mfkiptlui Bihzt Ehlcyzi‑ Hz`b Lftizf Aio 89< "Eij& 2 8<<<, fm& 0 ~~& :9;‐58&?9 ^zi|zh m~& `lt&?5 H&H& Cmylp _& _yzfiz A& Kzittmf H& Jhdpb hfo G&K& @cichfo –H P|ptiahtl` Ziuli{ me _iciamfltmzlfk emz tbi Ahfhkiaift me Bihzt

Ehlcyzi– Iyz G Bihzt Ehlc 9 ":>>0, fm& 9 ~~& 920‐<>&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

850

Bm{iuiz tblp lp mfc| ~hzt me tbi hfp{iz tm tbi mfi ~iz ìft xyiptlmf& Hfhc|plp me h Cm`hc

Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzd“p "CBLF, :>>5‐>; jlcclfk ohth omfi mf jibhce me AMB_C@ ziuihcio

tbht mfi pyjpit me bmp~lthc lf~htliftp h``myftio emz ?> ~iz ìft me hcc bmp~lthc jio oh|p&?;

_bipi ~htliftp {izi loiftlelio hp –`ma~cir lf~htliftp‑ aihflfk tbi| olo fmt bhui gypt mfi

bihctb `mfoltlmf jyt ahf| ht mfì metif lf`cyolfk aifthc bihctb mz hool`tlmf lppyip& Ptzldlfkc|

plalchz zipyctp hzi emyfo lf Jzltlpb @mcyajlh& –Ziahzdhjc| muiz 2> ~iz ìft me ezixyift ypizp

me J@“p bihctb `hzi p|ptia bho ht cihpt plr oleeizift t|~ip me lccfipp hfo hcampt mfi tblzo

h`tyhcc| bho tif mz amzi lccfippip `ma~hzio {ltb mfc| h pahcc alfmzlt| me mtbiz ypizp&‑?2 Lf

Mfthzlm 2> ~iz ìft me hcc HC@ jio oh|p {izi ypio j| tbipi `ma~cir ~htliftp p~ifolfk hf

huizhki me ;:&< oh|p lf bmp~lthc lf :>>5‐>;& Hp h `ma~hzlpmf tbi huizhki pth| emz h fmf!

`ma~cir ~htlift {hp 5&0 oh|p muiz tbi phai ~izlmo& Muiz bhce me tbipi ~htliftp hcpm tifo tm ji

muiz hki ;9 hfo mfi!tblzo hzi olp`bhzkio ezma tbi bmp~lthc tm hfmtbiz eh`lclt| "ampt cldic| h

cmfk!tiza `hzi bmai,& Hfmtbiz tblzo hzi olp`bhzkio tm tbi `maayflt| {ltbmyt py~~mzt

pizulìp&?< Plalchz lftizuiftlmfp tm tbmpi aiftlmfio hjmui `myco bhui h kziht la~h`t {bif

`hzlfk emz tbipi ~htliftp& Hoolfk tm tblp lppyi hzi mtbiz pm`lhc oitizalfhftp me bihctb py`b hp~muizt| pm`lhc lpmchtlmf hfo lccltizh`| {bl`b `hf eyztbiz lf`zihpi tbi fiio emz lftizuiftlmf&

Lftiziptlfkc| {bif |my cmmd ht tbi ~htliftp tbht ypio iaizkif`| zmmap "IZp, ampt metif lf

tbi CBLF hfhc|wio j| AMBC_@ tbi ~zmelci `bhfkip plkflel`hftc|& Amzi tbhf bhce {izi yfoiz

hki ?9& _bipi –ht!zlpd‑ ~htliftp h``myftio emz :> ~iz ìft me hcc IZ ulpltp hfo ahoi muiz emyz

ulpltp h |ihz pmai muiz :> lf mfi |ihz& Iuif amzi lftzlkylfk lp tbi ciuic me piuizlt| me tbilz

aiol`hc lppyip "hcpm dfm{f hp –h`ylt|‑ lf IZp,& _bmykb mfi alkbt ir~i`t tbht tbi zihpmf emz

ezixyift ulpltp tm tbi IZ {hp tbi fiio emz pyzkiz| mz pmai mtbiz `ma~cl`htio lftizuiftlmf

tbipi ~htliftp {izi fm amzi cldic| tm ji hf yzkift `hpi tbhf hf huizhki iuiz|oh| ulpltmz tm

tbi IZ& Lfptiho h ptzmfk yfoizc|lfk `mftzljytmz tm ezixyift ulpltp tm tbi IZ h~~ihzp tm ji

aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf lppyip&9>

?; G& Ch{pmf –Blkb Ypiz Hfhc|plp‑ :>>2 ^m{iz^mlft oi`d ~zmuloio j| Az& Ch{pmf&?2 Z&G& Zilo Z&K& Iuhfp A&C& Jhziz P& Pbi~p D& Dizcydi D& A`Kzhlc @& Biztwahf hfo F& ^hkcl``lh –[b| Om Pmai îm~ci Ypi Pm Ay`b

Bihctb @hzi=‑ :>>0 Yfluizplt| me Jzltlpb @mcyajlh Zipihz`b Jzlie om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&`bp~z&yj`&`h-elcip-~yjcl`htlmfp-:>>0-`bp~z>0!>5P&~oe&

?< Lt pbmyco ji fmtio tbht lf tblp kzmy~ lt ah| bhui jiif tbi `hpi tbht py~~mzt pizulìp {izi fmt fiioio&9> Ch{pmf m~& `lt&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

859

Aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf lppyip hzi hcpm `mpt ozluizp

Hp {ltb `ma~cir `hpip tbi ieei`tp me aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf mf myz bihctb `hzi p|ptia

pbmyco fmt ji yfoiziptlahtio fmz pbmyco tbi zl~~ci ieei`tp eict lf tbi gyptlì ioy`htlmfhc hfo

pm`lhc pizulìp pi`tmzp& Lf :>>> tbi i`mfmal` `mptp me aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf lppyip

{izi iptlahtio tm ji /00&< jlcclmf& Ilkbt|!elui ~iz ìft me tbipi `mptp "/:2&; jlcclmf, `hai ezmah cmpp me ~zmoy`tlult| {blci tbi ziahlflfk /9&: jlcclmf {izi oyi tm `mptp me bmp~lthclwhtlmfp

`maayflt| aifthc bihctb hfo pyjpthfì hjypi ~zmkzhap ch{ ifemzìaift py~~mztlui

bmyplfk elzi cmppip hfo `h~lthc `mptp tm fhai h ei{&98 Amzi ziìft iptlahtip me tbi i`mfmal`

`mptp me aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf hzi ~ikkio ht /0< jlcclmf hffyhcc| {ltb ~zmoy`tlult|

cmppip h``myftlfk emz ;? ~iz ìft me tbi `mptp&9: Hkhlf iuif h 8> ~iz ìft zioy`tlmf lf bihctb

`hzi `mptp khlfio j| oiuicm~lfk h amzi ieel`lift p|ptia `myco ~zipift ht cihpt /0 jlcclmf ~iz

|ihz lf phulfkp tm tbi Mfthzlm i`mfma| hfo oicluiz jittiz `hzi emz tbipi ~htliftp&

–Ht!zlpd‑ IZ ~htliftp hzi amzi tbhf emyz tlaip amzi cldic| tm bhui aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf

lppyip "tbi alr me tbi t{m lp `hccio h –`m!amzjlolt|‑, tbhf mtbiz ~htliftp ulpltlfk tbi IZ&@ma~cir lf~htliftp hzi tbzii tlaip amzi cldic|&90 Hp h pti~ tm{hzop zicliulfk tbi ~zippyzi eict

j| IZp ezma ~htliftp {ltb aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf lppyip amzi {hcd!lf `clfl`p hfo EB_p

pbmyco ji ixyl~~io {ltb `myfpicclfk `clfl`p&9?

98 [& Kfha –_bi I`mfmal` @mptp me Aifthc Olpmzoizp hfo Hc`mbmc _mjh``m hfo Lccl`lt Ozyk Hjypi lf Mfthzlm :>>>‑ :>>5 @iftzi emz Hool`tlmf hfo Aifthc Bihctb Eh`t Pbiit om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&`hab&fit-Zipihz`b-Zipihz`b]~yjcl`htlmfp-@ML):>EH@_):>PBII_]ziulpioelfhc&~oe&

9: Alflptz| me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi –Iuiz| Ommz lp tbi Zlkbt Ommz7 _m{hzop h 8>!\ihz Aifthc Bihctb Ptzhtik|‑ :>>< ~&85&90 Ch{pmf m~& `lt&9? Ehalc| Pizulì Mfthzlm –[hcd!Lf @myfpicclfk @clfl`p7 H ^m{izeyc Ziclie Uhcui emz ^zippyzi mf Mfthzlm“p Bihctb @hzi P|ptia‑ :>88&



855

Aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf lppyip lf`cyolfk `m!amzjloltlip bhui jiif tbi pyjgi`t me ahf|

ziìft `mfpycthtlmfp hfo zi~mztp99 lf`cyolfk tbht me tbi Mfthzlm ciklpchtyzi“p Pici`t @maalttii

mf Aifthc Bihctb hfo Hool`tlmfp {bl`b zi~mztio lf Hykypt :>8>&95 _bi `maalttii fmtio

tbht –aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmfp pizulìp hzi eyfoio mz ~zmuloio j| ht cihpt 8> oleeizift

alflptzlip& @maayflt| `hzi lp oicluizio j| ??> `blcozif“p aifthc bihctb hkif`lip

00> `maayflt| aifthc bihctb hkif`lip 89> pyjpthfì hjypi tzihtaift hkif`lip hfo

h~~zmrlahtic| 9> ~zmjcia khajclfk ìftzip&‑ Cldi tbi @maalpplmf tbi Pici`t @maalttii

{hp pyz~zlpio tm olp`muiz –tbht fm mfi ~izpmf mz mzkhflwhtlmf lp zip~mfpljci emz `mffi`tlfk

tbipi uhzlmyp ~hztp mz –jzihdlfk om{f tbi plcmp‑ hp {i pm metif bihzo& _bizi lp hcpm fm plfkci

mzkhflwhtlmf zip~mfpljci me ifpyzlfk tbht aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmfp pizulìp hfo py~~mztp

hzi oicluizio `mfplptiftc| hfo `ma~zibifpluic| h`zmpp Mfthzlm&‑9;

Eyztbiz tbizi lp h fiio tm clfd tbi bihctb p|ptia hfo pm`lhc pizulì ~chfflfk lf`cyolfk |mytb

~zmti`tlmf pizulìp amzi ieei`tluic| tm pizui aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf ~htliftp jittiz&

Lf Gyfi :>88 AMBC_@ zicihpio –M~if Alfop Bihctb| Alfop Mfthzlm“p @ma~zibifpluiAifthc Bihctb hfo Hool`tlmfp Ptzhtik|‑ lf zip~mfpi tm tbi Pici`t @maalttii“p mjpizuhtlmfp&

_bi ptzhtik| lf`cyoip h ~chf tm em`yp mf xyhclt| la~zmuiaift ihzc| lftizuiftlmf hfo la~zmuio

pizulì lftikzhtlmf emz aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmf ~htliftp& Lf hooltlmf lt hoozippip mtbiz

plkflel`hft yfoizc|lfk `hypip me ~mmz bihctb myt`maip lf Mfthzlhfp7 tbi pm`lhc oitizalfhftp me

bihctb py`b hp ~muizt| hfo h`ìpp tm `hzi&92

Bihctb `hzi7 bm{ lt {mzdp fm{ hfo bm{ lt pbmyco {mzd lf eytyzi

@hfhoh“p bihctb p|ptia hfo tbht me Mfthzlm oiuicm~io tm oihc {ltb h`yti `hzi hfo chzkic|

ziahlf lf tbht amoi& Elzpt tbi em`yp lp mf ~ht`blfk y~ ~im~ci hetiz h bihctb ~zmjcia bhp

ptzy`d zhtbiz tbhf thdlfk h jzmhoiz h~~zmh`b tbht alkbt ~ziuift ~zmjciap mz ht cihpt altlkhti

tbi ieei`tp& Eyztbiz tbi p|ptia lp oiplkfio tm jzlfk tbi ~htlift tm tbi ~zh`tltlmfiz metif lf

h bmp~lthc pittlfk& Aiol`hzi ~h|p tbi jlccp emz ~b|pl`lhfp hfo bmp~lthcp jyt clttci icpi&

99 Pmai ziìft zi~mztp lf`cyoi –[lzio emz Py`ìpp7 Hf Mfthzlm Jzhlf Ptzhtik|‑ Fiyzmcmkl`hc Bihctb @bhzltlip @hfhoh "Oiìajiz :>8>,4–Zip~i`t Zi`muiz| hfo Ziplclifì‑ Alflptiz me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi“p Houlpmz| Kzmy~ "Oiìajiz :>8>, om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&bihctb&kmu&mf&`h-if-~yjcl`-~yjcl`htlmfp-alflptz|]zi~mztp-aifthc]bihctb-aifthcbihctb]zi~&~oe hfo –Iuiz| Ommz lp tbi ZlkbtOmmz7 _m{hzop h 8>!\ihz Aifthc Bihctb Ptzhtik|‑ AMBC_@ "Gyc| :>><, hcc me {bl`b hzi huhlchjci mfclfi&

95 Pici`t @maalttii mf Aifthc Bihctb hfo Hool`tlmfp –Fhulkhtlfk tbi Gmyzfi| tm [iccfipp7 _bi @ma~zibifplui Aifthc Bihctb hfo Hool`tlmfp H`tlmf ^chf emz Mfthzlhfp‑ om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&mftch&mf&`h-`maalttii!~zmìiolfkp-`maalttii!zi~mztp-elcip]~oe-Pici`t):>Zi~mzt):>IFK&~oe&

9; Ljlo ~& 0&92 Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi –M~if Alfop Bihctb| Alfop Mfthzlm“p @ma~zibifplui Aifthc Bihctb hfo Hool`tlmfp

Ptzhtik|‑ Gyfi :>88 ~& ? om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&bihctb&kmu&mf&`h-ifkclpb-~yjcl`-~yj-aifthc-~oe-m~if]alfop]bihctb|]alfop]if&~oe&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

85;

_moh| bm{iuiz tbi di| bihctb lppyip hzi lf`zihplfkc| pbletlfk tm `bzmfl` `hzi xyiptlmfp

lf kmmo ~hzt ji`hypi tbi ~m~ychtlmf lp hklfk jyt hcpm ji`hypi pmai cleipt|ci ~zmjciap py`b

hp mjiplt| hzi `zihtlfk ~hztl`ychz bihctb `mfoltlmfp py`b hp hoyct!mfpit _|~i : olhjitip& Lf

ampt `bzmfl` `hzi `hpip bmai `hzi lp amzi ieel`lift hfo me jittiz xyhclt|& \it tbizi bhp jiif

fm fhtlmfhc lftizkmuizfaifthc h~~zmh`b tm bmai `hzi plfì tbi eioizhc!~zmulf`lhc olp`ypplmfp

hzmyfo tbi Bihctb H``mzo lf :>>?& Filtbiz bhp tbizi jiif h fhtlmfhc h~~zmh`b tm cmfk!tiza

eh`lclt|!jhpio `hzi emz tbi icoizc| ‟ h zichtio lppyi ‟ iuif tbmykb tblp lp {bizi tbi `yzzift

hfo eytyzi ~zippyzip cli& _bizi bhui jiif pmai ~zmulf`lhc lfltlhtluip bm{iuiz& Mfthzlm“p

Hklfk ht Bmai Ptzhtik| chyf`bio lf :>>; ~zmuloip pizulìp emz piflmzp hfo `hzikluizp tm

ifhjci tbia tm ziahlf lf tbilz bmaip& _bi MI@O ~zmgi`tp tbht tbi tmthc ~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti

`mptp me cmfk!tiza `hzi {lcc amzi tbhf omyjci ezma hf iptlahtio 8&? ~iz ìft me KO^ lf :>>5

tm 0&0 ~iz ìft j| :>9>&9<

[bht Lp tbi M~~mztyflt|=

_bi loihc bihctb p|ptia {myco ~yt amzi ia~bhplp mf ~ziuiftlfk ~mmz bihctb& Lt {myco ji

~htlift!ìftzl` hfo {myco eihtyzi `m!mzolfhtlmf hcmfk tbi `ma~citi `mftlfyya me `hzi tbht h

~htlift alkbt fiio& ^zlahz| `hzi {myco ji tbi ahlf ~mlft me `mfth`t {ltb ~htliftp {ltb ay`b

me tbi `m!mzolfhtlmf h`zmpp `hziklulfk omfi tbzmykb tbi hoalflptzhtlmf me ziklmfhc bihctb

hytbmzltlip& _bizi {myco ji ay`b cipp ia~bhplp mf tzihtlfk ~htliftp lf bmp~lthcp {bl`b hzi

`mptc| hfo ir~mpi ~im~ci tm `mfthklmyp olpihpip {blci |licolfk ~mmz ~htlift phtlpeh`tlmf& _m h

ay`b kzihtiz oikzii `hzi {myco ji ~zmuloio j| ~zlahz| `hzi eh`lcltlip tbzmykb jittiz

lfemzahtlmf hfo lf tbi `hpi me `bzmfl` bihctb lppyip lf tbi bmai mz cmfk!tiza `hzi eh`lcltlip&

_bi p|ptia {myco hccm{ hcc ~zmeipplmfhcp tm iriz`lpi tbi eycc p`m~i me tbilz pdlccp lf tbilz {mzd4

fyzpip emz irha~ci {myco om {bht tbi| `myco `ma~itiftc| om cldi hoalflptiz uh``lfip hfo

fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp `myco ~zmuloi blkb!xyhclt| ahfhkiaift me `bzmfl` lccfippip cldi olhjitip

hfo blkb jcmmo ~zippyzi&

Lf tblp loihc p|ptia ~h|aift p`biaip hfo lfemzahtlmf khtbizlfk {myco ji hclkfio tm py~~mzt

tbi ~htlift!ìftzl` fmtlmf& @ma~ifphtlmf emz bmp~lthcp hfo ~b|pl`lhfp {myco ji amzi `cmpic|

tlio tm myt`maip me bihctb zhtbiz tbhf tm tbi lf~ytp mz pizulìp& Ohth {myco ji khtbizio mf tbi

h`tyhc tmthc `mpt me cmmdlfk hetiz h ~htlift zhtbiz tbhf tbi ~zipift p|ptia me `mcci`tlfk ohth emz

pi~hzhti ~mztlmfp me tbi p|ptia4 iuif tbif `yzzift ohth hzi h`tyhcc| jhpio mf kmuizfaift

zilajyzpiaift zhtip zhtbiz tbhf tzyi `mptp&5>

_bi `yzzift p|ptia hfo hf loihc ziemzaio p|ptia hzi chlo myt lf tbi emccm{lfk `bhztp&

9< MI@O –Bic~ [hftio= ^zmulolfk hfo ^h|lfk emz Cmfk!_iza @hzi :>88‑ jhpio mf ohth lf _hjci :&: ~& 2> om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&miò&mzk-om`yaift-:0->0;?5if]:5?<]0;?>;]?;59<?;<]8]8]8]0;?>;>>&btac#ohth&

5> _bizi lp h kmmo olp`ypplmf me ahfhkiaift hfo ohth lppyip lf h ~htlift!ìftzl` p|ptia lf Zmjizt P& Dh~chf hfo Al`bhic I& ^mztiz–_bi Jlk Loih7 Bm{ tm Pmcui tbi @mpt @zlplp lf Bihctb @hzi‑ Bhzuhzo Jyplfipp Ziuli{ Pi~tiajiz :>88 om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--bjz&mzk-:>88-><-bm{!tm!pmcui!tbi!`mpt!`zlplp!lf!bihctb!`hzi-hz-8&



852

Kifizhc H~~zmh`b

Lftizuiftlmf hetiz h ~zmjcia m``yzp H`yti `hzi Bmp~lthc!ìftzl` Plcmp Zipmyzì!lftifplui alfmzlt| me ~htliftp lf zikychz

p|ptia H`ì~t pm`lm!i`mfmal` {ihdfippip Irtzhmzolfhz| lftizuiftlmfp ht ifo me clei

Bihctb ~zmamtlmf @bzmfl` `hzi ^htlift!ìftzl` @m!mzolfhtlmf h`zmpp h `mftlfyya me `hzi Oiol`htio `bhfficp emz tbi zipmyzì!lftifplui

alfmzlt| Hoozipp pm`lm!i`mfmal` {ihdfippip ^zi!hkziiaiftp mf ifo!me!clei `hzi

Bmp~lthcp

Ozh{ ~htliftp tm bmp~lthcp Blptmzl`hc `mpt ~cyp lfechtlmf elfhf`lfk Ahfhkio tbzmykb ìftzhc kmuizfaift Bmamkifimyp hcc tz|lfk tm meeiz hcc pizulìp

Dii~ ~htliftp myt me bmp~lthcp Jcifo me jhpi eyfolfk hfo ~h|!j|!h`tlult| Ziklmfhc ahfhkiaift Oleeiziftlhtlmf hfo p~i`lhclwhtlmf hcmfk {ltb

p~i`lhclwio `clfl`p

Cmfk!_iza @hzi @maayflt| @hzi hfo Bmai @hzi

Fmt lftikzhtio yfoizeyfoio hfo {ilkbt mfcmfk!tiza `hzi

Lftikzhtio {ltb {ilkbt mf bmai `hzi

^b|pl`lhfp hfo Mtbiz ^zmeipplmfhcp

Fmt lftikzhtio {ltb bmp~lthcp hfo mtbiz pi`tmzp [mzd hcmfi mz lf kzmy~p Amptc| eii!emz!pizulì eyfolfk Ei{ pthfohzop emz aiol`hc h~~zmh`bip-`mfoy`t me

~zh`tlì Yf`cihz mjgi`tluip hfo {ihd h``myfthjlclt| Lfieel`lift hccm`htlmf me zip~mfpljlcltlip

Lftikzhtio {ltb ~zlahz| `hzi jilfk tbi byj emz ampt ~htliftp [mzd lf `clfl`p Jcifo me phchz|-`h~lthtlmf hfo eii!emz!myt`maip Iuloifì!jhpio kyloiclfip "tbzmykb xyhclt|

`myf`lcp, Mjgi`tluip ezma ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzltlip hfo

h``myfthjlclt| jyttzippio j| ici`tzmfl` zi`mzop Hccm`htlmf lf h``mzohfì {ltb zip~i`tlui pdlccp hfo

`mptp4 hfo {bizi eihpljci pbletlfk pizulìp tmcm{iz!`mpt `hzi!~zmuloizp

^bhzahìytl`hcp

Clttci `mpt olp`l~clfi ezma kmuizfaiftp @mpt me ~chfp tm ~zluhti ia~cm|izp ozluif lf kmmo

~hzt j| ia~cm|iip

@mpt olp`l~clfi tbzmykb ~yz`bhplfk ~m{izkyloiclfip emz `mfoy`t me ~zh`tlì Kzihtiz `mftzmc iriz`lpio j| ia~cm|izp




@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

85<

Pizulì Oicluiz|

Amptc| ~yjcl` pi`tmz Jcifo me ~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti pi`tmz "{ltblf ~yjcl`~h|iz amoic,

Lfemzahtlmf _i`bfmcmk|

Clttci ypio j| ~b|pl`lhfp hfo ip~i`lhcc| h`zmpptbi p|ptia

Lfemzahtlmf `mfui|io lf om`tmzp“ meelìp

Irtifplui ypi tbht lp di| tm `m!mzolfhtlmf h`zmppp|ptia hfo h``myfthjlclt|

Lfemzahtlmf amzi ihplc| huhlchjci hfo `mfui|iotbzmykb ayctl~ci pmyzìp "~bmfi Lftizfit it`&,

Aiol`hc P`bmmcp

Fm httiftlmf tm p|ptia "`mpt, lppyip Clttci httiftlmf tm chjmyz py~~c| lppyip

@myzpi"p, mf p|ptia lppyip Zmci lf olzi`tlfk ~b|pl`lhfp tm hzihp me oiahfo

"j| hzih me aiol`lfi hfo kimkzh~bl`hcc|,

@muizhki me ^yjcl` ^h|iz Amoic

B|jzlo {ltb hcampt 8>> ~iz ìft ~zlahz| cipp tbhfbhce me ozykp hfo claltio aifthc bihctb

Jzmhoiz `muizhki {loic| zi`maaifoio jyt fmt hthcc `cihz tblp {lcc ji h`tio y~mf

_bi loihc p|ptia jiklfp {ltb h kifizhc h~~zmh`b tm bihctb `hzi hfo amuip tbzmykb tbi ahgmz

iciaiftp me tbi p|ptia ‟ bmp~lthcp cmfk!tiza `hzi hfo bmai `hzi ~b|pl`lhfp hfo mtbiz

~zmeipplmfhcp ~bhzahìytl`hcp pizulìp oicluiz| "~yjcl` mz ~zluhti, lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk|

aiol`hc p`bmmcp hfo `muizhki me tbi ~yjcl` ~h|iz amoic& Jiemzi {i kit tm h amzi oithlcio pit

me zi`maaifohtlmfp bizi lp h pyaahz| me tbi dlfo me `bhfkip {i piid&

[i bhui hcziho| pdit`bio myt tbi kifizhc h~~zmh`b ‟ h pblet tm{hzop bihctb ~zmamtlmf

zhtbiz tbhf hetiz!tbi!~zmjcia tzihtaift4 h p|ptia ìftzio mf ~htliftp zhtbiz tbhf bmp~lthcp4

amzi httiftlmf tm `bzmfl` `hzi zhtbiz tbhf h ~zlahz| em`yp mf h`yti `hzi4 `m!mzolfhtlmf h`zmpp

h jzmho `mftlfyya me `hzi zhtbiz tbhf lfoi~ifoift plcmp tbht hccm{ tmm ahf| ~im~ci tm ehcc

jit{iif tbi `zh`dp4 hfo fi{ {h|p me oihclfk {ltb tbi pahcc alfmzlt| me ~htliftp {bm zixylzi

lftifplui `hzi&




8;>

Zhtbiz tbhf ozh{ ~htliftp lftm bmp~lthcp emz `hzi {i pbmyco ptzlui tm olzi`t ~htliftp tm tbi

ampt h~~zm~zlhti `hzi pittlfk emz tbilz ~zmjcia ‟ {bitbiz lt lp h om`tmz“p meelì ehalc| `hzi

ìftzi mz `clfl` zibhjlclthtlmf ìftzi cmfk!tiza `hzi ìftzi mz jh`d bmai& Bmp~lthc elfhf`lfk

tzholtlmfhcc| jhpio mf blptmzl`hc `mptp hfo lfechtlmf pbmyco amui tm h jcifo me jhpi eyfolfk

hfo ~h|!j|!h`tlult| {bl`b {myco zi`mkflwi tbi {mzd me bmp~lthcp tbht thdi mf tbi tmykbipt hfo

ampt ir~ifplui `hpip& _blp {myco h``ma~hf| h pblet ezma bmp~lthcp tbht tz| tm meeiz hcc

pizulìp tm kzihtiz oleeiziftlhtlmf hfo p~i`lhclwhtlmf tm zioyì muizch~ hfo `mfìftzhti

ir~iztlpi& H eyztbiz tzhfpeiz me ahfhkiaift ezma tbi kmuizfaift tm ziklmfhc hytbmzltlip

pbmyco h``ma~hf| tblp&

^b|pl`lhfp hfo mtbiz ~zmeipplmfhcp tifo tm {mzd hcmfi mz lf pahcc kzmy~p {bizi tbi| hzi

fmt lftikzhtio {ltb mtbiz pi`tmzp me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia4 jittiz tbht tbi| ji`mai tbi

~zlahz| `hzi byj emz ampt ~htliftp j| {mzdlfk lf `clfl`p tbht meeiz h uhzlit| me pizulìp hfo hzi

{icc `mffi`tio {ltb mtbiz ~hztp me tbi `hzi p|ptia& Hfo zhtbiz tbhf ji ~hlo ~zlahzlc| mf h

eii!emz!pizulì jhplp om`tmzp pbmyco kit h jcifo me phchz| `h~lthtlmf "hf hffyhc eii emz `hzi me h ~hztl`ychz ~htlift, hfo eii!emz!myt`maip& "Hcziho| h`zmpp @hfhoh hctizfhtlui ~h|aift

aitbmop tbht lf`cyoi phchz| hfo `h~lthtlmf zhtbiz tbhf ~yzi eii!emz!pizulì h``myft emz

:; ~iz ìft me tmthc `clfl`hc ~h|aiftp tm ~b|pl`lhfp&, H ziìft zi~mzt ~zi~hzio j| Gmbf Ahfci|

[lcclha Hfoizpmf hfo îtiz Jhzfip emz tbi Mfthzlm Bmp~lthc Hppm`lhtlmf zi`maaifop tbht tbi

`ma~ifphtlmf me bmp~lthc @IMp hfo piflmz iri`ytluip pbmyco ji tlio tm ~izemzahfì mf

ptzhtikl` bmp~lthc ~zlmzltlip& Eyztbiz ~izemzahfì ~h| pbmyco ji clfdio tm h`bliulfk ptzhtikl`

bihctb myt`maip emz ih`b ziklmf h`zmpp hcc t|~ip me bihctb pizulì ~zmuloizp lf @@H@p

C_@ eh`lcltlip EB_p @maayflt| Bihctb @iftzip hfo ~yjcl` bihctb yfltp& _bi Ahfci| zi~mzt“p

zi`maaifohtlmf hjmyt tzhfp~hzif`| me @IM hfo piflmz iri`ytlui `ma~ifphtlmf pbmyco hcpm

ji irtifoio ji|mfo bmp~lthcp hfo lf`cyoi CBLFp @@H@p hfo C_@ eh`lcltlip& Iuloifì!jhpio

kyloiclfip emz tbi `hzi me p~i`lel` ahcholip mz `mfoltlmfp oiuicm~io j| xyhclt| `myf`lcp hfo

ypio j| ~b|pl`lhfp hzi fiioio tm iuif myt tbi {loi uhzlit| me tzihtaiftp ‟ pmai amzi

ieei`tlui tbhf mtbizp ‟ tbht hzi fm{ ypio emz tbi phai ~zmjciap& _m ltp `ziolt tbi Mfthzlm

kmuizfaift bhp ipthjclpbio EB_p tbht km pmai {h| tm aiitlfk tblp kmhc jyt tbi| tifo tm

ji tmm pahcc {ltb tmm ei{ ~b|pl`lhfp hfo `muiz tmm fhzzm{ h zhfki me pizulìp& @yzziftc|

lt lp yf`cihz {bht mjgi`tluip ~zmeipplmfhcp hzi ir~i`tio tm aiit hfo h``myfthjlclt| lp {ihd4

tbi emzaiz pbmyco ji pit j| ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzltlip hfo tbi chttiz ptzifktbifio j|

ici`tzmfl` zi`mzo!dii~lfk& Lf hooltlmf {bizi eihpljci pizulìp pbmyco ji pbletio tm

cm{iz!`mpt `hzi!~zmuloizp&



8;:

_bi ~yjcl` ~h|iz amoic fm{ `muizp hcampt hcc me ~zlahz| `hzi ‟ ~b|pl`lhfp hfo bmp~lthcp ‟

jyt cipp tbhf bhce me ozykp hfo zichtluic| ei{ aifthc bihctb pizulìp4 ~p|`bmcmkl`hc pizulìp

emz irha~ci hzi fmt `muizio& Irtifolfk aiol`hzi tm h jzmhoiz zhfki me pizulìp {myco ji

oleel`yct hfo `mftzmuizplhc& Jyt hf m~if olhcmkyi mf tblp xyiptlmf lp {mztb{blci hfo ht pmai

~mlft {lcc ji`mai fiìpphz|& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco ht cihpt chyf`b py`b h olhcmkyi4

Mfthzlhfp pbmyco ji ~zi~hzio tm ifkhki lf tblp oijhti ip~i`lhcc| pthdibmcoizp {bm dfm{

tbi p|ptia jipt&

[i aypt ptzipp t{m tblfkp& Elzpt tbi bihctb `hzi chfop`h~i lp fmt fihzc| hp jch`d hfo {blti

hp tbi `bhzt hfo tblp pbmzt olp`ypplmf la~c|& Ahf| pikaiftp me tbi mco p|ptia hzi hcziho|

amulfk tm{hzop tbi dlfo me ziemzaio p|ptia {i {myco cldi tm pii hfo hzi pmai{bizi hcmfk

tbi `mftlfyya jit{iif mco hfo ziemzaio& Pi`mfo fmfi me {bht {i bhui phlo {lcc pyz~zlpi

hf|mfi {bm ahfhkip ~hzt me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia tmoh|& _bipi ~zm~mphcp hzi `maamf

hamfk bihctb `hzi ~zmeipplmfhcp {bm hzi eycc me kmmo loihp hjmyt bm{ tbi p|ptia `hf ji

ziemzaio4 ahf| me tbia hzi hcziho| ~ypblfk tbi p|ptia tm{hzop fiioio ziemzap {ltbpmai py`ìpp&

Filtbiz hzi tbipi loihp lf hf| {h| zhol`hc& Jyt tmm ahf| me tbia bhui jiif ptlecio lf h ~yjcl`

oijhti j| ~mcltl`lhfp lftizipt kzmy~p hfo pthdibmcoizp {bm zikhzo iuif tbi ampt pifpljci

ziemza ~zm~mphcp hp tbzihtp tm aiol`hzi zhtbiz tbhf pmcytlmfp tm aiol`hzi“p ~zmjciap&

Hamfk tbmpi {i thcdio tm fmfi {bm ahfhki ~hztp me tbi p|ptia hzkyio tbht amzi amfi|

hcmfi lp tbi pmcytlmf tm tbi ~zmjciap me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia lf`cyolfk tbi mfip tbi| ehì&

Lfoiio pmai hzkyio tbht tbi p|ptia lp fm{ {icc eyfoio hfo tbht tmm ay`b amfi| {myco

pla~c| la~ioi fiioio ziemzap& @izthlfc| tbi iuloifì me tbi ziìft ~hpt lp tbht amziamfi| ‟ ~mcltl`hc zbitmzl` fmt{ltbpthfolfk ‟ olo fmt jy| `bhfki mfc| amzi me tbi phai

ht blkbiz `mpt&

Kmuizfaiftp bhui t|~l`hcc| zi`mkflwio tbht kzihtiz `m!mzolfhtlmf lp zixylzio hcmfk tbi

`mftlfyya me `hzi hfo tbht tbi `m!mzolfhtlmf pbmyco ji mf h ziklmfhc jhplp& Mfthzlm `zihtio

8? CBLFp tm om tblp& Oip~lti tbi tltci tbi CBLFp om fmt lftikzhti di| ~hztp me tbi p|ptia&

Hamfk tbi h`tlultlip ir`cyoio hzi ~zlahz| `hzi hfo ~b|pl`lhfp lf kifizhc ~yjcl` bihctb hfo

lf pmai `hpip `maayflt| `hzi& Pmai CBLFp bhui ptzy`d hzzhfkiaiftp {ltb tbi @@H@p hfo

~yjcl` bihctb yfltp lf tbilz ziklmfp jyt tblp ~httizf lp ezhklci hfo omip fmt h~~c| iuiz|{bizi&

Lt lp blt hfo "amptc|, alpp& Lf tbimz| CBLFp bhui tbi hytbmzlt| tm hccm`hti jyokitp h`zmpp tbiuhzlmyp `ma~mfiftp me `hzi4 lf ~zh`tlì tbi| om fmt&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8;0

_bizi lp ay`b tm ji ~zmyo me lf Mfthzlm“p bihctb `hzi p|ptia jyt tbizi hzi hcpm ahf|

~zmjciap hp hf|mfi {bm {mzdp lf tbi p|ptia ‟ hfo ahf| {bm oihc {ltb lt hp ~htliftp ‟

{lcc ticc |my& Emztyfhtic| tbizi lp hf hjyfohf`i me m~~mztyfltlip emz ziemza tbht {lcc `zihti h

p|ptia tbht `hf oicluiz jittiz xyhclt| `hzi amzi ieel`liftc|& _bi `bhccifki lp tm zihclwi

tbmpi m~~mztyfltlip&



8;?

Zi`maaifohtlmfp tm _yzf ^zmjciap lftm Zihclwio M~~mztyfltlip

Muizhcc P|ptia ^chfflfk

Mfthzlm“p bihctb p|ptia hcziho| ~mppippip ahf| xyhcltlip tbht hclkf {ltb ~zmalplfk bihctb

oicluiz| ~zh`tlìp piif lf mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp& Lf ~zlf`l~ci hfo iuif lf fhai tbi CBLFp {izikluif zip~mfpljlcltlip hfo zmcip tbht hzi ippiftlhc tm h `m!mzolfhtio ziklmfhc bihctb p|ptia7

tbi| hccm`hti jyokitp pit mjgi`tluip iuhcyhti ~izemzahfì hfo kifizhcc| bhui tbi hytbmzlt|

hfo lfoi~ifoifì tm ahdi tzhfpemzahtlui `bhfkip {ltblf tbilz ziklmfp& Bm{iuiz lt lp fm{

h~~hzift tbht CBLFp {izi fmt kluif tbi ~zm~iz hytbmzlt| mz zipmyzìp tm iri`yti tbi ulplmf emz

Mfthzlm“p zifi{io bihctb p|ptia& Lf pmai `hpip tbi| bhui fmt |it iriz`lpio tbi eycc p`m~i me

tbi hytbmzlt| tbi| {izi kzhftio& _bzmykb tbipi zi`maaifohtlmfp lt lp tbi @maalpplmf“p

lftift tm eyztbiz ptzifktbif tbi irlptlfk p|ptia amulfk emz{hzo {ltb tbi mzlklfhc lftift me

lftikzhtio ziklmfhc bihctb oicluiz|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!87 Oiuicm~ hfo ~yjclpb h `ma~zibifplui ~chf tm hoozipp bihctb `hzi

`bhccifkip muiz tbi firt :> |ihzp& _bi ~chf pbmyco pit mjgi`tluip hfo ozlui pmcytlmfp tbht hzi

jylct hzmyfo tbi emccm{lfk ~zlf`l~cip7

_bi p|ptia pbmyco ji ìftzio mf tbi ~htlift fmt mf tbi lfptltytlmfp hfo ~zh`tltlmfizp lf tbi

bihctb `hzi p|ptia4

_bi ~chf pbmyco em`yp mf tbi `m!mzolfhtlmf me pizulìp emz ~htliftp lf h eycc| lftikzhtio

p|ptia!{loi h~~zmh`b4

Ziemzap pbmyco zi`mkflwi `bhfkip hfo `bhccifkip lf jmtb oiamkzh~bl`p hfo cleipt|cip j|

~yttlfk amzi ia~bhplp mf `bzmfl` tbhf h`yti `hzi4 Ht tbi ~zmulf`lhc ciuic tbi p|ptia aypt ji hjci tm `hzz| myt bihctb `hzi `h~h`lt| ~chfflfk4

lt aypt cmmd ht tbi bihctb fiiop me tbi ~m~ychtlmf hfo ~zmgi`t eytyzi fiiop emz eh`lcltlip

pizulìp eyfolfk hfo byahf zipmyzìp4

^mcl`lip pbmyco ji jhpio mf iuloifì tbht ~zmuloip kylohfì mf {bht pizulìp

~zmìoyzip oiulìp hfo ozykp hzi ieei`tlui ieel`lift hfo iclkljci emz ~yjcl` eyfolfk4

_bizi pbmyco ji h bilkbtifio em`yp mf ~ziuiftlfk bihctb ~zmjciap lf`cyolfk tbi zmci me

~yjcl` bihctb lf aiitlfk tblp kmhc4

Lt pbmyco ifpyzi tbht bihctb ohth hzi `mcci`tio ieel`liftc| hfo pbhzio4

Eyfolfk tm ~zmuloizp pbmyco ji jhpio ~zlahzlc| mf aiitlfk tbi fiiop me ~htliftp hp tbi|

amui tbzmykb tbi bihctb `hzi `mftlfyya4 hfo

_bi xyhclt| me `hzi `hf hfo pbmyco ji ifbhfìo oip~lti tbi fiio tm ziptzhlf lf`zihpio

p~ifolfk4 tbi mjgi`tluip me xyhclt| `hzi hfo `mpt ziptzhlft aypt km bhfo lf bhfo&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8;9

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:7 Iuhcyhti hcc ~zm~mphcp emz `bhfki tbht lf`cyoi ieel`lif`lip hfo

`mpt phulfkp {ltblf tbi ulplmf hfo ~chf oiuicm~io hjmui&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!07 Oluizt hcc ~htliftp fmt zixylzlfk h`yti `hzi ezma bmp~lthcp hfo lftm h

amzi h~~zm~zlhti emza me `hzi tbht {lcc ji cipp ir~ifplui la~zmui tbi ~htlift ir~izlifì hfo

zioyì tbi ~htlift“p ir~mpyzi tm fi{ bihctb zlpdp&

Py`b pizulìp `myco ji ~zmuloio j| ~zluhti emz!~zmelt iftltlip jyt m~izhtio {ltblf tbi ~yjcl`

~h|iz p|ptia& Kmuizfaift {myco `mftlfyi tm oitizalfi {bht pizulìp hzi meeizio hfo pit tbi

eiip ~hlo j| MBL^& _bi ~htlift ir~izlifì {myco bm{iuiz ziahlf tbi phai7 y~mf

~zipifthtlmf me h bihctb `hzo tbi kmuizfaift {lcc ~h| emz tbi pizulìp zifoizio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?7 Lf`zihpi tbi ypi me bmai!jhpio `hzi {bizi h~~zm~zlhti tm zioyì

`mptp {ltbmyt `ma~zmalplfk irìccift `hzi& Emz irha~ci bmai!jhpio `hzi pbmyco ji ypio

amzi irtifpluic| emz zi`muiz| ezma ~zmìoyzip py`b hp bl~ hfo dfii pyzkiz|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!97 _m la~zmui tbi `m!mzolfhtlmf me ~htlift `hzi hcc bihctb pizulìp lf h

ziklmf aypt ji lftikzhtio&

_blp lf`cyoip ~zlahz| `hzi ~b|pl`lhfp h`yti `hzi bmp~lthcp cmfk!tiza `hzi @@H@p bmai

`hzi ~yjcl` bihctb {hcd!lf `clfl`p EB_p "{bl`b emz tbi ~yz~mpip me tblp `bh~tiz lf`cyoip

Ehalc| Bihctb Mzkhflwhtlmfp TEBMpQ kzmy~p hfo fit{mzdp, `maayflt| bihctb ìftzip hfo

Fyzpi ^zh`tltlmfiz!Cio @clfl`p "F^C@p,&

@hfìz @hzi Mfthzlm {bl`b bhp ziìftc| jikyf tm h~~c| tbi ir~iztlpi lt jylct lf hoozipplfk

`hfìz tm zifhc olpihpi lp h kmmo amoic emz jittiz `m!mzolfhtlfk `bzmfl` `hzi pizulìp hcmfk h`mftlfyya me ~zmuloizp&

Irì~tlmfp tm tbi ziklmfhc p|ptia hzi p~i`lhclwio bihctb eh`lcltlip tbht bhui ~zmulfì{loi

zip~mfpljlcltlip emz pizulì `m!mzolfhtlmf hfo p|ptia jylcolfk& Eh`lcltlip py`b hp tbi Bmp~lthc

emz Pl`d @blcozif ^zlfìpp Ahzkhzit Bmp~lthc hfo @iftzi emz Hool`tlmf hfo Aifthc Bihctb

bhui xylti yflxyi zmcip hfo zichtlmfpbl~p {ltb tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift hp {icc hp tbilz cm`hc

bihctb hytbmzltlip&



8;5

Elp`hc Lppyip

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!57 @h~ tbi kmuizfaift“p bihctb jyokit ht :&9 ~iz ìft mz cipp hffyhc

kzm{tb tbzmykb :>8;‐82& Hetiz :>8;‐82 hffyhc bihctb `mpt lf`zihpip aypt ji ziptzhlfio tm

fm amzi tbhf elui ~iz ìft h ciuic fiìpphz| tm dii~ tbi ~zmulf`lhc jyokit jhchfìo {ltbmyt

zic|lfk mf thr lf`zihpip mz hf yfh`ì~thjci pxyiiwlfk!myt me mtbiz ~yjcl` pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;7 Py~~mzt h kzhoyhc pblet tm ai`bhflpap tbht ifpyzi h `mftlfyya me

`hzi hfo `hzi tbht lp `maayflt|!jhpio& Eyfolfk emz `maayflt|!jhpio `hzi ah| fiio tm kzm{

ht h blkbiz zhti lf tbi pbmzt tm aiolya tiza lf mzoiz tm jylco `h~h`lt| tm thdi ~zippyzi mee h`yti

`hzi eh`lcltlip4 mf tbi mtbiz bhfo {ltb h pblet h{h| ezma h bmp~lthc em`yp bmp~lthc jyokitp

`myco kzm{ cipp zh~loc| tbhf tbi huizhki&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!27 H`bliui p~ifolfk ziptzhlft j| amulfk tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia tm{hzop

h amzi ieel`lift muizhcc oiplkf hfo elfolfk ieel`lif`| khlfp {ltblf ltp `mfptltyift ~hztp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<7 Om fmt h~~c| tbi phai oikzii me elp`hc ziptzhlft tm hcc ~hztp me bihctb

`hzi& Pmai hzihp ‟ lf`cyolfk `maayflt| `hzi hfo aifthc bihctb ‟ {lcc fiio tm kzm{ amzi

zh~loc| tbhf tbi huizhki&

Mfthzlm“p Aifthc Bihctb hfo Hool`tlmfp Ptzhtik| `maaltp tbi ~zmulfì tm tbi kmhc me ~zmulolfk

–amzi `blcozif |mytb hoyctp hfo tbilz ehalclip tbi pizulìp tbi| fiio amzi xyl`dc| hfo amzi

ieei`tluic|&&&&‑58 Hoozipplfk tblp blptmzl` kh~ lf eyfolfk hfo pizulì lp blkbc| chyohjci

~hztl`ychzc| {bif aifthc bihctb!zichtio olphjlclt| `mptp hzi amyftlfk&

Hp h zichtio ~mlft `blco hfo |mytb aifthc bihctb pizulìp pbmyco ji zi`mfelkyzio tm la~zmui

`m!mzolfhtlmf me tbi `blcozif“p pizulìp pi`tmz hfo tbi bihctb ioy`htlmf hfo |mytb gyptlì

pi`tmzp& [i {lcc zityzf tm tblp ~mlft lf @bh~tiz 2 Pm`lhc ^zmkzhap&

Lftikzhtlfk tbi Plcmp lftm h Bihctb @hzi P|ptia

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>7 Pit tbi muizhcc ~zlf`l~cip emz ~zmulfì{loi bihctb `hzi jyt `mftlfyi

tm mzkhflwi tbi oicluiz| me bihctb `hzi mf h ziklmfhc jhplp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!887 H ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzlt| pbmyco ji `cihzc| loiftlelio hp tbi

di| ~mlft emz lftikzhtlfk pizulìp hfo lfptltytlmfp h`zmpp tbi eycc `mftlfyya me `hzi emz h

kimkzh~bl` hzih&

58 Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi –M~if Alfop Bihctb| Alfop‑ m~& `lt& ~& ? om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&bihctb&kmu&mf&`h-if-~yjcl`-~yjcl`htlmfp-alflptz|]zi~mztp-aifthc]bihctb:>88-aifthcbihctb]zi~:>88&~oe&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8;;

Piuizhc di| ~zlf`l~cip aypt ji ipthjclpbio emz hf| py`b `m!mzolfhtlfk iftlt| tm py`ìio7

_bi `m!mzolfhtmz aypt bhui tbi hytbmzlt| h``myfthjlcltlip hfo zipmyzìp fiìpphz| tm muizpii

bihctb {ltblf tbi ziklmf4 lt aypt bhui tbi ~m{iz tm hccm`hti jyokitp bmco pthdibmcoizp

h``myfthjci hfo pit lfìftlui p|ptiap&

_bi @maalpplmf `mfploizio tbi emccm{lfk ~mppljci `m!mzolfhtmzp7

Ziuiztlfk jh`d tm ziklmfhc meelìp me tbi AMBC_@ lp fmt tbi ~zieizzio amoic&

_bi `m!mzolfhtmz pbmyco bhui amzi lfoi~ifoifì ezma tbi alflptz| ji hjci tm th~

lftm h jzmhoiz hzzh| me ir~iztlpi hfo ji amzi elzac| zmmtio lf tbi `maayfltlip pizuio&

_bi @@H@p `yzziftc| bhui zipmyzìp lf `mcci`tlui ~yz`bhplfk hfo L_ `h~h`lt| tbht tbi

CBLFp ch`d& Bm{iuiz tbilz zih`b omip fmt lf`cyoi hcc bihctb `hzi pi`tmzp hfo h pyjpthftlhc

`bhfki tm tbi p|ptia {myco ji fiioio tm klui lt tm tbia& [i om fmt jicliui tbi| hzi tbi

~zieizzio amoic iltbiz&

_blp cihuip tbi chzki amptc| h`hoial` bmp~lthcp hfo zi`mfptltytio CBLFp& Ih`b bhp ~zmphfo `mfp&

_bi houhfthki me tbi chzki bmp~lthcp lp tbht tblp lp {bizi tbi ahfhkizlhc hfo

mzkhflwhtlmfhc ir~iztlpi fm{ ziploip& Bm{iuiz tbi ahfhkizlhc ir~iztlpi me tbi bmp~lthcp lp

metif jyt fmt hc{h|p mfc| lf bmp~lthc hfo h`yti `hzi lppyip zhtbiz tbhf h jzmhoiz pi`tmz

~izp~i`tlui& Hamfk tbi olphouhfthkip hzi tbi cldiclbmmo tbht {i {myco ifo y~ {ltb ht

cihpt :9 mzkhflwhtlmfhc iftltlip {bl`b {myco zioyì i`mfmalip me p`hci hfo tbi zlpd tbht

tbi `bmpif bmp~lthcp {myco tlct `hzi lf tbi olzi`tlmf me tbilz m{f eh`lcltlip iuif tbmykb tbi

tbzypt me hf| ziemzap lp tm dii~ ~im~ci myt me bmp~lthcp& _bizi lp hcpm h blptmz| me

tzi~lohtlmf hamfk mtbiz pthdibmcoizp tm{hzop chzki bmp~lthcp hfo tbilz `h~h`lt| tmomalfhti tbi p|ptia&



8;2

_bi CBLFp `myco om tbi `m!mzolfhtlmf jyt mfc| le tbi| {izi pyjpthftlhcc| zi`mfptltytio hfo

kluif tbi byahf zipmyzìp hfo L_ hfo `mcci`tlui ~yz`bhplfk `h~h`lt| tbi| `yzziftc| ch`d&

_bi| {myco fiio h `cihz ahfohti tm lftikzhti hcampt hcc ~hztp me bihctb `hzi hfo ji kluif

tbi zipmyzìp hoixyhti tm `hzz| myt tbilz fi{ zmci& _bi| {myco fiio tm ji hjci tm ~h| tbilz

`blie iri`ytlui meelìzp phchzlip tbht hzi `ma~itltlui {ltb mtbiz ~hztp me tbi p|ptia "t{m

CBLFp bhui ziìftc| cmpt tbilz @IMp tm bmp~lthcp, hfo {ltb mtbiz pi`tmzp& _bilz fyajizp

`myco ji zioyìo ezma tbi irlptlfk 8? jyt tblp lp uiz| ay`b h pi`mfohz| ahttiz zichtlui tm

tbi mtbiz `bhfkip clptio hjmui& Mf huizhki ih`b CBLF pizuip hcampt mfi alcclmf ~im~ci

hfo lf tbi `hpi me fmztbizf Mfthzlm `muizp uhpt tizzltmzlip& Httiftlmf `myco ji ~hlo tm tbi

`mfeyplmf `hypio j| tbi elui CBLFp lf tbi Kzihtiz _mzmftm Hzih4 tbi jmyfohzlip me pmai

`yt h`zmpp tbmpi me tbi ayfl`l~hcltlip tbi| aypt oihc {ltb ip~i`lhcc| mf ahttizp me ~yjcl`

bihctb& Fi{ zipmyzìp {myco fmt hcc fiio tm ji lf`ziaifthc plfì ahf| {myco lfumcui h

tzhfpeiz me zipmyzìp lf`cyolfk pthee ezma tbi alflptz|& _bi houhfthkip me tblp m~tlmf hzi

tbht tbi zi`mfptltytio CBLF {myco ji lfoi~ifoift me tbi irlptlfk pi`tmzp hfo hf

h~~zm~zlhti fyajiz "hfo tbilz jmyfohzlip, `myco ji `bmpif tm jhchfì tbi fiiop me ziklmfhc zi~zipifthtlmf {ltb m~~mztyfltlip emz i`mfmalip me p`hci& _bi olphouhfthki lp tbht

tbi ~zmìpp me ir~hfolfk tbilz zmci {myco zixylzi `mfploizhjci olpzy~tlui `bhfki tm hclkf

tbia {ltb tbi mzlklfhc lftift me tbilz eyf`tlmf& _bi `bhfki alkbt hcpm lfumcui tzhfpeizzlfk

~im~ci ezma tbi ahfhkiaift me bmp~lthcp hfo ~izbh~p tbi @@H@p&

_bi @maalpplmf bihzo hzkyaiftp lf ehumyz jmtb me tbi chzki bmp~lthcp hfo me zi`mfptltytio

CBLFp& Mf jhchfì {i ehumyz tbi CBLF m~tlmf4 bm{iuiz iltbiz `myco ji ahoi tm {mzd&

Hfo hp lfol`htio hjmui filtbiz {myco {mzd le tbi jhpl` ~zlf`l~cip {izi fmt hobizio tm&

CBLFp :&>Hp tbi ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzlt| CBLFp fiio tm lftikzhti `hzi h`zmpp tbi p|ptia j| iri`ytlfk

tbzii di| zmcip7 ~chfflfk hfo lftikzhtlfk tbi p|ptia eyfolfk hfo `hpi ahfhkiaift&

^chfflfk hfo Lftikzhtlfk tbi P|ptia

Ptzihaclflfk zichtlmfpbl~p jit{iif CBLFp hfo bihctb hkif`lip pbhzlfk lfemzahtlmf

m~tlalwlfk tbi ypi me byahf zipmyzì `h~h`lt| hfo `mfthlflfk eyztbiz p|ptia ir~hfplmf hzi

fiìpphz| iciaiftp emz oiuicm~lfk h `mbiplui ~chf tm pyjpthftluic| lftikzhti tbi `yzzift

bihctb `hzi p|ptia&

Ptzihaclflfk Zichtlmfpbl~p

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8:7 Zioyì tbi fyajiz me mzkhflwhtlmfp {ltb {bl`b tbi Cm`hc Bihtb

Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp aypt oihc mf h oh|!tm!oh| jhplp&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8;<

_bizi hzi amzi tbhf :9>> eyfoio bihctb mzkhflwhtlmfp lf Mfthzlm ahf| {ltb tbilz m{f

cihoizpbl~ tihap hfo jmhzop me olzi`tmzp& Lf tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia“p `yzzift pthti lt {lcc ji

uiz| oleel`yct emz tbi CBLFp tm om tbi gmj tbi @maalpplmf bhp pit myt emz tbia ji`hypi lf mzoiz

tm bhui h tzyc| lftikzhtio p|ptia tbi CBLFp {lcc fiio tm jzmdiz zichtlmfpbl~p {ltb iuiz|

hkif`|& Lf hooltlmf tbi CBLFp {lcc bhui tm oihc {ltb hcc tbi lfoluloyhc EB_p EBMp it`&

Plalchz bihctb `hzi kzmy~p emz irha~ci tbi 899 bmp~lthcp 8? @@H@p :>> EB_p mz muiz 5>>

cmfk!tiza `hzi bmaip lf tbi ~zmulfì aypt eyztbiz `mfpmclohti iltbiz mzkhflwhtlmfhcc| j|

emzalfk aizkio cihoizpbl~ hfo jmhzop mz ~b|pl`hcc| j| emzalfk aizkio hkif`lip&

_blp fit{mzd me ptzihaclfio zichtlmfpbl~p pbmyco bhui tbi emccm{lfk eihtyzip7

H ziklmfhc ~b|pl`lhf fit{mzd tbht bhp7

• Gmlft h``myfthjlclt| emz ~zlahz| hfo h`yti `hzi tbht ciuizhkip tbi thcift lfezhptzy`tyzi

hfo `h~h`lt| me bmp~lthcp {blci ciuizhklfk tbi `ma~hzhtlui houhfthkip tbi @@H@p

bhui jylct lf tbi hzihp me `mcci`tlui ~yz`bhplfk hfo L_ lfezhptzy`tyzi4• @m!mzolfhtio cihoizpbl~ tbzmykb h jmo| cldi tbi Mfthzlm Aiol`hc Hppm`lhtlmf "MAH, tm

h`t hp tbi lftizehì {ltb tbi CBLFp `mftzljyti tm xyhclt| hppyzhfì ~mcl`| oiuicm~aift

{ltb jmolip py`b hp Bihctb Xyhclt| Mfthzlm "BXM, hfo L@IP hfo dii~ tbilz eiccm{

om`tmzp hfo mtbiz ~zlahz| `hzikluizp hjzihpt me fi{ oiuicm~aiftp4

Eyztbiz hahckhahtlmf me bmp~lthcp hfo zioy`tlmf lf tbi fyajiz me jmhzop4 hfo

_bi `zihtlmf me hf iftlt| tbht zi~zipiftp tbi fit{mzd me cmfk!tiza `hzi bmaip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!807 @mfpmclohtlmf me bihctb pizulì hkif`lip hfo-mz tbilz jmhzop pbmyco

m``yz {bizi h~~zm~zlhti {blci ipthjclpblfk hf| fi{ `mfpmclohtio hkif`lip hp pi~hzhti cikhc

iftltlip tm clalt ahgmz chjmyz bhzamflwhtlmf hfo hogyptaift `mptp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8?7 Ipthjclpb hf houlpmz| ~hfic lf ih`b Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzd

{ltb h~~zm~zlhti zi~zipifthtlmf me tbi ziklmfhc bihctb `hzi pthdibmcoizp lf`cyolfk `maayflt|

bmp~lthcp ~b|pl`lhfp `maayflt| `hzi hfo cmfk!tiza `hzi bmaip&

_bi CBLFp fiio tm bhui cihoizp {bm hzi phuu| tm ~mcltl`hc hfo `maayflt| lppyip ht ~ch| lf

tbi ziklmfp& Om fmt h~~mlft tbia tbzmykb Mzoizp!lf!@myf`lc jyt zhtbiz blzi tbia yplfk

iri`ytlui pihz`b jipt ~zh`tlìp tm ifpyzi lfoi~ifoifì hfo tbht hf h~~zm~zlhti `majlfhtlmf

me pdlccp hfo ir~iztlpi lp jzmykbt tm tbi thjci&



82>

Lfemzahtlmf Pbhzlfk hfo Ypi

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!897 _bi Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp aypt lftikzhti `hzi h`zmpp

tbi p|ptia j| pbhzlfk lfemzahtlmf mf ~htliftp hamfk bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp# `m!mzolfhtlfk

oi`lplmfp hfo hccm`htlfk eyfop tm jipt zieci`t ziklmfhc fiiop&

_bilz ahfohti pbmyco lf`cyoi tbi zhfki me pizulìp oip`zljio lf Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!97

~zlahz| `hzi ~b|pl`lhfp# h`yti `hzi bmp~lthcp# cmfk!tiza `hzi# `maayflt| `hzi# bmai `hzi#

~yjcl` bihctb# it`& _bi ~hf!~zmulf`lhc lfptltytlmfp clptio lf Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9 pbmyco bhui

tbilz m{f hytbmzlt|# {bl`b {myco ji h``myfthjci olzi`tc| tm AMBC_@# hfo tbi kmuizfaift

pbmyco ir~cmzi m~~mztyfltlip tm `mfìftzhti uiz| p~i`lhclwio lftifplui `hzi lftm h ei{ ìftzip

tm thdi houhfthki me tbilz irlptlfk thcift hfo lfezhptzy`tyzi ptzifktbp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!857 Ypi ohth hfo lfemzahtlmf pbhzlfk tm jittiz yfoizpthfo hfo hoozipp

tbi elp`hc la~h`tp me `bzmfl` hfo `ma~cir `mfoltlmfp hfo ht!zlpd ~htliftp {ltb aifthc bihctb

hfo hool`tlmf lppyip "pii Zi`maaifohtlmfp 9!0; tm 9!?8 emz amzi mf ahfhklfk tbilz `hzi,&

Hfhc|plp me ~mtiftlhc pmcytlmfp# lf`cyolfk amzi ieel`lift ypi me tbi eycc zhfki me bihctb pizulìp

hfo mtbiz hkif`lip pbmyco ji omfi lf thfoia {ltb hf hppippaift me tbi ~mtiftlhc emz kzihtiz

lfumcuiaift me tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz lf ~zmulolfk houlì mf `ma~cir `hpi ahfhkiaift&

Lftikzhtlmf hfo `m!m~izhtlmf jit{iif tbi bihctb# aifthc bihctb# hool`tlmf# pm`lhc pizulì#

gyptlì hfo |mytb ~zmti`tlmf pizulì pi`tmzp lp `zy`lhc&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8;7 Ypi lfemzahtlmf ezma eyfolfk amoicp py`b hp tbi Bihctb!Jhpio

Hccm`htlmf Amoic "BJHA,5: tm irhalfi {bizi pizulìp ah| fmt ji ~zmuloio ixyhcc| h`zmpp

bihctb ziklmfp hfo `mfoy`t mfkmlfk iuhcyhtlmfp me ih`b Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzd“p~zmkzipp lf ahfhklfk blkb!ypi ~m~ychtlmfp& "Pii Zi`maaifohtlmfp 9!9> hfo 9!;0 emz amzi

oithlcp mf BJHA&,

M~tlalwi tbi BJHA ohth pit tm loiftle| ih`b CBLF“p blkb!ypi ~m~ychtlmf mf hf hffyhc jhplp#

lf`cyolfk tbilz p~i`lel` oiamkzh~bl`# pm`lm!i`mfmal`# olhkfmptl` hfo ~zmìoyzhc

`bhzh`tizlptl`p& Ypi tblp lfemzahtlmf tm jittiz yfoizpthfo hfo cihzf ezma tbi oleeizifìp lf

tzihtaift ~zh`tlì lf ih`b CBLF hfo h~~c| jipt ~zh`tlìp h`zmpp tbi ~zmulfì& Eyztbiz# ypi

BJHA ohth tm jylco p~i`lel` ptzhtiklip emz `m!mzolfhtlfk bihctb `hzi emz ih`b blkb!ypi `clfl`hc

kzmy~# emz irha~ci7 ifo!me!clei `hzi# humlohjci `ma~cl`htlmfp# hfo `hzi emz tbmpi {ltb aifthc

bihctb hfo hool`tlmfp lppyip&

5: _bi Bihctb!Jhpio Hccm`htlmf Amoic "BJHA, lp h tmmc tm hccm`hti eyfolfk emz bihctb pizulìp h`zmpp `maayfltlip lf tbi ~zmulfì&

Hccm`htlmfp iptlahti tbi oiahfo hfo `mptp me tbipi pizulìp jhpio mf `clfl`hc hfo oiamkzh~bl` lfemzahtlmf py`b hp hki# bihctb pthtyp#

~htlift ecm{ hfo zyzhc kimkzh~b|&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

828

M~tlalwi Byahf Zipmyzìp @h~h`lt|

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!827 [bizi eihpljci pizulìp pbmyco ji pbletio tm cm{iz!`mpt `hzikluizp&

H`zmpp tbi p~i`tzya me `hzikluizp eycc p`m~i me ~zh`tlì fiiop tm ji iriz`lpio&

_bizi pbmyco ji h fit pblet lf zip~mfpljlcltlip ezma ~b|pl`lhfp tm fyzpip hfo mtbizp lf bihctbtihap lf`cyolfk ~b|pl`lhf hpplpthftp& _blp pbmyco ji py~~mztio j| `bhfkip tm eii p`bioycip4

emz irha~ci j| fmt ~h|lfk ~b|pl`lhfp emz lftizuiftlmfp cldi uh``lfhtlmfp tbht `myco ji omfi

j| fyzpip&

_bizi lp h plkflel`hft fyajiz me `hpip {bizi tbizi hzi alflahc zlpdp me `ma~cl`htlmfp hfo

fyzpip mz ~b|pl`lhf hpplpthftp `hf ~ch| h amzi lfoi~ifoift zmci4 bm{iuiz tbizi lp hf ixyhcc|

plkflel`hft fyajiz me `hpip {bizi tbizi lp h pmai{bht blkbiz jyt fmt irtziai zlpd me

`ma~cl`htlmfp {bizi fyzpip mz ~b|pl`lhf hpplpthftp {myco zixylzi h om`tmz tm ji fihzj| tm

oihc {ltb hf| ~mtiftlhc lppyip& Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap bhui m~tlalwio h amoic tbht `myco ji

tzhfpeizhjci tm mtbiz pittlfkp hp fyzpip hzi metif lf `cmpi ~zmrlalt| tm om`tmzp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8<7 H jzmhoiz ~izp~i`tlui pbmyco ji h~~clio tm oi`lplmfp tbht hzi ahoi

mf tbi p`m~i me ~zh`tlì me bihctb ~zmeipplmfhcp& Kmuizfaift pbmyco ~ch| h amzi h`tlui zmci lf

{mzdlfk {ltb tbi ~zmeipplmfhc `mccikip tm h~~c| h p|ptia!{loi h~~zmh`b zhtbiz tbhf oihclfk

{ltb lfoluloyhc ~zmeipplmfp lf lpmchtlmf&

Om`tmzp hfo fyzpip ah| olp`ypp hamfk tbiapicuip {bht h`tlultlip tbi| pbmyco zithlf mz klui

y~ jyt tbizi lp fm ai`bhflpa tm ~yt tbipi lftizfhc olhcmkyip tmkitbiz hfo kit pmai h`tlmf mf

`bhfkip tbht jmtb hkzii {myco ji jifiel`lhc&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:>7 Ahrlalwi m~~mztyfltlip tm ypi fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp {ltb tbi hla me

ieel`lif`| {blci ahlfthlflfk irìccift `hzi&

Piuif me tbi `mftzmccio h`tp hytbmzlwio tm ~b|pl`lhfp hzi hcpm hytbmzlwio tm fyzpi

~zh`tltlmfizp emz irha~ci7 ~izlmol` bihctb irhalfhtlmfp "–eycc ~b|pl`hcp‑ emz `blcozif {maif

hfo aif,4 hppippaift hfo `clfl`hc ahfhkiaift me h`yti i~lpmol` lccfipp emz irha~ci

zip~lzhtmz| tzh`t lfei`tlmfp4 hfo amfltmzlfk pthjci `bzmfl` bihctb `mfoltlmfp py`b hp

b|~iztifplmf hfo olhjitip it`&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:87 Zi`mkflwi tbi lf`zihpio oiahfo emz fyzpip lf tbi `h~h`lt| me

fyzplfk ~zmkzhap ht `mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip hfo tbilz hjlclt| tm tzhlf amzi fyzpip&

_bizi hzi hcziho| piuizi chjmyz pbmzthkip emz fyzpip hfo uhzlmyp ti`bfl`lhfp {ltb pmai

zi~mztp me h :> tm 0> ~iz ìft httzltlmf me fyzpip {ltblf tbi elzpt |ihz hetiz fyzplfk p`bmmc& _bizi

lp h oip~izhti fiio tm lf`zihpi py~~c| hfo la~zmui zitiftlmf& Le tblp lp fmt hoozippio xyl`dc|

oiahfo!py~~c| lajhchfì {lcc jcm{ y~ chjmyz `mptp hfo `ma~zmalpi muizhcc ziptzhlft&



82:

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!::7 Lf`zihpi tbi ypi me ~izpmfhc py~~mzt {mzdizp hfo lftikzhti tbia lftm

tihap {ltb fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp ziklptizio fyzpip hfo mtbiz pthee aiajizp {bizi h~~zm~zlhti

tm m~tlalwi ~htlift `hzi&

Lf`zihplfk tbi ypi me ~izpmfhc py~~mzt {mzdizp tm h~~c| tbilz eycc zhfki me pdlccp {lcc hccm{

mtbiz bihctb ~zmeipplmfhcp tm em`yp mf {bht tbi| hzi tzhlfio tm om jipt hfo oicluiz irìccift

`mpt!ieel`lift hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:07 Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp fiio tm ypi eyfolfk hp h ciuiz

tm if`myzhki bmp~lthcp hfo mtbiz bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp tm ypi tbi eycc p`m~i me ~zh`tlì me

tbilz pthee&

Eyfolfk ol`thtio j| ir~ifplui hfo pyj!m~tlahc ypi me ~zh`tltlmfizp aypt ìhpi& Le bihctb `hzi

mzkhflwhtlmfp hzi fmt la~ciaiftlfk tbi eycc p`m~i me ~zh`tlì pthfohzop pit j| tbi alflptz|

tbi CBLFp fiio tm ypi eyfolfk zioy`tlmfp hp hf lfìftlui emz `ma~clhfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:?7 Ahdi `bhfkip tm tbi ^bhzah`| H`t tm ifhjci hf ir~hfoio p`m~i

me ~bhzah`| ~zh`tlì& _blp {myco lfumcui oiuicm~lfk py~~mztlfk zikychtlmfp tm ~izalt

~bhzah`lptp tm hoalflptiz zmytlfi lfgi`tlmfp hfo lfbhchtlmfp lf`cyolfk laayflwhtlmf&

@mfthlf Eyztbiz @h~lthc Lfuiptaift

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:97 Bmp~lthc `h~lthc ~chfp tbht irtifo myt!me!bmp~lthc pizulìp py`b

hp tbmpi emz myt~htliftp pbmyco fmt ji iftizthlfio j| Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp&

Bmp~lthcp pbmyco `mfoy`t heehlzp chzkic| {ltblf bmp~lthcp hfo mtbizp py`b hp @maayflt|

@hzi H`ìpp @iftzip "@@H@p, hfo ~zluhti bihctb `hzi m~izhtmzp pbmyco ji zip~mfpljci

emz ~zmulolfk myt!me!bmp~lthc pizulìp& _bi @@H@p hfo ~zluhti bihctb `hzi m~izhtmzp bhui

oiamfptzhtio tbht tbi| hzi `h~hjci me omlfk tblp {mzd emz cipp tbhf bmp~lthcp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:57 Ziplpt tbi fhtyzhc tia~thtlmf tm jylco ahf| amzi cmfk!tiza `hzi

eh`lcltlip emz hf hklfk ~m~ychtlmf yftlc tbi kmuizfaift `hf hppipp {bht `hf ji omfi j|

ia~bhplwlfk tm h kzihtiz irtift tbi ypi me bmai!jhpio `hzi tbht lp py~~mztio j| `maayflt|

pizulìp& Bmai!jhpio `hzi lp cipp ir~ifplui hfo pbmyco kifizhti kzihtiz ~m~ychtlmf

phtlpeh`tlmf&

Eyfolfk

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:;7 Kzhft Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp tbi hytbmzlt|

h``myfthjlcltlip hfo zipmyzìp fiìpphz| tm muizpii bihctb {ltblf tbi ziklmf lf`cyolfk

hccm`htlfk jyokitp bmcolfk pthdibmcoizp h``myfthjci hfo pittlfk lfìftlui p|ptiap&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

820

_bi CBLFp pbmyco bhui `cihz ~m{izp tm oihc {ltb hcc hp~i`tp me tbi bihctb p|ptia“p

~izemzahfì lf tbilz hzih lf`cyolfk ~zlahz| `hzi "~b|pl`lhfp, h`yti `hzi "bmp~lthcp,

`maayflt| `hzi hfo cmfk!tiza `hzi& _blp {myco lf`cyoi pittlfk jyokitp hfo-mz `ma~ifphtlmf

emz hcc ~ch|izp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:27 _li `ma~ifphtlmf emz @IMp hfo piflmz iri`ytluip lf hcc ~hztp me tbi

bihctb `hzi p|ptia tm ptzhtikl`hcc| thzkitio bihctb myt`maip fmt tbi fyajiz me lftizuiftlmfp

~izemzaio tbzmykb h ~izemzahfì ~h| ezhai{mzd& Alzzmz tblp ~izemzahfì ~h| h~~zmh`b

tbzmykbmyt ih`b bmp~lthc @maayflt| @hzi H`ìpp @iftzi cmfk!tiza `hzi eh`lclt| it`& ht tbi

~b|pl`lhf hfo bihctb `hzi {mzdiz ciuicp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:<7 Py~~mzt tzhfp~hzif`| lf piflmz iri`ytlui hfo @IM phchzlip

tbzmykbmyt tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia j| ~yjcl`c| ~mptlfk `ma~zibifplui `ma~ifphtlmf

lfemzahtlmf lf h tlaic| ehpblmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!0>7 Hccm`hti eyfolfk jhpio mf aiitlfk tbi fiiop me ~htlift hp tbi|

amui tbzmykb tbi `mftlfyya me `hzi&

@hpi Ahfhkiaift

Hf h~~hzift {ihdfipp lf tbi `yzzift bihctb `hzi p|ptia lp tbi ch`d me pammtb hfo `mfplptift

~htlift `hpi ahfhkiaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!087 Pmai ziklmfp bhui oiuicm~io zmcip emz –`cizl`hc p|ptia fhulkhtmzp‑

tbht `m!mzolfhti h~~mlftaiftp hfo hpplpt ~htliftp {ltb zixylzio emzap hfo ~h~iz{mzd&

Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp pbmyco ifpyzi tbht h pyeel`lift fyajiz me ~im~ci lf tblp

zmci hzi ~yt lf ~chì h`zmpp tbi iftlzi bihctb `hzi p|ptia&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!0:7 Ia~m{iz ~zlahz| `hzikluizp hfo ~b|pl`lhfp lf tbi Ehalc| Bihctb

_ihap "EB_p, mz p~i`lhclwio `clfl`p tm ~ch| tbi zmci me –xyhztizjh`d‑ tzh`dlfk ~htliftp hp tbi|

amui tbzmykb tbi lftikzhtio bihctb p|ptia& Hcc EB_p pbmyco {mzd lf thfoia {ltb `cizl`hc

p|ptia fhulkhtmzp hfo bmp~lthclpt50 ~b|pl`lhfp tm tzh`d tbilz ~htliftp {bm hzi lf bmp~lthcp

ezma hoalpplmf tm olp`bhzki "pii Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!99 mf bmp~lthclptp emz amzi oithlcp,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!007 _lkbtc| lftikzhti @maayflt| @hzi H`ìpp @iftzip "@@H@p, {ltb

Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp "CBLFp, tm la~zmui ~htlift `hpi ahfhkiaift& _bizi hzi

m~tlmfp tbht pbmyco ji ir~cmzio hjmyt tbi fhtyzi me tblp lftikzhtlmf& Lt `myco ji iltbiz tbzmykb

`m!m~izhtlmf me t{m iftltlip mz h amzi emzahc hfo `ma~citi aizkiz me @@H@p lftm tblp mfi

di| hp~i`t me tbi {mzd me CBLFp&

50 Bmp~lthclptp hzi ~b|pl`lhfp {bm oiol`hti tbilz tlai tm `hzlfk emz bmp~lthclwio ~htliftp emccm{lfk lfoluloyhc `hpip tbzmykb tbi p|ptiaifpyzlfk `m!mzolfhtio `maayfl`htlmf hamfk tbi bmp~lthc“p bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp hfo p~i`lhclptp lf`cyolfk pyzkimfp hfo mf`mcmklptp&_blp t|~i me zmci lp `zy`lhc {bif oihclfk {ltb ~htliftp {ltb `ma~cir `hpip {bizi ayctl~ci p~i`lhclptp ah| ji lfumcuio lf tbilz `hzi&



82?

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!0?7 Zixylzi bmp~lthcp tm ahdi olp`bhzki pyaahzlip huhlchjci

ici`tzmfl`hcc| tm mtbiz `hzi ~zmuloizp "i&k& kifizhc ~zh`tltlmfizp bmai `hzi, laaiolhtic|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!097 P{lt`b tm ici`tzmfl` oicluiz| me chjmzhtmz| tipt zipyctp tm la~zmui

tlaiclfipp hfo ieel`lif`| hp {icc hp py~~mzt ~htlift ~zluh`|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!057 Zioyì hjpiftiilpa emz Mfthzlhfp hfo meelì ulpltp {blci la~zmulfk

~htlift phtlpeh`tlmf tbzmykb pi`yzi aipphklfk jit{iif ~htliftp hfo ~zmuloizp mfclfi

h~~mlftaift p`bioyclfk h`ìpp tm tipt zipyctp emz ~htliftp hfo mfclfi zixyiptp emz ~zip`zl~tlmf

zielccp hfo zifi{hc&

Ahfhkiaift me @ma~cir hfo @bzmfl` @mfoltlmfp

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!0;7 @ma~cir `hzi ~htliftp pbmyco ji ahfhkio tbzmykb lftiz~zmeipplmfhc

tiha!jhpio h~~zmh`bip tm ahrlalwi `m!mzolfhtlmf {ltb Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap hfo mtbiz

`maayflt| `hzi ~zmuloizp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!027 @bzmfl` lppyip pbmyco ji bhfocio j| `maayflt| hfo bmai!jhpio


Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!0<7 Zih`b myt tm ~htliftp {bm fiio ~ziuiftlui `hzi ~hztl`ychzc| `bzmfl`

olpihpi hfo aiol`htlmf ahfhkiaift zhtbiz tbhf {hltlfk emz tbia tm `mai tm kit pizulìp&

Ciuizhki ici`tzmfl` aiol`hc zi`mzop oi`lplmf py~~mzt hfo pi`yzi aipphklfk {ltb Mfthzlhfp

tm h`bliui tbipi kmhcp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?>7 Zioyì amzthclt| bmp~lthclwhtlmfp hfo `mptp {blci la~zmulfk

~htlift phtlpeh`tlmf j| `mffi`tlfk Mfthzlhfp {bm bhui pizlmyp `bzmfl` bihctb ~zmjciap

"i&k& `mfkiptlui bihzt ehlcyzi, {ltb mfkmlfk amfltmzlfk hfo py~~mzt tbzmykb ir~hfoio

ypi me ticibmai`hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?87 @iftzhclwi cihoizpbl~ me `bzmfl` olpihpi ahfhkiaift j| oiuicm~lfk

`m!mzolfhtlfk jmolip emz `bzmfl` `mfoltlmfp lf`cyolfk aifthc bihctb bihzt hfo ptzmdi hfo zifhc

olpihpi jhpio mf tbi @hfìz @hzi Mfthzlm amoic&

Kmuizfhfì hfo Ptzy`tyzip

Le ziuha~io CBLFp hzi tm `m!mzolfhti tbi p|ptia tbi| {myco fiio h~~zm~zlhti zi~zipifthtlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?:7 Zipmyzì tbi Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp hoixyhtic| tm

~izemza tbilz ir~hfoio eyf`tlmfp& Hooltlmfhc zipmyzìp pbmyco `mai lf chzki ~hzt ezma tbi

Alflptz| me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi4 tblp {myco ifthlc h plkflel`hft tzhfpeiz me ia~cm|iip&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

829

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?07 ^yt lf ~chì `cihz ptzy`tyzip tm `chzle| tbi clfip me h``myfthjlclt| y~ tm

tbi Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp "CBLFp, hfo tbi h``myfthjlclt| me CBLFp tm tbi Alflptz|

me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi&

_bi CBLFp pbmyco ji hjci tm pit h``myfthjlcltlip emz ~zlahz| `hzi ~zmuloiz ziayfizhtlmf hp

{icc hp ziklmfhc bihctb p|ptia ~izemzahfì ziamulfk tbi olzi`t lfecyifì me AMBC_@&

_bi alflptz| ypio tm `mftzmc lf~ytp hfo ~hlo clttci httiftlmf tm myt`maip4 heemzolfk CBLFp tbi

hjlclt| tm em`yp mf myt`maip hfo ihpi mee mf lf~ytp hfo ~zmìpp {lcc bic~ ozlui ~mpltlui zipyctp&

Ipthjclpblfk thzkit myt`maip emz CBLFp lf hzihp py`b hp aifthc bihctb hfo olhjitip {lcc bhui

h kzihtiz la~h`t mf bihctb p|ptia ieel`lif`| tbhf tbi ~ziulmyp h~~zmh`b em`yplfk mf h`tlultlip

cldi zioy`lfk iaizkif`| {hlt tlaip& Lf hooltlmf ziamulfk tbi ~mcltl`hc lfecyifì ezma CBLFp“

oh|!tm!oh| m~izhtlmfp {lcc bic~ ifhjci `bhfki hfo lffmuhtlmf& Hcc tmm metif fikhtlui zi~mztp lf

tbi aiolh bhui pt|alio iumcytlmf lf bihctb `hzi ~mcl`| hfo oicluiz|& Kmuizfaift fiiop tm

pthfo j| tbi CBLFp“ oi`lplmfp iuif eh`lclt| `cmpyzip le fiio ji&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!??7 Amui `zltl`hc bihctb ~mcl`| oi`lplmfp myt me tbi `mftirt me fikmtlhtlmfp

{ltb tbi Mfthzlm Aiol`hc Hppm`lhtlmf hfo lftm h emzya tbht lf`cyoip jzmho pthdibmcoiz

`mfpycthtlmf&

@yzziftc| oi`lplmfp zikhzolfk aiol`hc ~zmìoyzip tbht hzi `muizio yfoiz MBL^ mz ir`cyoio

ezma `muizhki hzi ~hzt me tbi `ma~ifphtlmf ~h`dhki fikmtlhtio ~izlmol`hcc| j| tbi

kmuizfaift hfo tbi MAH& _blp pbmyco ptm~& Hp lf mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp om`tmzp pbmyco ji

`mfpyctio mf py`b xyiptlmfp jyt fm amzi& Py`b oi`lplmfp pbmyco ji ahoi icpi{bizi

"pii firt zi`maaifohtlmf,&

Iuloifì!jhpio mcl`|

[i aypt zi`mkflwi tbht ~b|pl`lhfp bhui h tmykb gmj& Aiol`lfi lp `ma~cl`htio hfo iuiz!

`bhfklfk& Hetiz ahf| |ihzp lf p`bmmc om`tmzp hzi tbzypt lftm h clei me cmfk {mzd bmyzp {bl`b

ahdip lt oleel`yct tm dii~ y~ {ltb tbi chtipt zipihz`b hfo jipt ~zh`tlìp& _bi| fiio zipihz`b!

jhpio `clfl`hc kyloiclfip tm bic~ tbia pth| `yzzift {ltb oiuicm~aiftp lf aiol`lfi& _blp lp {b|

tbi kmuizfaift ipthjclpbio jmtb tbi L@IP hfo BXM& Mtbiz `myftzlip bhui pit y~ plalchz

xyhclt| `myf`lcp cldi Jzlthlf“p Fhtlmfhc Lfptltyti emz Bihctb hfo @clfl`hc Irìccifì& Lf Mfthzlm

tbi {mzd me L@IP hfo BXM `hf ji tbi jhplp emz `clfl`hc kyloiclfip tbht `hf houlpi ~b|pl`lhfp

hfo mtbiz bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp mf tbi ampt ieei`tlui hfo ieel`lift {h|p me oihclfk {ltb p~i`lelàiol`hc ~zmjciap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?97 _bi Lfptltyti emz @clfl`hc Iuhcyhtlui P`lifìp hfo Bihctb Xyhclt|

Mfthzlm aypt {mzd lf thfoia lftikzhtlfk tbilz zip~i`tlui ir~iztlpi lftm ~zh`tl`hc

zi`maaifohtlmfp emz bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp&



825

_bi| `myco hcpm bic~ tbi kmuizfaift oi`loi {bl`b ~zmìoyzip alkbt ji ziamuio ezma ~yjcl`

`muizhki h thpd fm{ omfi tbzmykb tbi alflptz|“p fikmtlhtlmfp {ltb tbi MAH&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?57 Hp h jmo| me ~zh`tlì lp ipthjclpbio ir~hfo tbi ahfohti me Bihctb

Xyhclt| Mfthzlm tm ji`mai h zikychtmz| jmo| tm ifemzì iuloifì!jhpio olzi`tluip tm kyloi

tzihtaift oi`lplmfp hfo MBL^ `muizhki&

Bihctb Xyhclt| Mfthzlm lp zip~mfpljci emz ahdlfk zi`maaifohtlmfp {ltb zip~i`t tm `clfl`hc

~zh`tlì kyloiclfip hfo tbi ~zmulplmf me eyfolfk emz bihctb `hzi pizulìp hfo aiol`hc oiulìp

jhpio mf p`liftlel` iuloifì& _bmykb ieei`tluifipp lp h ìftzhc tifit me tbilz zipihz`b

ieel`lif`| pbmyco hcpm ji`mai hf ixyhcc| chzki em`yp&

@hzi pbmyco ji thdif tm ifpyzi tbht lffmuhtlmf lp fmt ptlecio j| olzi`tluip tbht hzi

yfzihpmfhjc| zlklo& Py`b hf lfltlhtlui7

Zixylzip ieei`tlui lf~yt ezma di| pthdibmcoizp lf`cyolfk ~b|pl`lhfp4

Zixylzip ieei`tlui clhlpmfp {ltb xyhclt|-zipihz`b mzkhflwhtlmfp lf mtbiz ~zmulfìp lf tbi

eioizhc kmuizfaift hfo lf mtbiz `myftzlip4 hfo

Zixylzip hf lftizfhtlmfhc p`liftlel` houlpmz| jmo|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?;7 Ahdi hcc Bihctb Xyhclt| Mfthzlm {mzd ~yjcl`& Ypi tbi iuloifì emyfo

tm lfemza olzi`tluip mf ~zh`tlìp hfo {bht {lcc ji `muizio j| MBL^&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?27 Amzi {mzd aypt ji omfi mf tbi ieel`lif`| ezmft emz tbi Lfptltyti emz

@clfl`hc Iuhcyhtlui P`lifìp&

_bi ahfohti me L@IP lp tm `mfoy`t zipihz`b tbht `mftzljytip tm tbi ieei`tluifipp xyhclt|

ixylt| hfo ieel`lif`| me bihctb `hzi hfo bihctb pizulìp lf Mfthzlm& Ltp {mzd tm ohti bhp ahoi

kziht ptzloip mf tbi ezmftp me ieei`tluifipp xyhclt| hfo ixylt|4 bm{iuiz tbi ieel`lif`|

`ma~mfift bhp chkkio tbi mtbizp&

Jmtb L@IP hfo BXM `myco ji`mai lfptzyaifthc lf bic~lfk lf`zihpi ieel`lif`| me tbi bihctb

p|ptia {ltbmyt gim~hzolwlfk xyhclt|& Lt lp fm cmfkiz pyeel`lift tm pla~c| hpd {bitbiz h ~zh`tlì

mz h ~bhzahìytl`hc meeizp tbi ~zmp~i`t me la~zmuio bihctb& H ay`b amzi ptzlfkift tipt lp tm

oitizalfi le lt lp hf ieel`lift {h| tm h`bliui ~mpltlui bihctb myt`maip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?<7 Ir~cmzi tbi ~mtiftlhc emz h fhtlmfhc Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal`

@m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift!t|~i iftlt| tbht `mcchtip hfo ifbhfìp iuloifì!jhpio ~mcl`|

olzi`tlmfp hfo ~zmuloip ifbhfìo `mcchjmzhtlmf mf lppyip h`zmpp gyzlpol`tlmfp& Lt `myco ~zmuloi

h khtbizlfk ~chì emz olhcmkyi hfo h pi`zithzlht {ltb h `h~h`lt| emz hfhc|plp& Py`b hf

mzkhflwhtlmf `myco ji bmypio {ltb tbi @myf`lc me Bihctb Alflptizp mz Oi~yt| Alflptizp&

_bi eioizhc kmuizfaift pbmyco ji lfumcuio&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

82;

Oip~lti uhzlhtlmfp lf bm{ bihctb `hzi lp ~zmuloio h`zmpp tbi `myftz| hcc ~zmulfìp hfo

tizzltmzlip ehì tbi phai `bhccifki me `mftzmcclfk bihctb `hzi `mpt lf`zihpip {ltbmyt ph`zlel`lfk

irìccift `hzi& Ay`b `hf ji cihzfio j| olp`ypplfk hfo yfoizpthfolfk {bht ih`b gyzlpol`tlmf lp

omlfk hfo tbizi lp hf m~~mztyflt| tm `mfoy`t `zmpp!gyzlpol`tlmfhc ptyolip tm oitizalfi tbi jipt

h~~zmh`b& _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift lp yfcldic| tm ~ch| tbi zmci me eh`lclthtlfk py`b h olhcmkyi4

bm{iuiz Mfthzlm pbmyco `mfuifi {ltb tbi mtbiz ~zmulfìp hfo tizzltmzlip hfo lfulti tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift tm ~hztl`l~hti&

Bmp~lthcp

Ht ~zipift tbi ~h|aift bmp~lthcp ziìlui lp jhpio mf huizhki `mptp h`zmpp tbi ~zmulfì pm

tbizi lp fm lfìftlui tm lf`zihpi ieel`lif`|& _bizi lp clttci yfoizpthfolfk me tbi tzyi `mptp me

bmp~lthc ~zmìoyzip hfo hp py`b iptlahtlmfp me uhcyi emz amfi| hzi oleel`yct tm hpìzthlf&

Jmtb AMBC_@ hfo CBLFp fiio tm thdi h bhzo cmmd ht tbi uhzlhjlclt| lf tbi `mptp lf`yzzio j|

bmp~lthc ~zmìoyzip ezma ziklmf tm ziklmf hfo bmp~lthc tm bmp~lthc hfo thdi pti~p tm ifpyzitbht Mfthzlm lp kittlfk tbi jipt uhcyi emz ltp amfi| {bif hccm`htlfk eyfop tm bmp~lthcp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9>7 Ypi ohth ezma tbi Bihctb!Jhpio Hccm`htlmf Amoic "BJHA, p|ptia tm

pit h~~zm~zlhti `ma~ifphtlmf emz ~zmìoyzip hfo ìhpi tbi ypi me huizhki `mptp tm pit

bmp~lthc ~h|aiftp "pii Zi`maaifohtlmfp 9!8; hfo 9!;0 emz amzi oithlcp mf BJHA,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!987 @zihti h jcifo me h`tlult|!jhpio eyfolfk "l&i& eyfolfk zichtio tm

lftizuiftlmfp mz myt`maip, hfo jhpi eyfolfk ahfhkio tbzmykb h``myfthjlclt| hkziiaiftp&

Lfoiio h pblet tm h`tlult|!jhpio eyfolfk pbmyco ji h~~clio hp {icc tm mtbiz ~hztp me tbi bihctb

p|ptia& @yzziftc| bmp~lthc jyokitp hzi amptc| oitizalfio j| h ~izìfthki lf`zihpi ezma tbi

~ziulmyp |ihz“p jyokit zikhzocipp me {bitbiz h bmp~lthc“p h`tlultlip hzi lf`zihplfk mz

oi`zihplfk& Yfoiz h`tlult|!jhpio eyfolfk h bmp~lthc {myco kit h pit hamyft emz h p~i`lel`

lftizuiftlmf& Emz irha~ci h bmp~lthc alkbt kit /:>>> emz ih`b `hthzh`t pyzkiz| /?>> tm pit h

jzmdif hza hfo /2>>> emz h bl~ zi~chìaift& Hf h`tlult| {myco pblet tm tbi bmp~lthcp tbht `hf

~izemza lt ~zmelthjc| {blci bmp~lthcp tbht `hffmt aiit tbht pthfohzo {myco iltbiz ji`mai amzi

ieel`lift mz zioyì tbilz ieemztp lf tblp hzih loihcc| j| em`yplfk mf h`tlultlip tbht tbi| `hf om

{icc& _bi zipyct {myco ji h kifizhc zioy`tlmf lf tbi `mpt me ih`b ~zmìoyzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9:7 @zihti ~mcl`lip tm amui ~im~ci h{h| ezma lf~htlift h`yti `hzipittlfkp j| pbletlfk h`ìpp tm tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia h{h| ezma iaizkif`| zmmap hfo

tm{hzop `maayflt| `hzi "l&i& {hcd!lf `clfl`p hfo Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap, bmai `hzi hfo

lf pmai `hpip cmfk!tiza `hzi&

_blp hcmfi pbmyco zioyì tbi fyajiz me ~im~ci {bm ifo y~ jilfk hoalttio tm bmp~lthc jiop

iuif tbmykb tbht lp fmt h~~zm~zlhti emz tbi fhtyzi me `hzi tbi| fiio&



822

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!907 If`myzhki bmp~lthcp tm p~i`lhclwi pm hcc hzi fmt tz|lfk tm ~zmuloi hcc

pizulìp zikhzocipp me tbilz `ma~hzhtlui houhfthkip&

_m h oikzii ~zm~iz eyfolfk lfìftluip {lcc ifizklwi tblp pblet4 le h ìzthlf zilajyzpiaift zhti

lp pit emz hf h`tlult| bmp~lthcp tbht `hffmt ~zmuloi tbi pizulì {ltblf tbht zhti {lcc kzhulthti

h{h| ezma lt& Amzi p~i`lhct| `clfl`p pbmyco hcpm ji if`myzhkio ji`hypi tbi| `hf `mpt cipp

hfo ~zmuloi jittiz xyhclt|& Hkhlf h ~zm~iz eyfolfk amoic pbmyco py~~mzt tblp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9?7 Kluif tbi jyzoif me hctizfhti ciuic me `hzi "HC@, ~htliftp mf bmp~lthc

`h~h`lt| bmp~lthcp aypt ji`mai amzi ieei`tlui lf m~tlalwlfk tblp `h~h`lt| {blci h~~c|lfk jipt

~zh`tlìp lf ~chfflfk ~htlift olp`bhzkip& Eyztbiz pahcc bmp~lthcp {ltb chzki HC@ ~m~ychtlmfp

aypt ji hppippio {ltb h kmhc me zioielflfk tbilz zmci lf `hzi emz tbi icoizc|& Hkhlf eyfolfk

pbmyco ji hclkfio h~~zm~zlhtic|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!997 Ypi bmp~lthclpt ~b|pl`lhfp tm `m!mzolfhti lf~htlift `hzi ezma

hoalpplmf tm olp`bhzki& Bmp~lthclptp pbmyco {mzd {ltb Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap tm jittiz

`m!mzolfhti h ~htlift“p amuip tbzmykb tbi bihctb `hzi `mftlfyya "h`yti `hzi zibhjlclthtlmf

cmfk!tiza `hzi `maayflt| `hzi hfo bmai `hzi,&

^b|pl`lhfp

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!957 Ahdi ~zlahz| `hzi h em`hc ~mlft lf h fi{ lftikzhtio bihctb amoic&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9;7 Ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzltlip aypt lftikzhti ~b|pl`lhfp lftm h zmptizio

bihctb p|ptia hfo hom~t tbi h~~zm~zlhti aihpyzip tm hoozipp `ma~ifphtlmf lppyip h`zmpp

olp`l~clfip4 tbht lp tbi ~zm~iz jcifo me phchz|-`h~lthtlmf hfo eii!emz!pizulì&

_bi ~zlahz| kmhc emz ~b|pl`lhf ~izemzahfì pbmyco ji ~ziuiftlmf hfo dii~lfk ~im~ci myt me

bmp~lthcp& @mcci`tlui hoalflptzhtlui py~~mzt {myco hccm{ ~b|pl`lhfp tm `mfìftzhti mf ~zmulolfk

jittiz `hzi h uhcyi ~zm~mpltlmf tbht pbmyco h~~ihc tm tbia&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!927 Zioyì tbi pmci ~zm~zlitmzpbl~ fhtyzi me tbi meelìp me ahf| ~zlahz|

`hzi ~b|pl`lhfp hfo if`myzhki amzi lftizolp`l~clfhz| lftikzhtlmf tbzmykb ~izemzahfì

lfìftluip hfo h``myfthjlclt|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9<7 @ma~ifphti ~b|pl`lhfp yplfk h jcifoio amoic me phchz|-`h~lthtlmfhfo eii!emz!pizulì4 tbi zlkbt jhchfì lp ~zmjhjc| lf tbi hzih me ;> ~iz ìft phchz|-`h~lthtlmf

hfo 0> ~iz ìft eii!emz!pizulì&

^b|pl`lhfp“ `ma~ifphtlmf hfo ip~i`lhcc| ~izemzahfì ~h| pbmyco ji clfdio tm ~mpltlui bihctb

myt`maip tbht hzi clfdio tm ptzhtikl` thzkitp fmt tm tbi fyajiz me lftizuiftlmfp ~izemzaio&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

82<

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!5>7 Hkkzippluic| fikmtlhti {ltb tbi Mfthzlm Aiol`hc Hppm`lhtlmf emz tbi

firt hkziiaift&

_bi kmuizfaift aypt ji uiz| ptzhtikl` lf ltp mjgi`tluip tm ifpyzi tbi ~zmamtlmf me h blkb!

xyhclt| `hzi p|ptia tbht zyfp ieel`liftc|& Plfì Mfthzlm“p om`tmzp hzi fm{ tbi jipt ~hlo lf tbi

`myftz| lt lp zihpmfhjci tm pit h kmhc me hccm{lfk fm lf`zihpi lf tmthc `ma~ifphtlmf& Bm{iuiz

tbi fikmtlhtlmfp aypt km {icc ji|mfo `ma~ifphtlmf& _bi| aypt hcpm hoozipp tbi lftikzhtlmf me

~b|pl`lhfp lftm tbi zipt me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia hfo tbi mjgi`tlui me {mzdlfk tm{hzop tbi

jipt ~mppljci bihctb xyhclt| ziklai&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!587 Hogypt eii p`bioycip lf h tlaic| ahffiz tm zieci`t ti`bfmcmkl`hc

la~zmuiaiftp {ltb tbi phulfkp kmlfk tm tbi jmttma clfi me cipp ir~ifoltyzi mf bihctb `hzi&

_i`bfmcmkl`hc la~zmuiaiftp metif zioyì tbi tlai zixylzio emz ~zmìoyzip& [lcc Ehcd bhp

ziìftc| ~mlftio tm tbi irha~ci me zholmcmk| {bizi kmuizfaift lfuiptaiftp lf`cyolfk tbmpi

ahoi tbzmykb tbi @hfhoh Bihctb Lfem{h| ~zmkzha bhui zipyctio lf uhpt ~zmoy`tlult|

la~zmuiaiftp& Oip~lti tbi eh`t tbht tbipi la~zmuiaiftp bhui ozhptl`hcc| zioyìo tbi tlai lt

thdip tm olhkfmpi "hfo bifì kzihtc| lf`zihpio tbi umcyaip me olhkfmpip tbht `hf ji ahoi lf

hf| kluif oh|, tbi eii p`bioyci bhp fmt jiif hogyptio tm zieci`t tbipi ieei`tp&5?

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!5:7 Ahdi Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap "EB_p, tbi fmza emz ~zlahz| `hzi hfo

oiplkf tbi lfìftlui ptzy`tyzi me ~b|pl`lhfp“ `ma~ifphtlmf tm if`myzhki tblp oiuicm~aift&

Hamfk tbi di| `bhzh`tizlptl`p me EB_p hzi tbi emccm{lfk7

_bi ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzlt| pbmyco ~ch| h di| zmci lf oitizalflfk tbilz zichtlmfpbl~ {ltb

tbi zipt me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia hfo pittlfk kzmyfo zycip emz tbilz m~izhtlmf4

Ahdi myt`maip tbi em`yp me EB_p fmt bihctb lftizuiftlmfp& _bilz m~izhtlmf pbmyco ji

tlkbtifio tbzmykb mjgi`tluip h``myfthjlclt| hfo h ohth `mcci`tlmf p|ptia4

@mfoy`t zipihz`b tm oitizalfi tbi m~tlahc plwi me EB_p thdlfk lftm h``myft eh`tmzp py`b

hp kimkzh~b| hfo ~htlift oiamkzh~b|& Jhchf`lfk i`mfmalip me p`hci {blci ahlfthlflfk

~izpmfhc `mffi`tlmfp jit{iif bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp hfo ~htliftp lp `zy`lhc7 EB_p fiio tbi

p`hci tm py~~mzt h {loi zhfki me `hzi ~zmuloizp hfo ji hjci tm py~~mzt tbi hoalflptzhtlmf

fiìpphz| lf`cyolfk tbi zip~mfpljlclt| me tzh`dlfk ~im~ci tbzmykb tbi p|ptia& Lt bhp jiif

pykkiptio tm tbi @maalpplmf tbht tbi m~tlahc plwi emz chzkiz `maayfltlip ah| ji lf tbi

zhfki me 2 tm 89 ~b|pl`lhfp hfo lf`cyoi ~zh`tltlmfizp {ltb h {loiz zhfki me p~i`lhctlip tbhflp fm{ tbi `hpi& _bi| fm{ t|~l`hcc| bhui mfc| tbzii tm ilkbt ~b|pl`lhfp4 hfo

5? [& Ehcd A& Aifoicpmbf G& Bghzthzpmf hfo H& Pmytbi| –Elp`hc Pypthlfhjlclt| hfo tbi _zhfpemzahtlmf me @hfhoh“p Bihctb`hzi P|ptia7 H Pbletlfk Kihzp Zi~mzt‑ :>88 Am{ht @iftzi ~& 05&



8<>

_m ~zmuloi h zhfki me pizulìp ht h cm{iz `mpt lf`cyoi mtbiz bihctb ~zmeipplmfhcp lf tbi

EB_p "fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp ziklptizio fyzpip olitltlhfp hfo alo{luip emz irha~ci,&

Yfclptio ~zh`tltlmfizp py`b hp ~b|plmtbizh~lptp hfo ahpphki tbizh~lptp {myco hcpm ji ~hzt

me EB_p4 bm{iuiz tbilz pizulìp {myco ji ~zmuloio mf h `mpt!zi`muiz| jhplp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!507 Zixylzi Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap "EB_p, tm h`ì~t ~htliftp {bm `bmmpi

tbia hfo tbi EB_p pbmyco {mzd {ltb ih`b ~htlift tm `mffi`t tbia {ltb tbi ampt h~~zm~zlhti

`mfpticchtlmf me `hzi ~zmuloizp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!5?7 _bi ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzlt| pbmyco ipthjclpb lfìftluip tm

olp`myzhki Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap ezma zieizzlfk ~htliftp tm h`yti `hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!597 Ziklmfhc hytbmzltlip pbmyco hcpm ji zip~mfpljci emz hpplkflfk bihu|

ypizp me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia tm tbi h~~zm~zlhti Ehalc| Bihctb _iha "EB_,& Le emz irha~ci

tbizi hzi 0>> bihu| ypizp {ltblf h ziklmf hfo tbzii EB_p tbi ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzlt| {myco

tz| tm ptiiz 8>> tm ih`b pm tbht fm EB_ lp muizjyzoifio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!557 Ji`hypi Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap "EB_p, {lcc ji zip~mfpljci emz ~htlift

tzh`dlfk tbi| {lcc fiio tm jylco h `zltl`hc ahpp me hf hoalflptzhtlui hza tm `hzz| myt tblp thpd&

_blp hoalflptzhtlui hza pbmyco ji pbhzio hamfk h fyajiz me EB_p&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!5;7 Jittiz hetiz!bmyzp `hzi aypt ji meeizio hfo tici~bmfi-Lftizfit

pizulìp pbmyco olzi`t ~htliftp tm tbi ampt h~~zm~zlhti hfo `mfuiflift `hzi ~zmuloiz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!527 Hcc Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap aypt ji if`myzhkio tm hoo amzi

p~i`lhclptp tm tbilz tihap {bl`b {lcc zioyì zieizzhcp hfo ihpi pmai me tbi `ma~cirltlipme ~htlift tzh`dlfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!5<7 _bi Alflptz| me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi pbmyco hccm{ tbi

ecirljlclt| fiìpphz| emz Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap tm pbhzi p~i`lhclptp j| ~izalttlfk ~hzt!tlai

`mftzh`tp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;>7 Hcc Ehalc| Bihctb _iha ~b|pl`lhfp aypt jiklf ifkhklfk lf

olp`ypplmfp {ltb tbilz alooci!hkio ~htliftp hjmyt ifo!me!clei bihctb `hzi&

Ehz tmm metif ~htliftp hfo tbilz ehalclip hzi tbzypt lftm ahdlfk tbipi t|~ip me `zltl`hc oi`lplmfpyfoiz oyzipp {bizi h `cihz yfoizpthfolfk me hctizfhtluip hfo `mfpixyifìp lp ippiftlhc hfo

tbi fiio tm zh~loc| la~ciaift tbi ~htlift“p {lpbip lp zixylzio&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8<8

_bi alflptz| pbmyco piid tbi hpplpthfì me hfo lf~yt ezma piflmzp“ houm`h`| mzkhflwhtlmfp

"cldi @HZ^59, tm ifkhki tbi ~yjcl` lf hf m~if olhcmkyi mf tbi h~~zm~zlhti ~mcl`lip hfo

h~~zmh`bip tm hoozipp ifo!me!clei `hzi& H amoyci pbmyco ji oiuicm~io tm hpplpt ~im~ci lf

pittlfk myt tbilz {lpbip hfo houlplfk tbia mf tbi h~~zm~zlhti ~zmìppip tm ifpyzi tbht tbilz

{lpbip hzi `hzzlio myt& Lfemzalfk ~im~ci hjmyt tbi la~mzthfì me yplfk hf houhfì bihctb

`hzi olzi`tlui "hcpm dfm{f hp h –clulfk {lcc‑, hp m~~mpio tm tbi chpt {lcc hfo tipthaift hp tbi

cikhc om`yaift tm ir~zipp mfi“p ifo!me!clei `hzi {lpbip lp ippiftlhc&

^zlahz| `hzi ~b|pl`lhfp fiio tm m~if tbi olhcmkyi hjmyt h clulfk {lcc tbht ch|p myt bm{

lfoluloyhcp {lpb tm ji `hzio emz {bif tbi| hzi yfhjci tm om pm lf`cyolfk tbi fiio tm olp`ypp

tbi clulfk {lcc {ltb ehalc| jiemzibhfo tm altlkhti hf| ~mppljci `mfecl`tp chtiz&

Le ~htliftp lfol`hti tbilz ~zieizifì lf h~~zmh`b tbif tbi ~b|pl`lhf pbmyco ziìlui hppyzhfìp

ezma tbi ~htlift tbht tbizi lp yfoizpthfolfk hamfk hcc ehalc| aiajizp& Le ~htliftp bhui fmt

lfol`htio h ~zieizifì tbif tbi ~b|pl`lhf pbmyco kiftc| ifpyzi tbht tbi lppyi lp zhlpio&

Bhulfk h `cihz yfoizpthfolfk j| hcc ~hztlip me ~htliftp“ {lpbip zikhzolfk ifo!me!clei `hzi meeizp

tbi hjlclt| tm ~yt lf ~chì h ~chf tm ~zmuloi tbi `hzi fiìpphz| tm aiit tbi ~htliftp“ fiiop hfo

~zmuloi tbi pizulìp lf h tlaic| ahffiz {bif tbi fiio hzlpip& _blp lf tyzf {lcc bic~ tm zioyì

tbi fyajiz me HC@ ~htliftp {bm hzi {hltlfk emz ~chìp lf cmfk!tiza `hzi eh`lcltlip hfo

bmp~lìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;87 La~zmui h`ìpp tm `hzi "i&k& lf ziamti `maayfltlip, hfo

~zmoy`tlult| emz p~i`lhclptp j| tzlhklfk h~~zm~zlhti ~htliftp emz ticiaiol`lfi pizulìp

"i&k& ticioizahtmcmk| ticim~btbhcamcmk|,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;:7 Ziamui ~izuizpi lfìftluip tbht yfoizalfi tbi xyhclt| hfo

ieel`lif`| me `hzi& Emz irha~ci ~b|pl`lhfp hzi ~ifhclwio {bif mfi me tbilz ~htliftp kmip tm

hfmtbiz {hcd!lf `clfl` jyt fmt {bif tbi ~htlift kmip tm tbi iaizkif`| oi~hztaift me h

bmp~lthc& Amzi kifizhcc| tbi eii!emz!pizulì `ma~ifphtlmf amoic kluip hf lfìftlui emz

aiol`hc lftizuiftlmfp {ltbmyt oyi `mfploizhtlmf tm xyhclt| hfo ieel`lif`| me `hzi&

Py`b lfìftlui lppyip aypt ji hoozippio j| em`yplfk tbi Mfthzlm Aiol`hc Hppm`lhtlmf“p

fikmtlhtlmfp amzi mf xyhclt| me `hzi hfo haifolfk ~h|aift p|ptiap emz ~b|pl`lhfp hfo

tbzmykbmyt tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia&

59 @HZ^ {hp emzaizc| dfm{f hp tbi @hfholhf Hppm`lhtlmf me Zitlzio îzpmfp hfo lp fm{ dfm{f hp @hfhoh+p Hppm`lhtlmf emz tbi Elet|!^cypjyt lt bhp zithlfio tbi @HZ^ h`zmf|a& Emz amzi lfemzahtlmf ~cihpi pii {{{&`hz~&`h&



8<:

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;07 _bi amoic oip`zljio lf tbi hjmui zi`maaifohtlmfp aypt ji

py~~mztio j| h zmjypt ohth `mcci`tlmf hfo pbhzlfk p|ptia tbht hccm{p tbi `zihtlmf me tbi

fiìpphz| zi`mzop& Emz irha~ci tbi amoic {mzdp mfc| le {i dfm{ bm{ ahf| ~htliftp hzi

fmt ulpltlfk iaizkif`| oi~hztaiftp mz bm{ ahf| olhjitip ~htliftp hzi fmt ir~izlif`lfk

`ma~cl`htlmfp "pii Zi`maaifohtlmfp 9!8; hfo 9!9> mf Bihctb!Jhpio Hccm`htlmf Amoic ohth

emz amzi oithlcp,&

@maayflt| @hzi Bmai @hzi hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;?7 Lf`zihpi tbi em`yp mf bmai `hzi py~~mztio j| zixylzio zipmyzìp

~hztl`ychzc| ht tbi `maayflt| ciuic&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;97 Aht`b piflmzp tm tbi pizulìp tbht tbi| fiio ezma tbi ihzclipt

huhlchjci `hzi ~zmuloiz zioyì hctizfhti ciuic me `hzi oh|p hfo la~zmui `m!mzolfhtlmf me

`hzi tbzmykb tbi ypi me zieizzhc ahfhkiaift tmmcp emz cmfk!tiza `hzi bmai `hzi hfo

`maayflt| pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;57 La~ciaift tbi zi`maaifohtlmfp `mfthlfio lf –@hzlfk emz Myz Hklfk

^m~ychtlmf hfo Hoozipplfk Hctizfhti Ciuic me @hzi‑ h zi~mzt ~zi~hzio j| Oz& Ohulo [hcdiz

hfo zicihpio lf Hykypt :>88&55

Amzi p~i`lel`hcc| tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco amui xyl`dc| tm la~ciaift blp ~zm~mphcp tbht7

Mfthzlm“p bihctb `hzi p|ptia fiiop tm yfoizkm h jzmhoiz tzhfpemzahtlmf tm aiit tbi `hzi

fiiop me hf hklfk ~m~ychtlmf4

^zlahz| `hzi ~zmuloizp aypt ahdi `hzi emz tbi icoizc| h ~zlmzlt| lf`cyolfk tbi ihzc|

loiftlel`htlmf me piflmzp ht zlpd me ezhlct| hfo ~zmh`tlui ahfhkiaift me tbilz ayctl~ci

`bhccifkip4

_bi `mftlfyya me `maayflt| `hzi aypt ji py~~mztio tbzmykb hooltlmfhc hfo pypthlfio

zipmyzìp tm lftikzhti `m!mzolfhti hfo ifbhfì tzholtlmfhc pi`tmzp hfo hpplptio clulfk

hzzhfkiaiftp {blci jzloklfk kh~p tbzmykb fi{ amoicp me `hzi tbht pizui ~m~ychtlmfp

{bmpi `hzi fiiop irìio {bht lp `yzziftc| huhlchjci4

Piflmzp hfo |myfkiz ~m~ychtlmfp {ltb p~i`lhc fiiop ~hztl`ychzc| jibhulmyzhc `bhccifkip

aypt ji ~zmuloio {ltb dfm{ciokihjci lftikzhtio `hzi h`zmpp tbi `mftlfyya {biziuiz

tbi| piid tzihtaift {ltb ixylthjci hfo tlaic| tzhfpltlmf tm tbi zlkbt ~zmuloiz emz tbi

zlkbt pizulì4

55 [hcdiz m~& `lt&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8<0

Hf –hppipp hfo ziptmzi‑ ~blcmpm~b| hfo eyf`tlmf aypt ji ìftzhc tm bihctb `hzi oicluiz|&

_bizi pbmyco ji hf ifbhfìaift me ~zmkzhap hlaio ht ziptmzlfk hfo zih`tluhtlfk icoizc|

~htliftp“ ciuic me eyf`tlmflfk hfo `zihtlfk m~~mztyfltlip emz tbia tm ji tzhfpeizzio bmai

{ltb h~~zm~zlhti mfkmlfk py~~mztp4 hfo

La~zmuio `maayfl`htlmf jit{iif lfptltytlmfp hfo jit{iif ~zlahz| `hzi hfo @@H@ptbzmykb tbi ypi me ici`tzmfl` aiol`hc zi`mzop lp ippiftlhc& Eyztbizamzi houhfìp ahoi lf

tbi ypi me ticibmai`hzi pbmyco ji olppialfhtio hfo hom~tio jzmhoc| emz tbi zlkbt

HC@ ~m~ychtlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;;7 Lf hooltlmf tm zi`maaifohtlmfp `mfthlfio lf –@hzlfk emz Myz Hklfk

^m~ychtlmf hfo Hoozipplfk Hctizfhti Ciuic me @hzi‑ h zi~mzt ~zi~hzio j| Oz& Ohulo [hcdiz

hfo zicihpio lf Hykypt :>885; tbizi lp h fiio emz amzi hfo uhzlio ~hcclhtlui `hzi4 ht bmai

hfo lf ziploiftlhc bmp~lìp&

Bihctb ^zmamtlmf hfo ^ziuiftlmfZi`maaifohtlmf 9!;27 Lftikzhti tbi ~yjcl` bihctb p|ptia lftm tbi mtbiz ~hztp me tbi bihctb

p|ptia "l&i& Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp,&

Ay`b ~yjcl` bihctb {mzd lp omfi mytploi tbi ~zlahz| bihctb `hzi pi`tmz emz irha~ci

lf ahttizp me pittciaift hfo bmyplfk& _bi ~mtiftlhc la~h`tp me jyokit lftikzhtlmf pbmyco

ji thdif lftm `mfploizhtlmf hp tbi eyfolfk pmyzìp emz ~yjcl` bihctb hzi ptzmfkc| clfdio tm

ayfl`l~hc jyokitp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;<7 Ziuli{ tbi `yzzift eyfolfk amoic tbht zixylzip h :9 ~iz ìft aht`bezma ayfl`l~hcltlip emz ~yjcl` bihctb p~ifolfk&

Ahf| ayfl`l~hcltlip hzi fm{ `mfploizlfk zioy`lfk tbilz eyfolfk {bl`b ~ytp ~yjcl` bihctb yfltp

ht zlpd me cmplfk ~zmulf`lhc py~~mzt hp h zipyct me tbi ayfl`l~hc `ytp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!2>7 @mfploiz eycc| y~cmholfk ~yjcl` bihctb tm tbi ~zmulf`lhc ciuic tm

ifpyzi jittiz lftikzhtlmf {ltb tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia hfo humlo irlptlfk eyfolfk ~zippyzip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!287 La~zmui `m!mzolfhtlmf h`zmpp tbi ~yjcl` bihctb p|ptia fmt mfc|

hamfk ~yjcl` bihctb yfltp jyt hcpm hamfk bmp~lthcp `maayflt| `hzi ~zmuloizp hfo ~zlahz|

`hzi ~b|pl`lhfp&

5; [hcdiz m~& `lt&



8<?

[ltb tbi houift me CBLFp bmp~lthcp ziem`ypio mf h`yti `hzi hfo `mzi pizulìp jyt hp hf

yflftifoio zipyct tbi| jikhf ~ycclfk jh`d mf ~yjcl` bihctb eyf`tlmfp py`b hp olhjitip

`myfpicclfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!2:7 Zi~cl`hti Jzltlpb @mcyajlh“p H`t Fm{ lfltlhtlui {bl`b bhp jiif

loiftlelio j| tbi [mzco Bihctb Mzkhflwhtlmf "[BM, hp h jipt ~zh`tlì emz bihctb ~zmamtlmf

hfo `bzmfl` olpihpi ~ziuiftlmf lf Mfthzlm&

_bizi h~~ihzp tm ji pmai `mzzichtlmf jit{iif bihctb myt`maip hfo tbi hamyft ~zmulfìp

p~ifo mf ~yjcl` bihctb& H :>>< ptyo| j| Omykchp Ahfyic hfo mtbizp ziuihcio tbht Jzltlpb

@mcyajlh {bl`b p~ifop hcampt tbzii tlaip hp ay`b ~iz `h~lth mf ~yjcl` bihctb hp Mfthzlm

lp tbi ciholfk ~zmulfì lf tizap me muizhcc ~m~ychtlmf bihctb hfo bihctb jibhulmyzp "lf`cyolfk

xylttlfk pamdlfk ifkhklfk lf zikychz ~b|pl`hc h`tlult| `bmmplfk h bihctb| olit hfo ahlfthlflfk

h bihctb| jmo| {ilkbt,&52 _blp h~~hzift `mzzichtlmf jit{iif ~yjcl` bihctb p~ifolfk hfo bihctb

myt`maip fiiop tm ji eyztbiz ir~cmzio tbzmykb zipihz`b tm oitizalfi tbi jifielt!`mpt zhtlmp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!207 Bhui om`tmzp hoozipp olit hfo iriz`lpi lppyip jiemzi zih`blfk emz

tbi ~zip`zl~tlmf ~ho {bif oihclfk {ltb bihctb lppyip py`b hp `hzolmuhp`ychz olpihpi hfo

chti!mfpit _|~i : olhjitip&

^htliftp fiio tm biio tbilz om`tmz“p houlì hfo ahdi cleipt|ci `bhfkip {bif zixyiptio&

Emz irha~ci tbi `bmciptizmc!cm{izlfk aiol`htlmf Cl~ltmz bhp jiif tbi jlkkipt picclfk ozyk emz

muiz 8> |ihzp lf pmai |ihzp irìiolfk /8 jlcclmf lf phcip& Hp Cl~ltmz lp tbi ampt!metif

~zip`zljio ozyk lf @hfhoh emz tbmpi muiz hki 59 tblp aihfp tbht tbi MOJ ~zmkzha lp

`muizlfk h pyjpthftlhc `mpt tbht `myco ji ~mtiftlhcc| hcciulhtio ht cihpt lf ~hzt j| cleipt|ci

`bhfkip lf Mfthzlhfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!2?7 Om amzi tm ~zmamti ~m~ychtlmf bihctb hfo bihctb| cleipt|cip hfo tm

ziuizpi tbi tzifo me `blcobmmo mjiplt| ip~i`lhcc| tbzmykb p`bmmcp&

Lf hooltlmf tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco ir~cmzi zikychtmz| m~tlmfp emz tbi emmo lfoyptz|& _blp {myco

zixylzi tbi lftikzhtlmf me bihctb ~zmamtlmf h`tlultlip {ltb ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo p`bmmc jmhzop

hamfk mtbizp& Lt {lcc ji la~mzthft tm thdi h {bmci me kmuizfaift h~~zmh`b tm ~m~ychtlmf bihctb

hfo lf`cyoi ~m~ychtlmf bihctb lf ~chfflfk `mfploizhtlmfp&

52 O& Ahfyic it hc& –[bht Omip Lt _hdi tm Ahdi h Bihctb| ^zmulfì=‑ Lfptltyti emz @clfl`hc Iuhcyhtlui P`lifìp :>>< ~& ul&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8<9

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!297 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift mf fytzltlmf lfemzahtlmf hfo

{bizi h~~zm~zlhti zikychtlmf&

Le {i h~~c| tbi [BM ~m~ychtlmf httzljythjci zlpd iptlahtip tm @hfholhf amzthclt| pthtlptl`p

fytzltlmf!zichtio `bzmfl` olpihpip fm{ `hypi pmai ?2>>> oihtbp hffyhcc| lf @hfhoh hfo

~izbh~p pmai 85>>> oihtbp lf Mfthzlm&5< Le tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift omip fmt h`t lf h tlaic|

ehpblmf Mfthzlm pbmyco h`t hcmfi lf hzihp py`b hp ziptzl`tlfk tbi hamyft me tzhfp eht hfo

pmolya ~izalppljci lf zipthyzhft hfo ahfyeh`tyzio emmop hfo ipthjclpblfk h ~zmulf`lhc

`bzmfl` olpihpi ~ziuiftlmf ptzhtik| lf`cyolfk fytzltlmf tmjh``m hc`mbmc hfo ~b|pl`hc h`tlult|

aihpyzip&

Aiol`hc P`bmmcp-_zhlflfk

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!257 Aiol`hc p`bmmcp pbmyco ioy`hti ptyoiftp mf –p|ptia lppyip‑ pm

tbi| jittiz yfoizpthfo bm{ ~b|pl`lhfp elt lftm tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia4 emz irha~ci bm{ tm oihc

{ltb ~htlift fiiop ieel`liftc| hfo ieei`tluic| jyt yplfk ei{iz zipmyzìp j| `mffi`tlfk oleeizift

~hztp me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!2;7 Om h jittiz gmj me echkklfk bihctb ~zmeipplmfp hfo cm`htlmfp tbht hzi

`yzziftc| lf pbmzt py~~c| mz {bizi pbmzthkip `hf ji ir~i`tio lf tbi eytyzi&

_bi p`bmmc p|ptia piiap tm ji tbi zlkbt em`hc ~mlft emz `hzz|lfk myt tbi thpd me chjmyz py~~c|

~chfflfk& Aiol`hc p`bmmcp fiio tm om tbilz ~hzt tm ifpyzi hf hoixyhti py~~c| me bihctb `hzi

~zmeipplmfhcp lp hjci tm `hzi emz tbi hklfk ~m~ychtlmf&

^bhzahìytl`hcp

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!227 Clfd tbi Mfthzlm Ozyk Jifielt ~zmkzha amzi olzi`tc| tm lf`mai&

Hcampt hcc me tbi `mpt me ~zip`zl~tlmf ozykp emz piflmzp lp fm{ `muizio j| tbi ~zmulf`lhc

kmuizfaift& _blp lp uiz| ir~ifplui& Mfthzlm fiiop tm pthzt bhulfk hf m~if bmfipt olp`ypplmf

hjmyt ~yjcl` `muizhki me bihctb `hzi `mptp {bl`b lf`cyoip tbi ~mppljlclt| me jzmhoiz ~yjcl`

`muizhki me ~bhzahìytl`hc `mptp hfo bm{ lt pbmyco ji elfhfìo&

5< [mzco Bihctb Mzkhflwhtlmf –Kcmjhc Bihctb Zlpdp7 Amzthclt| hfo Jyzoif me Olpihpi Httzljythjci tm Pici`tio Ahgmz Zlpdp‑ :>>< [&B&M&Kifiuh4 pii ip~i`lhcc| ~& 8; om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&{bm&lft-bihctblfem-kcmjhc]jyzoif]olpihpi-KcmjhcBihctbZlpdp]zi~mzt]eycc&~oe&Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh –Amzthclt| Pyaahz| Clpt me @hypip‑ :>>2 Mtth{h& @hthcmkyi fm& 2?E>:><R {bl`b lfol`htip tbi tmthc fyajiz me oihtbp lf :>>2 {hp :0258; :>) me {bl`b lp ?;;:04 om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&ptht`hf&k`&`h-~yj-2?e>:><r-2?e>:><r:>>2>>>!ifk&~oe&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8<;

_bi @maalpplmf zikzitp lt {hp fmt hjci tm ji lfemzaio j| hf| amoicclfk me py`b hf m~tlmf

{bl`b {myco bhui bic~io `chzle| tbi fit elp`hc la~h`t hfo tbi lf`loifì& Bm{iuiz {i eiic tbht

ht {mzpt lt pbmyco ji ~mppljci tm oiplkf py`b h pìfhzlm mf h `mpt!fiytzhc jhplp tbht {myco ptlcc

cihui tbi jifieltp me ifbhfìo ixylt| hfo cipp olplfìftlui emz pm`lhc hpplpthfì zi`l~liftp tm

iftiz tbi {mzdemzì& Mfthzlm lp fmt tbi mfc| ~zmulfì tm ir~cmzi tbipi m~tlmfp& Jzltlpb @mcyajlh

meeizp h amoic {mztb| me ptyo|7 lf :>>0 lt `bhfkio ltp hki!oi~ifoift ~zmkzha lftm mfi tbht

clfdp pmcic| tm lf`mai&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!2<7 Bic~ zioyì aiol`htlmf izzmzp tbzmykb tbi ypi me ici`tzmfl` py~~mztp

tm `zmpp!zieizifì ayctl~ci ~zip`zl~tlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<>7 Zioyì ezhyoycift ~zip`zl~tlmf aiol`htlmf ypi tbzmykb tbi ypi me

ozyk lfemzahtlmf p|ptiap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<87 ^yzpyi ‟ {ltb mtbiz ~zmulfìp ‟ tbi ~mppljlclt| me ipthjclpblfk h

fhtlmfhc iftlt| tbht {myco pit h `maamf ~zlì emz ~bhzahìytl`hcp emz tbi iftlzi `myftz|

"mz ht cihpt gyzlpol`tlmfp m~tlfk lf,&

_blp {myco `zihti i`mfmalip me p`hci& Lf hooltlmf h fyajiz me zikychtmz| jmolip ht jmtb tbi

~zmulf`lhc hfo eioizhc ciuicp hzi zip~mfpljci emz muizpiilfk tbi ~bhzahìytl`hc lfoyptz|&

_bi zikychtlmfp pit j| mfi jmo| metif om fmt ah~ tm tbmpi pit j| hfmtbiz hfo metif tbi| hzi

fmt hclkfio tm tbmpi pit j| `ma~hzhjci jmolip lf mtbiz `myftzlip& Muizch~~lfk zikychtlmfp

h`zmpp ~zmulfìp hfo h`zmpp `myftzlip hoo `mptp hfo ~zipift jhzzlizp tm fi{ ozykp iftizlfk

tbi ahzdit~chì lf hf ieel`lift ahffiz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<:7 @mfoy`t ozyk!tm!ozyk `ma~hzlpmfp tm oitizalfi {bl`b ozyk lp tbi

ampt ieel`lift ht hoozipplfk h kluif hlcaift&

Ozykp hzi h~~zmuio j| Bihctb @hfhoh emz ypi hetiz ptyolip ~zmui tbht tbi| hzi amzi ieei`tlui

tbhf h pykhz ~lcc& Kzmy~p py`b hp L@IP hfo BXM fiio tm `mfoy`t tzihtaift `ma~hzlpmf

ptyolip tm bic~ lfemza {bht dlfop me ~bhzahìytl`hcp "hfo le h~~cl`hjci tzihtaift

`majlfhtlmfp, pbmyco ji ~zip`zljio tm ~zmuloi tbi ampt ieei`tlui hfo ieel`lift `hzi&

Oi`lplmfp zikhzolfk `muizhki me fi{ jzhfo!fhai ozykp pbmyco ji ahoi {ltb hf iuloifì!

jhpio h~~zmh`b tm ifpyzi tbht hcc fi{ ozykp hzi hoolfk uhcyi tbht irìiop tbilz `mpt&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<07 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ifpyzi tbht Mfthzlm“p lftiziptplf ir~hfolfk ypi me kifizl` ozykp hzi fmt yfoizalfio j| h @hfhoh!Iyzm~ihf Yflmf Ezii

_zhoi Hkziiaift&



8<2

Bhzamflwlfk ~htift ~zmti`tlmf emz jzhfo!fhai ozykp tm Iyzm~ihf pthfohzop `myco `mpt

Mfthzlm oihzc| plfì kifizl` ozykp {myco ji di~t mee tbi ahzdit emz h cmfkiz tlai& Hlohf Bmcclp

ht tbi Yfluizplt| me @hckhz| hfo ^hyc Kzmmtifomzpt ht tbi Yfluizplt| me _mzmftm emyfo lf tbilz

Eijzyhz| :>88 zi~mzt tbht le hcc tbzii me tbi IY“p ~bhzahìytl`hc lfticci`tyhc ~zm~izt| "L^,

~zm~mphcp hzi hom~tio lt `myco `mpt Mfthzlm ~h|izp y~ tm /8&: jlcclmf hffyhcc| "/998 alcclmf emz

Mfthzlm kmuizfaift /5;: alcclmf emz ~zluhti pi`tmz,;> {bl`b {myco amzi tbhf {l~i myt tbi

phulfkp h`bliuio tbzmykb tbi kmuizfaift“p ziìft ozyk ziemzap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<?7 Ypi ~bhzah`lptp tm tbilz eycc p`m~i me ~zh`tlì&

îzalt tbi ~zh`tlì me tbizh~iytl` pyjptltytlmf {bl`b {myco hccm{ ~bhzah`lptp tm pyjptltyti

h cipp ir~ifplui hctizfhtlui tm tbi ~b|pl`lhf“p ~zip`zl~tlmf& Lf Jzltlpb @mcyajlh

~bhzah`lptp `hf `bhfki tbi ompi hfo tbi ~zip`zl~tlmf {ltblf tbi phai `chpp me ozykp

{ltbmyt `mfpyctlfk tbi ~zip`zljlfk om`tmz elzpt tbmykb tbi| om bhui tm lfemza tbi

~zip`zljlfk om`tmz hetiz tbi ~zip`zl~tlmf lp elccio& ^bhzah`lptp `hf hcpm `bhfki ~zip`zl~tlmf

emzaychtlmfp jhpio mf loiftlelio zlpdp mz ploi ieei`tp& Emz irha~ci pmai emzaychtlmfp me

~zmtmf ~ya~ lfbljltmz ozykp "ypio tm `mftzmc ptmah`b h`lo, hzi jittiz emz ~im~ci {ltb

dlofi| ~zmjciap& Le tbi om`tmz bhp fmt ~zip`zljio tbi jipt emzaychtlmf tbi ~bhzah`lpt `hf

`bhfki tbi ~zip`zl~tlmf&

îzalt ~bhzah`lptp tm hoalflptiz lfgi`thjcip hfo lfbhchft aiol`htlmfp& ^bhzah`lptp lf

Mfthzlm {izi gypt ziìftc| ~izalttio tm hoalflptiz tbia emz ~yz~mpip me oiamfptzhtlmf hfo

ioy`htlmf mfc|& Ahf| mtbiz ~zmulfìp hfo Y&P& pthtip ~izalt ~bhzah`lptp tm ~izemza

uh``lfhtlmfp& Mfthzlm bhp uiz| cm{ uh``lfhtlmf zhtip& _bi| ah| ji la~zmuio tbzmykb

lf`zihpio h`ìpp hp ~bhzah`lip hzi ~ziuhcift hfo h`ìppljci&

Hccm{ ~bhzah`lptp tm ~zip`zlji emz alfmz hlcaiftp& Lf Phpdht`bi{hf ~zip`zljlfk emz alfmz

hlcaiftp lp jilfk omfi j| ~bhzah`lptp& _bi| hzi hccm{io tm ~zip`zlji emz pice!claltlfk

`mfoltlmfp cldi pdlf zhpbip mz i|i lfei`tlmfp jyt le tbi| om fmt kit jittiz lf h ei{ oh|p

tbi| hzi zieizzio tm h ~b|pl`lhf& ^bhzah`lptp `myco hcpm {zlti ~zip`zl~tlmfp emz pamdlfk

ìpphtlmf mz mtbiz fmf!~zip`zl~tlmf tbizh~|&

;> ^& Kzmmtifomzpt hfo H& Bmcclp –_bi @hfhoh!Iyzm~ihf Yflmf @ma~zibifplui I`mfmal` hfo _zhoi Hkziiaift7 Hf I`mfmal` La~h`t Hppippaift me ^zm~mpio ^bhzahìytl`hc Lfticci`tyhc ^zm~izt| ^zmulplmfp‑ :>88&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

8<<

@mpt Ieel`lif`lip

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<97 @iftzhclwi hcc jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp py`b hp lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk|

byahf zipmyzìp elfhfì hfo ~zm`yziaift h`zmpp tbi bihctb p|ptia&

_bizi lp zioyfohf`| hfo oy~cl`htlmf lf tbi `yzzift p|ptia oiplkf {ltb byfoziop me

lfoi~ifoift mzkhflwhtlmfp bhulfk pmai ciuic me hoalflptzhtlui-`mz~mzhti ptzy`tyzi hfo jh`d!

meelì amoicp tbht zipyct lf blkbiz!tbhf!fiìpphz| hoalflptzhtlui `mptp& _bipi ptzy`tyzip `myco

jylco mf pmai me tbi ~zm`yziaift ai`bhflpap lf ~chì fm{ "i&k& ^cirryp 0PM Pbhzio

Pizulìp [ipt, jyt fiio tm km eyztbiz hfo amui emz{hzo ehptiz tm `zihti ptzmfkiz plfkci

iftiz~zlpi pmcytlmfp emz hcc ìftzhc jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp& _bi| pbmyco ji lftikzhtio ht h CBLF

ciuic "hfo ~mppljc| h`zmpp hcc CBLFp, tm zioyì tbi ~izìfthki me muizhcc p~ifolfk mf tbipi

pizulìp tm jif`bahzd ciuicp tbht bhui jiif h`bliuio lf mtbiz ~zmulfìp& Hppyalfk h phulfkp

jif`bahzd me plr tm ilkbt ~iz ìft me tmthc p~ifolfk mf hoalflptzhtlmf `mptp tbi ~mtiftlhc

phulfkp lf Mfthzlm `myco ji y~ tm /8 jlcclmf& Lf hooltlmf ciuizhklfk ~yz`bhplfk ~m{izpthfohzolwlfk ~zm`yziaift ~zh`tlìp hfo ahfhklfk lfuiftmz| amzi ieei`tluic| {myco kifizhti

phulfkp tbzmykb cm{iz `mptp emz kmmop hfo pizulìp ~yz`bhpio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<57 Ipthjclpb h ìftzhc ai`bhflpa tm muizpii tbi `zihtlmf me h –p~mt

ahzdit‑ emz kmmop hfo olp`zitlmfhz| pizulìp py`b hp olhkfmptl`p lfeyplmfp hfo p~i`lhclpt

`mfpycthtlmf pizulìp&

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~hztl`ychz py~~c| tbi| `hf lfpthftc| cm`hti hfo xyl`dc| tzhfpeiz kmmop tm mtbiz lfptltytlmfp lf tbi

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~zlì `hf ji ieel`liftc| fikmtlhtio& _blp {myco h`bliui i`mfmalip me p`hci h`zmpp tbi p|ptia&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<;7 ^yt h {loiz hzzh| me p~i`lhclpt pizulìp tm tifoiz jhpio mf ~zlì hfo

xyhclt| {blci ziahlflfk yfoiz tbi plfkci!~h|iz amoic&

Jylco mf tbi py`ìpp me tbi Difplfktmf I|i Lfptltyti lf tzihtlfk `hthzh`tp xyl`dc| hfo

ieel`liftc|& _blp amoic `myco lf`cyoi ~zluhti emz!~zmelt `clfl`p tbht m~izhti {ltblf tbi ~yjcl` ~h|iz

p|ptia& Kmuizfaift pbmyco `mftlfyi tm oitizalfi {bht pizulìp hzi meeizio hfo pit tbi eiip

~hlo j| MBL^&

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jhpio mf xyhclt|!hogyptio aitzl`p zhtbiz tbhf gypt ~zlì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<<7 H`ìcizhti tbi hom~tlmf me ici`tzmfl` zi`mzop {mzdlfk lf h

jmttma!y~ ehpblmf&



:>>

Jiklf {ltb om`tmzp `clfl`p hfo bmp~lthcp hfo ifpyzi tbht tbi| ypi `ma~htljci p|ptiap& _bif

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dii~ i!zi`mzop& Lfìftluip pbmyco ji ypio tm if`myzhki ~b|pl`lhfp tm hom~t i!p|ptiap

tbzmykb tbi oiuicm~aift me yphjci ohth hfo hfhc|plp tmmcp& Hcpm Mfthzlm bhp h {ihctb me

lfemzahtlmf `mfthlfio lf tbi BJHA ohthjhpi tbht lp `yzziftc| yfoizytlclwio& Hcc BJHA ohth

pbmyco ji la~zmuio tbzmykb lftikzhtlmf {ltb tbi i!zi`mzop p|ptia pm tbht CBLFp hfo bihctb

`hzi ~zmuloizp `hf ypi ohth tm py~~mzt iuloifì!jhpio oi`lplmf!ahdlfk&

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ti`bfl`lhfp ~zmuloi bmai `hzi {bif fmt mf iaizkif`| `hccp4 tblp zixylzip lftikzhtlfk

ayfl`l~hc hfo ~zmulf`lhc eyfolfk ptzy`tyzip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>87 ^zmuloi jittiz lfemzahtlmf tm lfoluloyhcp hfo ehalclip tm eh`lclthti

pice!`hzi emz ~im~ci {ltb `mfoltlmfp py`b hp olhjitip&

P`m~i me ^yjcl` Pi`tmz

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>:7 Jiklf h olhcmkyi {ltb Mfthzlhfp mf tbi lppyi me ir~hfolfk tbi

`muizhki me tbi bihctb p|ptia tm lf`cyoi emz irha~ci ~bhzahìytl`hcp cmfk!tiza `hzi hfo

hp~i`tp me aifthc bihctb `hzi&

Py`b hf ir~hfplmf `myco ji eyfoio iltbiz {ltblf h pm`lhc lfpyzhfì amoic mz {ltblf tbi `yzzift

~yjcl` ~h|iz amoic tbht h~~clip tm ampt hp~i`tp me ~zlahz| hfo ~b|pl`lhf `hzi&

Ziemza ^zmìpp

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>07 Lfumcui hcc pthdibmcoizp lf h ahtyzi `mfuizphtlmf mf tbi eytyzi me

bihctb `hzi hfo tbi :>!|ihz ~chf&

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ip~i`lhcc| le `mpt ziptzhlft lp lfumcuio& _bizi hzi {h|p tm altlkhti tbi zlpd tbht {myco `cihz

tbi {h| tm la~mzthft ziemzap& Lt {lcc ji `zltl`hc tm ir~chlf tbi mjgi`tluip `hzieycc| tm tbi ~yjcl`

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tbiapicuip zih`blfk myt {ltb ~zm~mphcp emz ziemza ahf| me {bl`b hzi `mfplptift {ltb myz

zi`maaifohtlmfp bizi& _bi kmuizfaift `hf ypi lftizaiolhzlip tm `mfuifi olp`ypplmfp {ltb

pthdibmcoizp hfo tbi ~yjcl`&



@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

:>8

_bi pthdibmcoizp tbiapicuip aypt p~ihd myt& Iuiz| `ltlwif lp h pthdibmcoiz me `myzpi hfo

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bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp me hcc ptzl~ip ezma ozyk `ma~hflip {bmpi ~zmoy`tp hzi mfi me tbi

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tbzmykb `muizhki me tbilz ia~cm|iip“ ozyk hfo mtbiz bihctb `mptp hfo ezma h`hoial`p {bm

ptyo| tbipi lppyip&

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houlpi tbi Alflptiz me Bihctb mf ziuha~lfk mtbiz hp~i`tp me Mfthzlm“p bihctb p|ptia&;8

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h fi{ `maalpplmf pbmyco ji ipthjclpbio tm kyloi tbi ziemzap ozh{lfk ezma h jzmho zhfki

me pthdibmcoiz `maayfltlip lf`cyolfk ~zmuloizp hfo `ltlwifp-~htliftp&

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tbht ahdi pifpi hfo hzi `zltl`hc tm py`ìppeyc ziemza&

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oleeiziftc| {bif tbi| `mai y~&

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ht cipp `mpt&

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tbi| {lcc ifpyzi tbht {i jixyihtb h amzi ixylthjci amzi `mpt!ieel`lift hfo blkbiz!xyhclt|p|ptia tm eytyzi kifizhtlmfp&



@bh~tiz 57 Iciaifthz| hfo Pi`mfohz| Ioy`htlmf

:>0


:>8>‐88 P~ifolfk /:8&< jlcclmf

Huizhki Hffyhc Kzm{tb Zhti lf P~ifolfk#

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^zmgi`tio Huizhki Hffyhc P~ifolfk Kzm{tb

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alflptz| h~~zmuhcp&

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tih`blfk hfo fmf!tih`blfk pthee&



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m~tlmfp tm lf`zihpi kzhoyhtlmf zhtip&

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hfo lfechtlmf ziahlf h~~zmrlahtic| ht `yzzift ciuicp& _bi phai `hf ji phlo emz ampt py~~mzt!

pthee {mzdizp {bm ah| fmt ji ht tbi tm~ me tbilz zip~i`tlui phchz| kzlop&



:>5

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!87 _m aiit myz muizhcc elp`hc mjgi`tluip# tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbht

tbi kzm{tb zhti lf tbi ioy`htlmf jyokit muiz tbi tiza ezma :>8>‐88 tm :>8;‐82 aypt ji

`mfptzhlfio tm mfi ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz&

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`mftzmccio kzm{tb lf tbi ioy`htlmf pi`tmz&

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ziìft |ihzp&

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kzhoyhtlmf zhtip&

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ziptzhlft lf tblp hzih&

@maalpplmf“p ^zlf`l~cip hfo Kmhcp

_bi kmuizfaift“p h~~zmh`b tm tbi ioy`htlmf pi`tmz pbmyco `mftlfyi tm em`yp mf `h~h`lt|!

jylcolfk# ptzmfk `chppzmma lfptzy`tlmf hfo tbi ~zmamtlmf me pmyfo ~iohkmk| zhtbiz tbhf

ptzy`tyzhc ziemza& Pti~p pbmyco ji thdif tm ifpyzi elp`hc pypthlfhjlclt| lf tbi ioy`htlmf pi`tmz

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h`bliuiaift kh~p hfo lf`zihplfk `mfeloifì lf tbi ~yjcl`c| eyfoio ioy`htlmf p|ptia&

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~zmulf`lhc ciuicp& P`bmmcp# p`bmmc jmhzop hfo tbi ~zmulfì bhui {mzdio tmkitbiz tm oiuicm~

tmmcp hfo jipt ~zh`tlìp tm ~zmamti ptyoift h`bliuiaift hfo thdi h`tlmf {bif kmhcp hzi fmt

jilfk ait& _blp –~zippyzi hfo py~~mzt‑ h~~zmh`b tm h``myfthjlclt| bhp jiif tbi jhplp emz

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Lfuiptaiftp emz tbi Eytyzi lf Elzpt Fhtlmfp Ioy`htlmf

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zih~ plkflel`hft pm`lhc oluloifop&

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mf!zipizui Elzpt Fhtlmfp ioy`htlmf lf tbi ~zmulfì& _bi `yzzift pthti me mf!zipizui ioy`htlmf

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jit{iif Elzpt Fhtlmfp ~im~cip clulfk mf!zipizui hfo tbi zipt me tbi @hfholhf ~m~ychtlmf&8

Ohth ezma tbi :>>5 ìfpyp pbm{ tbht mfc| ?> ~iz ìft me mf!zipizui Elzpt Fhtlmfp hoyctp bhui

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h oleeizifì me 05 ~izìfthki ~mlftp&: Hchzalfkc|# tblp kh~ zlpip tm ?8 ~izìfthki ~mlftp {bif

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Lf`ma~citi D‐8: Ioy`htlmf# :>>5

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tbi cmfk!zyf `mptp me tbi i`mfmal` ir`cyplmf me Mfthzlm“p kzm{lfk Elzpt Fhtlmfp `maayfltlip&?

_bi @mpt me tbi Pthtyp XymLf :>><# tbi @iftzi emz tbi Ptyo| me Clulfk Pthfohzop "@PCP, ~yjclpbio h zi~mzt iptlahtlfk tbi ~mtiftlhc cmfk!zyf zityzfp me `cmplfk tbi

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tbi Ptyo| me Clulfk Pthfohzop# :>><&

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:88

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tbizi lp plkflel`hft ptyoift amjlclt| jit{iif mf!zipizui hfo ~zmulf`lhcc| eyfoio p`bmmcp&

_bi ahgmzlt| me Hjmzlklfhc ptyoiftp lf Mfthzlm hzi ioy`htio lf ~zmulf`lhcc| eyfoio p`bmmcp&

Lf hooltlmf# ahf| pi`mfohz| ptyoiftp clulfk mf!zipizui hzi ioy`htio mee!zipizui lf ~zmulf`lhcc|

eyfoio olptzl`t p`bmmcp tbzmykb tyltlmf hkziiaiftp hfo tbi yfoizeyfolfk me mf!zipizui

iciaifthz| p`bmmcp metif tzhfpchtip lftm h`yti ziaiolhc fiiop ht tbi pi`mfohz| ciuic lf

~zmulf`lhcc| eyfoio p`bmmcp&

_bi eioizhc kmuizfaift loiftlelip –`ma~hzhjlclt|‑ hp h kifizhc mjgi`tlui emz mf!zipizui

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~zmulf`lhc eyfolfk ciuicp aypt ifo&

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tbht ~iz!ptyoift eyfolfk emz mf!zipizui p`bmmcp lp ht cihpt ixyluhcift tm tbht ~zmuloio tm

hoghìft Ifkclpb!chfkyhki ~yjcl` olptzl`t p`bmmc jmhzop&

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ioy`htlmfhc pizulìp mf!zipizui&

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tbi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop tbht tbi ~zmulfì pti~ y~ tm ~zmuloi eyfolfk tm ifpyzi tbht

mf!zipizui p`bmmcp hzi eyfoio ht ~hzlt| {ltb hoghìft Ifkclpb!chfkyhki ~yjcl` olptzl`t

p`bmmc jmhzop&




:80

Heemzohjlclt| me tbi Eycc!Oh| Dlfoizkhztif ^zmkzha

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lf`cyolfk EOD emz emyz! hfo elui!|ihz!mcop& Oz& ^hp`hc hcpm zi`maaifoio jiemzi! hfo hetiz!

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lf`mz~mzhtio lftm tbi Ahz`b :>88 Jyokit hfo tbi :>88 Mfthzlm I`mfmal` Mytcmmd hfo Elp`hc

Ziuli{ lf Fmuiajiz& Jyt hp {i bhui olp`yppio icpi{bizi# fmt ifmykb meepittlfk ziptzhlft

{hp pi`yzio lf mtbiz p~ifolfk tm ifpyzi tbht tbipi elp`hc ~chfp {myco h`bliui tbi muizhccoiel`lt mjgi`tlui&

2 Oz& @bhzcip ^hp`hc {hp h~~mlftio lf :>>;&



:8?

_bi @maalpplmf `mfploizio zi`maaifolfk tbi pyp~ifplmf me eyztbiz la~ciaifthtlmf me tbi

EOD ~zmkzha# {ltb h ~zmkzipplui ziolptzljytlmf muiz tlai me tbi eyfoio pltip tm `maayfltlip

{ltb tbi cm{ipt pm`lm!i`mfmal` pthtyp {ltblf ih`b jmhzo& Bm{iuiz# py`b hf h~~zmh`b {myco

`zihti lfixyhcltlip# hfo {myco ~mpi hooltlmfhc `bhccifkip emz ehalclip# p`bmmcp# jmhzop hfo

kmuizfaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!887 Kluif tbi oleel`yctlip {ltb py`b hf h~~zmh`b# hfo tbi ~zmbljltlui `mpt

me tbi ~zmkzha muizhcc ht tblp tlai# tbi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop `hfìcchtlmf me tbi eycc!oh|

dlfoizkhztif "EOD, ~zmkzha# {ltbmyt ~zigyolì tm p`bmmcp tbht hcziho| bho EOD jiemzi tbi

lftzmoy`tlmf me tblp kmuizfaift ptzhtik|&

_bi Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf pbmyco `hzieycc| oiuicm~ ~bhpi!myt ~zmulplmfp pm tbht h `blco {bm

bho h eycc oh| lf gyflmz dlfoizkhztif {myco fmt amui tm h bhce oh| lf piflmz dlfoizkhztif# hfo

pm tbht ~yz~mpi!jylct p~hìp hzi h~~zm~zlhtic| ytlclwio emz `blco `hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!8:7 Le tbi kmuizfaift oi`loip tm `mftlfyi tbi la~ciaifthtlmf me tbi

eycc!oh| dlfoizkhztif ~zmkzha# tbif tbi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop oich|lfk eycc la~ciaifthtlmf

ezma :>8?‐89 tm :>8;‐82 hfo zioy`lfk ~zmkzha `mptp j| hom~tlfk h amzi heemzohjci ptheelfk

amoic# lfumculfk mfi tih`biz emz hjmyt :> ptyoiftp# zhtbiz tbhf h tih`biz hfo hf ihzc|

`blcobmmo ioy`htmz emz :5 ptyoiftp# tm bic~ amoizhti phchz| ir~ifoltyzip emz tbi ~zmkzha j|

hjmyt /:>> alcclmf& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco fmt `mfelza eycc la~ciaifthtlmf me tbi ~zmkzha

{ltbmyt hppyzhfìp ezma p`bmmc jmhzop# tih`biz eioizhtlmfp hfo py~~mzt!pthee yflmfp tbht

fikmtlhtio hffyhc {hki lf`zihpip j| :>8;‐82 {lcc fmt ji blkbiz tbhf tbi `yzzift tzifop lf tbi

jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz# hfo tbht tbi `chpp!plwi lf`zihpip hfo zioy`tlmfp lf fmf!tih`blfk pthee

`mftia~chtio j| tbi @maalpplmf j| :>8;‐82 {lcc ji h`bliuio&

_blp h~~zmh`b {myco hcpm bic~ ihpi tbi muizpy~~c| me tih`bizp lf tbi chjmyz ahzdit hfo

zioyì `mptp hppm`lhtio {ltb `mzzi`tlfk tbi `yzzift yfoizpy~~c| me I@Ip&




:89

@chpp Plwip

_bi oitizalfhftp me blkb ptyoift h`bliuiaift bhui jiif h tm~l` me plkflel`hft oijhti hamfk

zipihz`bizp# ioy`htlmf!pi`tmz pthdibmcoizp hfo kmuizfaiftp& Httiftlmf bhp jiif ~hlo tm tbi

zichtlmfpbl~ jit{iif pm`lm!i`mfmal` pthtyp hfo ioy`htlmf myt`maip& @mf`yzziftc|# plkflel`hft

ieemztp bhui jiif ahoi tm bic~ ~mcl`|!ahdizp oi`loi bm{ jipt tm hccm`hti zipmyzìp tm

py~~mzt jittiz myt`maip emz ptyoiftp&

Mfi me Mfthzlm“p eyfohaifthc ptzhtiklip tm py~~mzt la~zmuiaiftp lf ptyoift h`bliuiaift bhp

jiif tm zioyì ~zlahz| `chpp plwip "dlfoizkhztif tm Kzhoi 0,& Plfì :>>2‐><# <> ~iz ìft me

`chppip bhui bho fm amzi tbhf :> ptyoiftp hfo tbi ziahlfoiz bhui jiif `h~~io ht

:0 ptyoiftp&

_bipi zioy`tlmfp lf `chpp plwi bhui zixylzio plkflel`hft zipmyzìp& Lf :>>?‐>9# {bif

~zlahz| `chpp plwip {izi eyfoio ht hf huizhki me :?&9 ptyoiftp ~iz `chpp# tbi alflptz|

~zmuloio h /<> alcclmf# ~zlahz| `chpp!plwi zioy`tlmf kzhft hp h elzpt pti~ tm zioy`lfk `chpp

plwip tm :> ptyoiftp mz ei{iz& J| :>><‐8># tblp kzhft bho lf`zihpio tm muiz /?0> alcclmf&

Lf :>8>‐88# tbi eyfolfk emzaych ifpyzio tbht ~zlahz| `chppip {izi eyfoio jhpio mf h `chpp

plwi me 8<&2 ptyoiftp& @h~lthc lfuiptaiftp {izi hcpm ahoi tm hccm{ p`bmmcp tm h``maamohti

pahcciz `chpp plwip&

_bi kmuizfaift bhp hcpm `maalttio zipmyzìp tm zioy`lfk `chpp plwip ht mtbiz ciuicp&

_bi :>>2 ~zmulf`lhc chjmyz ezhai{mzd hkziiaiftp lf`cyoio eyfolfk tm oi`zihpi huizhki

`chpp plwip lf Kzhoi ? tbzmykb Kzhoi 2 j| >&9 ptyoift jit{iif :>><‐8> hfo :>8:‐80& Ht tbi

pi`mfohz| ciuic# lf`zihpip emz tih`biz ~zi~hzhtlmf tlai hfo hooltlmfhc tih`bizp hp ~hzt me tbiPtyoift Py`ìpp Ptzhtik| bhui hcpm zipyctio lf lf`zihpio zipmyzìp&

_bi kmuizfaift bhp ia~bhplwio tbi la~mzthfì me pahcciz `chppip lf ~zmamtlfk la~zmuio

ioy`htlmf myt`maip& Plfì :>>0# tbi kmuizfaift bhp ahlfthlfio tbht pahcciz `chppip |lico

jittiz zipyctp tbzmykb kzihtiz tih`biz!ptyoift lftizh`tlmf&< Lf ltp –:>88 ^zmkzipp Zi~mzt#‑ tbi

kmuizfaift phlo tbht –TpQtyoiftp lf pahcciz `chppip kit amzi lfoluloyhc httiftlmf ezma tih`bizp

hfo mtbiz ioy`htmzp# bic~lfk la~zmui cltizh`| hfo fyaizh`| hfo hzi amzi cldic| tm py`ìio&‑

Lfoiio# Mfthzlm“p ziìft la~zmuiaiftp mf ~zmulf`lhc hppippaiftp hfo xyhclt| lfol`htmzp bhui

`mlf`loio {ltb tbi kmuizfaift“p ieemztp tm zioyì `chpp plwip&

< Pii Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf# –Jylcolfk tbi Mfthzlm Ioy`htlmf Houhfthki7 Ptyoift H`bliuiaift#‑ H~z& :<# :>>?#btt~7--{{{&ioy&kmu&mf&`h-ifk-om`yaift-fz->?&>0-jylcolfk&~oe&4 Ioy`htlmf ‟ :>88 ^zmkzipp Zi~mzt#btt~7--{{{&mfthzlm&`h-if-lfltlhtluip-~zmkzippzi~mzt:>88-MF_>9]>0<808&btac=m~ifFhu1ioy`htlmf&



:85

Ia~lzl`hc iuloifì me tbi jifielt me pahcciz `chpp plwip mf ioy`htlmf myt`maip ~zipiftp h

amzi `ma~cl`htio ~l`tyzi& H ziuli{ me Mfthzlm“p ~zlahz| `chpp!plwi ~mcl`| j| tbi @hfholhf

Ioy`htlmf Hppm`lhtlmf fmtip tbht `chpp!plwi zioy`tlmfp t|~l`hcc| |lico ht cihpt amoipt xyhclt|

la~zmuiaiftp# jyt xyiptlmfp me –{bht plwi `chpp lp ‒pahcc ifmykb#“ bm{ hfo {b| zioy`lfk

`chpp plwi {mzdp# hfo yfoiz {bht `mfoltlmfp lt {mzdp# hzi hcc yfoiz!ir~chlfio&‑8> Zipihz`b j|

tbi @&O& Bm{i Lfptltyti pykkiptp tbht –fm pmclo iuloifì irlptp tm pbm{ tbht pahcciz `chppip

la~zmui ptyoift h`bliuiaift lf tbi chtiz ~zlahz| hfo pi`mfohz| kzhoip lf @hfhoh&‑88

Lftizfhtlmfhc iuloifì me tbi ioy`htlmfhc jifielt me pahcciz `chpp plwip meeizp plalchz

`mf`cyplmfp& Ptyolip bhui pykkiptio tbht ~mpltlui hfo fikhtlui la~h`tp me `chpp plwip {izi

mjpizuio lf tbi phai ~zm~mztlmf me `chppip "8? ~iz ìft ih`b,# {blci fihzc| ;: ~iz ìft

me zipyctp pbm{io fm pthtlptl`hcc| plkflel`hft la~h`tp&8: _bi Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal`

@m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift“p "MI@O, ^zmkzhaai emz Lftizfhtlmfhc Ptyoift Hppippaift

"^LPH, bhp pbm{f tbht –ThQamfk p|ptiap {ltb `ma~hzhtluic| blkb ciuicp me p~ifolfk mf

ioy`htlmf tbht ~zlmzltlwi pahcc `chpp plwi# ~izemzahfì ~httizfp hzi alrio&‑80

_blp iuloifìpykkiptp tbht pahcc `chpp plwip hzi fmt h di| oitizalfhft me ioy`htlmfhc myt`maip# hfo

ìzthlfc| pahcc `chpp plwip hcmfi hzi hf lfpyeel`lift aihpyzi tm h`bliui tbipi myt`maip&

_bi oijhti muiz tbi la~h`t me pahcciz `chpp plwip `mftlfyip tm tblp oh|# {ltb `mfecl`tlfk

`mf`cyplmfp hfo fm oielflti myt`mai& Bm{iuiz# iuloifì pykkiptp tbht# lf tizap me uhcyi emz

amfi|# lfuiptaiftp lf cm{iz `chpp plwip om fmt ~zmuloi tbi kzihtipt ~mppljci jifielt& _bi

^LPH elfop tbht –zhlplfk tih`biz xyhclt| lp h amzi ieei`tlui zmyti tm la~zmuio ptyoift myt`maip

tbhf `zihtlfk pahcciz `chppip&‑8? Plalchzc|# tbi @&O& Bm{i Lfptltyti fmtip tbht zipmyzìp

oiumtio tm `chpp!plwi zioy`tlmf `myco bhui h kzihtiz la~h`t le zihccm`htio icpi{bizi lf tbi

ioy`htlmf p|ptia&89

[blci lt lp tzyi tbht Mfthzlm“p ziìft la~zmuiaiftp mf ~zmulf`lhc hppippaiftp hfo xyhclt|

lfol`htmzp bhui `mlf`loio {ltb tbi kmuizfaift“p ieemztp tm zioyì `chpp plwip# tbizi lp fm

iuloifì me `hyphclt|& Iuif le tbi zioy`tlmf me `chpp plwip bho pmai la~h`t mf myt`maip# tbi

iuloifì pykkiptp tbht lfuiptaiftp lf pahcciz `chppip om fmt meeiz tbi ampt ieel`lift aihfp me

la~zmulfk zipyctp lf tbi ioy`htlmf p|ptia&

8> @hfholhf Ioy`htlmf Hppm`lhtlmf# –Mfthzlm“p ^zlahz| @chpp Plwi Zioy`tlmf Lfltlhtlui7 Zi~mzt mf Ihzc| La~ciaifthtlmf#‑Eijzyhz| :>8># ~& 5&

88 \uhf Kylcciaitti# –P`bmmc @chpp Plwi7 Pahcciz Lpf“t Jittiz#‑ @&O& Bm{i Lfptltyti @maaifthz| :89 "Hykypt :>>9,# ~& 80&8: Izl` H& Bhfypbid# –Hppipplfk tbi Ieei`tp me P`bmmc Zipmyzìp mf Ptyoift îzemzahfì7 Hf Y~ohti#‑ Ioy`htlmfhc Iuhcyhtlmf hfo ^mcl`|

Hfhc|plp 8< "Gyfi 8<<;,# fm& :4 Bhfypbid# –Iuloifì# ^mcltl`p hfo tbi @chpp Plwi Oijhti#‑ lf _bi @chpp Plwi Oijhti# Ch{zifì Alpbichfo Zl`bhzo Zmtbptilf "iop&, "[hpblfktmf7 I`mfmal` ^mcl`| Lfptltyti# :>>:,# ~& ?:&

80 Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal` @m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift# –^LPH :>>< Zipyctp7 [bht Ahdip h P`bmmc Py`ìppeyc=‑ Zipmyzìp# ^mcl`lip

hfo ^zh`tlìp ?# ~& :2&8? Ljlo# ~& 8>5&89 Kylcciaitti# m~& `lt&# ~& 80&




:8;

Kluif tbi ch`d me `mfulf`lfk ia~lzl`hc iuloifì tm py~~mzt h ~mcl`| me zioyìo `chpp plwip#

tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbht p`hzì zipmyzìp pbmyco fmt ji h~~clio tm tblp kmhc&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!807 Pit tbi `h~ lf `chpp plwi emz ~zlahz| kzhoip ht :0 hfo iclalfhti tbi

mtbiz zixylziaift tbht <> ~iz ìft me `chppip aypt ji ht :> mz ei{iz# hfo lf`zihpi tbi

huizhkip lf gyflmz-lftizaiolhti `chpp plwip ezma :?&9 tm :5 hfo pi`mfohz| `chpp plwip ezma

:: tm :?&

_blp pblet lf ~mcl`| {lcc yfomyjtioc| olpbihztif la~mzthft ~hztfizp lf tbi ioy`htlmf pi`tmz&

_bi zi`maaifoio lf`zihpi lf `chpp plwip {lcc ciho tm h~~zmrlahtic| 9#<>> mz ?&2 ~iz ìft

ei{iz tih`blfk ~mpltlmfp j| :>8;‐82# zi~zipiftlfk hf huizhki hffyhc httzltlmf zhti muiz tbi

firt plr |ihzp me >&2 ~iz ìft hamfk tih`blfk pthee&



:82

Fmf!_ih`blfk Pthee

Hploi ezma `chppzmma tih`bizp hfo I@Ip# tbi @maalpplmf fmtip tbht plfì :>>:‐>0# ptheelfk

bhp lf`zihpio j| amzi tbhf 80#2>> lf fmf!tih`blfk ~mpltlmfp& P`bmmc jmhzop bhui blzio 9#9>>

amzi ioy`htlmfhc hpplpthftp# ?#>>> amzi ~zmeipplmfhcp hfo ~hzh~zmeipplmfhcp# 8#9>> amzi

p`bmmc ahlftifhfì pthee# 2>> amzi `m!mzolfhtmzp hfo `mfpycthftp-tih`biz py~~mzt pizulìp#

;>> amzi p`bmmc meelì pthee# 99> amzi cljzhz| hfo kylohfì tih`blfk hfo fmf!tih`blfk pthee#

?>> amzi ~zlf`l~hcp hfo ulì!~zlf`l~hcp# hfo 09> amzi py~izulpmz| meelìzp hfo jmhzo

hoalflptzhtlmf pthee&85 _bi @maalpplmf ~zmgi`tp tbht hjmyt ;> ~iz ìft me tbipi 80#2>> fi{#

fmf!tih`blfk ~mpltlmfp aypt ji ~bhpio myt j| :>8;‐82 tbzmykb httzltlmf hfo zioy`tlmfp#

zi~zipiftlfk hffyhc phulfkp me hjmyt /5>> alcclmf&8; _blp zi~zipiftp zmykbc| <#;>> ei{iz

~mpltlmfp "h oi`clfi me 88&2 ~iz ìft, myt me h tmthc me 2:#>>> ~mpltlmfp lf ~chì lf :>8>‐88 emz

tbipi gmj `htikmzlip4 j| :>8;‐82# muizhcc ptheelfk emz tbipi gmj `htikmzlip {myco ehcc jh`d tm

hjmyt tbilz phai ciuic hp lf :>>9 tbzmykb huizhki hffyhc httzltlmf me hjmyt t{m ~iz ìft muiz

tbi firt plr |ihzp hamfk fmf!tih`blfk pthee& Jmhzop {lcc hcpm bhui tm irhalfi bm{ tbifyajiz me fmf!tih`blfk pthee `hf ji zioyìo lf h ahffiz tbht alflalwip la~h`tp mf

p`bmmc m~izhtlmfp&

_bi @maalpplmf bm~ip tbht hf ifulzmfaift me `m!m~izhtlmf# tzhfp~hzif`| hfo lfemzaio

ayctl!|ihz byahf zipmyzìp ~chfflfk {lcc ahdi tblp oleel`yct ~zmìpp hp ahfhkihjci hfo

`mfptzy`tlui hp ~mppljci&

_bi @maalpplmf zi`mkflwip tbi jifieltp me ptzhtikl` alflptz| hfo p`bmmc jmhzo lftizuiftlmfp

tm la~zmui ioy`htlmf myt`maip& _bi alflptz| bhp {mzdio {ltb p`bmmc jmhzop tm ~zmuloi

hooltlmfhc zipmyzìp tm p`bmmcp {ltb ~mtiftlhc emz la~zmuio cltizh`| hfo fyaizh`| zipyctp# hfotm if`myzhki tbi hom~tlmf me jipt ~zh`tlìp& _blp h~~zmh`b hclkfp {ltb zipihz`b tbht lfol`htip

h kzihtiz jifielt ezma pahcciz `chpp plwip lf cm{iz!lf`mai p`bmmcp&82 Lf clkbt me tblp# tbi

alflptz| ah| pit hploi pmai me tbi phulfkp ezma tblp emz ptzhtikl` lftizuiftlmfp emz

uycfizhjci kzmy~p&

85 Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf# –:>>:‐>0 tm :>8>‐88 P`bmmc Jmhzo Elfhf`lhc Pthtiaiftp#‑ –:>8>‐88 Ziulpio Iptlahtip ‟ Ptheelfk E_I&‑

Jhpio mf tbi ziulpio :>8>‐88 iptlahti&8; :>8>‐88 P`bmmc Jmhzo Ziulpio Iptlahtip ‐ @ma~ifphtlmf hfo Ptheelfk emz :>8>‐88 Ioy`htlmf Pi`tmz Ia~cm|iip ":>8>‐88 P`bmmc

\ihz Jhplp,&82 Kzhbha G& A`Dii# Ptiuif K& Zludlf hfo Dhtbhzlfi Z&I& Plap# –Olpzy~tlmf# H`bliuiaift hfo tbi Bitizmkifimyp Jifieltp me Pahcciz

@chppip#‑ FJIZ [mzdlfk ^h~iz 8928:# Ahz`b :>8># ~& ::&




:8<

Plalchzc|# tbi @maalpplmf py~~mztp `mftlfyio ia~bhplp mf ~zmkzhap tbht bhui ~zmuif `zltl`hc

tm lf`zihplfk kzhoyhtlmf zhtip& Amzi ptyoiftp bhui kzhoyhtio {ltb tbi bic~ me tbi Ptyoift

Py`ìpp Ptzhtik|& Yflxyi ~zmkzhaalfk tm py~~mzt blkbiz kzhoyhtlmf zhtip# py`b hp oyhc

`zioltp# `m!m~izhtlui ioy`htlmf hfo tbi P~i`lhclpt Blkb Pdlccp Ahgmzp ~zmkzha# bhp if`myzhkio

h tzhfpltlmf tm ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf mz jittiz ia~cm|aift m~~mztyfltlip& @hzi pbmyco ji

thdif tm lf`zihpi `chpp plwip lf h ahffiz tbht omip fmt gim~hzolwi ~zmkzhap tbht bhui bic~io

lf`zihpi kzhoyhtlmf zhtip hfo jifieltio Mfthzlm ptyoiftp&

Claltp tm Eyfoio Pi`mfohz| P`bmmc @zioltp

_m mjthlf h pi`mfohz| p`bmmc ol~cmah# Mfthzlm ptyoiftp aypt `ma~citi 0> pi`mfohz| p`bmmc

`zioltp# hp {icc hp ?> bmyzp me `maayflt| pizulì hfo h`bliuiaift me tbi ~zmulf`lhc cltizh`|

zixylziaift& [blci mfc| 0> `zioltp hzi fiioio tm kzhoyhti# tbi @maalpplmf bhp mjpizuio

tbht ahf| ptyoiftp hzi `ma~citlfk amzi tbhf tbi zixylzio fyajiz me `zioltp& Hp h zipyct#

8? ~iz ìft me tbi ~zmulfì“p Kzhoi 8: ptyoiftp zityzf emz h eletb |ihz me pi`mfohz|ioy`htlmf&8<

_bi elfhf`lhc ~zippyzi ~chìo mf p`bmmc jmhzop j| ptyoiftp zityzflfk emz hooltlmfhc `zioltp bhp

jiif mjpizuio lf mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp& H ziìft zi~mzt tm tbi Fmuh P`mtlh Oi~hztaift me

Ioy`htlmf fmtip tbht# {blci tbizi hzi –yfoizpthfohjci zihpmfp‑ emz ptyoiftp zityzflfk emz h eletb

|ihz me blkb p`bmmc# tblp h`tlult| lf`zihpip ~yjcl` ir~ifpi# hfo ~zluhti tytmzlfk ah| ji h

pylthjci hctizfhtlui&:>

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!8?7 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco `h~ tbi eyfolfk me blkb p`bmmc `zioltp tm

0: py`ìppeyc `zioltp ~iz ptyoift# hfo haifo tbi Ioy`htlmf H`t tm klui tbi ~m{iz tm p`bmmcjmhzop tm `bhzki h amoipt eii# pit j| tbi ~zmulfì# emz ih`b hooltlmfhc `ziolt hjmui tbi

0: py`ìppeycc| `ma~citio `ziolt tbzipbmco&

Ptyoiftp piidlfk hooltlmfhc xyhclel`htlmfp ah| piid ~zluhti hctizfhtluip tm om pm# hfo p`bmmc

jmhzop pbmyco ji kluif hytbmzlt| tm `bhzki h eii pit j| tbi ~zmulfì# tlio tm tbi `mpt me

~zmulolfk hooltlmfhc `myzpip&

8< H``mzolfk tm tbi Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf# lf :>88 tbizi {izi h tmthc me 882#05> ptyoiftp {bm zi~zipift t{m kzmy~p me ptyoiftp {bmzityzf tm pi`mfohz| p`bmmc emz h eletb |ihz7 ptyoiftp {bm ait tbi kzhoyhtlmf zixylziaiftp jyt zityzf emz h eletb |ihz "9>#>98 ptyoiftp,4 hfoptyoiftp {bm bhui fmt ait tbi kzhoyhtlmf zixylziaiftp hfo bhui fmt h``yaychtio pyeel`lift `zioltp j| tbi ifo me tbilz emyztb |ihz hfoaypt zityzf emz h eletb |ihz "52#0>< ptyoiftp,&

:> Jif Ciulf# –Pti~p tm Heemzohjci hfo Pypthlfhjci ^yjcl` Ioy`htlmf lf Fmuh P`mtlh#‑ Zi~mzt tm tbi Fmuh P`mtlh Oi~hztaift me Ioy`htlmf# H~zlc :>88# ~& :8&




::8

_bi @maalpplmf lp h{hzi me tbi la~mzthfì me ptyoift tzhfp~mzthtlmf emz dii~lfk ptyoiftp

phei hfo ~zmulolfk h`ìpp tm cihzflfk& Bm{iuiz# kluif tbi elp`hc ~l`tyzi# lt ah| ji fiìpphz|

emz ypizp tm jihz h ~mztlmf me tbi `mpt tbzmykb h ptyoift tzhfp~mzthtlmf eii& ^zmulplmfp `myco ji

~yt lf ~chì tm ifpyzi tbht cm{iz!lf`mai# p~i`lhc fiiop hfo zyzhc ptyoiftp om fmt bhui tbilz

h`ìpp tm cihzflfk ziptzl`tio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!857 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco haifo tbi Ioy`htlmf H`t tm klui p`bmmc jmhzop

tbi ~m{iz tm `bhzki h amoipt tzhfp~mzthtlmf ypiz eii pit j| tbi ~zmulfì&




::0

_m ifhjci tbi kmuizfaift tm jhchfì ltp jyokit j| :>8;‐82# tbi @maalpplmf bhp ahoi h

fyajiz me zi`maaifohtlmfp emz tbi iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf pi`tmz& Lf tbi thjci

jicm{# {i jiklf {ltb tbi /:&2 jlcclmf pbmztehcc ezma tbi thjci hjmui hfo tbif zioyì lt tm wizm

hp {i pit myt tbi phulfkp ezma ih`b me myz zi`maaifohtlmfp& _bipi hzi clptio lf mzoiz

me ~zlmzlt|7

_HJCI 5&: :>8;‐827 Bm{ 8) Hffyhc P~ifolfk Kzm{tb @hf Ji AhfhkioPbmztehcc "/:&2 Jlcclmf,

^zmulplmf emz tm~ eyfolfk hkziiaiftp {ltb Elzpt Fhtlmfp "/>&89 Jlcclmf,

@h~~lfk pi`mfohz| p`bmmc eyfolfk tm 0: py`ìppeycc| `ma~citio zioltp />&>; Jlcclmf

:9) zioy`tlmf j| :>8;‐82 lf fmf!phchz| lfuiptaiftp py`b hp tbi ~y~lc emyfohtlmf hccm`htlmf ~mztlmfemz tirtjmmdp hfo cihzflfk ahtizlhcp# chppzmma py~~clip hfo chppzmma ma~ytizp

/>&8: Jlcclmf

Lf`zihpi lf huizhki `chpp plwi lf Kzhoip <‐8: ezma :: tm :? ptyoiftp j| :>8;‐82 />&:0 Jlcclmf

Pit tbi `h~ lf `chpp plwi ht :0 lf ~zlahz| kzhoip hfo iclalfhti tbi mtbiz zixylziaift tbht <>) me `chppip aypt ji ht :> mz ei{iz j| :>8;‐82

/>&>< Jlcclmf

Lf`zihpi lf huizhki `chpp plwi lf Kzhoip ?‐2 ezma :?&9 tm :5 ptyoiftp j| :>8;‐82 />&8? Jlcclmf

Iclalfhtlmf j| :>8;‐82 me ;>) me tbi fmf!tih`blfk ptheelfk lf`zihpip la~ciaiftio plfì :>>:‐>0"<#;>> myt me 80#2>> fi{ ~mpltlmfp zihtio ‟ ioy`htlmfhc hpplpthftp ir`cyolfk ihzc| `blcobmmoioy`htmzp# ~zmeipplmfhcp hfo ~hzh~zmeipplmfhcp# cljzhz| hfo kylohfì# p`bmmc meelì# ~zlf`l~hcp#ulì!~zlf`l~hcp# tih`biz mfpycthftp# py~izulpmz| meelìzp# jmhzo hoalflptzhtlmf# p`bmmc ahlftifhfì, ‟Zi~zipiftp hffyhc httzltlmf zhti me 8&<) muiz firt plr |ihzp {ltblf tbipi gmj `htikmzlip

/>&5 Jlcclmf

@hfìcchtlmf me EOD ~zmkzha /8&? Jlcclmf

:9) zioy`tlmf j| :>8;‐82 lf fmf!phchz| Lfuiptaiftp py`b hp ptyoift tzhfp~mzthtlmf kzhft hfo p`bmmczifi{hc hccm`htlmf

/>&0 Jlcclmf

Pbmztehcc />&> Jlcclmf

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!8;7 Ioy`htlmf pthdibmcoizp pbmyco jylco mf tbi `clahti me tzypt hfo

iuloifì!jhpio oi`lplmf!ahdlfk emptizio plfì :>>0 tm jiklf h `mfptzy`tlui olhcmkyi mf bm{

jipt tm elfo tbi phulfkp fiioio tm aiit ptyoift h`bliuiaift mjgi`tluip {blci bmcolfk hffyhc

p~ifolfk kzm{tb tm mfi ~iz ìft& _m bic~ pthdibmcoizp# tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbi emccm{lfk

aihpyzip pbmyco ji ~bhpio lf ~zmkzippluic| muiz tbi firt plr |ihzp# lf tblp ~zlmzlt| pixyifì7

Zioyì j| :9 ~iz ìft tbi ~iz!~y~lc eyfolfk emz tirtjmmdp hfo cihzflfk ahtizlhcp#

`chppzmma py~~clip hfo `ma~ytizp4

Lf`zihpi tbi huizhki `chpp plwi ezma :: tm :? lf Kzhoip < tm 8:4

Pit tbi `h~ lf `chpp plwi ht :0 lf ~zlahz| kzhoip hfo iclalfhti tbi mtbiz zixylziaift tbht

<> ~iz ìft me `chppip aypt ji ht :> mz ei{iz4

Lf`zihpi tbi huizhki `chpp plwi ezma :?&9 tm :5 lf Kzhoip ? tm 2 j| :>8;‐824

Iclalfhti ;> ~iz ìft me tbi 80#2>> hooltlmfhc fmf!tih`blfk ~mpltlmfp `zihtio lf p`bmmc

jmhzop plfì :>>:‐>04 hfo

Zioyì j| :9 ~iz ìft tbi eyfolfk emz `h~lthc zifi{hc hfo ptyoift tzhfp~mzthtlmf&



::?

_bi @maalpplmf h`dfm{ciokip tbht `yzzift ~zmulplmfp lf pmai `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp ah|

~ziuift pmai p`bmmc jmhzop ezma la~ciaiftlfk pmai me tbipi aihpyzip& _bi {lcclfkfipp me

tih`biz eioizhtlmfp hfo py~~mzt!pthee yflmfp tm hkzii tm ziamui py`b mjpth`cip pbmyco ji h

`mfploizhtlmf {bif tbi ~zmulfì oi`loip# iltbiz tbzmykb fi{ ~zmulf`lhc chjmyz ezhai{mzdp mz

tbzmykb ltp ioy`htlmf eyfolfk ~mcl`|# tm eyfo {hki lf`zihpip j| :>8;‐82&

P`bmmc jmhzop# tih`biz eioizhtlmfp hfo py~~mzt!pthee yflmfp ah| ji hjci tm cippif tbi la~h`t

me tbi /8&>5 jlcclmf lf phulfkp ezma chzkiz `chpp plwip hfo ei{iz fmf!tih`blfk pthee j| hkziilfk

tm `ma~ifphtlmf lf`zihpip tbht hzi jicm{ tbi `yzzift pittciaift tzifop lf tbi J^P& _bi

kzm{tb lf {hkip h`zmpp tbi J^P bhp pcm{io plfì tbi kmuizfaift lftzmoyìo ltp ziptzhlft

~mcl`| lf Ahz`b :>8>&:9 [blci tbi ~hztlip ah| ji hjci tm pi`yzi cm{iz `ma~ifphtlmf lf`zihpip

lf tbi ihzc| |ihzp# tbi @maalpplmf omyjtp tbht lt lp zihclptl` tm hppyai tbht py`b h ~httizf `hf

~izplpt tbzmykb tm :>8;‐82&

Hp lfol`htio lf _hjci 5&:# tbi @maalpplmf bhp loiftlelio mtbiz ~mtiftlhc ziptzhlft aihpyzip lf

fmf!phchz| ir~ifoltyzip zichtio tm tirtjmmdp# cihzflfk ahtizlhcp# `chppzmma py~~clip hfo

`ma~ytizp& îzahfift eyfolfk zioy`tlmfp lf `h~lthc zifi{hc hfo ptyoift tzhfp~mzthtlmf `hf ji

`mfploizio# hctbmykb tbi| {myco ziahlf tbi cm{ipt!~zlmzlt| aihpyzip zi`maaifoio j| tbi

@maalpplmf&

_bi @maalpplmf hppyaip tbht p`bmmc jmhzop {myco h`bliui eyztbiz ieel`lif`lip mz piid

lf`zihpip tm mtbiz ziuifyip tm meepit `mpt ~zippyzip ezma py`b ltiap hp jifieltp# ytlcltlip# eyic

hfo pm mf& _bi emccm{lfk zi`maaifohtlmfp# {blci fmt ir~cl`ltc| `mptio# bhui jiif oiuicm~io

lf tblp p~lzlt&

[i fmti lf @bh~tiz 82# Ziuifyi Lftikzlt|# tbi ~zmulfì `myco lf`zihpi ziuifyip emz ioy`htlmf

j| gypt muiz /8 jlcclmf j| :>8;‐82 tbzmykb zhlplfk tbi cm{iz jyplfipp ioy`htlmf thr "JI_,

zhtip& Hooltlmfhcc|# {i olp`ypp h ziuli{ me ioy`htlmf thr zhti pittlfk ~mcl`lip emz ziploiftlhc hfo

jyplfipp thr zhtip tm ahlfthlf h pthjci ciuic me ioy`htlmf thr ziuifyip lf zihc tizap& ^cihpi

pii @bh~tiz 82# Ziuifyi Lftikzlt|# emz eyztbiz olp`ypplmf me ioy`htlmf thrip&

:9 Huizhki hffyhc {hki lf`zihpip lf tbi Mfthzlm J^P "ir`cyolfk ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo eioizhc ia~cm|iip, huizhkio8&9 ~iz ìft emz `mftzh`tp zhtlelio jit{iif H~zlc :>8> hfo Oi`& 5# :>88&




::9

^zmamtlfk Iuloifì!Jhpio Pmcytlmfp lf P~i`lhc Ioy`htlmf

P~i`lhc ioy`htlmf kzhftp hzi h plkflel`hft ~mztlmf me ioy`htlmf p~ifolfk# /:&9 jlcclmf lf

:>88‐8:# hjmyt 8: ~iz ìft me hcc kzhft!jhpio eyfolfk emz p`bmmc jmhzop& Plfì :>>:‐>0#

p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf eyfolfk bhp lf`zihpio j| /2<0 alcclmf# mz 99 ~iz ìft# oip~lti oi`clflfk

ifzmcaift&:5 Le eyfolfk bho kzm{f j| mfc| tbzii ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz muiz tbht ~izlmo# {bl`b {myco

zi~zipift h bihctb| hccm{hfì emz lfechtlmf hfo `mpt ip`hchtlmf# hffyhc eyfolfk tmoh| {myco ji

hcampt /?>> alcclmf cipp&

Mfthzlm“p Hyoltmz Kifizhc tmmd fmti me tblp zh~lo kzm{tb zhti lf h :>>2 zi~mzt hppipplfk tbi

irtift tm {bl`b Mfthzlm“p p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf ~zmkzhap ait tbi fiiop me ptyoiftp hfo {izi

oicluizio –i`mfmal`hcc| hfo ieel`liftc|&‑ Bi emyfo –ptlcc h fyajiz me hzihp {bizi ~zh`tlìp

fiio tm ji la~zmuio tm ifpyzi tbht tbi plkflel`hft eyfolfk lf`zihpip zipyct lf `mftlfymyp

la~zmuiaift lf tbi myt`maip emz ptyoiftp {ltb p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf fiiop lf Mfthzlm&‑:; Lf h

:>8> emccm{y~ hyolt# tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc fmtio ~zmkzipp mf h fyajiz me zi`maaifohtlmfp&_bi clfd jit{iif lf`zihpio eyfolfk hfo myt`maip emz ptyoiftp# bm{iuiz# lp fmt mjulmyp&

Plfì :>>:‐>0# tmthc ifzmcaift bhp oi`clfio# jyt tbi fyajiz me ptyoiftp tbht p`bmmc jmhzop

zi~mzt hp fiiolfk p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf pizulìp bhp kzm{f& H ptyoift {ltb irì~tlmfhcltlip lp

oielfio j| tbi Ioy`htlmf H`t hp mfi {bm zixylzip ~chìaift lf h p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf ~zmkzha

ji`hypi bi mz pbi bhp mfi mz amzi p~i`lhc jibhulmyzhc# `maayfl`htlmfhc# lfticci`tyhc mz

~b|pl`hc fiiop& P`bmmc jmhzop hzi zip~mfpljci emz ~zmulolfk ihzc| hfo `mftlfylfk loiftlel`htlmf

me ptyoiftp {ltb irì~tlmfhcltlip tbzmykb Loiftlel`htlmf# ^chìaift hfo Ziuli{ @maalttiip

"L^Z@p,& Yfoiz tbi Ioy`htlmf H`t# hcc ptyoiftp loiftlelio hp irì~tlmfhc aypt bhui h`ìpp tm

p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf ~zmkzhap& Jyt tblp zixylziaift omip fmt h``myft emz hcc ptyoiftp ziìlulfkp~i`lhc ioy`htlmf pizulìp& Lf tbi :>>;‐>2 p`bmmc |ihz# emz irha~ci# 8<:#>>> ptyoiftp {izi

loiftlelio j| hf L^Z@ hp irì~tlmfhc hfo hf hooltlmfhc <5#5>> ptyoiftp {izi ~zmuloio {ltb

p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp# iuif tbmykb tbi| {izi fmt emzahcc| loiftlelio hp

irì~tlmfhc&:2

_bi Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf“p ohth!ozluif eyfolfk hccm`htlmfp emz p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf hzi jhpio#

lf ~hzt# mf lfemzahtlmf zi~mztio j| p`bmmc jmhzop& _bi ohth# hfo `mfpixyiftc| eytyzi

hccm`htlmfp# zieci`t uhzlhtlmf lf jmhzop“ ~blcmpm~blip# ~zh`tlìp# irì~tlmfhclt| tbzipbmcop#

~zmkzha hfo pizulì oicluiz| amoicp# hfo hjlcltlip tm h`ìpp `maayflt| zipmyzìp& Le hcc

jmhzop ypio ~zmulf`lhc `zltizlh emz tbilz L^Z@p hfo le hcc ohth {izi zi~mztio lfoi~ifoiftc|#

p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf eyfolfk `myco ji hccm`htio amzi `mfplptiftc| hfo amzi ixylthjc| {blci

ahlfthlflfk cm`hc ecirljlclt| hfo oi`lplmf!ahdlfk&

:5 Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf# –Kzhftp emz Ptyoift Fiiop _i`bfl`hc ^h~iz :>88‐8:#‑ om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&ioy&kmu&mf&`h-ifk-kifizhc-iciapi`-p~iìo-mfthzlm&btac&

:; –:>>2 Hffyhc Zi~mzt me tbi Meelì me tbi Mfthzlm Hyoltmz Kifizhc#‑ pi`tlmf 0&8?# ~& 059&:2 Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf {ijplti# btt~7--{{{&ioy&kmu&mf&`h-ifk-kifizhc-iciapi`-p~iìo-mfthzlm&btac&



::5

[i fiio amzi lfemzahtlmf tm yfoizpthfo tbi la~h`t me lf`zihpio p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf eyfolfk mf

ptyoift h`bliuiaift& _bi huizhki kh~ lf ptyoift myt`maip mf Kzhoi 0 hfo 5 hppippaiftp

j| tbi Ioy`htlmf Xyhclt| hfo H``myfthjlclt| Meelì "IXHM, jit{iif ptyoiftp {ltb p~i`lhc

fiiop "ir`cyolfk kletio, hfo tbi muizhcc ptyoift ~m~ychtlmf oi`zihpio ezma 05&; ~iz ìft lf

:>>:‐>0 tm 00 ~iz ìft lf :>8>‐88& Bm{iuiz# tbizi lp fm p|ptia!{loi ~zmìoyzi tm tzh`d

~zmkzipp hfo h`bliuiaift lf ptyoiftp lf hzihp py`b hp `maayfl`htlmf pdlccp# pm`lhc pdlccp mz

jibhulmyz ahfhkiaift# hcc me {bl`b heei`t ptyoift h`bliuiaift& Bm{iuiz# pmai ~zmkzipp bhp

jiif ahoi& _bi @maalpplmf zi`mkflwip tbi jifielt me ~lcmt lfltlhtluip py`b hp tbi Hppipplfk

H`bliuiaift lf Hctizfhtlui Hzihp kyloiclfip tbht bhui jiif oiuicm~io tm ifbhfì

hppippaift ~zmìppip emz ptyoiftp {ltb p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf fiiop {bm om fmt h`ìpp tbi

Mfthzlm `yzzl`ycya hfo om fmt ~hztl`l~hti lf IXHM hppippaiftp& Amzi fiiop tm ji omfi#

bm{iuiz# tm ifpyzi tbht eyfolfk lp jilfk ypio ieei`tluic| lf h ahffiz tbht la~zmuip

ptyoift myt`maip&

_bi @maalpplmf `maaifop tbi ~zmulfì“p em`yp mf py~~mztlfk ptyoiftp {ltb p~i`lhc fiiop&_m aiit muizhcc p~ifolfk thzkitp {blci ~zipizulfk khlfp lf ptyoift h`bliuiaift# bm{iuiz#

iuiz| omcchz aypt ji olzi`tio tm ~zmkzhap {bizi lt {lcc h`bliui tbi ampt la~h`t& _blp {lcc

ifpyzi tbht lfuiptaiftp lf p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf hzi jilfk ypio ieei`tluic| tm la~zmui myt`maip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!827 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ziuli{ ltp p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf ~zmkzhap hfo tbi

zipyctp tbi| bhui h`bliuio# lf`cyolfk jmtb –pi`tlmf‑ ~zmkzhap emz ptyoiftp lf `hzi# `yptmo| mz

tzihtaift# hfo bmp~lthc jmhzop# {ltb tbi hla me ifpyzlfk tbht eyfolfk lp jilfk ypio ieei`tluic|

tm la~zmui ptyoift myt`maip&

Hp zh~loc| hp p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf eyfolfk bhp zlpif# ahf| p`bmmc jmhzop zi~mzt –h oiel`lt‑ lf tblphzih& Lt pbmyco ji fmtio tbht tm h chzki irtift py`b oiel`ltp hzi hztlel`lhc& Hf| yfoizp~ifolfk mf

p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf lp thdif jh`d j| tbi alflptz|& Lt `hffmt ji `hzzlio emz{hzo tm h pyjpixyift

|ihz& _blp `zihtip hf lfìftlui tm ~chf mf p~ifolfk amzi tbhf {lcc ji ziìluio& [blci tblp

`mfuiftlmf ~zmti`tp tbi ypi me p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf eyfop emz tbilz ~zip`zljio ~yz~mpi# lt |licop h

alpciholfk hppippaift me fiiop& Hfo lt metif cihop tm ~yjcl` `zltl`lpap me –p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf

oiel`ltp‑ tbht hzi fmt {icc kzmyfoio&

Emz `chzlt|# tbi @maalpplmf omip fmt jicliui tbizi lp h –~zmjcia‑ lf tbi muizhcc p~i`lhc

ioy`htlmf eyfolfk ifuicm~i# mz iuif lf tbi {h| lt lp `yzziftc| hccm`htio hamfk p`bmmc jmhzop&

_bi `bhccifki {i pii lp tbi ch`d me aihpyzhjci myt`maip ezma tbi plkflel`hft lfuiptaiftpahoi plfì :>>:‐>0&



::2

H~~zm~zlhti Lfìftluip emz _ih`bizp

Mfthzlm“p kmhc lp h ~yjcl` pizulì tbht oicluizp `mfplptift xyhclt|# kifizhtip irìccift uhcyi emz

amfi| hfo py~~mztp tbi jipt ~mppljci myt`maip emz tbmpi lt pizuip& H ~yjcl` pizulì me tblp

pmzt `hf mfc| ji pypthlfio j| zi`zyltlfk tbi jipt hfo tbi jzlkbtipt {mzdemzì& Le kmuizfaift lp

tm zi`zylt blkbc| pdlccio ~im~ci h{h| ezma m~~mztyfltlip {ltb mtbiz mzkhflwhtlmfp# lt fiiop tm

meeiz h `ma~ifphtlmf ~h`dhki {ltb h~~zm~zlhti lfìftluip tlio tm ~izemzahfì# myt`maip

hfo ~zmoy`tlult|&

_bipi ~zlf`l~cip bhui ~hztl`ychz zipmfhfì lf tbi ioy`htlmf pi`tmz& ^yjcl` ioy`htlmf lp h ulthc

~yjcl` pizulì lf ~zmamtlfk `blco oiuicm~aift hfo eytyzi ~zmp~izlt|& _ih`bizp hzi `bhzkio

{ltb tbi `zltl`hc zip~mfpljlclt| me ~zmulolfk pizulì lf h ahffiz tbht ~zmamtip tbi jipt ~mppljci

myt`maip mf tbipi ezmftp& Zipihz`b py~~mztp tbi clfdhki jit{iif xyhclt| tih`bizp hfo

ptyoift h`bliuiaift& Emz irha~ci# mfi ptyo| pykkiptp tbht gyzlpol`tlmfp piidlfk tm la~zmui

ptyoift h`bliuiaift –ah| ji {icc!houlpio tm httifo# ht cihpt lf ~hzt# tm tbi ~zi~hzhtlmf hfoxyhclel`htlmfp me tbi tih`bizp tbi| blzi hfo zithlf lf tbi ~zmeipplmf&‑0>

H ~zi`lpi zichtlmfpbl~ jit{iif xyhclt| hfo p~i`lel` t|~ip mz ciuicp me tih`biz tzhlflfk lp amzi

oleel`yct tm oitizalfi# ip~i`lhcc| ji`hypi lt lp oleel`yct tm iptlahti tbi ieei`tp me kmmo tih`blfk

hfo bm{ cmfk tbi| chpt&08 Bm{iuiz# aihflfkeyc hfo ieei`tlui ~zmeipplmfhc oiuicm~aift lp

zikhzoio hp hf la~mzthft `ma~mfift me hf iuhcyhtlmf hfo `ma~ifphtlmf p|ptia tbht py~~mztp

ptyoift py`ìpp&0: Zipihz`b `myco |lico eyztbiz lfemzahtlmf tbht ~mcl`|!ahdizp {myco elfo

ypieyc& Emz irha~ci# tbi la~h`t me h ~hztl`ychz emza me tih`biz tzhlflfk ah| uhz| j| pyjgi`t4

ptyolip bhui pykkiptio tbht tbizi lp h ptzmfkiz `mzzichtlmf jit{iif tih`biz tzhlflfk hfo tbi

ptyoift cihzflfk ir~izlifì lf ahtbiahtl`p tbhf lf mtbiz pyjgi`tp&00 _blp t|~i me lfemzahtlmf`myco ji h~~clio tm ~mcl`lip tbht if`myzhki tbi ampt ieei`tlui emzap me tih`biz tzhlflfk&

Mfthzlm tih`bizp hzi ~zmuloio phchz| lf`zihpip hp lfìftluip tm ifkhki lf `mftlfyio cihzflfk

hfo oiuicm~aift tbzmykb tbi _ih`biz Xyhclel`htlmfp hfo Ir~izlifì "X%I, kzhft# {bl`b

zi`mkflwip tbi hooltlmfhc ir~izlifì tbi| khlf ih`b |ihz jit{iif tbilz pi`mfo hfo iciuiftb

|ihz me tih`blfk& _bipi lf`zihpip hzi lf hooltlmf tm hf| h`zmpp!tbi!jmhzo phchz| lf`zihpip

fikmtlhtio lf `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp&

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la~zmuio ptyoift myt`maip&



:0>

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tbi `mptp me eytyzi i`mfmal` hogyptaiftp& P`bmmc jmhzop“ ~m{iz lf tbi Ioy`htlmf H`t tm meeiz

zitlziaift kzhtyltlip pbmyco ji ziamuio&

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"^PHJ, h``zyhc zixylziaift lf p`bmmc jmhzo jyokitp&

Oicluizlfk Pizulìp Amzi Ieel`liftc|

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ahdlfk tbi oicluiz| me pizulìp tm `blcozif hfo ehalclip amzi ieel`lift&

0? H``mzolfk tm tbi Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf Zitlziaift Kzhtyltlip ayctl!|ihz pyaahz|# tbi zitlziaift kzhtylt| clhjlclt| hp me Hyk& 08# :>88# hamyftio tm /8#52?#:2<#>:5&




:08

_bi kmuizfaift lp h{hzi me tbi jifieltp me `blcozif“p pizulì lftikzhtlmf& Ptzhtiklip tm la~zmui

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_bi ^hp`hc zi~mzt hcpm {hzfio hkhlfpt –jyzihy`zhtl` oy~cl`htlmf‑ hfo py~~mztio ahdlfk

p`bmmcp –tzyi `maayflt| byjp‑ emz pizulì oicluiz|&05

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kmuizfaift `hf la~zmui pizulì {blci cm{izlfk `mptp tbzmykb `m!mzolfhtlmf hfo `m!m~izhtlmf&

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mtbiz ~hztp me tbi J^P tm emptiz ~zm`yziaift ieel`lif`lip& Hp plkflel`hft ~yz`bhpizp me plalchz

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jmhzop pbhzi ahf| hoalflptzhtlui hfo ioy`htlmfhc pizulìp&

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05 –[ltb Myz Jipt Eytyzi lf Alfo#‑ ~& 5&



:0:

Pbhzio m{fizpbl~ me ia~cm|ii jifielt ~chfp hfo gmlft `mftzmc me oi`lplmf!ahdlfk `myco hcpm

`zihti kzihtiz lfìftluip emz `mpt `mfthlfaift tbhf irlpt {bif lfoluloyhc ia~cm|izp bhui

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jifielt ~chfp tbht ~zmuloi pizulìp py`b hp ozyk `muizhki# hfo ulplmf hfo oifthc `hzi emz

aiajizp hfo tbilz ehalclip& M~~mztyfltlip emz ieel`lif`lip hfo `mpt `mfthlfaift `hf hcampt

ìzthlfc| ji emyfo lf tbi ahfhkiaift me tbipi ~chfp&

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hfo py~~mzt!pthee yflmfp tm lfuiptlkhti ai`bhflpap lfumculfk pbhzio m{fizpbl~ hfo

hoalflptzhtlmf me jifielt ~zmkzhap lf tbi ioy`htlmf pi`tmz&

Ieel`lif`| `hf hcpm ji emyfo j| ahrlalwlfk tbi uhcyi me tbi p`bmmc jmhzop“ `h~lthc hppitp&

[blci muizhcc ifzmcaift bhp oi`clfio# ifzmcaift lf lfoluloyhc p`bmmcp bhp ecy`tyhtio {ltb

ziklmfhc ~m~ychtlmf tzifop& Blkb!kzm{tb hzihp bhui zixylzio fi{ mz ir~hfoio p`bmmcp# hfo

mytohtio p`bmmcp bhui jiif zi~chìo& _bi alflptz| bhp ahoi pyjpthftlhc `h~lthc lfuiptaiftp#

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py~~mzt emz jmhzo `h~lthc ~zlmzltlip&

Lf pmai hzihp me tbi ~zmulfì# p`bmmcp bhui jiif `cmpio mz `mfpmclohtio ji`hypi me oi`clflfk

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~zm~iztlip ht ehlz ahzdit uhcyi& Lf ay`b me tbi ~zmulfì mytploi tbi Kzihtiz _mzmftm Hzih hfo

mtbiz ahgmz yzjhf ìftzip# phcip me p`bmmc jmhzop hppitp |lico claltio ~zmìiop&

_bi @maalpplmf tbiziemzi houlpip tbi alflptz| tm amyft h amzi hkkzipplui hfo ~zmeipplmfhc

h~~zmh`b tm oluiptlfk me pyz~cyp p`bmmc ~zm~iztlip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!:?7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco haifo tbi Ioy`htlmf H`t tm klui ~m{iz tm

tbi alflptiz tm mzoiz tbi phci me `cmpio p`bmmcp mz mtbiz yfypio ~zm~iztlip# ip~i`lhcc| {bif

py`b olp~mpltlmfp `myco aiit mtbiz fiiop lf tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz&

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pizui Ezif`b!chfkyhki zlkbtp bmcoizp& Lf hooltlmf# oluiptlfk me pyz~cyp ~zm~izt| ah| zioyì

m~izhtlmf hfo ahlftifhfì `mptp hfo clhjlcltlip emz yfypio hppitp& Fi{ ziuifyip tbzmykb

~zyoift oluiptltyzi {lcc hcpm kifizhti eyfop tm lfuipt lf la~zmulfk irlptlfk p`bmmcp# jylcolfk

fi{ p`bmmcp hfo zioy`lfk tbi jh`dcmk me p`bmmc zifi{hc fiiop&



:0?

@mfthlflfk @mptp me Zitlziaift Jifieltp

_bi ~zmulfì“p lfumcuiaift lf ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmf ~chfp uhzlip ezma pi`tmz tm pi`tmz& Lt lp h

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pthtiaiftp iuif tbmykb tbi ~zmulfì bhp fm olzi`t `mftzmc muiz jifieltp mz `mftzljytlmfp lf

pmai me tbipi ~chfp& Mfi ~chf lf {bl`b tbi ~zmulfì ~ch|p h ahgmz zmci lp tbi Mfthzlm

_ih`bizp“ îfplmf ^chf "_^^,&

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~zmulfì lp gmlftc| zip~mfpljci {ltb {mzdlfk tih`bizp emz eyfolfk tbi ~chf& Jmtb ~hztlip hcpm

pbhzi lf elfhf`lfk hf| pbmztehccp tbht ah| m``yz& _bi ^zmulfì aht`bip tbi `mftzljytlmfp me tbi

8;2#>>> h`tlui aiajizp iuif tbmykb tih`bizp hzi ia~cm|io j| p`bmmc jmhzop# fmt tbi

~zmulfì olzi`tc|& _bi ~zmulfì“p aht`blfk `mftzljytlmf {hp hjmyt /8&0 jlcclmf lf :>8>‐88&

Lf ziìft |ihzp# hp ixylt| ahzditp bhui ji`mai lf`zihplfkc| umchtlci hfo metif fikhtlui# hfo

hp cmfk!tiza lftizipt zhtip bhui jiif cm{# _^^“p eyfolfk uhcyhtlmfp bhui ziuihcio oiel`ltp&

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~yjcl` pi`tmz# tm elci h –jhchfìo‑ h`tyhzlhc uhcyhtlmf {ltb tbi zikychtmz4 h elcio eyfolfk uhcyhtlmf

aypt lfol`hti bm{ h pbmztehcc lp jilfk hoozippio ‟ tbzmykb blkbiz `mftzljytlmfp# cm{iz

~zmp~i`tlui jifieltp# mz h `majlfhtlmf me tbi t{m&

_bi ~zmulfì“p aht`blfk `mftzljytlmf zhti tm _^^ ziahlfio yf`bhfkio ezma 8<<> tm :>>5&

Lf :>>9# tbi ~chf ziuihcio hf yfeyfoio clhjlclt| hfo tbi p~mfpmzp me tbi ~chf oi`loio tm

lf`zihpi tbi `mftzljytlmf zhti kzhoyhcc| muiz tbzii |ihzp ‟ ezma 2&< ~iz ìft mf lf`mai hjmuitbi \ihz“p Ahrlaya îfplmfhjci Ihzflfkp yfoiz tbi @hfhoh îfplmf ^chf tm 8: ~iz ìft

"tbi `mftzljytlmf zhti mf ihzflfkp yfoiz tbi \AÎ hcpm `bhfkio,& Jmtb tbi ~zmulfì hfo tbi

~chf aiajizp `mftzljytio 8: ~iz ìft zip~i`tluic|& Lf :>88# tbi p~mfpmzp h~~zmuio h eyztbiz

tia~mzhz| lf`zihpi lf tbi `mftzljytlmf zhti tm 80&8 ~iz ìft j| :>8? tm iclalfhti hf yfeyfoio

clhjlclt|& _blp chtipt lf`zihpi {hp h``ma~hflio j| h zioy`tlmf lf eytyzi lfoirhtlmf jifieltp emz

ìzthlf ~chf aiajizp& [blci tbi ^chf fiio fmt elci h uhcyhtlmf yftlc :>8?# oi~ifolfk mf

`lz`yapthfìp ht tbi tlai# lt ah| ji fiìpphz| tm eyztbiz hogypt iltbiz `mftzljytlmf zhtip mz

jifielt ~zmulplmfp tm jzlfk tbi ~chf jh`d lftm jhchfì&

[i fmti tbht _^^“p `mftzljytlmf zhti lp hcziho| lf tbi y~~iz zhfki me {bht mtbiz ahgmz Mfthzlm~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmf ~chfp zixylzi& Eyztbiz lf`zihpip lf `mftzljytlmf zhtip {myco heei`t jmtb

~hztlip“ hjlclt| tm ~h|& Emz tbi ~zmulfì# lt {myco aihf ei{iz elfhf`lhc zipmyzìp tm eyfo mtbiz

~zmkzhap& Emz lfoluloyhc tih`bizp# lt {myco aihf cm{iz olp~mphjci lf`mai hfo amzi ~izpmfhc

elfhf`lhc zipmyzìp tm eyfo `yzzift jifieltp&




:09

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!:57 _m altlkhti eyztbiz lf`zihpip# tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco# lf eytyzi

olp`ypplmfp {ltb tbi Mfthzlm _ih`bizp“ Eioizhtlmf# zigi`t eyztbiz ia~cm|iz zhti lf`zihpip tm

tbi _ih`bizp“ îfplmf ^chf ji|mfo tbi `yzzift zhti# hfo lfptiho irhalfi {bl`b jifieltp

`myco ji zioyìo ~zmp~i`tluic| tm ahdi tbi ^chf amzi heemzohjci hfo jif`bahzd hf|

`bhfkip tm tbi ~zmulplmfp `mfthlfio lf mtbiz ~chfp&

Hp {icc# tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco fmt hkzii tm `mftzljyti amzi tm tbi ^chf tbhf tih`bizp# lf`cyolfk

hooltlmfhc ~h|aiftp lf zip~i`t me emzkmfi lfechtlmf hogyptaiftp tm zitlziaift jifieltp&

_bi ~zmulfì pbmyco hcpm `mfploiz lf`zihplfk tbi huizhki hki me zitlziaift& Yfoiz tbi tizap

me tbi ^chf# tih`bizp `hf zitlzi hp |myfk hp hki 9>&02 _blp lp ~mppljci ji`hypi ~chf aiajizp

`hf xyhcle| emz h zioyìo zitlziaift ~ifplmf mfì tbi| hzi 9> |ihzp me hki hfo bhui t{m mz

amzi xyhcle|lfk |ihzp me pizulì& [blci h ei{ tih`bizp om zitlzi tblp ihzc|# tbi huizhki

zitlziaift hki lf :>8> {hp 9<& H``mzolfk tm tbi _^^ Jmhzo“p :>8> hffyhc zi~mzt# tbi t|~l`hc

tih`biz {mzdp :5 |ihzp hfo `mcci`tp h ~ifplmf emz 0> |ihzp& Kluif tbi kifizhc lf`zihpi lf

cmfkiult| lf @hfhoh lf ziìft oi`hoip# zhlplfk tbi huizhki zitlziaift hki {myco zioyì ~chf

clhjlcltlip hfo bic~ hcciulhti tbi fiio tm zioyì jifieltp lf tbi eytyzi& Emz h jzmhoiz olp`ypplmf

me ~ifplmfp# ~cihpi pii @bh~tiz 8<# Clhjlclt| Ahfhkiaift&

02 H``mzolfk tm tbi M_^^-_^^ {ijplti# tbi ~ifplmf lp oielfio j| h emzaych tbht thdip lftm h``myft huizhki phchz| hfo `ziolt& Emz ~hztl`l~htlfk tih`bizp {bm bhui ht cihpt t{m xyhcle|lfk |ihzp# tbi| hzi iclkljci emz hf yfzioyìo ~ifplmf {bif tbi| zih`b hki 59 mz tbilz 29 eh`tmz "hki $ xyhcle|lfk |ihzp 1 29 eh`tmz,& _bi jhpl` hffyhc ~ifplmf lp7 : ~iz ìft R `ziolt R jipt!elui |ihzp“ huizhki phchz|& Emz amzilfemzahtlmf# zieiz tm {{{&mt~~&`ma&



:05

^zmamtlfk hf Ieel`lift Chjmyz Ahzdit emz _ih`bizp

H cmmalfk pblet lf oiamkzh~bl`p bhp `bhzh`tizlwio ay`b me tbi tblfdlfk hjmyt tbi ioy`htlmf

pi`tmz“p {mzdemzì oyzlfk tbi ~hpt :> |ihzp& J| tbi chti 8<<>p# iuloifì pbm{io tbht ~im~ci

{mzdlfk lf tbi ioy`htlmf pi`tmz {izi mcoiz mf huizhki tbhf ~im~ci lf mtbiz pi`tmzp# jyt bho

h cm{iz hki me zitlziaift&0< _blp lf tyzf cio tm emzi`hptp me tbi chjmyz ahzdit emz tih`bizp&

Alflptz| olp`ypplmf ~h~izp ~zlmz tm tbi :>>? ~zmulf`lhc chjmyz ezhai{mzd olp`ypplmfp ~zmgi`tio

tbht 0: ~iz ìft me tbi tih`biz {mzdemzì {myco zitlzi j| :>8?&?>

_bi chti 8<<>p“ tbziht me h tih`biz pbmzthki hcpm ~zma~tio tbi kmuizfaift hfo yfluizplt|

`maayflt| tm lf`zihpi tih`biz ioy`htlmf ieemztp& Eyfolfk emz hooltlmfhc p~hìp {hp ~zmuloio

tm Mfthzlm“p eh`yctlip me ioy`htlmf# hfo fi{ jh`bicmz me ioy`htlmf "J&Io&, ~zmkzhap {izi

h``zioltio ht piuizhc Mfthzlm yfluizpltlip& Lf hooltlmf# yfluizpltlip jhpio lf tbi Yfltio Pthtip

hfo Hyptzhclh meeiz Mfthzlm!h``zioltio J&Io& ~zmkzhap&

Hp h zipyct me tbipi o|fhal`p# hfo tbi zichtlui lf`zihpi lf `ma~ifphtlmf hfo jifieltp# tbi

fyajiz me ìztlelio tih`bizp lf Mfthzlm lf`zihpio oyzlfk tbi ~hpt oi`hoi& _bi Mfthzlm @mcciki

me _ih`bizp "M@_,# tbi ~zmulfì“p zikychtmz| hfo clìfplfk jmo|# tzh`dp hfo zi~mztp mf tbi

chjmyz ahzdit emz fi{ tih`bizp& H``mzolfk tm tbi M@_# tbi fyajiz me kzhoyhtip ezma Mfthzlm!

jhpio tih`biz `mccikip {bm ji`hai ìztlelio tih`bizp kzi{ j| muiz 0#>>> ~iz |ihz jit{iif

8<<2‐<< hfo :>><‐8># h tmthc lf`zihpi me ?< ~iz ìft "0&; ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz huizhki hffyhc

kzm{tb,&?8 _bi zhti me tih`biz zitlziaift hcpm oi`zihpio muiz tblp ~izlmo4 tbi M@_ fmtio tbht

tbi fyajiz me fi{ tih`bizp irìioio tbi fyajiz me zitlziip j| 8#2>> ~iz |ihz lf tbi ihzc|

~hzt me tbi oi`hoi# jyt tblp kh~ bhp fm{ {loifio tm ;#5>> h |ihz&?:

@mftlfyio kzm{tb lf tbi py~~c| me tih`bizp {lcc ciho tm hf lfieel`lift chjmyz ahzdit tbht ehlcp tm

`h~lthclwi mf tbi pdlccp me ~mpt!pi`mfohz| kzhoyhtip& _bi ~zm~mphc tm `mfuizt J&Io& ~zmkzhap

tm t{m |ihzp lf cifktb# {ltb ifzmcaift lf ih`b `mbmzt bhcuio# meeizp pmai ~zmp~i`t me zioy`lfk

tbi muizpy~~c| me tih`bizp&

0< Hfozi{ Ah`Difwli hfo Bihtbiz Oz|jyzkb# –_bi Zitlziaift [hui#‑ Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh îzp~i`tluip mf Chjmyz hfo Lf`mai ? "Eijzyhz|:>>0,# fm& :# om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&ptht`hf&k`&`h-~yj-;9!>>8!r->>:>0-5??<!ifk&btac&

?> Alflptz| me Ioy`htlmf# –_ih`biz Irìccifì ‟ Yfcm`dlfk Ptyoift ^mtiftlhc _bzmykb @mftlfylfk ^zmeipplmfhc Oiuicm~aift#‑ Hykypt :>>?#om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&ioy&kmu&mf&`h-ifk-om`yaift-fz->?&>0-tih`bizirìccifì&~oe&

?8 Mfthzlm @mcciki me _ih`bizp# :>8> Hffyhc Zi~mzt# om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&m`t&`h-hffyhc]zi~mzt-:>8>-if-om{fcmhop-M@_]85]Fi{]Aiajizp]j|]Eh`yct|&rcp&

?: Mfthzlm @mcciki me _ih`bizp# _zhfpltlmf tm _ih`blfk :>8># om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&m`t&`h-~yjcl`htlmfp-ÔE-tzhfpltlmfp8>]i&~oe# ~& :&



:02




:0<


Lf tblp lf`zihplfkc| kcmjhc ahzdit~chì# ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf "^PI, ziahlfp h ulthc hppit

emz Mfthzlm# hp muiz t{m!tblzop me hcc fi{ gmjp lf tbi ~zmulfì hzi ir~i`tio tm zixylzi

^PI& _bi ~zmulfì“p i`mfmal` kzm{tb hfo `ma~itltluifipp {lcc fiio tm zic| `mfploizhjc| mf

tbi hjlclt| me tbi ~mpt!pi`mfohz| p|ptia tm `mftlfyi meeizlfk blkb!xyhclt| ioy`htlmf# {blci

h``maamohtlfk plkflel`hft ifzmcaift lf`zihpip&

Mfthzlm“p ^PI p|ptia bhp ~zmoyìo la~zipplui zipyctp oip~lti plkflel`hft `bhccifkip& Lf :>><#

50 ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm hoyctp bho `ma~citio pmai ^PI# tbi blkbipt py`b zhti lf tbi aiajiz

`myftzlip me tbi Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal` @m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift "MI@O,&

Lf hooltlmf# jmtb yfluizpltlip hfo `mccikip `majlfio bhui hjpmzjio h 05 ~iz ìft lf`zihpi lf

ifzmcaift plfì :>>:‐>0& ^hzt me tblp lf`zihpi bhp jiif tbi zipyct me oiamkzh~bl`p# jyt lt bhp

hcpm jiif eyiccio j| hf Mfthzlm ptzhtik| hlaio ht la~zmulfk i`mfmal` `ma~itltluifipp&

_bi kmuizfaift ziìftc| `maalttio ltpice tm zhlpi tbi ~mpt!pi`mfohz| htthlfaift zhti tm

;> ~iz ìft j| :>:>&

Lt lp hcpm fmthjci tbht# iuif {ltb kzihtiz ifzmcaift kzm{tb# amzi ptyoiftp hzi `ma~citlfk

~zmkzhap& Jit{iif :>>:‐>0 hfo :>><‐8># oikzii `ma~citlmf zhtip lf`zihpio ezma

;0 ~iz ìft tm ;< ~iz ìft lf yfluizpltlip hfo ezma 9; tm 59 ~iz ìft lf `mccikip&

_bi xyhclt| me Mfthzlm“p ~mpt!pi`mfohz| p|ptia lp blkb# ezma jmtb h @hfholhf hfo lftizfhtlmfhc

~izp~i`tlui& Lftizfhtlmfhc zhfdlfkp bhui zi`mkflwio tbi ~zmulfì“p lfptltytlmfp hfo ~zmkzhap

emz tbi xyhclt| me ioy`htlmf tbi| ~zmuloi& _bmpi phai lfptltytlmfp# ~hztl`ychzc| yfluizpltlip#

`ma~iti fmt mfc| emz ptyoiftp# jyt hcpm emz tbi jipt eh`yct| tm ahlfthlf irìccifì lf tbi pi`tmz&

Bm{iuiz# tm aiit tbi `bhccifkip me zlplfk oiahfo emz blkbiz ioy`htlmf ht h tlai me

`mfptzhlfio eyfolfk# tbi ~mpt!pi`mfohz| p|ptia {lcc fiio tm ji`mai iuif amzi ieel`lift&



:?>

@bhccifkip Hbiho

^mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf lf Mfthzlm {lcc ehì plkflel`hft ~zippyzip tm aiit elui `zltl`hc

oiahfop7 ioy`hti h zlplfk pbhzi me tbi ~m~ychtlmf4 bic~ ixyhclwi i`mfmal` hfo pm`lhc

myt`maip h`zmpp tbi ~m~ychtlmf4 ~zmuloi hf la~mzthft `ma~mfift me cleicmfk cihzflfk4 ji

hf ifklfi me lffmuhtlmf4 hfo oicluiz xyhclt| ioy`htlmf lf hf ieel`lift ahffiz&

[ltb ifzmcaift ~zmgi`tio tm lf`zihpi j| hf huizhki me 8&; ~iz ìft tbzmykb tm :>8;‐82# hjmyt

mfi me iuiz| plr hoyct Mfthzlhfp {lcc ji ifzmccio lf tbi ~zmulfì“p ~yjcl` ~mpt!pi`mfohz|

lfptltytlmfp& _bi irlptlfk p|ptia bhp oiamfptzhtio tbi ecirljlclt|# `h~h`lt| hfo {lcclfkfipp tm

h`ì~t amzi ptyoiftp& Jyt ltp eyfolfk ciuicp ‐‐ ezma ~zmulf`lhc kzhftp hfo tyltlmf `majlfio ‐‐

hzi tbi cm{ipt lf @hfhoh# hfo hf lfiulthjci zipyct me zh~lo ir~hfplmf bhp jiif pmai cmpp lf

xyhclt|7 amzi pipplmfhc lfptzy`tmzp# chzkiz `chppip# ei{iz ~zmgi`tp# cipp `mfth`t {ltb ~zmeippmzp

hfo pm mf&

Hploi ezma ifzmcaift kzm{tb# tbi ^PI pi`tmz ehìp mtbiz `bhccifkip& Mfthzlm ~zmuloip ltp

yfluizpltlip hfo `mccikip {ltb tbi cm{ipt ~iz!ptyoift ~zmulf`lhc m~izhtlfk kzhftp lf tbi `myftz|4

tbi| hzi cm{iz tmoh| mf h ~iz!ptyoift jhplp tbhf tbi| {izi lf :>>5‐>; emz `mccikip hfo lf

:>>;‐>2 emz yfluizpltlip& _blp zioy`tlmf bhp m``yzzio {blci tbi lfptltytlmfp“ `mptp bhui jiif

zlplfk j| tbzii ~iz ìft tm elui ~iz ìft& Gypt tm dii~ tbi p|ptia m~izhtlfk hp lt omip fm{#

~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp {lcc fiio jmtb amzi eyfolfk hfo amzi ieel`lif`|&

_m meepit tbipi `mptp# yfluizpltlip bhui ziclio mf ziuifyi ezma tyltlmf eiip# {bl`b hzi chzkic|

zikychtio# hfo lftizipt ezma ifom{aift eyfop hfo ~zluhti tiza!claltio omfhtlmfp# {bl`b hzi

fm{ oi~zippio j| cm{ lftizipt zhtip& –Yfluizplt| hoalflptzhtmzp bhui `m~io {ltb `mpt lfechtlmftbzmykb t{m ptzhtiklip7 ir~hfolfk `chpp plwi# hfo-mz lf`zihplfk tbi ~zm~mztlmf me tih`blfk

omfi j| ~hzt!tlai lfptzy`tmzp Tpmai meQ {bm om fmt om zipihz`b&‑8 Lf hooltlmf# tbi eycc `mptp me

zipihz`b bhui jiif `muizio j| eyfficclfk m~izhtlfk eyfolfk tm{hzop lffmuhtlmf&

Lf tblp dfm{cioki!jhpio izh# ioy`htlmf hfo lffmuhtlmf {lcc ji tbi di| emz Mfthzlhfp tm ji

~zmp~izmyp& Jyt emz Mfthzlm tm py`ìio lf tbi `ma~itltlui kcmjhc i`mfma| {bizi ahf| mtbiz

gyzlpol`tlmfp hzi la~zmulfk tbilz ioy`htlmfhc p|ptiap# Mfthzlm kzhoyhtip {lcc fiio ay`b amzi

tbhf h pla~ci bhfoci mf eh`tp hfo elkyzip& _bi uhcyi hooio j| h ^PI aypt lf`zihplfkc| ji tbi

hjlclt| tm tblfd `zltl`hcc|# tm ir~zipp tbmpi tbmykbtp `cihzc|# hfo tm hoh~t hfo h~~c| dfm{cioki

tm fi{ hzihp hfo thpdp& Ir~izlifì lf yplfk iuiz!`bhfklfk ti`bfmcmk| lp hcpm lftikzhc tmptyoiftp“ ~zi~hzhtlmf emz tbi {mzd~chì&

Py`b `bhccifkip# `majlfio {ltb kmuizfaift p~ifolfk `mfptzhlftp# {lcc zixylzi myz

~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp tm hom~t h bmclptl` h~~zmh`b tm oihclfk {ltb tbipi ohyftlfk lppyip&

8 L& @chzd# O& _zl`d hfo Z& Uhf Cmmf# H`hoial` Ziemza7 mcl`| M~tlmfp emz La~zmulfk Xyhclt| hfo @mpt!ieei`tluifipp me Yfoizkzhoyhti

Ioy`htlmf lf Mfthzlm# :>88# A`Klcc!Xyiif“p Yfluizplt| ^zipp# ~&82&



:?:

l, _yltlmf eziiwip hzi fmt lf ptyoiftp“ lftiziptp

_bi eh`t tbht tyltlmf eiip hzi zlplfk ehptiz tbhf lfechtlmf lp tzmyjclfk& Lt lp la~izhtlui tm elzpt

ifpyzi tbht ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp hzi jilfk zyf irtziaic| ieel`liftc|4 tyltlmf ziuifyi

pbmyco zi~zipift h kmmo lfuiptaift emz ptyoiftp& Lfptltytlmfp hfo kmuizfaift aypt `mftlfyi

tbilz ieemztp tm ifpyzi tbht h`ìpp lp fmt la~hlzio j| elfhf`lhc jhzzlizp tm ioy`htlmf& Bm{iuiz#tbi zihclt| lp tbht tyltlmf eziiwip hzi fmt lf ptyoiftp“ lftiziptp&

_bi cldic| zipyct lp h eyztbiz ahzdio oitizlmzhtlmf lf tbi ptyoift ir~izlifì# aihflfk chzkiz

`chppip# {ltb ei{iz m~~mztyfltlip tm oijhti hfo oiuicm~ `zltl`hc tblfdlfk pdlccp& _blp ~mpltlmf lp

py~~mztio j| h tyltlmf ~mcl`| ptyo| `mfoy`tio emz tbi @hfhoh Alccifflya P`bmchzpbl~

Emyfohtlmf# {bl`b `mf`cyoio tbht –eziiwip# zioy`tlmfp mz iclalfhtlmfp me eiip‑: `hf bhui h

fikhtlui la~h`t mf ioy`htlmf xyhclt| {blci ~ch`lfk kzihtiz ptzhlf mf lfptltytlmfp& Eziiwlfk

tyltlmf fm{ zioyìp ziuifyip ht h tlai me `mfptzhlfio kmuizfaift eyfolfk4 lfptltytlmfp

{lcc elfo mtbiz {h|p tm ahdi y~ emz cmpt ~mtiftlhc ziuifyip# zipyctlfk lf cm{iz!xyhclt| ^PI&

ll, Zipihz`b ieemztp pbmyco fmt tzya~ tbi tih`blfk ir~izlifì

Hp eioizhc kmuizfaift py~~mzt emz zipihz`b tzl~cio jit{iif 8<<; hfo :>>0# yfluizpltlip

zip~mfoio yfluizphcc|& Ampt yfluizpltlip "hfo# amzi ziìftc|# pmai `mccikip, bhui ici`tio tm

~yzpyi tbi a|zlho eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc zipihz`b omcchzp huhlchjci# hcc lf tbi fhai me

ji`malfk –{mzco!`chpp zipihz`b ìftzip&‑ _bi zihclt| lp tbht ei{ me Mfthzlm“p zipihz`b ìftzip

{lcc ji`mai tbi jipt lf @hfhoh# fiuiz alfo tbi {mzco& Ahf|# bm{iuiz# bhui kmfi pm ehz hp tm

h~~c| `zmpp!pyjplolip {ltblf tbilz lfptltytlmfp# ieei`tluic| thdlfk amfi| ezma yfoizkzhoyhti

tyltlmf ziuifyip tm eyztbiz py~~mzt zipihz`b& Lf`zihplfkc|# lfptltytlmfp hzi hccm{lfk ~zmeippmzp

tm ph`zlelì tih`blfk `maaltaiftp tm `mfoy`t amzi zipihz`b# hp bhp jiif fmtio lf jmmdp py`b

hp H`hoial` Ziemza& @cihzc|# tbizi aypt ji h jittiz jhchfì4 irìccift zipihz`b pbmyco fmt

tzya~ irìccift tih`blfk&

Pthtyp Xym Lp Yfpypthlfhjci

_bi `mfecyifì me pypthlfio ifzmcaift kzm{tb# cm{iz ziuifyi ptzihap ezma lfuiptaift

lf`mai hfo blkbiz `mptp ozluif j| `ma~ifphtlmf bhp cio tm tbi zihclwhtlmf tbht iuif

ahlfthlflfk tbi pthtyp xym zixylzip lf`zihpio ieel`lif`| hfo p|ptia ziemza& Lftizfhc zhtip me

lfechtlmf ht ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp# {bl`b lp tbi `mpt me `mftlfylfk tm om tbi phai tblfk#

huizhki tbzii tm elui ~iz ìft& _bi `yzzift p|ptia lp yfpypthlfhjci ezma h elfhf`lhc hfo xyhclt|~izp~i`tlui# hp ifzmcaift kzm{tb `zm{op myt tbi eyfolfk tbht lp huhlchjci iuif tm ahlfthlf tbi

pthtyp xym&

: [& P{hlc hfo O& Bicciz# –@bhfkip lf _yltlmf mcl`lip7 Fhtyzhc mcl`| Ir~izlaiftp lf Elui @myftzlip#‑ :>>?# @hfhoh Alccifflya P`bmchzpbl~

Emyfohtlmf# ~& ?<&




:?0

îzì~tlmfp oleeiz mf {bht `mfptltytip tih`blfk xyhclt|# jyt Mfthzlm“p ~mpt!pi`mfohz| pi`tmz

ehìp lppyip py`b hp lf`zihplfk ziclhfì mf ~hzt!tlai eh`yct|# chzkiz `chpp plwip "{bl`b alkbt

fmt ji `mfoy`lui tm ptyoiftp“ ifkhkiaift lf ioy`htlmf, hfo eycc!tlai eh`yct| {bm om cipp

tih`blfk tbhf h oi`hoi hkm&0

–Ahf| @hfholhfp hzi ji`malfk mfìzfio hjmyt tbi xyhclt| me tih`blfk hfo cihzflfk lf myz yfluizpltlip& Plalchz {mzzlip hzi jilfk

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:98

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:90

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Lf `ma~hzlpmf# Mfthzlm“p yfluizplt| pi`tmz bhp h uiz| ezhkaiftio ~ifplmf hzzhfkiaift {ltb

amzi ~ifplmf ~chfp tbhf lfptltytlmfp ‐‐ :< ~ifplmf ~chfp emz :0 lfptltytlmfp# 8; oielfio jifielt

~chfp# emyz oielfio `mftzljytlmf ~chfp hfo ilkbt b|jzlo ~chfp "h oielfio `mftzljytlmf ~chf {ltb h

oielfio jifielt ecmmz,& _bipi ~chfp uhz| {loic| lf tbi jifieltp tbi| ~zmuloi hfo tbi

`mftzljytlmfp ahoi j| ia~cm|izp hfo ~chf aiajizp& _bizi lp hcpm {loi uhzlhtlmf lf tbi plwi me

tbipi ~chfp& _bi ahzdit uhcyi me hppitp zhfkip ezma hjmyt /89 alcclmf tm hjmyt /: jlcclmf&

Lf tmthc# tbi pi`tmz bhp hjmyt /8> jlcclmf lf hppitp&

_blp ezhkaiftio hzzhfkiaift aihfp tbht ih`b yfluizplt| hoalflptizp ltp m{f ~ifplmf ~chf"p,#

{bl`b la~clip tbht ih`b lfptltytlmf ah| fmt ji zihclwlfk tbi i`mfmalip me p`hci tbht {myco

zipyct le tblp eyf`tlmf {izi amzi ìftzhclwio& Lf uli{ me tblp hzzhfkiaift# tbi `mfpmclohtlmf me

hoalflptzhtlui ~zmìppip hfo ~zh`tlìp# lf`cyolfk tbi ~mmclfk me hppitp emz lfuiptaift

~yz~mpip# ah| kifizhti phulfkp emz tbi pi`tmz&

[ltb h `mfpmclohtio h~~zmh`b# tbi hoalflptzhtlui eyf`tlmf {myco ji `hzzlio myt j| hfmtbiz

jmo|& Bm{iuiz# ih`b ia~cm|iz-p~mfpmz {myco ziahlf tbi cikhc hoalflptzhtmz me ltp ~chf# zithlf

ltp eloy`lhz| zip~mfpljlcltlip hfo oitizalfi ~chf jifieltp# {blci alflalwlfk `mptp&

_bi :>88 Jyokit hffmyfìo tbi kmuizfaift“p lftiftlmf tm yfoizthdi h ziuli{ me plfkci!

ia~cm|iz# ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmf ~chfp# {ltb mfi kmhc jilfk tm ~yzpyi kzihtiz ieel`lif`lip lf

~chf hoalflptzhtlmf& [i py~~mzt tblp yfoizthdlfk4 `mfpmclohtlmf me tbi hoalflptzhtlui eyf`tlmfp

hamfk hcc ~ifplmf ~chfp ah| h`bliui kzihtiz `mpt phulfkp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:27 Jiemzi fi{ `h~lthc p~hìp hzi h~~zmuio# zixylzi yfluizpltlip hfo

`mccikip tm oiamfptzhti lf`zihpio ypi me p~hì hfo `mfploiz |ihz!zmyfo m~tlalwhtlmf me

irlptlfk p~hìp& ^zlmzlt| pbmyco ji kluif tm tbi oieizzio ahlftifhfì lf tbi `yzzift `h~lthc

ptm`d jiemzi fi{ `h~lthc ~zmgi`tp&

Hf| `ha~yp ir~hfplmfp eyfoio j| tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco ji uli{io tbzmykb h zityzf!mf!

lfuiptaift cifp& Eh`tmzp py`b hp tbi lf`zihpi lf ~zmoy`tlult| emz tbi lfptltytlmf tbzmykb h jittiz

cihzflfk ir~izlifì emz ptyoiftp# ifizk| `mpt zioy`tlmfp tbzmykb tbi ypi me zifi{hjci ifizk|

pmyzìp hfo ifizk|!ieel`lift jylcolfk oiplkf pbmyco ji `mfploizio& @yzziftc|# tbi ~zlf`l~hc

ozluiz emz ir~hfplmf ah| ji lf`zihpip lf ifzmcaift# hfo {blci ifizk| `mfpizuhtlmf hp~i`tp

ah| ji ~hzt me tbi jylcolfk oiplkf# tbi| hzi fmt lftikzhc tm tbi ~zmoy`tlult| myt`maip ir~i`tio

ezma tbi ir~hfplmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:<7 @ma~ic ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp tm irhalfi {bitbiz tbi| `hf

`ma~zipp pmai emyz!|ihz oikziip lftm tbzii |ihzp j| `mftlfylfk tbzmykbmyt tbi pyaaiz&




:9;

_blp `myco la~zmui tbi eh`lclt| ieel`lif`| hfo zioy`i tbi m~~mztyflt| `mpt emz ptyoiftp& Hp ahf|

ptyoiftp {mzd lf tbi pyaaiz# tbi emyz!|ihz oikzii pbmyco fmt ji hjhfomfio# jyt lfptiho tbi

tbzii!|ihz m~tlmf pbmyco ji ahoi huhlchjci tm tbmpi {ltb tbi oiplzi hfo `h~h`lt| tm ~yzpyi lt#

lf ay`b tbi phai {h| tbht `m!m~izhtlui ioy`htlmf ptzihap hzi huhlchjci lf pmai ~zmkzhap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!0>7 @ihpi eyfolfk emz lftizfhtlmfhc ahzditlfk me Mfthzlm“p yfluizpltlip

hfo lftikzhti lt lftm irlptlfk tzhoi alpplmf h`tlultlip& Yfluizpltlip# `mccikip hfo tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift hcziho| lfuipt lf tbipi h`tlultlip&



:92

@mf`cyplmf

[i jicliui myz zi`maaifohtlmfp hoozipp tbi elui plkflel`hft ~zippyzip eh`lfk

^PI lf Mfthzlm& _bipi lf`cyoi ioy`htlfk h kzm{lfk pbhzi me tbi ~m~ychtlmf4 bic~lfk tm

ixyhclwi i`mfmal` hfo pm`lhc myt`maip h`zmpp tbi ~m~ychtlmf4 ~zmulolfk hf la~mzthft

`ma~mfift me cleicmfk cihzflfk4 jilfk hf ifklfi me lffmuhtlmf4 hfo oicluizlfk xyhclt| ioy`htlmf#

ip~i`lhcc| {ltb h `mfptzhlfio ~zmulf`lhc elp`hc pltyhtlmf&

_bi pthtyp xym lp yfpypthlfhjci hfo tbi ~zm~mpio ziemzap ahttiz# hp tbi| `chzle| tbi zmcip me

myz ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp hfo kmuizfaift& _hdif tmkitbiz# tbi ziemzap ~zipift h bmclptl`

h~~zmh`b emz h pi`tmz tbht {i zi`maaifo {lcc ziìlui eyfolfk kzm{tb me mfc| 8&9 ~iz ìft

~iz |ihz tm :>8;‐82&

Le tbi `mpt `mfthlfaift aihpyzip zi`maaifoio bizi hzi fmt ifmykb tm hccm{ tbi alflptz| tm

clui {ltblf tbi 8&9 ~iz ìft kzm{tb hffyhcc|# tbif lt {lcc ji fiìpphz| tm iclalfhti tbi 0>) Mee

Mfthzlm _yltlmf kzhft& _bi kmuizfaift“p blkbipt ~zlmzlt| pbmyco ji tm eycc| eyfo tbi m~izhtlfk

kzhftp emz `mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip `mfthlfio lf tbi lfoluloyhc lfptltytlmfp“ fi{ ayctl!|ihz

ahfohti hkziiaiftp# emccm{io j| irlptlfk `h~lthc `maaltaiftp& _blp {lcc ifpyzi Mfthzlm“p

^PI lfptltytlmfp `mftlfyi tm em`yp mf oicluizlfk xyhclt| ioy`htlmf# {bl`b {lcc lf tyzf jifielt

ptyoiftp h`hoial`hcc| hfo ~zmuloi tbi jzhfo zi`mkfltlmf tbht {lcc pizui tbia lf tbilz eytyzi

`hziizp&

_bi `bhccifki lp emz ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp tm om amzi {ltb {bht tbi| bhui hfo ahdi tbi

ioy`htlmf iuif amzi ziciuhft emz tbi yfoizkzhoyhti ir~izlifì& Oleeiziftlhtlmf lp tbi firt

cmkl`hc pti~ emz myz ~mpt!pi`mfohz| p|ptia& [ltblf tbht `chzlel`htlmf clip tbi ~mtiftlhc emz amzitbhf pla~c| lf`zihpio ieel`lif`lip# jyt hcpm py~~mzt emz ioy`htlmf xyhclt|&

Emz tbi lfoluloyhc# ^PI zi~zipiftp hf m~~mztyflt| tm ixyhclwi i`mfmal` hfo pm`lhc myt`maip

hfo ~zmuloi zihc ~zluhti zityzfp {ltb pm`lhc p~lccmuiz ieei`tp& _blp zixylzip pmai `mftzljytlmf

ezma lfoluloyhcp# fmt mfc| elfhf`lhcc| jyt hcpm h`hoial`hcc|& Emz tbi ~yjcl`# myz i`mfmal`

`ma~itltluifipp blfkip mf myz ~mpt!pi`mfohz| pi`tmz hfo# hp py`b# myz zi`maaifohtlmfp

kyloi tbi pi`tmz tm h`bliui h amzi `mpt!ieel`lift# heemzohjci hfo blkbiz!xyhclt| p|ptia#

{ltb amoipt eyfolfk kzm{tb&



@bh~tiz 27 Pm`lhc ^zmkzhap

:9<


Pm`lhc ~zmkzhap plkflel`hftc| heei`t pmai me Mfthzlm“p ampt uycfizhjci `ltlwifp&

Pm`lhc hpplpthfì# j| ehz tbi chzkipt ir~ifoltyzi `ma~mfift# ~zmuloip tbi ampt jhpl` lf`mai

hfo ia~cm|aift py~~mztp tm tbi la~muizlpbio hfo ~im~ci {ltb olphjlcltlip& @blco ~zmti`tlmf

pizulìp# oicluizio tbzmykb h fit{mzd me @blcozif“p Hlo Pm`litlip# dii~ Mfthzlm“p `blcozif phei

hfo bihctb|& Hfo oiuicm~aifthc pizulìp py~~mzt cm`hc ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp tbht ~zmamti

lf`cyplmf hfo lfumcuiaift me `ltlwifp {ltb h oiuicm~aifthc olphjlclt|&

Oip~lti tbi uhcyhjci pizulìp tbht pm`lhc ~zmkzhap ~zmuloi# myz ahfohti zixylzip yp tm

`mfploiz tbilz elp`hc la~h`t& Ezma :>>> tm :>8># p~ifolfk mf pm`lhc ~zmkzhap kzi{ j|

hf huizhki me 5&> ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz ‟ {icc hjmui tbi zhti {i {lcc fiio tm zityzf tbi ~zmulf`lhc

jyokit tm jhchfì j| :>8;‐82& H fyajiz me eh`tmzp `mftzljyti tm tblp# ampt fmthjc| tbmpi

zichtio tm pm`lhc hpplpthfì& Oiahfo emz tbi Mfthzlm Olphjlclt| Py~~mzt ^zmkzha "MOP^, bhplf`zihpio j| hjmyt elui ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz muiz tbht ~izlmo& @hpicmhop emz Mfthzlm [mzdp "M[,

tmm bhui kzm{f# tbmykb mfc| emccm{lfk tbi kcmjhc i`mfmal` om{ftyzf lf :>>2‐><# hetiz

ziahlflfk amzi mz cipp yf`bhfkio plfì tbi pthzt me tbht oi`hoi& Emccm{lfk h ~izlmo lf tbi

8<<>p {bif pm`lhc hpplpthfì zhtip {izi lf`zihpio hfo tbif `yt ozhahtl`hcc|# `bhfkip {izi

jzmykbt hjmyt lf :>>? tbht {myco lf`zihpi zhtip j| 80 ~iz ìft muiz ilkbt |ihzp&8 Hfo lf :>>2#

tbi ~zmulfì `maalttio tm y~cmholfk hcampt tbi iftlzi ayfl`l~hc pbhzi me pm`lhc hpplpthfì: hp

~hzt me tbi ^zmulf`lhc!Ayfl`l~hc Elp`hc hfo Pizulì Oicluiz| Ziuli{& _mkitbiz# tbipi eh`tmzp

bhui ozluif tbi lf`zihpip lf pm`lhc hpplpthfì p~ifolfk tbht bhui `mftzljytio plkflel`hftc| tm

tbi muizhcc kzm{tb me p~ifolfk mf pm`lhc ~zmkzhap lf ziìft |ihzp&

8 @maalpplmf emz tbi Ziuli{ me Pm`lhc Hpplpthfì lf Mfthzlm# –H Olp`ypplmf ^h~iz7 Lppyip hfo Loihp#‑ :>88# ~& 884 Z&O& Dfiijmfi hfo

D&K& [blti# –Elp`hc Zitzif`baift hfo Pm`lhc Hpplpthfì lf @hfhoh#‑ @hfholhf ^yjcl` ^mcl`| 09 ":>><,# fm& 8# ~& :5&: Mfc| tbi hoalflptzhtlmf `mptp me M[ {lcc ji h pbhzio ir~ifpi mfì M[ elfhf`lhc hfo ia~cm|aift hpplpthfì lp eycc| y~cmhoio lf :>82&



:5>

\mytb Gyptlì#

/05:# 0)

@blco hfo \mytb

Aifthc Bihctb#/90># ?)

Oiuicm~aifthc

Pizulìp#

/8#592# 8:)

@blco @hzi#

/2?2# 5)

Mtbiz ^zmkzhap#

/2<2# 5)

Mfthzlm @blco

Jifielt#

/<09# ;)@blco zmti`tlmf#/8#9>2# 88)

Fmtip7 @blco @hzi lf tblp bhzt lf`cyoip eyfolfk ezma Alflptzlip me Ioy`htlmf hfo @blcozif hfo \mytb Pizulìp&

Pmyzì7 ^yjcl` H``myftp me Mfthzlm# :>8>‐:>88&

@BHZ_ 2&8 Pm`lhc zmkzhap P~ifolfk:>8>‐88 "/ Alcclmfp,

Pm`lhc Hpplpthfì#/;#><># 98)

_bi zipyct lp tbht ir~ifoltyzi kzm{tb ht tblp ciuic lp fmt pypthlfhjci lf tbi `yzzift elp`hc

`mftirt& _m zityzf tbi ~zmulf`lhc jyokit tm jhchfì j| :>8;‐82# {i `hf hccm{ pm`lhc ~zmkzha

p~ifolfk tm kzm{# jyt ht h ay`b `mfptzhlfio zhti&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!87 Bmco kzm{tb lf pm`lhc ~zmkzhap p~ifolfk tm >&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz&

Ht >&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz# pm`lhc ~zmkzhap hzi mfi me ei{ hzihp ‟ hcmfk {ltb bihctb#

iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz|# hfo ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf ‟ {bizi {i zi`maaifo hf|

kmuizfaift p~ifolfk lf`zihpi myt tm :>8;‐82& _blp pthfop lf pbhz~ `mftzhpt tm tbi

zi`maaifoio hffyhc oi`zihpip me :&? ~iz ìft emz hcc mtbiz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& [i ~zm~mpi

h fyajiz me zi`maaifohtlmfp lf tblp `bh~tiz tbht {lcc jifo om{f tbi `mpt `yzui& Oi~ifolfk

mf oiahfo emz pm`lhc ~zmkzhap# {bl`b {lcc lf ~hzt ji oitizalfio j| i`mfmal` `mfoltlmfp#

tbipi zi`maaifohtlmfp ah| fmt ji pyeel`lift tm dii~ p~ifolfk {ltblf tbi zi`maaifoio clalt&

H``mzolfkc|# eyztbiz ziemzap ah| ji zixylzio& Lf tblp zikhzo# {i fmti tbht t{m mtbiz

@maalpplmfp hzi hoozipplfk pm`lhc ~zmkzhap ‟ pm`lhc hpplpthfì hfo `blco {icehzi

zip~i`tluic| ‟ hfo tbi| {lcc ji zi~mztlfk chtiz lf :>8:&




:58

_bi @bhccifki

_bizi hzi t{m t|~ip me pm`lhc ~zmkzhap& Ampt p~ifolfk lp `hzzlio myt tbzmykb ahfohtio hfo

iftltciaift!jhpio ~zmkzhap# aihflfk jifieltp mz pizulì ciuicp hzi pit j| ch{& _bipi jifieltp

hfo pizulìp# py`b hp pm`lhc hpplpthfì hfo tbi Mfthzlm @blco Jifielt "M@J,# h``myftio emz

t{m!tblzop me tmthc pi`tmz p~ifolfk lf :>8>‐88&

Mtbiz ~zmkzhap hzi olp`zitlmfhz| lf fhtyzi& _bipi ~zmkzhap hzi fmt iftltciaift!jhpio hfo pm

`cliftp {bm xyhcle| emz tbipi pizulìp hzi fmt kyhzhftiio tm ziìlui tbia zlkbt h{h|& _bipi

~zmkzhap lf`cyoi py~~mzt emz `blco hfo |mytb aifthc bihctb# oiuicm~aifthc pizulìp# `blco `hzi

pyjplolip hfo `blcobmmo oiuicm~aift ~zmkzhap&

_bi olptlf`tlmf jit{iif iftltciaift!jhpio hfo olp`zitlmfhz| ~zmkzhap lp la~mzthft lf tbi elp`hc

`mftirt& [bif oiahfo emz iftltciaift!jhpio ~zmkzhap zlpip "emz irha~ci# {bif hpplpthfì

`hpicmhop lf`zihpi,# pm tmm omip eyfolfk4 `cliftp hzi iftltcio tm tbmpi jifieltp& _blp lp fmt tbi

`hpi emz olp`zitlmfhz| ~zmkzhap7 {bif oiahfo mytptzl~p py~~c|# tbi zipyct lp h {hltlfk clpt&

Ahfhklfk ir~ifoltyzip# ~hztl`ychzc| emz iftltciaift!jhpio py~~mztp# aihfp tbi kmuizfaift

{lcc bhui tm h`bliui amzi j| m~izhtlfk amzi ieel`liftc|& ^zmkzha oiplkf hfo oicluiz| {lcc fiio

tm ji lftikzhtio hfo hclkfio h`zmpp oleeizift kmuizfaift alflptzlip hfo oicluiz| hkiftp&

Uhzlmyp ciuicp me kmuizfaift {lcc fiio tm {mzd tmkitbiz tm oitizalfi tbi ampt ieel`lift {h|p

tm ~zmuloi pizulìp emz tbmpi ampt lf fiio&

Htthlflfk tblp lftikzhtlmf hfo tzhfpemzahtlmf {lcc zixylzi tbi kmuizfaift tm iuhcyhti hfo hclkf

ltp ~mcl`lip hfo pizulì oicluiz| aitbmop ezma h `clift!jhpio ~izp~i`tlui& [bif uycfizhjci

~im~ci fiio py~~mzt# tbi| hfo tbilz ehalclip om fmt `hzi {bl`b ciuic me kmuizfaift mz

kmuizfaift oi~hztaift lp zip~mfpljci emz ~zmulolfk tbht py~~mzt ‟ tbi| gypt {hft bic~#

{bl`b `myco ji amzi h`ìppljci hfo amzi ieei`tluic| ~chffio hfo oicluizio&

_zhfpemzalfk Mfthzlm“p Jifielt ^zmkzhap

_bi ~zmulfì oicluizp ?9 oleeizift lf`mai!jhpio jifielt ~zmkzhap tbzmykb ahf| pizulì

~zmuloizp hfo yfoiz piuizhc oleeizift eyfolfk hzzhfkiaiftp& Emz lfpthfì# pm`lhc hpplpthfì

~zmkzhap hzi oicluizio j| tbi ~zmulfì# ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo Elzpt Fhtlmfp oicluiz| hkiftp# jyt

hzi ahlfc| ~zmulf`lhcc| eyfoio& _bi M@J lp eyfoio j| tbi ~zmulfì# jyt hoalflptizio hfo

oicluizio j| tbi @hfhoh Ziuifyi Hkif`|& Hfo bmyplfk ~zmkzhap `hf ji eyfoio j| uhzlmyp

ciuicp me kmuizfaift hfo fmf!kmuizfaifthc mzkhflwhtlmfp hfo `hf ji oicluizio j| ayfl`l~hc#

~zmulf`lhc mz tblzo!~hzt| oicluiz| hkiftp&



:5:

[bif tbipi h`tlultlip ch`d `m!mzolfhtlmf h`zmpp oicluiz| hkiftp# kh~p hfo oy~cl`htlmfp me ieemzt

metif zipyct& Ahf| ~zmkzhap zixylzi yflxyi h~~cl`htlmfp# h~~c| oleeizift lf`mai tiptp yplfk

uhzlmyp oielfltlmfp me lf`mai# hfo ~zmoyì pi~hzhti ~h|aiftp& Amzimuiz# pmai ~zmkzhap

hppipp iclkljlclt| mfc| mfì {blci mtbizp om pm amftbc|& @mfpixyiftc|# hoalflptzhtlui ieemztp

hzi yffiìpphzlc| zi~cl`htio h`zmpp jifielt ~zmkzhap# ciholfk tm lfieel`lif`lip& Hfo tbmpi lf

fiio hzi emzìo tm fhulkhti tbzmykb h `ma~cir hzzh| me h`ìpp ~mlftp emz tbi py~~mztp tbi|oihzc| fiio# `zihtlfk plkflel`hft h`ìpp lppyip&

_blp hzzh| me ~zmkzha oicluiz| amoicp hfo iclkljlclt| `zltizlh `hf ciho tm eyztbiz yflftifoio

`mfpixyifìp& Ahf| pm`lhc ~zmkzhap hzi yfluizphc# pmai hzi lf`mai!tiptio hfo ptlcc mtbizp

hzi jhpio mf p~i`lel` fiio& _bipi `mfecl`tlfk iclkljlclt| zixylziaiftp `hf `zihti lfixyltlip hfo

`hf zipyct lf jhzzlizp tm piidlfk ia~cm|aift mz ~yzpylfk blkbiz ihzflfkp& Lf tbi `mftirt me

pm`lhc hpplpthfì# tblp lp `maamfc| zieizzio tm hp tbi –{icehzi {hcc#‑ {bizi lfoluloyhcp ehì

cmplfk py~~mztp ‟ ji tbi| lf`mai mz lf!dlfo jifieltp# py`b hp tbi Mfthzlm Ozyk Jifielt "MOJ,

~zmkzha ‟ pbmztc| hetiz elfolfk {mzd mz {bif ~hpplfk h p~i`lel` lf`mai tbzipbmco&

_bizi lp p`m~i tm om tblp amzi ieel`liftc|7

Lf`mai tiptlfk hfo ~h|aift oicluiz| `myco ji ìftzhclwio4

Ay`b me tbi ~zmìpplfk me h~~cl`htlmfp# iclkljlclt| hppippaift hfo ~h|aiftp `myco

ji hytmahtio4

Lf`mai uizlel`htlmf `myco ji ahoi amzi tzhfp~hzift hfo `mfplptift tbzmykb hytmahtlmf4

hfo

@mfpmclohtlfk ~zmkzha oicluiz| hfo pthfohzolwlfk iclkljlclt| `zltizlh h`zmpp plalchz ~zmkzhap

`myco zioyì jhzzlizp tm ia~cm|aift&

^mpltlui pti~p bhui jiif thdif tm{hzop pla~cle|lfk h`ìpp tm Mfthzlm“p lf`mai!tiptio jifielt

~zmkzhap& Lf Ahz`b :>88# tbi Mfthzlm Jifieltp Olzi`tmz| {hp chyf`bio# ~zmulolfk

mfi!ptm~ h`ìpp tm lfemzahtlmf emz amzi tbhf ?> ~zmkzhap hfo thr `zioltp mzkhflwio j|

~m~ychtlmf pikaift hfo t|~i me jifielt& Plalchzc|# tbi Alflptz| me @maayflt| hfo Pm`lhc

Pizulìp ziìftc| lftzmoyìo h fi{ plfkci!{lfom{ h`ìpp ~mlft tm oiuicm~aifthc pizulìp hfo

py~~mztp4 `cliftp `hf elfo lfemzahtlmf hjmyt `maayflt| zipmyzìp hfo km tbzmykb

h pthfohzolwio h~~cl`htlmf ~zmìpp emz ~zmulf`lhcc| eyfoio pizulìp hfo py~~mztp& _blp aypt

mfc| ji tbi jiklfflfk7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco amui tm la~zmui `clift h`ìpp j| `zihtlfk h

plfkci ~mlft me h`ìpp emz jifieltp hfo h `m!mzolfhtio lftizehì emz `cliftp&

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Amzi hfo jittiz ohth aihpyzlfk `clift myt`maip lp hcpm fiioio tm oitizalfi ~zmkzha

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`mftlfyi tm zip~i`t hfo ~zmti`t ~izpmfhc lfemzahtlmf hfo ~zluh`|& Fiuiztbicipp# tzhfpemzalfk

tbi oicluiz| me Mfthzlm“p jifieltp p|ptia lftm h eycc| lftikzhtio amoic zi~zipiftp h `cihz

m~~mztyflt| tm playcthfimypc| ahdi ~zmkzhap amzi ieei`tlui hfo zioyì `mptp lf tbi cmfk zyf&




:50

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!:7 Amui hkkzippluic| tm{hzop h eycc| lftikzhtio jifieltp p|ptia tbht

pla~clelip `clift h`ìpp# la~zmuip `clift myt`maip hfo la~zmuip elp`hc pypthlfhjlclt| tbzmykb

kzihtiz ~zmkzha ieei`tluifipp hfo zioyìo hoalflptzhtlui `mptp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!07 H eycc| lftikzhtio jifieltp p|ptia pbmyco piid ieel`lif`lip j|# ht h

alflaya# ìftzhclwlfk lf`mai tiptlfk hfo ~h|aift oicluiz|4 hytmahtlfk tbi ~zmìpplfk me h~~cl`htlmfp# iclkljlclt| hfo ~h|aiftp4 hytmahtlfk lf`mai uizlel`htlmf4 `mfpmclohtlfk ~zmkzha

oicluiz|4 hfo pthfohzolwlfk iclkljlclt| `zltizlh&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!?7 @mcci`t tbi lfemzahtlmf fiìpphz| tm oicluiz hfo iuhcyhti h eycc|

lftikzhtio jifieltp p|ptia& Lf omlfk pm# `mftlfyi tm zip~i`t hfo ~zmti`t ~izpmfhc lfemzahtlmf

hfo ~zluh`|&

Pm`lhc Hpplpthfì

Myz h~~zmh`b tm pm`lhc hpplpthfì bhp jiif oleeizift ezma mtbiz ~mcl`| hzihp lf tbht tbi

@maalpplmf emz tbi Ziuli{ me Pm`lhc Hpplpthfì lf Mfthzlm "PHZ @maalpplmf,# yfoiz Ezhfìp

Chfdlf hfo Ayflz Pbildb# lp hcziho| h`tluic| ifkhkio mf tbi pyjgi`t ahttiz&0 Bm{iuiz# tbi

PHZ @maalpplmf lp fmt oyi tm zicihpi ltp elfhc zi~mzt yftlc chti :>8:# {icc hetiz tblp zi~mzt lp

`ma~citio& Ji`hypi me tbi `mfploizhjci la~h`t tbht pm`lhc hpplpthfì bhp mf tbi ~zmulfì“p

elfhfìp# {i tmm aypt ~zm~mpi zi`maaifohtlmfp&

Myz em`yp bhp jiif tm h~~c| tbi tbiaip tbht zyf tbzmykb myz ziuli{p me hcc pi`tmzp# py`b hp

h`bliulfk ieel`lif`lip lf hoalflptzhtlmf hfo pizulì oicluiz|# zhtlmfhclwlfk gyzlpol`tlmfhc

muizplkbt hfo pbletlfk ezma aihpyzlfk lf~ytp tm myt`maip& J| fm aihfp# bm{iuiz# om myz

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jyt hcpm tm oii~if tbi hfhc|plp# iuif lf hzihp {bizi {i bhui ahoi zi`maaifohtlmfp&

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zipmyzìp tm eycc| hfhc|wi tbi cldic| la~h`t me myz ziemzap mf `mpt hfo xyhclt|# tbmykb tbi|

h~~ihz ~zmalplfk&

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0 Emz amzi lfemzahtlmf# km tm btt~7--{{{&pm lhchpplpthfìziuli{&`h-bmai&



:5?

Pm`lhc hpplpthfì `mfplptp me t{m ~zmkzhap7 tbi ~zmulf`lhcc| oicluizio MOP^ hfo cm`hcc|

oicluizio? M[& Jmtb MOP^ hfo M[ zi`l~liftp hzi iclkljci emz ozyk `muizhki yfoiz tbi MOJ

~zmkzha# hamfk mtbiz jifieltp& @hpicmho ciuicp emz M[# {bl`b ~zmuloip tia~mzhz| lf`mai

py~~mzt# hzi `cmpic| tlio tm i`mfmal` `mfoltlmfp py`b hp yfia~cm|aift4 MOP^ lp cipp

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`zltizlh emz pm`lhc hpplpthfì ~zmkzhap {izi tlkbtifio&9

Plfì tbi alo!8<<>p# MOP^ `hpicmhop bhui lf`zihpio j| h~~zmrlahtic| elui ~iz ìft h |ihz&

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`bhfkip tbht `zihtio elfhf`lhc lfìftluip emz `cliftp tm amui ezma M[ tm MOP^# hfo h

jzmhoiflfk me tbi oielfltlmf me olphjlclt|# ~zlahzlc| tbzmykb `myzt oi`lplmfp&5 Hp h zipyct#

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Hpplpthfì lf Mfthzlm&

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hfo 8>> Elzpt Fhtlmfp&9 Z&O& Dfiijmfi hfo D&K& [blti# m~& `lt&# ~& 00&5 Emz irha~ci# h ziìft myzt oi`lplmf oitizalfio tbht tbi kmuizfaift {hp ulmchtlfk tbi Mfthzlm Byahf Zlkbtp @moi j| fmt hccm{lfk

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MOP^ ciklpchtlmf&




:59

Lf tbi hjpifì me ~mcl`| `bhfkip# pm`lhc hpplpthfì p~ifolfk lp ~zmgi`tio tm kzm{ j| zmykbc|

elui ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& @mfthlflfk kzm{tb tm >&9 ~iz ìft hffyhcc| {myco aihf zioy`lfk tmthc

pm`lhc hpplpthfì p~ifolfk j| muiz /: jlcclmf ~iz |ihz j| :>8;‐82 zichtlui tm {bht lt {myco

bhui jiif lf myz Pthtyp Xym ~zmgi`tlmf&

_bzmykb myz ziuli{# {i bhui yf`muizio iuloifì me blkbiz `mptp hfo zioyìo xyhclt| me

pizulìp oyi tm ahlfthlflfk t{m pi~hzhti pm`lhc hpplpthfì ~zmkzhap oicluizio j| t{m ciuicp

me kmuizfaift& @ma~hzio tm h plfkci ~zmkzha# tbizi hzi `cihz muizch~p lf hoalflptzhtlmf# hfo

uhzlhtlmfp lf p~i`lel` jifielt ciuicp jit{iif ~zmkzhap `hf ciho tm lfixylthjci myt`maip& Jittiz

`m!mzolfhtlmf `myco ciho tm elp`hc hfo xyhclt| zi{hzop# jyt hp {i bhui ~mlftio myt lf mtbiz

~zmkzha hzihp# ieemztp tbht py~~mzt jittiz `m!mzolfhtlmf `hf tbiapicuip ji hf lfieel`lift ypi me

tlai hfo mtbiz zipmyzìp& Eyztbiz# hfo amzi ~zmemyfoc|# tbi `mftlfyio m~izhtlmf me pi~hzhti

~zmkzhap ~iz~ityhtip tbi hftlxyhtio loih tbht hcc tbmpi iclkljci emz olphjlclt| py~~mztp hzi

yfia~cm|hjci& Lf eh`t# 9?&< ~iz ìft me Mfthzlhfp jit{iif tbi hkip me 89 hfo 5? {bm pice!

loiftlelio hp bhulfk h olphjlclt| ~hztl`l~htio lf tbi chjmyz ahzdit lf :>>54 {i jicliui tblp elkyzi`myco hfo pbmyco ji iuif blkbiz&;

[i yzki tbi PHZ @maalpplmf tm irhalfi amoicp emz la~zmulfk pizulì oicluiz| hfo lf

~hztl`ychz emz la~zmulfk ia~cm|aift pizulìp emz zi`l~liftp me M[ hfo MOP^& @mfpmclohtlfk

M[ hfo MOP^ lftm h plfkci ~zmkzha hfo oicluizlfk lt ht tbi cm`hc ciuic piiap tm meeiz ~zmalpi&

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tm mtbiz cm`hc pizulìp& Jyt lt {myco hcpm zixylzi ziemzap tm jipt ytlclwi tbi ia~cm|aift

pizulìp huhlchjci ezma Ia~cm|aift Mfthzlm "IM,&

Ixyhc httiftlmf aypt tbiziemzi ji kluif tm bm{ tm jittiz lftikzhti IM {ltb pm`lhc hpplpthfì&_blp fiiop tm ji omfi zikhzocipp me {bitbiz M[ hfo MOP^ `mftlfyi tm ji oicluizio

pi~hzhtic| mz hzi `majlfio hfo oicluizio ht tbi cm`hc ciuic& Hf ieel`lift zieizzhc p|ptia ezma

`hpi {mzdizp lp ippiftlhc&

Hf houhfthki me lftikzhtlfk pm`lhc hpplpthfì {ltb IM lp tbht hcc gmj piidizp {myco ji pizuio

j| tbi phai iftlt|# eyztbiz zioy`lfk tbi ptlkah emz ~im~ci ziìlulfk pm`lhc hpplpthfì&

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ia~cm|aift pizulì&

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:55

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!97 _bi @maalpplmf emz tbi Ziuli{ me Pm`lhc Hpplpthfì lf Mfthzlm

pbmyco irhalfi p|ptia oiplkf m~tlmfp tbht oicluiz h amzi ieel`lift hfo blkbiz!xyhclt| pizulì

tm pm`lhc hpplpthfì zi`l~liftp& _blp irhalfhtlmf pbmyco `mfploiz `majlflfk Mfthzlm [mzdp

hfo tbi Mfthzlm Olphjlclt| Py~~mzt ^zmkzha# hfo bhulfk tbi `majlfio ~zmkzha oicluizio ht

tbi cm`hc ciuic& Lt pbmyco hcpm hoozipp tbi eyztbiz lftikzhtlmf me ia~cm|aift pizulìp huhlchjci

tbzmykb Ia~cm|aift Mfthzlm&

H amzi ieel`lift# blkbiz!xyhclt| ~zmkzha pbmyco7

Ji lftikzhtio {ltb mtbiz ayfl`l~hcc| oicluizio pizulìp "py`b hp `blco `hzi hfo pm`lhc

bmyplfk,4

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Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk Pizulìp,4

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omlfk pm4 hfo

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h~~zm~zlhti&

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hkhlf bm~i tbi PHZ @maalpplmf `hf hoozipp tbipi ltiap&

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`mfpmclohtio& _bizi `myco# emz irha~ci# ji h `maamf jhpi ciuic me py~~mztp hfo jifieltp {ltb

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`mpt amzi&

Pi`mfo# {i bm~i tbi PHZ @maalpplmf {lcc irhalfi tbi ~zmp~i`tp emz amulfk tm{hzop hf

hyolt!jhpio h``myfthjlclt| ptzy`tyzi zhtbiz tbhf tbi `yzzift lftifplui ypi me uizlel`htlmf hfo

`ma~clhfì& [i bhui jiif ptzy`d j| tbi ifmzamyp zipmyzìp zixylzio ezma jmtb kmuizfaift

hfo zi`l~liftp tm `m~i {ltb tbi `yzzift p|ptia tbht `myco mtbiz{lpi ji ~yt tm jittiz ypi&

Bm{iuiz# {i hzi hcpm `mkflwhft tbht# tm ji py`ìppeyc# hf hyolt!jhpio ~zmkzha {myco bhui tm

ji `hzieycc| `mfptzy`tio tm bhui tbi h~~zm~zlhti `bi`dp hfo ~ifhctlip&




:5;

Lfltlhc Hppippaift

Ieel`lif`| khlfp hfo la~zmuiaiftp tm pizulì xyhclt| `hf ji ahoi le `cliftp hzi tbmzmykbc|

hppippio y~mf iftizlfk tbi ~zmkzha hfo kluif thzkitio py~~mztp# ezma pice!pizui zipmyzìp

tm blkb!lftifplt|# ehì!tm!ehì py~~mzt {ltb h `hpi {mzdiz# jhpio mf tbilz lfoluloyhc fiiop&

@cliftp zixylzlfk h cm{ oikzii me lftizuiftlmf ah| fiio alflahc# le hf|# ehì!tm!ehì

`mfth`t {ltb h `hpi {mzdiz& Olzi`t tbipi `cliftp xyl`dc| tm IM hfo mtbiz cm{!lftifplt|

py~~mztp& Ia~bhplwi tici~bmfi hfo Lftizfit!jhpio tmmcp mz mtbiz cm{!`mpt aihfp me

oicluizlfk tbipi py~~mztp&

@cliftp zixylzlfk h blkb oikzii me lftizuiftlmf ah| fiio h kziht oihc me lftifplui#

ehì!tm!ehì `mfth`t {ltb h `hpi {mzdiz& ^zmuloi `mftlfyio py~~mzt hp tbi| zilftikzhti

lftm tbi {mzdemzì&

@cliftp zixylzlfk h amoizhti oikzii me lftizuiftlmf pbmyco ziìlui h jcifo me blkb! hfo

cm{!lftifplt| py~~mztp& [i pyp~i`t ampt `cliftp {myco ehcc lftm tblp kzmy~&

@cliftp emz {bma htth`baift tm tbi chjmyz emzì lp fmt h zihpmfhjci ir~i`thtlmf ji`hypi

me h olphjlclt| pbmyco ji `mffi`tio {ltb h fhtlmfhc lf`mai!py~~mzt ~zmkzha emz ~izpmfp

{ltb h olphjlclt|4 chtiz lf tblp `bh~tiz {i zi`maaifo tbi ipthjclpbaift me py`b h ~zmkzha&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!57 Yfoizthdi h tbmzmykb lfltlhc hppippaift me fi{ iftzhftp lftm pm`lhc

hpplpthfì tm loiftle| tbi oikzii me lftizuiftlmf zixylzio tm bic~ tbia zityzf tm tbi chjmyz

ahzdit& _zlhki fi{ iftzhftp tm h~~zm~zlhti py~~mztp h``mzolfk tm tblp hppippaift&

Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk

[ltb h em`yp mf zihtth`blfk ~im~ci tm tbi {mzdemzì# tbi ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk `ma~mfift

me pm`lhc hpplpthfì ji`maip iuif amzi `zy`lhc& @bh~tiz <# Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk

Pizulìp# blkbclkbtp ziìft ieemztp tm lftikzhti ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp tbzmykb IM&

Bm{iuiz# hooltlmfhc jifieltp hzi cldic| ~mppljci le tbi ia~cm|aift pizulìp ~zmuloio tbzmykb

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pizulìp lf`cyoi gmj pihz`b py~~mztp# {mzd ir~izlifì ~zmkzhap# pdlccp tzhlflfk# py~~mztp emz

pice!ia~cm|aift# hfo tbi p`ziiflfk hfo aht`blfk me ~hztl`l~hftp tm ia~cm|izp&

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me pm`lhc hpplpthfì# lf h `hzieycc| pixyifìo ahffiz&

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{mzd~chì# hfo {i hzi iuif eyztbiz h{h| ezma omlfk pm emz tbmpi {ltb aifthc olphjlcltlip&



:52

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!27 ^zi~hzi hfo py~~mzt ~im~ci {ltb olphjlcltlip {bm hzi iftizlfk tbi

{mzd~chì& [mzd {ltb ia~cm|izp hfo eiccm{ ia~cm|iip tm ~zm~izc| yfoizpthfo hfo

h``maamohti tbi p~i`lel` fiiop me tbi lfoluloyhc lf tbi {mzd~chì&

Eioizhc‐^zmulf`lhc Lppyip

Hjmyt :: ~iz ìft me ~im~ci {ltb piuizi mz uiz| piuizi olphjlcltlip fm{ ziìlui pm`lhc

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tbi ~hlo chjmyz emzì& _blp ~m~ychtlmf {myco ji jittiz pizuio j| h fhtlmfhc jhpl` lf`mai

~zmkzha lfptiho me pm`lhc hpplpthfì&2

H kzm{lfk fyajiz me mzkhflwhtlmfp bhui `zltl`lwio tbi eioizhc Ia~cm|aift Lfpyzhfì "IL,

~zmkzha emz fmt aiitlfk tbi fiiop me tbi amoizf chjmyz ahzdit& Lf :>8># Mfthzlhfp

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h `mfploizhjci la~zmuiaift&

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py~~mzt ~zmkzha emz ~im~ci {ltb olphjlcltlip {bm hzi yfcldic| tm zi!iftiz tbi {mzdemzì&

La~ciaift tbi elfhc zi`maaifohtlmfp me tbi Am{ht @iftzi Ia~cm|aift Lfpyzhfì

_hpd Emzì&

Zilfuipt eyztbiz phulfkp lf thzkitio pm`lhc hpplpthfì aihpyzip

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tbi phulfkp pbmyco ji ypio tm ahdi ziemzap tbht iclalfhti jhzzlizp tbht ~ziuift ~im~ci ezma

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me amulfk ezma h pbictiz lftm h jhpl` jh`bicmz h~hztaift&8> Oi~zlulfk pm`lhc hpplpthfì

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tbi MOJ pmcic| oi~ifoift mf lf`mai hp m~~mpio tm hki mz# amzi la~mzthftc| emz tblp `bh~tiz#

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xyhcle| emz pm`lhc hpplpthfì jyt cmpi tblp jifielt "hcmfk {ltb mtbiz irtifoio bihctb jifieltp,

pbmztc| hetiz elfolfk ia~cm|aift& _bi cmpp me irtifoio bihctb jifieltp zi~zipiftp h ptzmfk

olplfìftlui tm {mzd ‟ tbyp `mftzljytlfk tm tbi –{icehzi {hcc&‑

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zi`maaifoio >&9 ~iz ìft ir~ifoltyzi hffyhc kzm{tb zhti& Lf tbi yfcldic| iuift tbht eyfop

ziahlf# {i zi`maaifo tbht tbi jhpl` fiiop hfo pbictiz hamyftp me pm`lhc hpplpthfì ji

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`cihz iuloifì jhpi&

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tbi >&9 ~iz ìft hffyhc kzm{tb zhti# zilfuipt phulfkp lftm pm`lhc hpplpthfì# {ltb ~zlmzlt|

kluif tm7 Lf`zihplfk hppit claltp emz pm`lhc hpplpthfì xyhclel`htlmf4

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Le eyfop ziahlf# zhlplfk jhpl` fiiop hfo pbictiz hamyftp&

8> G& Pth~citmf# –[b| Omf“t [i [hft tbi mmz tm M{f Hf|tblfk=‑ :>><# Kimzki @iozl` Ait`hce @bhzlthjci Emyfohtlmf&



:;>

@blco [icehzi

Cldi pm`lhc hpplpthfì# {i bhui h~~zmh`bio `blco {icehzi oleeiziftc| tbhf ampt mtbiz ~mcl`|

hzihp myt me oieizifì tm tbi mfkmlfk {mzd me tbi @maalpplmf tm ^zmamti Pypthlfhjci @blco

[icehzi# {bl`b {hp `zihtio lf Fmuiajiz :>>< {ltb h tbzii!|ihz ahfohti&88 Ltp ~ziulmyp

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pihz`b emz ieel`lif`lip hfo h `cihz em`yp mf iuloifì!jhpio ~mcl`|!ahdlfk& @mfthlflfk tbi

hffyhc zhti me ir~ifoltyzi kzm{tb ht >&9 ~iz ìft {lcc fmfitbicipp ji laaifpic| `bhccifklfk

emz h pi`tmz tbht bhp kzm{f j| elui ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz mf huizhki muiz tbi ~hpt ilkbt |ihzp&

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hfo ptzifktbiflfk tbi clfdp jit{iif `blco {icehzi hfo mtbiz pi`tmzp tbzmykb jittiz pizulì

lftikzhtlmf&

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ioy`htlmf# ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf# hfo ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp&

Mfthzlm @blco Jifielt

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jifielt ~hlo tm cm{! tm amoizhti!lf`mai ehalclip {ltb `blcozif yfoiz hki 82&

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`blcozif lf tbipi ehalclip ixyhcc| hfo ahdip lt ihpliz emz ~hziftp tm amui ezma pm`lhc

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ia~cm|aift&

88 btt~7--{{{&pypthlflfk`blco{icehzi&`h-




:;8

[blci tblp lp `maaifohjci lf tizap me bic~lfk tm ziamui tbi –{icehzi {hcc#‑ {i fmti tbht tbi

:>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit `maalttio tbi kmuizfaift tm lf`zihplfk tbi ahrlaya py~~mzt ciuic

eyztbiz tm /8#08> hffyhcc| ~iz `blco# ht hf hooltlmfhc `mpt me /:?9 alcclmf ~iz |ihz {bif eycc|

la~ciaiftio& Bm{iuiz# tbi @maalpplmf bhp zi`maaifoio tbht le pm`lhc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk

kzm{p j| cipp tbhf >&9 ~iz ìft hffyhcc|# tbif hf| phulfkp pbmyco ji `bhfficcio lftm p~i`lel`

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`mfploizio ht tblp tlai&

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h`bliuio j| bmcolfk tbi lf`zihpi me pm`lhc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk jicm{ tbi zi`maaifoio

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zithlf tbi `yzzift ahrlaya ciuic me tbi Mfthzlm @blco Jifielt&

Mtbiz Pm`lhc ^zmkzhap

Olp`zitlmfhz| pm`lhc ~zmkzhap hzi muizpiif j| ahf| kmuizfaift alflptzlip hfo jzmhoiz

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hzi `maamf tzifop h`zmpp pizulìp7

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j| hcc tbzii ciuicp me kmuizfaift# zikychtio `blco `hzi lp py~~mztio j| ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo

tbizi lp amoipt `bhzlthjci py~~mzt emz ampt pm`lhc pizulìp,4

Ziìft tzifop bhui piif tbi ~zmulfì hppyai amzi eyfolfk zip~mfpljlclt| ezma jmtb

ayfl`l~hcltlip "i&k&# pm`lhc hpplpthfì `mptp, hfo tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift "i&k&# pti~~lfk

lf {bif `blco `hzi eyfolfk {hp `hfìccio,4

_bizi hzi tzifop tm{hzop amzi lftikzhtio byahf pizulì oicluiz| hfo jittiz `m!m~izhtlmf

h`zmpp pi`tmzp "i&k&# aifthc bihctb ziemza# oiuicm~aifthc pizulìp# pmai ayfl`l~hc

pizulì lftikzhtlmf,# jyt ay`b amzi aypt ji omfi4 hfo

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hzi kzm{lfk&

Kluif tbht tbi ~zmulfì ~zmuloip ampt me tbi eyfolfk emz pm`lhc ~zmkzhap# lt aypt ciho `bhfki

lf tbipi ~zmkzhap# hfo {mzd {ltb hcc ltp ~hztfizp tm oicluiz jittiz mz amzi ieei`tlui pizulìp ht

cipp `mpt&

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hppm`lhtio ~mcl`| {mzd& Py`b hf h~~zmh`b lp `mfplptift {ltb tbi kmhc me tzhfpemzalfk

jifieltp ‟ jittiz pizulì lftikzhtlmf bic~p pla~cle| `clift h`ìpp# la~zmui myt`maip hfo

zioyì muizbiho `mptp&



:;:

@blcozif“p Aifthc Bihctb Pizulìp

Hp fmtio j| tbi Mfthzlm ciklpchtyzi“p Pici`t @maalttii mf Aifthc Bihctb hfo Hool`tlmfp#

aifthc bihctb hfo hool`tlmfp pizulìp lf Mfthzlm hzi ezhkaiftio# p~ziho h`zmpp piuizhc

alflptzlip hfo meeizio lf uhzlmyp `hzi pittlfkp&8: _bi kmuizfaift bhp thdif pti~p tm zioyì

tblp ezhkaifthtlmf j| oiuicm~lfk h `ma~zibifplui ptzhtik| emz aifthc bihctb pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!807 Zi`mfelkyzi `blco hfo |mytb aifthc bihctb pizulìp tm `mfpmclohti

hkif`lip hfo la~zmui pizulì oicluiz| hfo lftikzhtlmf jmtb {ltblf tbi pi`tmz ltpice hfo {ltb

mtbiz pi`tmzp py`b hp `blcozif“p pizulìp# bihctb# ioy`htlmf hfo |mytb gyptlì&

@blcozif“p Pizulìp Lftikzhtlmf

Kzihtiz lftikzhtlmf me pizulìp emz `blcozif hfo |mytb pbmyco ji ir~hfoio ji|mfo aifthc

bihctb& Hp {ltb tbi hclkfaift me mtbiz pizulìp# `m!m~izhtlmf h`zmpp alflptzlip hfo {ltb mtbiz

ciuicp me kmuizfaift "~hztl`ychzc| ht tbi ayfl`l~hc ciuic, {lcc ji di|& _blp ah| zixylzi hzioielfltlmf hfo-mz ziptzy`tyzlfk me alflptz| zmcip hfo zip~mfpljlcltlip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!8?7 Lftikzhti `blcozif“p pizulìp tm ifbhfì ihzc| loiftlel`htlmf

hfo lftizuiftlmf&

Oiuicm~aifthc Pizulìp

Ziìft oiuicm~aifthc pizulìp ciklpchtlmf80 zi`mkflwip tbht lfoluloyhcp {ltb h oiuicm~aifthc

olphjlclt| `hf clui lfoi~ifoiftc| {ltb tbi h~~zm~zlhti py~~mztp hfo tbht tbi| hfo tbilz ehalclip

{hft amzi `bmlì hfo ecirljlclt| lf `bmmplfk py~~mztp tbht aiit tbilz fiiop&

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hfo ahzdit!ozluif h~~zmh`b tm tbi ~zmulplmf me pizulìp hfo py~~mztp# jhpio mf lfoluloyhc

fiio hfo oiahfo& Le tbi lfoluloyhcp hfo ehalclip bho tbi ~yz`bhplfk ~m{iz tm `bmmpi tbi

`maayflt| ~hztl`l~htlmf py~~mztp tbi| ~zieizzio# pizulì hkif`lip {myco ji ozluif tm zihclkf lf

zip~mfpi tm tblp ahzdit&

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`maayflt|!jhpio py~~mzt ~zmkzhap lftm h plfkci olzi`t eyfolfk ~zmkzha&

8: –Fhulkhtlfk tbi Gmyzfi| tm [iccfipp7 _bi @ma~zibifplui Aifthc Bihctb hfo Hool`tlmfp H`tlmf chf emz Mfthzlhfp#‑ "Hykypt :>8>,&80 Pizulìp hfo Py~~mztp tm zmamti tbi Pm`lhc Lf`cyplmf me izpmfp {ltb Oiuicm~aifthc Olphjlcltlip H`t# :>>2# {bif eycc| ~zm`chlaio# {lcc

zi~chì tbi irlptlfk Oiuicm~aifthc Pizulìp H`t&




:;0

\mytb Gyptlì

_bi |mytb gyptlì pi`tmz bhp `bhfkio plkflel`hftc| plfì tbi lftzmoy`tlmf me tbi eioizhc \mytb

@zlalfhc Gyptlì H`t lf :>>0& _bi kzihtiz em`yp ~chìo mf `maayflt|!jhpio lftizuiftlmfp bhp

zipyctio lf h oi`zihpi lf tbi ypi me |mytb gyptlì eh`lcltlip# pmai me {bl`b hzi yfoizypio hfo

zixylzi `mfploizhjci `h~lthc lfuiptaift tm dii~ m~izhtlmfhc& @yzzift eh`lcltlip pbmyco ji`mftlfyhcc| iuhcyhtio emz tbilz `mftzljytlmf tm h`bliulfk tbi pi`tmz“p ~mcl`| mjgi`tluip& [bizi

irìpp `h~h`lt| `hf ji oiamfptzhtio hfo h amzi ieel`lift m~tlmf irlptp# ptzhtikl` `cmpyzip

pbmyco m``yz hfo tbmpi hppitp pbmyco ji ~yt tm amzi ~zmoy`tlui ypip mz oluiptio iftlzic|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!857 Zioyì irìpp `h~h`lt| lf tbi |mytb gyptlì p|ptia tbzmykb

ptzhtikl` `cmpyzip me eh`lcltlip&

@mftzljytlmfp me tbi Fmf!^zmelt Pi`tmz

_bi fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz lp hf metif!muizcmmdio `mftzljytmz tm tbi @hfholhf i`mfma|&

Lf :>>;# tbi uhcyi!hooio mz kzmpp omaiptl` ~zmoy`t "KO^, me tbi fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz {hp

/09&5 jlcclmf# h``myftlfk emz :&9 ~iz ìft me tbi tmthc @hfholhf i`mfma|& _blp pbhzi

lf`zihpip tm ;&> ~iz ìft {bif bmp~lthcp# yfluizpltlip hfo `mccikip hzi lf`cyoio# zih`blfk

/8>>&; jlcclmf lf :>>;&8? Ir`cyolfk bmp~lthcp# `mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip# tbi fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz

ia~cm|p 5>>#>>> ~im~ci hfo bhp muiz elui alcclmf umcyftiizp# py~~mztlfk h {loi uhzlit| me

pi`tmzp lf`cyolfk bihctb# ioy`htlmf# ifulzmfaift hfo pm`lhc pizulìp lf Mfthzlm& _bipi phai

fmf!~zmelt mzkhflwhtlmfp lf tbi ~zmulfì bhui hffyhc ziuifyip me /:< jlcclmf# ?9 ~iz ìft

`malfk ezma ihzfio lf`mai# :< ~iz ìft ezma eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift kzhftp

hfo pizulì `mftzh`tp# hfo :5 ~iz ìft ezma kletp# omfhtlmfp hfo mtbiz pmyzìp&

89

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zitzhlf tbi yfia~cm|io# ioy`hti myz `blcozif hfo `hzi emz myz ifulzmfaift& Pti~p pbmyco ji

thdif tm ifpyzi tbht tbipi mzkhflwhtlmfp `mftlfyi tm kit eyfolfk& Bm{iuiz# tbizi lp zmma emz

la~zmuiaift lf tizap me ptzihaclflfk hoalflptzhtlmf hfo ifpyzlfk tbht h``myfthjlclt|

ezhai{mzdp em`yp mf myt`mai aitzl`p& Lf hooltlmf# ayctl!|ihz hkziiaiftp `hf bic~ `zihti

~ziol`thjci jyokit `|`cip emz fmf!~zmelt mzkhflwhtlmfp&

8? Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh# –Phticclti H``myft me Fmf!^zmelt Lfptltytlmfp hfo Umcyftiizlfk#‑ @hthcmkyi fm& 80!>89!R# om{fcmhoio ezma

btt~7--{{{&ptht`hf&k`&`h-~yj-80!>89!r-80!>89!r:>><>>>!ifk&~oe&89 Lahklfi @hfhoh# –_bi Fmf~zmelt hfo Umcyfthz| Pi`tmz lf Mfthzlm7 Fhtlmfhc Pyzui| me Fmf~zmelt hfo Umcyfthz| Mzkhflwhtlmfp Eh`t Pbiit#‑

:>>9# om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--cljzhz|&lahklfi hfhoh&`h-elcip-fmf~zmeltp hf-if-fpfum-eh`tpbiit]umcyfthz|]pi tmz]mfthzlm&~oe&85 Ljlo&



:;?

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!8;7 Ziemza eyfolfk ~zh`tlìp lf tbi fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz tm lf`zihpi ecirljlclt|

hfo zioyì hoalflptzhtlui `mptp j| em`yplfk mf aihpyzlfk myt`maip zhtbiz tbhf lf~ytp&

_bizi lp hcpm zmma emz la~zmulfk tbi zip~mfpluifipp me tbi kmuizfaift tm tbi fmf!~zmelt

pi`tmz& _bi @maalpplmf fmtip tbi ~ziìoift pit j| tbi M~if emz Jyplfipp lfltlhtlui tbht

`zihtip h plfkci {lfom{ tbzmykb {bl`b jyplfipp `hf ifkhki hcc kmuizfaift alflptzlip&

[i jicliui h plalchz amoic {myco ji bic~eyc tm tbi fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz# {bl`b lp gypt hp uhzlio

hfo oluizpi hp tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!827 ^zmuloi h plfkci ~mlft me h`ìpp {ltblf kmuizfaift emz tbi fmf!~zmelt

pi`tmz tm la~zmui hfo jzmhoif zichtlmfpbl~p h`zmpp alflptzlip tbht iftiz lftm `mftzh`tp {ltb tbi

fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz# yplfk h amoic py`b hp tbi M~if emz Jyplfipp lfltlhtlui&

Pm`lhc La~h`t Jmfop

Fmf!~zmelt hfo emz!~zmelt mzkhflwhtlmfp ah| ji hjci tm thdi fi{ h~~zmh`bip tm h`bliui amzi

`mpt!ieei`tlui pm`lhc myt`maip& H ~zlai irha~ci lp Pm`lhc La~h`t Jmfop "PLJp,& _bzmykb h

PLJ# h kmuizfaift `mftzh`tp {ltb h ~hztfiz mzkhflwhtlmf tm oicluiz h ~hztl`ychz pizulì# {ltb

~h|aift `mfoltlmfhc mf la~zmuiaiftp tm hf hppm`lhtio pm`lhc myt`mai& Le tbi pm`lhc myt`mai

lp h`bliuio# tbi pm`lhc la~h`t jmfobmcoiz ziìluip h zlpd!hogyptio zhti me zityzf ezma tbi

kmuizfaift# {blci tbi kmuizfaift phuip amfi| ji`hypi tbi la~zmuio pm`lhc myt`mai meepitp

eytyzi ir~ifoltyzip& _bi Yfltio Dlfkoma bhp yfoizthdif tbi jipt dfm{f ~lcmt tm ohti# h

`zlalfhc gyptlì ~zmgi`t lf îtizjmzmykb# Y&D&4 ihzc| zipyctp pbm{ ~zmalpi&8;

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!8<7 Yfoizthdi ~lcmt ~zmgi`tp yplfk Pm`lhc La~h`t Jmfop h`zmpp h zhfki me h~~cl`htlmfp&

8; Emz amzi lfemzahtlmf# pii tbi Pm`lhc Elfhfì {ijplti ht btt~7--{{{&pm lhcelfhfì&mzk&yd-zipmyzìp-pm`lhc!elfhfì&




:;9

Kifizhc H~~zmh`b

_zhfph`tlmf em`ypio# {ltb claltio lfemzahtlmf mf`clift myt`maip

@ma~cir ahwi me ~zmkzhap tbht `zihtip h`ìppjhzzlizp

Yf`cihz bm{ ~zmkzhap zip~mfo tm `clift fiiop Pizulìp eyfoio hfo oicluizio lf`mfplptiftc|

h`zmpp tbi ~zmulfì&

@clift!em`ypio ~zmkzhap tbht ~zmuloi pizulìp hfojifieltp ehlzc| h`zmpp `clift kzmy~p lf plalchz `lz`yapthfìp

La~zmuio `m!mzolfhtlmf mz `cyptizio ~zmkzhap#zipyctlfk lf zioyìo muizch~p# kzihtiz ieel`lif`liphfo la~zmuio `clift myt`maip

Pla~clelio hfo tzhfp~hzift h`ìpp tbzmykb zhfkime `bhfficp "i&k&# {ijpltip,

La~zmuio ohth `mcci`tlmf tm hpìzthlf irtift tm{bl`b ~zmkzhap aiit `clift fiiop @mfpmclohtio jh`d!meelì m~izhtlmfp# tbzmykb h

pbhzio pizulì oicluiz| amoic&

Pm`lhc Pizulìp

Ezhkaiftio ~chfflfk hfo oicluiz|4 ~zmkzhapm~izhti lfoi~ifoiftc|

Pm`lhc hpplpthfì lfumcuip ayctl~ci ~zmkzhap#tbi `majlfio ieei`tp me {bl`b `hf `zihti jhzzlizptm {mzd

_zhlflfk-ia~cm|aift py~~mzt meeizio j| ayctl~ci

hkif`lip Pm`lhc bmyplfk lp meeizio tbzmykb amzi tbhf

:> ~zmulf`lhc ~zmkzhap @blco `hzi hfo `blco oiuicm~aift py~~mztp hzi

~zmuloio lf ayctl~ci pittlfkp# fmt metif lftikzhtio&

@m!mzolfhtio h`ìpp tm pm`lhc pizulìp lf tbi`maayflt| "i&k&# pm`lhc hpplpthfì# blco hzi#bmyplfk,

Ezmft!clfi {mzdizp tzhlfio mf lfthdi emz hcc~zmkzhap meeizio4 jh`d!ifo py~~mztphahckhahtio

Py~~mzt tzhfpltlmf tm {mzd tbzmykb `mfpmclohtiotzhlflfk m~~mztyfltlip {ltb h~~zm~zlhti h`ìpp~zmulplmfp

@mfpmclohtio bmyplfk hfo bmaicippfipp~zmkzhap

Jittiz lftikzhtio ~zmkzhaalfk emz ~zip`bmmc hfop`bmmc!hkio blcozif&

@blco [icehzi

Pizulìp oicluizio j| 90 @HPp Blptmzl`hc# umcyai!jhpio eyfolfk amoic tbht ah|

kifizhti ~izuizpi lfìftluip# oitzlaifthc tm `cliftmyt`maip

Piuizhc bizlthki lfemzahtlmf p|ptiap {ltb uhzlmypoielfltlmfp me jyplfipp ~zmìppip# ahdlfk ltoleel`yct tm `ma~hzi pizulìp h`zmpp tbi ~zmulfì&

Ei{iz hkif`lip ~zmulolfk amzi lftikzhtio#`mpt!ieei`tlui pizulìp

@clift!myt`mai!jhpio eyfolfk amoic {ltbh~~zm~zlhti lfìftluip-olplf iftluip

Mfi ~zmulf`lhc lfemzahtlmf p|ptia {ltbpthfohzolwio oielfltlmfp me jyplfipp ~zmìppiphfo oiplzio `clift myt`maip

La~zmuio clfdp tm mtbiz pizulì p|ptiap# lf`cyolfkioy`htlmf# ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf hfo tzhlflfk&




:;5

@blco hfo \mytb Aifthc Bihctb

Ezhkaiftio pizulìp# ~zmuloio j| :5> `maayflt|hkif`lip# 8; bmp~lthc!jhpio myt~htlift ~zmkzhap#hfo py~~mztp ht h fyajiz me pi`yzi`yptmo|-oitiftlmf eh`lcltlip emz |mytb lf `mfecl`t{ltb tbi ch{

Cmfk {hlt!clptp Lfhoixyhti lfemzahtlmf mf {bizi tm kit bic~ Lf`zihplfk aifthc bihctb olphjlclt| `mptp {ltb h

plkflel`hft i`mfmal` la~h`t&

La~zmuio m!mzolfhtlmf {ltb pthfohzolwiooielfltlmfp hfo h~~cl`htlmf ~zmìppip

Lftikzhtio pizulì oicluiz|# lf`cyolfk `clift`maayfl`htlmfp# lfthdi# iclkljlclt| hfo iftltciaift#hfo ~h|aift lppyhfì

Ptzihaclfio kmuizfhfì hfo h``myfthjlclt| Ieei`tlui ihzc| lftizuiftlmf {myco hoozipp tbi

zlpd me aifthc bihctb olphjlclt| `mptp ji`malfk

yfpypthlfhjci @cihz zmcip# zip~mfpljlcltlip hfo h``myfthjlcltlip

h`zmpp ioy`htlmf# bihctb hfo `blcozif“p p|ptiap&

Oiuicm~aifthc Pizulìp

Muiz 0;> hkif`lip oicluiz ziploiftlhc pizulìp hfo`maayflt| clulfk py~~mzt# {ltb oluizpi {h|p me hppipplfk fiiop hfo oitizalflfk eyfolfk ciuicp

Cmfk {hlt!clptp Blptmzl`hcc|# lf`mfplptift iclkljlclt| h`zmpp

Mfthzlm ‟ fi{# plfkci ~mlft me `mfth`t tm h`ìpp

pizulìp emz fi{ `cliftp# plfì Gyc| :>88 Lf`mfplptift pizulì oicluiz| ‟ ch`d me `bmlì#

clei!pthki lftizzy~tlmfp# xyhclt| mfìzfp&

Eycc| la~ciaiftio plfkci ~mlft me `mfth`t tmh`ìpp pizulìp

Eyfolfk hccm`htio jhpio mf hppippio fiiop#yplfk lfoluloyhc!jhpio eyfolfk hccm`htlmf amoic"`maayflt| pizulìp,

@cihz iclkljlclt| zltizlh ypio `mfplptiftc|

~zmulfì{loi îzpmf!ìftzio# lfoluloyhclwio h~~zmh`b tm

~chfflfk hfo ahdlfk clei tzhfpltlmfp {ltb alflahcpizulì olpzy~tlmf4 xyhclt| hppyzhfì aihpyzippy~~mzt mfplptift pizulì pthfohzop&

\mytb Gyptlì

H fit{mzd me eh`lcltlip-hkif`lip lf`cyolfkpiuif olzi`tc| m~izhtio pi`yzi yptmo|-oitiftlmf|mytb ìftzip# 5? olzi`tc| m~izhtio |mytb~zmjhtlmf meelìp# hfo :8> tzhfpeiz ~h|aifthkif`lip tbht hzi ahlfc| fmt!emz!~zmelt

mzkhflwhtlmfp Oi`clflfk oiahfo emz `yptmolhc eh`lcltlip&

Amzi maayflt|!jhpio p|ptia# {ltb zioyìo ypime `yptmo| hfo amzi |mytb jilfk oluiztio ezma tbiemzahc `myzt ~zmìpp emz cipp pizlmyp meeifìp hfoamzi |mytb jilfk zieizzio tm hctizfhtluip tm`yptmo| ~zmkzha

Phulfkp zilfuiptio lf ~ziuiftlui aihpyzip"i&k&# aifthc bihctb py~~mztp,&

@yzzift P|ptia _zhfpemzalfk tm Ziemzaio P|ptia




:;;


[b| ^zmuloi Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk Pizulìp=

H blkbc| ioy`htio hfo pdlccio {mzdemzì lp h di| oitizalfhft me bihctb| hfo pypthlfhjci

cmfk!tiza i`mfmal` kzm{tb& [ltb tbi zlpi me tbi dfm{cioki i`mfma| hfo zh~lo ti`bfmcmkl`hc

`bhfki# tbizi lp kzm{lfk oiahfo emz blkbc| pdlccio# hoh~thjci {mzdizp& _bi kmuizfaift ~ch|p

hf la~mzthft zmci lf bic~lfk aiit tblp oiahfo& Ptyolip bhui oiamfptzhtio tbi fiio emz# hfo

jifieltp ezma# kmuizfaift lfuiptaift lf ioy`htlmf hfo tzhlflfk& Emz irha~ci# Zlooicc hzkyip

tbht kmuizfaift lftizuiftlmf lf byahf `h~lthc oiuicm~aift lp gyptlelio mf jmtb ixylt| hfo

ieel`lif`| kzmyfop&8 Ixylt| hzkyaiftp emz kmuizfaift lftizuiftlmf lf`cyoi tbi ~zmamtlmf

me ixyhc m~~mztyflt|# pm`lhc amjlclt| hfo amzi ixyhc olptzljytlmf me i`mfmal` zi{hzop&

Ieel`lif`| hzkyaiftp emz kmuizfaift lftizuiftlmf hzi jhpio mf tbzii tifitp7

Lt ifpyzip tbht jifieltp tm pm`lit| hzi `h~tyzio {bif uhcylfk ioy`htlmf mz tzhlflfk4

Lt bic~p tm muiz`mai ehlcyzip lf `ziolt ahzditp4 hfo

Lt altlkhtip tbi `bhccifkip me gyoklfk tbi xyhclt| me ioy`htlmf hfo tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap&

Mfthzlm“p hklfk ~m~ychtlmf# pcm{iz chjmyz!emzì kzm{tb hfo lf`zihplfk kcmjhc `ma~itltlmf#

hamfk mtbiz emzìp# bhui ahoi pdlccp oiuicm~aift# {mzd~chì tzhlflfk hfo cleicmfk cihzflfk

amzi la~mzthft& Emz irha~ci# cltizh`| fiiop bhui iumcuio hfo lf`zihpio muiz tlai hp h zipyct

me eyfohaifthc `bhfkip lf tbi i`mfma|& Lf hooltlmf tm ziholfk hfo {zltlfk# ahf| ~im~ci tmoh|

zixylzi hfhc|tl`hc pdlccp# fyaizh`|# hfo ti`bfmcmkl`hc hfo `ma~ytiz cltizh`| tm om lf`zihplfkc|

`ma~cir {mzd&

Ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap hzi la~mzthft tmmcp tm ifpyzi tbht {mzdizp bhui pdlccp tbht

hzi ziciuhft emz huhlchjci gmjp hfo tm eh`lclthti gmj aht`blfk& Ieei`tlui kmuizfaift tzhlflfk

~zmkzhap bic~ zioyì tbi pdlccp kh~ emz ahf| me tbipi olp~chìo {mzdizp hfo `hf lf`zihpi

tbilz zi!ia~cm|aift ihzflfkp&

8 [&@& Zlooicc# –Lfuiptlfk lf Byahf @h~lthc7 ^mcl`| ^zlmzltlip emz @hfhoh#‑ lf G& Cimfhzo# @& Zhkhf hfo E& Pt!Blchlzi "iop&,# H @hfholhf

^zlmzltlip Hkifoh7 mcl`| @bmlìp tm La~zmui I`mfmal` hfo Pm`lhc [icc!Jilfk# :>>2# Lfptltyti emz Zipihz`b mf ^yjcl` ^mcl`|# ~~& 80‐99&



:;2

Mfthzlm Chjmyz!Ahzdit @bhccifkip

Mfthzlm {hp ~hztl`ychzc| bhzo blt j| tbi ziìft kcmjhc ziìpplmf# h``myftlfk emz 5> ~iz ìft me

@hfhoh“p gmj cmppip lf :>><& Iuif jiemzi tbi mfpit me tbi ziìft ziìpplmf# Mfthzlm“p

i`mfma| ehìo `bhccifkip tbht `mftlfyi tm ptleci gmj `zihtlmf# lf`cyolfk h pbhz~ h~~zi`lhtlmf me

tbi @hfholhf omcchz# blptmzl`hcc| blkb ifizk| ~zlìp# zlplfk `ma~itltlmf ezma iaizklfk `myftzlip

hfo h {ihdiflfk Y&P& i`mfma|& Emz irha~ci# tbi ahfyeh`tyzlfk lfoyptz| cmpt gmjp emz plr

`mfpi`ytlui |ihzp# jzlfklfk ahfyeh`tyzlfk ia~cm|aift lf :>8> tm ltp cm{ipt ciuic plfì 8<;5&

_blp tzifo lf ahfyeh`tyzlfk hfo gmj cmppip lf zipmyzì pi`tmzp py`b hp emziptz| bhui

`mftzljytio tm lf`zihplfk yfia~cm|aift emz cmfk!tifyzio {mzdizp& Ahf| me tbipi {mzdizp ehì

plkflel`hft `bhccifkip tm zi!ia~cm|aift&

[blci ia~cm|aift lf Mfthzlm lp kzm{lfk hkhlf hfo bhp hcziho| zi`muizio hcc tbi gmjp cmpt

oyzlfk tbi ziìpplmf# |myfk ~im~ci# ziìft laalkzhftp hfo Hjmzlklfhcp `mftlfyi tm

yfoiz~izemza& _bi ziìpplmf {mzpifio tbilz ia~cm|aift myt`maip# jyt tbi| ptzykkcio lftbi gmj ahzdit {icc jiemzi tbht& Kzmy~p eh`lfk py`b chjmyz!ahzdit `bhccifkip lf`cyoi7

\mytb "hkio 89 tm :?, ia~cm|aift pbzhfd lf :>8> emz tbi tblzo `mfpi`ytlui |ihz4

Uiz| ziìft laalkzhftp "elui |ihzp mz cipp lf @hfhoh, `mftlfyi tm ir~izlifì h zlplfk

yfia~cm|aift zhti# y~ ezma 8:&; ~iz ìft lf :>>2 tm 82&? ~iz ìft lf :>8>4

_bi yfia~cm|aift zhti emz Hjmzlklfhc |mytb {hp :>&2 ~iz ìft lf :>8># y~ ezma

8<&2 ~iz ìft lf :>>24

_bi fyajiz me chlo!mee mcoiz {mzdizp fihzc| omyjcio ‟ ezma ;9#5>> lf :>>5 tm

8?8#9>> lf :>><4 _bi yfia~cm|aift zhti emz eiahci plfkci ~hziftp {ltb `blcozif yfoiz hki plr lf`zihpio

ezma 8:&? ~iz ìft lf :>>< tm 8;&: ~iz ìft lf :>8>4 hfo

Jhzic| bhce me tbi ~m~ychtlmf hkio 89 tm 5? {ltb h olphjlclt| {hp lf tbi chjmyz emzì

"9?&< ~iz ìft lf :>>5,&

_bi ~izplptift ch`d me ia~cm|aift m~~mztyfltlip emz tbipi kzmy~p# hp {icc hp aiolh zi~mztp me

pdlcc alpaht`bip hfo yfelccio uh`hf`lip# pbm{p tbht tbi irlptlfk ~zmkzha oicluiz| ptzy`tyzi

fiiop plkflel`hft la~zmuiaift&




:;<

Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk Pizulìp ^zmuloio j|Mfthzlm Alflptzlip

Mfthzlm meeizp h zhfki me ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp tbzmykb tbi Alflptz| me _zhlflfk#

@mccikip hfo Yfluizpltlip "A_@Y, hp {icc hp mtbiz alflptzlip# lf`cyolfk @ltlwifpbl~ hfoLaalkzhtlmf# hfo @maayflt| hfo Pm`lhc Pizulìp&

_bi A_@Y hoalflptizp tbi jycd me tbipi pizulìp tbzmykb ltp ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk

fit{mzd# Ia~cm|aift Mfthzlm "IM,& Ia~cm|aift Mfthzlm {hp `zihtio tbzmykb tbi lftikzhtlmf

me h uhzlit| me eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc ~zmkzhap {bif tbi @hfhoh‐Mfthzlm Chjmyz Ahzdit

Oiuicm~aift Hkziiaift "CAOH, me :>>; tzhfpeizzio `mftzmc me h jzmho zhfki me chjmyz!

ahzdit hfo tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap tm tbi ~zmulfì& [ltb h jyokit me hjmyt /8 jlcclmf hffyhcc|# IM

`yzziftc| pizuip amzi tbhf mfi alcclmf ~im~ci lf`cyolfk ia~cm|izp# chlo!mee {mzdizp#

h~~ziftlìp# mcoiz {mzdizp# fi{`maizp hfo |mytb&

_bi Alflptz| me @maayflt| hfo Pm`lhc Pizulìp "A@PP, ~zmuloip ia~cm|aift py~~mztp tm

pm`lhc hpplpthfì `cliftp tbzmykb tbi Mfthzlm Olphjlclt| Py~~mzt ^zmkzha "MOP^, hfo

Mfthzlm [mzdp "M[,& Lf :>8># A@PP p~ift muiz /:>> alcclmf mf ia~cm|aift py~~mztp emz

pm`lhc hpplpthfì zi`l~liftp& _bi MOP^ ~zmuloip lf`mai hfo ia~cm|aift py~~mzt tm ifhjci

~im~ci {ltb olphjlcltlip hfo tbilz ehalclip tm clui lfoi~ifoiftc|& _bzmykb M[ Ia~cm|aift

Hpplpthfì# zi`l~liftp ziìlui ~zh`tl`hc hpplpthfì ~zi~hzlfk emz hfo elfolfk gmjp&

_bi Alflptz| me @ltlwifpbl~ hfo Laalkzhtlmf "A@L, meeizp ~zmkzhap tm eh`lclthti chjmyz!ahzdit

lftikzhtlmf me laalkzhftp# lf`cyolfk jzloki tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap tm ~zmuloi fi{`maizp {ltb tbi

m``y~htlmf!p~i`lel` tzhlflfk tbht kluip tbia tbi pdlccp# chfkyhki `h~hjlcltlip hfo @hfholhf{mzd ir~izlifì tm mjthlf ia~cm|aift lf tbilz elico& Chfkyhki ~zmkzhap emz fi{`maizp hzi

~zmuloio tbzmykb Mfthzlm“p p`bmmc jmhzop# hp {icc hp P~i`lhclwio Chfkyhki _zhlflfk ^lcmt

^zmgi`tp&

H fyajiz me mtbiz ~zmulf`lhc alflptzlip hcpm ~zmuloi ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk py~~mztp#

lf`cyolfk tbi M^P lftizfpbl~ emz ~zmeipplmfhc laalkzhftp# oicluizio j| tbi Alflptz| me

Kmuizfaift Pizulìp# hfo \mytb M~~mztyfltlip Ptzhtik|# oicluizio tbzmykb tbi Alflptz|

me @blcozif hfo \mytb Pizulìp&

Lf hooltlmf tm eyfolfk ~zmkzhap olzi`tc|# Mfthzlm ~zmuloip lfolzi`t py~~mzt emz tzhlflfk tbzmykbthr `zioltp py`b hp tbi H~~ziftlìpbl~ _zhlflfk _hr @ziolt "H__@, hfo @m!m~izhtlui Ioy`htlmf

_hr @ziolt "@I_@,& Lf :>8># tbi H__@ ~zmuloio hf iptlahtio /8:> alcclmf hfo tbi @I_@

~zmuloio hf iptlahtio /:9 alcclmf tm jyplfippip tm py~~mzt blzlfk hfo tzhlflfk& Pii @bh~tiz 88#

Jyplfipp Py~~mzt# emz h eyztbiz olp`ypplmf&



:2>

_bi chzki fyajiz me ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp ~zmuloio j| ayctl~ci alflptzlip pykkiptp tbizi

hzi `cihz m~~mztyfltlip tm la~zmui tbi ieel`lif`| me tbilz oicluiz|# xyhclt| me pizulì hfo zlkmyz

me ~zmkzha iuhcyhtlmfp&

@mftlfyi tm Piid IM P|ptia La~zmuiaiftp

Mfthzlm bhp thdif pmai pti~p tm{hzop lftikzhtlfk ia~cm|aift hfo pdlccp tzhlflfk& Hp ~hzt me

tbi ~chf tm tzhfpemza IM# A_@Y chyf`bio tbi Ia~cm|aift Pizulì "IP, amoic lf :>8># h fi{

~zmkzha tbht ptzihaclfip ahf| eyf`tlmfp tbht {izi emzaizc| meeizio lf hf yf`m!mzolfhtio

ahffiz "i&k&# emzaiz eioizhc Ia~cm|aift Hpplpthfì Pizulìp hfo _hzkitio [hki Pyjplo|

~zmkzhap# hp {icc hp Mfthzlm“p Gmj @mffi`t,& _bi fi{ IP amoic ~zmuloip Mfthzlhfp {ltb h

`clift!ìftzio# –mfi!ptm~ pbm~‑ {bizi tbi| `hf elfo h eycc zhfki me ia~cm|aift py~~mzt

pizulìp tm bic~ tbia h`xylzi hfo zithlf h gmj&

_bi IM“p `cliftici fiiop uhz|lfk oikziip me hpplpthfì& _bi ahgmzlt| me yfia~cm|io

Mfthzlhfp {bma IM pizuip zixylzi alflahc lftizuiftlmf& Lftizh`tlmfp {ltb tbipi `cliftp pbmycoji ahoi hp ieel`lift hp ~mppljci tbzmykb tbi ypi me cm{!`mpt# pice!pizui tmmcp "i&k&# mfclfi

zipmyzìp, tm hccm{ pthee tm em`yp mf amzi lftifplui `hpip&

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ir~ioliftc| jyt {ltbmyt olalflpblfk pizulì xyhclt| oyzlfk tbi tzhfpltlmf&




:28

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pixyifìo ahffiz&

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:2:

@ma~zibifplui Ziemza lf Eioizhc!^zmulf`lhc Hzzhfkiaiftp

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hkio 89 tm 0>4 hfo

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mzkhflwhtlmfp tbht bic~ ~im~ci ~zi~hzi emz# elfo hfo ahlfthlf ia~cm|aift&

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:20

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!07 Houm`hti emz h `ma~zibifplui tzhlflfk hkziiaift tm zi~chì tbi

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~chì# ahf| me {bl`b hzi hjmyt tm ir~lzi# {ltb h plfkci hzzhfkiaift&

_blp fi{ hzzhfkiaift pbmyco7

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lf hooltlmf tm hzihp hcziho| `muizio yfoiz `yzzift hkziiaiftp4

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pahcc!p`hci ~lcmt ~zmgi`tp4 hfo

Fmt ji tlio lf hf| {h| tm IL iclkljlclt|&

Ptzifktbiflfk Chjmyz!Ahzdit Lfemzahtlmf hfo

Iuloifì!Jhpio mcl`|

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ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp amzi ieei`tlui&



:2?

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ohth tm ifhjci amzi ieei`tlui ~zmkzha oi`lplmf!ahdlfk hfo ~mcl`| oiuicm~aift&

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myt`maip& Ohth `mcci`tlmf aypt lf tyzf ji la~zmuio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!97 Houm`hti emz tbi `mcci`tlmf me pyj!~zmulf`lhc ohth lf hcc eytyzi eioizhc

pyzui|p mf chjmyz uh`hf`lip& Ciuizhki chjmyz uh`hf`| ohth tm lfemza ia~cm|aift hfo

tzhlflfk ~zmkzha oiplkf hfo oicluiz|&

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tbi `maayflt| ciuic& _moh|# tbi jmhzop ziìlui hjmyt /5 alcclmf hffyhcc| ezma A_@Y tm bic~

la~zmui chjmyz!ahzdit `mfoltlmfp lf Mfthzlm“p `maayfltlip j|7

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fiiop p~i`lel` tm cm`hc lfoyptz|4

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H~z& 8# :>8:& _blp lp h ~mpltlui elzpt pti~ tm ir~hfo ziklmfhc hytmfma|# ~zmamti ptzmfkiz

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: –[mzdlfk _mkitbiz tm Jylco h Jittiz Chjmyz Ahzdit Lfemzahtlmf P|ptia emz @hfhoh#‑ :>><# Houlpmz| ^hfic mf Chjmyz Ahzdit Lfemzahtlmf&




:29

_bi jmhzop `hf hcpm pizui hp h uibl`ci tm if`myzhki kzihtiz py~~mzt emz {mzd~chì!jhpio

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zmci lf la~zmulfk tbipi emztyfip&

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me _zhlflfk# @mccikip hfo Yfluizpltlip“ ziklmfhc meelìp tm oiuicm~ ptzmfkiz cm`hc clfdhkip hfo

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0@& Chulp# –Cihzflfk hfo Oiuicm~aift Mytcmmd :>887 Hzi Mzkhflwhtlmfp Ziho| emz Cihzflfk :&>=‑ :>88# _bi @mfeizifì Jmhzo me @hfhoh&



:25

Mfthzlm“p H~~ziftlìpbl~ P|ptia

Mfthzlm“p h~~ziftlìpbl~ p|ptia ~zmuloip ~zmkzhap emz amzi tbhf 89> tzhoip hfo m``y~htlmfp

lf emyz pi`tmzp7 lfoyptzlhc-ahfyeh`tyzlfk# amtlui ~m{iz# pizulì hfo `mfptzy`tlmf&

Lf :>8># Mfthzlm ipthjclpbio tbi @mcciki me _zhoip# h pice!eyfolfk zikychtmz| `mcciki tbht {lcc

bic~ amoizflwi tbi ~zmulfì“p h~~ziftlìpbl~ hfo pdlccio tzhoip p|ptia& Mfì m~izhtlmfhc#

tbi @mcciki me _zhoip {lcc ji zip~mfpljci emz ipthjclpblfk tbi p`m~i me ~zh`tlì hfo emz pittlfk

myt ~mcl`lip hfo ~zmìoyzip emz tbi tzhoip& _bi @mcciki me _zhoip {lcc hcpm th`dci h uhzlit| me

lppyip eh`lfk tbi h~~ziftlìpbl~ p|ptia# lf`cyolfk h~~ziftlìpbl~ zhtlmp hfo `ma~ycpmz|

ìztlel`htlmf&

Pblet Zip~mfpljlclt| emz H~~ziftlìpbl~ Hoalflptzhtlmf

_mm ahf| hoalflptzhtlui eyf`tlmfp ziahlf ìftzhclwio lf tbi alflptz| {bif tbi| `myco ji

pbletio tm ~hztlip tbht hzi jittiz ~mpltlmfio tm `hzz| myt tbipi thpdp& Emz irha~ci# tbi @mccikime _zhoip `myco yfoizthdi hoalflptzhtlui zip~mfpljlcltlip emz h~~ziftlìpbl~p mfì lt lp y~ hfo

zyfflfk& Hp h pice!eyfolfk lfptltytlmf# tbi @mcciki `hf hppyai zip~mfpljlcltlip tbht hzi fm{

yfoiz tbi hyp~lìp me tbi alflptz|4 tblp {lcc zioyì `mptp tm kmuizfaift& Lf hooltlmf# `mccikip

hfo yflmf tzhlflfk ìftzip tbht ~zmuloi `chppzmma tzhlflfk emz h~~ziftlìp `myco thdi mf tbi

hoalflptzhtlui zip~mfpljlcltlip zichtio tm tbht eyf`tlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!<7 Pblet tbi zip~mfpljlclt| emz hcc h~~ziftlìpbl~ hoalflptzhtlmf tm mtbiz

h`tmzp lf tbi pi`tmz& Eyf`tlmfp zichtio tm tbi hoalflptzhtlmf me h~~ziftlìpbl~ `chppzmma

tzhlflfk pbmyco ji kluif tm `mccikip hfo yflmf tzhlflfk ìftzip& Hcc mtbiz hoalflptzhtlui

zip~mfpljlcltlip emz h~~ziftlìpbl~p pbmyco ji tzhfpeizzio tm tbi @mcciki me _zhoip muiz tlai&




:2;


_bi I`mfmal` La~mzthfì me Laalkzhtlmf

Laalkzhtlmf bhp cmfk jiif h di| iciaift me @hfhoh“p hfo Mfthzlm“p chjmyz!ahzdit ~mcl`|&

Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf lp hklfk hfo eiztlclt| zhtip ziahlf cm{& @mfpixyiftc|# laalkzhftp {lcc

`mfptltyti h zlplfk ~zm~mztlmf me ~m~ychtlmf kzm{tb& [ltblf tblp oi`hoi# laalkzhtlmf {lcc h``myft

emz hcc fit kzm{tb lf tbi {mzdlfk!hki ~m~ychtlmf& J| httzh`tlfk pdlccio {mzdizp ezma hjzmho#

Mfthzlm `hf jittiz hoozipp ~mtiftlhc chjmyz!ahzdit pbmzthkip& Ahlfthlflfk chjmyz!emzì kzm{tb#

hloio j| py`ìppeyc laalkzhftp# `hf bic~ pypthlf Mfthzlm“p cmfk!tiza i`mfmal` kzm{tb&

Cm{iz ciuicp me laalkzhtlmf {myco zipyct lf plkflel`hftc| pcm{iz kzm{tb lf tbi {mzdlfk!hki

~m~ychtlmf& Emz irha~ci# h``mzolfk tm tbi Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Elfhfì# le laalkzhtlmf huizhkio

hjmyt ;>#>>> ~iz |ihz "{bl`b lp hjmyt bhce tbi ~m~ychtlmf ~zmgi`tlmf zieizifì pìfhzlm

me 80<#>>> ~iz |ihz,# Mfthzlm {myco bhui 8&? alcclmf ei{iz ~im~ci lf tbi 89‐5?

{mzdlfk!hki kzmy~ j| :>05 huhlchjci tm `mftzljyti tm tbi i`mfma| hfo ~h| thrip&

Mf tbi mtbiz bhfo# le laalkzhftp hzi yfhjci tm ypi tbilz pdlccp hfo ioy`htlmf# tbilz

`mftzljytlmfp tm tbi Mfthzlm i`mfma| `hffmt ji eycc| zihclwio& _bizi lp `mfploizhjci

`mfìzf hjmyt tbi oitizlmzhtlfk i`mfmal` myt`maip hamfk ziìft laalkzhftp muiz tbi

~hpt t{m oi`hoip& Lf pbmzt# eytyzi tzifop lf laalkzhtlmf hfo tbi oikzii tm {bl`b Mfthzlm `hf

py`ìppeycc| lftikzhti fi{ hzzluhcp lftm tbi ~zmulfì“p chjmyz ahzdit hfo pm`lhc ehjzl` {lcc

bhui h plkflel`hft ieei`t mf Mfthzlm“p elp`hc emztyfip&



:22

Ziìft _zifop lf Laalkzhtlmf

Mfthzlm ziahlfp tbi tm~ oiptlfhtlmf emz laalkzhftp tm @hfhoh& Muiz tbi chpt :> |ihzp# Mfthzlm

ziìluio :&? alcclmf chfoio laalkzhftp ‟ 9: ~iz ìft me hcc tbmpi {bm `hai tm @hfhoh&

Bm{iuiz# muiz tbi chpt oi`hoi# zlplfk i`mfmal` emztyfip lf mtbiz ~zmulfìp hfo ahgmz `bhfkip

tm @hfholhf laalkzhtlmf ~mcl`| bhui houizpic| heei`tio Mfthzlm“p laalkzhtlmf ciuicp hfo tbi

alr me laalkzhftp `malfk tm Mfthzlm& Lf :>8># Mfthzlm ziìluio 882#88? ~izahfift ziploiftp#

zi~zipiftlfk ?:&8 ~iz ìft me tmthc hoalpplmfp tm @hfhoh hfo {icc jicm{ tbi ~zmulfì“p cmfk!

tiza huizhki& [blci ziklmfhc i`mfmal` `mfoltlmfp hzi h ahgmz eh`tmz# Mfthzlm“p Alflptz| me

@ltlwifpbl~ hfo Laalkzhtlmf bhp hcpm fmtio tbht fi{ zycip j| tbi eioizhc Alflptiz me

@ltlwifpbl~ hfo Laalkzhtlmf# klulfk ~zlmzlt| tm ìzthlf t|~ip me h~~cl`hftp# bhp lfecyifìo tbi

alr me Mfthzlm laalkzhftp& _bi chtipt `bhfkip hccm{ mfc| 9>> h~~cl`hftp lf ih`b me tbi :<

Eioizhc Pdlccio [mzdiz "EP[, m``y~htlmfp&

Ptyolip bhui pbm{f tbht laalkzhftp pici`tio mf tbi jhplp me tbilz byahf `h~lthc "i&k&# blkbciuicp me ioy`htlmf hfo chfkyhki pdlccp, hzi amzi ziplclift tm `bhfkip lf tbilz fi{ ifulzmfaift

hfo `yctyzi&8 Blptmzl`hcc|# Mfthzlm bhp ziclio bihulc| mf hoalpplmfp me i`mfmal` `chpp

laalkzhftp# hfo ~hztl`ychzc| tbi EP[ `chpp {bm hzi hoalttio yplfk h ~mlftp!jhpio p|ptia

aihpyzlfk ioy`htlmf# {mzd ir~izlifì# dfm{cioki me Ifkclpb hfo-mz Ezif`b# hfo

mtbiz `zltizlh& Hp tbi cmfk!pthfolfk oiptlfhtlmf me `bmlì emz laalkzhftp tm @hfhoh# Mfthzlm

bhp jiif hjci tm zic| mf tbi EP[ ~zmkzha emz ampt fi{ i`mfmal` laalkzhftp tm tbi ~zmulfì&

Bm{iuiz# eioizhc ~mcl`| `bhfkip ir~hfolfk tbi fyajiz me tbmpi hoalttio yfoiz tbi ~zmulf`lhc

fmalfii# clui!lf `hzikluiz hfo Xyiji` pdlccio {mzdiz ~zmkzhap bhui `mftzljytio tm h oi`clfi

lf EP[ `chpp chfolfkp tm Mfthzlm& Lf :>8># Mfthzlm ziìluio 90#229 laalkzhftp tbzmykb tbi

EP[ ~zmkzha# hjmyt ?5 ~iz ìft me hcc chfolfkp tm tbi ~zmulfì# om{f ezma h blkb me 2<#>;2 lf

:>>8& Ei{iz i`mfmal` laalkzhftp `malfk tm Mfthzlm ih`b |ihz aihfp tbht Mfthzlm“p alr lp

pbletlfk tm{hzop h blkbiz ~zm~mztlmf me ehalc| `chpp hfo zieykii laalkzhftp# {bm hzi fmt

pici`tio mf tbi jhplp me tbilz byahf `h~lthc&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!87 Oiuicm~ h ~mpltlmf mf laalkzhtlmf ~mcl`lip tbht lp lf tbi ~zmulfì“p

jipt i`mfmal` hfo pm`lhc lftiziptp& ^zipift tblp ~mpltlmf tm tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift {ltb tbi

ir~i`thtlmf tbht# hp tbi chzkipt zi`l~lift me laalkzhftp lf @hfhoh# Mfthzlm“p lftizipt {lcc ji

kluif `mfploizhjci {ilkbt lf eioizhc ~mcl`| oiuicm~aift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!:7 @hthc|wi fhtlmfhc olp`ypplmfp mf laalkzhtlmf ~mcl`| hp tbi

py`ìppeyc lftikzhtlmf me laalkzhftp lp `zltl`hc emz @hfhoh“p hfo Mfthzlm“p i`mfmal` eytyzip&

8 Fhmal Hcjmla# –Hogyptlfk tbi Jhchfì7 Elrlfk @hfhoh“p I`mfmal` Laalkzhtlmf ^mcl`lip#‑ :>><# H Ah|tzii Zi~mzt4 @ltlwifpbl~ hfoLaalkzhtlmf @hfhoh# –Iuhcyhtlmf me tbi Eioizhc Pdlccio [mzdiz ^zmkzha#‑ :>8># om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&`l`&k`&`h-ifkclpb-~oe-zipihz`b!pthtp-EP[:>8>&~oe&




:2<

_bi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp hccm{io ~zmulfìp tm chyf`b ~zmulf`lhc fmalfii ~zmkzhap "^F^,

tbht hccm{ emz olzi`t zi`zyltaift me {mzdizp tm tbilz ~zmulfìp& Fmalfiip“ h~~cl`htlmfp hzi

ehpt!tzh`dio j| tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift7 ^F^ h~~cl`htlmfp hzi kifizhcc| ~zmìppio {ltblf mfi

|ihz# {blci pdlccio {mzdiz h~~cl`htlmfp thdi t{m tm elui |ihzp# oi~ifolfk mf tbi ulph meelì&

_HJCI 8>&8 îzahfift Ziploiftp Hoalttio lf :>8># j| Oiptlfhtlmf hfoLaalkzhtlmf @htikmz| "Lf`cyolfk Oi~ifohftp,

@htikmz| Htchftl`^zmulfìp

Xyi& Mft& Ahf& Phpd& Hcth& J&@& _izzltmzlip _mthc

I`mfmal` @chppPdlccio {mzdizp 8#0;0 0?#:?> 90#229 2<2 ;8: 88#980 85#59< ;; 88<#09;

Jyplfipp laalkzhftp 82> :#?2< ?#?8< :? :> 0>9 9#25> 9 80#0>:

^zmulf`lhc hfotizzltmzlhc fmalfiip

?#5:5 2> 8#9:2 8:#8;2 9#09? ;#?<: ?#<>> :;> 05#?:2

Clui‐lf hzikluizp 50 8#>2: ;#08> 80< 8:? :#:;; :#22? 0> 80#<><

@hfholhfir~izlifì chpp

55 :9 :#05> 0; 00 288 9;8 8? 0#<8;

_mthc i`mfmal` `chpp 5#0>2 0;#<85 5<#9>: 80#:;5 5#:?0 ::#0<2 0>#2;? 0<5 825#<80

Mtbiz

_mthc ehalc| chpp 2:8 <#5:< :<#0?8 8#0;; ;:5 ;#0;: 8>#259 2< 5>#::>

_mthc ~zmti`tio~izpmfp

9<8 ?#;88 80#<8? 8#>0: 9;? :#:>? 8#55; : :?#5<5

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@htikmz| fmt pthtio > : ? > > > 8 > ;

_mthc ;#2:2 90#<2: 882#88? 89#2>< ;#589 0:#5?: ??#820 9>5 :2>#528

îzìfthki :&2 8<&: ?:&8 9&5 :&; 88&5 89&; >&: 8>>

Fmti7 _mthc lf`cyoip laalkzhftp tbht olo fmt pthti h ~zmulfì me oiptlfhtlmf&

Pmyzì7 @ltlwifpbl~ hfo Laalkzhtlmf @hfhoh# –Eh`tp hfo Elkyzip :>8>&‑



:<>

Mfthzlm {hp fmt mfc| tbi chpt ~zmulfì tm chyf`b h ^F^# jyt lt lp hcpm claltio tm 8#>>> ~zlf`l~hc

h~~cl`hftp h |ihz# h uiz| pahcc fyajiz zichtlui tm tbi umcyai me hffyhc laalkzhtlmf tm tbi

~zmulfì& Ir~hfolfk tbi ^F^ `myco bic~ tbi ~zmulfì ~hztlhcc| meepit tbi ziìft oi`clfi lf tbi

fyajiz me i`mfmal` laalkzhftp hfo `muiz tbi eycc `mpt me ~zmulolfk lftikzhtlmf pizulìp&

Iuloifì ezma mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp "py`b hp Jzltlpb @mcyajlh, bhp pbm{f tbht ^F^p bhui

jifieltio ~zmulfìp lf tizap me lf`zihpio ziuifyip# gmjp# pdlccio chjmyz hfo lfuiptaift&:

Bm{iuiz# lt lp la~mzthft tbht Mfthzlm `mftlfyi tm ia~bhplwi ltp fiio tm lf`zihpi tbi fyajizp

me eioizhc pdlccio {mzdizp lf zichtlmf tm ~zmulf`lhc fmalfiip& Hctbmykb ~zmulf`lhc fmalfiip

iftiz @hfhoh {ltb hf ia~cm|aift meeiz# tbilz cmfk!zyf ihzflfkp ~zmkzipplmf "ia~cm|aift

ihzflfkp lf tbi |ihzp hetiz chfolfk, lp fmt hp zmjypt hp lt lp emz pdlccio laalkzhftp&0 Fhtlmfhcc|#

ihzflfkp me EP[ `chpp laalkzhftp kzm{ ehptiz tbhf tbmpi me ~zmulf`lhc fmalfiip& J| tbi eletb

|ihz hetiz chfolfk# EP[p“ hffyhc ihzflfkp hzi mf huizhki /:#>>> tm /;#>>> blkbiz tbhf

tbmpi me ~zmulf`lhc fmalfiip&? Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!07 Houm`hti tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift emz h kzihtiz ~zmulf`lhc zmci lflaalkzhft pici`tlmf tm ifpyzi tbht tbi ciuic hfo alr me laalkzhftp `malfk tm Mfthzlm lp

m~tlalwio tm py~~mzt i`mfmal` ~zmp~izlt| hfo la~zmui myt`maip emz laalkzhftp& Jhzzlfk

py`ìpp# houm`hti emz hf ir~hfoio ^zmulf`lhc Fmalfii ^zmkzha&

Mfthzlm“p zieykii ~m~ychtlmf aypt hcpm ji `mfploizio lf tbi `mftirt me Mfthzlm“p muizhcc

laalkzhtlmf ciuicp hfo tbi pdlccp zixylzio tm py~~mzt i`mfmal` hfo chjmyz!ahzdit kzm{tb&

Lf :>8># Mfthzlm ziìluio 95&0 ~iz ìft me hcc zieykiip h`ì~tio lftm @hfhoh& _bi lf`loifì

me pm`lhc hpplpthfì htth`baift emz zieykiip lp pyjpthftlhc#9 ht h `mfploizhjci `mpt emz pm`lit|

hfo tbi ~zmulf`lhc tzihpyz|& Ptyolip bhui pbm{f tbht zieykiip ir~izlifì ay`b blkbiz zhtip

me yfia~cm|aift# ~hzt!tlai ia~cm|aift hfo tia~mzhz| ia~cm|aift tbhf om @hfholhf!jmzflfoluloyhcp&5 Zieykiip hzi hcpm cipp cldic| tm bhui tbilz `zioiftlhcp zi`mkflwio lf @hfhoh&;

Zieykiip bhui `ma~cir fiiop hfo t|~l`hcc| zixylzi amzi py~~mztp tbhf mtbiz `chppip me

laalkzhftp& Hctbmykb tbi| ziìlui lfltlhc eioizhc py~~mzt# ~zmulf`lhc pm`lhc pizulìp hzi

yfhumlohjc| zixylzio&

Amzimuiz# zieykii `chlahftp ‟ tbmpi {bm zixyipt hp|cya y~mf chfolfk lf @hfhoh ‟ hzi fmt

iclkljci emz py`b eioizhcc| eyfoio pizulìp hp chfkyhki lfptzy`tlmf hfo lfemzahtlmf hfo zieizzhc

pizulìp# hfo tbyp zic| olzi`tc| mf ~zmulf`lhc py~~mztp yftlc tbilz laalkzhtlmf pthtyp lp pittcio&

Lf :>8># Mfthzlm ziìluio 59 ~iz ìft me zieykii `chlahftp {bm hzzluio lf @hfhoh&

: –J@ ^zmulf`lhc Fmalfii ^zmkzha Iuhcyhtlmf Zi~mzt#‑ :>88# Alflptz| me Gmjp# _myzlpa hfo Lffmuhtlmf&0 Pthf Dypti` hfo Cl Ryi# –Ziìft Laalkzhft Myt`maip ‟ :>>9 Ia~cm|aift Ihzflfkp#‑ :>><# @ltlwifpbl~ hfo Laalkzhtlmf @hfhoh&? Ohulo Dyzeyzpt# –Iuhcyhtlmf me tbi ^zmulf`lhc Fmalfii ^zmkzha#‑ :>88# @ltlwifpbl~ hfo Laalkzhtlmf @hfhoh&9 Omf OiUmzitw# Plzkl| ^lufifdm hfo Jilpiz Amztmf# –_bi I`mfmal` Ir~izlifì me Zieykiip lf @hfhoh#‑ :>>?# Lfptltyti emz tbi Ptyo| me

Chjmz&5 Bhzui| Dzhbf# _zhì| Oiz{lfk# Ahzcifi Aycoiz hfo Cmzl [lcdlfpmf# –Ioy`htio hfo Yfoizia~cm|io7 Zieykii Lftikzhtlmf lftm tbi

@hfholhf Chjmyz Ahzdit#‑ Gmyzfhc me Lftizfhtlmfhc Alkzhtlmf hfo Lftikzhtlmf# :>>>&; Zifi Bmyci hfo Chbmyhzlh \pphho# –Zi`mkfltlmf me Fi{`maizp“ Emzilkf @zioiftlhcp hfo [mzd Ir~izlifì#‑ :>8># Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh&




:<8

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!?7 ^zipp tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ji amzi tzhfp~hzift lf ltp zieykii

~mcl`lip hfo ~zh`tlìp hfo tm `ma~ifphti Mfthzlm emz tbi `mptp me ~zmulolfk hooltlmfhc pm`lhc

py~~mztp tm zieykiip hfo zieykii `chlahftp&

Laalkzhft Lftikzhtlmf

Chjmyz!Ahzdit izemzahfì

Laalkzhftp {izi hamfk tbi kzmy~p bhzoipt blt j| tbi ziìft kcmjhc ziìpplmf& Oyzlfk tbi ~ihd

me tbi i`mfmal` om{ftyzf "ezma :>>2 tm :>><,# chfoio laalkzhftp cmpt hcampt 99#>>> gmjp

"00&> ~iz ìft me hcc gmjp cmpt lf Mfthzlm, tbmykb tbi| ahoi y~ mfc| :2&< ~iz ìft me tbi chjmyz

emzì lf :>><& _bi muizhcc ia~cm|aift ciuic emz hcc laalkzhftp lf :>8> {hp ptlcc jicm{ tbi :>>5

ciuic& Lf ~hztl`ychz# uiz| ziìft laalkzhftp "lf @hfhoh emz elui |ihzp mz cipp, {izi tbi ampt

houizpic| heei`tio j| tbi kcmjhc ziìpplmf# ziklptizlfk ia~cm|aift cmppip lf ih`b me tbi chpt

tbzii |ihzp ":>><# :>8> hfo :>882,& Lf tbi elzpt tbzii xyhztizp me :>88# Mfthzlm“pyfia~cm|aift zhti emz uiz| ziìft laalkzhftp ziahlfio hamfk tbi blkbipt lf @hfhoh

"89&; ~iz ìft,# jiblfo mfc| Xyiji` "82&5 ~iz ìft,&

Bm{iuiz# iuif jiemzi tbi ziìft kcmjhc ziìpplmf# tbizi {izi fikhtlui tzifop lf laalkzhft

chjmyz!ahzdit ~izemzahfì# `ma~hzio tm ~ziulmyp `mbmztp&

Ia~cm|aift ciuicp hamfk laalkzhftp lf Mfthzlm bhzoc| `bhfkio ezma :>>5 tm :>8>& Mfthzlm

h``myftio emz 05&; ~iz ìft me fi{ laalkzhftp "hkio 89 hfo muiz, lf @hfhoh oyzlfk tbht

~izlmo# jyt mfc| 89&5 ~iz ìft me fhtlmfhc laalkzhft ia~cm|aift kzm{tb&

2 \ihz tm ohti7 Ghfyhz| tm Pi~tiajiz&

_HJCI 8>&: Olptzljytlmf me Chfoio Laalkzhft Ia~cm|aift hfo ^m~ychtlmf Kzm{tb# Hki 89$

":>>5 tm \ihz!tm!Ohti :>88,

Htchftl`^zmulfìp

Xyi& Mft& Ahf& % Phpd& Hcth& J&@&

Pbhzi me ^m~ychtlmf Kzm{tb"îz @ift,

0&8 8<&< 05&; ;&: 8<&2 80&0

Pbhzi me Ia~cm|aift Kzm{tb

"îz @ift,

0&0 :;&0 89&5 88&0 08&< 8>&;

\ihz tm ohti 1 Ghfyhz| tm Pi~tiajiz&Pmyzì7 Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh# Chjmyz Emzì Pyzui|&



:<:

Laalkzhftp tm Mfthzlm tifo tm ji jittiz ioy`htio tbhf ~im~ci jmzf lf @hfhoh& Hamfk uiz|

ziìft laalkzhftp "elui |ihzp mz cipp, jit{iif tbi hkip me :9 hfo 9?# ;5 ~iz ìft bhui h

~mpt!pi`mfohz| ìztlel`hti# ol~cmah mz yfluizplt| oikzii hp me :>8># `ma~hzio tm 59 ~iz ìft

me tbi @hfholhf!jmzf Mfthzlm ~m~ychtlmf lf tbi phai hki `htikmz|& Oip~lti blkb ioy`htlmfhc

htthlfaift# ziìft laalkzhftp“ ihzflfkp ziahlf {icc jicm{ tbmpi me @hfholhf!jmzf `ltlwifp&

H ziìft ptyo| emyfo tbht hctbmykb eioizhcc| pici`tio i`mfmal` laalkzhftp bhui `mfplptiftc|

blkbiz ihzflfkp ciuicp tbhf hf| mtbiz `htikmz| hamfk jmtb ahcip hfo eiahcip# muizhcc tbi

ihzflfkp kh~ jit{iif laalkzhftp hfo @hfholhf!jmzf {mzdizp bhp jiif kzm{lfk&< Ohth ezma

tbi Chjmyz Emzì Pyzui| pbm{ huizhki {iidc| {hkip me uiz| ziìft laalkzhftp lf Mfthzlm

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_bi hklfk me Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf aihfp tbht chjmyz!emzì kzm{tb {lcc pcm{4 tblp aihfp tbht

~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb lp ji`malfk lf`zihplfkc| la~mzthft tm i`mfmal` py`ìpp& Oip~lti tblp

la~mzthfì# kmuizfaiftp eihz tbi {mzo –~zmoy`tlult|‑ ji`hypi me ~yjcl` alpyfoizpthfolfk me

ltp aihflfk& ^mccp hfo em`yp kzmy~p tifo tm elfo tbht ahf| @hfholhfp jicliui ~zmoy`tlult|

aihfp {mzdlfk bhzoiz emz cipp ~h| ‟ tbi m~~mplti me hf i`mfmalpt“p oielfltlmf&

I`mfmalptp hfo mtbiz hfhc|ptp bhui `ma~lcio clptp lf ziìft oi`hoip me tbi h`tlmfp tbi|

jicliui hzi fiioio tm la~zmui @hfhoh“p ~zmoy`tlult| ~izemzahfì& Iciaiftp lf `maamf mf

ahf| me tbipi clptp lf`cyoi tbi emccm{lfk7

Cm{# pthjci lfechtlmf4

Cm{iz ~yjcl` oijt!tm!KO^ zhtlmp4

Ezii tzhoi irtizfhcc| hfo lftizfhcc|4

^zmamtlmf me `ma~itltlmf# lf`cyolfk ziamuhc me emzilkf m{fizpbl~ ziptzl`tlmfp4

Ziamuhc me jhzzlizp tm elza kzm{tb# lf`cyolfk tbi gya~ lf thrhtlmf zhtip ezma pahcc tm chzkijyplfippip4

Ziamuhc me {mzd olplfìftluip# lf`cyolfk tbmpi iajiooio lf Ia~cm|aift Lfpyzhfì4

Zioy`tlmf lf zikychtmz| jyzoif4

Cm{iz thrip mf `h~lthc4

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H pblet h{h| ezma thrlfk lf`mai hfo `h~lthc tm{hzop thrlfk `mfpya~tlmf4

La~zmuiaift lf tbi pici`tlmf hfo lftikzhtlmf me laalkzhftp4

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0>8

Lfuiptaift lf ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf4 hfo

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hfo tzhlflfk&

_m tbi `ziolt me tbi eioizhc hfo Mfthzlm kmuizfaiftp# h`tlmf bhp jiif thdif lf hjmyt

;> ~iz ìft me tbipi hzihp& Bm{iuiz# ~zmoy`tlult| bhp `mftlfyio tm chk& Le kmuizfaift ~mcl`|

h`tlmf omip fmt `yzi {bht hlcp yp zikhzolfk ~zmoy`tlult|# {bht lp alpplfk=

Mfthzlm aypt tyzf ltp httiftlmf tm tbi zmci me tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz& Bm{ `hf tbi jyplfipp pi`tmz

ji`mai amzi `ma~itltlui# amzi iftzi~zifiyzlhc# amzi ~zmoy`tlui= Pbletlfk ~zluhti jyplfipp

jibhulmyz tm `h~lthclwi mf tbi uhcyi me lfuiptlfk ~zmeltp lf ah`blfiz| hfo ixyl~aift lp ìftzhc

tm la~zmulfk ~zmoy`tlult|& Blkbiz ~zmoy`tlult|# mz myt~yt ~iz {mzdiz# `zihtip m~~mztyfltlip emz hcc

pikaiftp me tbi Mfthzlm i`mfma| tm {lf& Lt `hf zhlpi zihc {hkip me {mzdizp4 hccm{ jyplfippip

tm ir~hfo# tbizij| `zihtlfk amzi gmjp4 hfo kifizhti amzi ziuifyi emz tbi Mfthzlm

kmuizfaift&

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[b| omip mfc| emyz ~iz ìft me @hfholhf pahcc tm aiolya iftiz~zlpi "PAI, ziuifyi `mai

ezma ir~mztp tm tbi iaizklfk i`mfmalip=

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tbi elza ciuic tbzmykb `mcchjmzhtlmfp {ltb Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh hfo Lfoyptz| @hfhoh hzi ippiftlhc

yfoiz~lfflfkp me Mfthzlm“p i`mfmal` ulplmf&

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`hf bic~ kyloi lfltlhc ~mcl`| tzhfpemzahtlmfp# ioy`hti jyplfippip hjmyt tbi m~~mztyfltlip tbht

cli lf lfuiptlfk lf ~zmoy`tlult| la~zmuiaiftp hfo tzh`d Mfthzlm“p ~zmkzipp tm{hzop

i`mfmal` zi`muiz|&



0>:

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!87 Kmuizfaift fiiop tm ~yjclpb hf –i`mfmal` ulplmf‑ emz Mfthzlm&

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hfo oi`clflfk tm loiftle| thzkitio hzihp emz lfuiptaift# hfo pyaahzlwi tbi `bhccifkip hfo

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^mlpio emz Kzm{tb

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iclalfhtlmf me tbi `h~lthc thr& _blp {lcc hamyft tm amzi tbhf /2 jlcclmf lf hffyhc thr phulfkp

tm jyplfipp# olptzljytio h`zmpp hcc pi`tmzp me tbi i`mfma|& _bipi aihpyzip {lcc bic~ `yt

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hfo `zihti gmjp&

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0>0

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0>9

_|~ip me Jyplfipp Py~~mzt

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0>5

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h`zmpp alflptzlip&

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Lt bhp thdif ahgmz pti~p tm zioyì tbi zikychtmz| jyzoif mf elzap hfo# hp fmtio hjmui# bhp

plkflel`hftc| zioyìo jyplfipp thrip& Hcc tmco# tbipi ~mcl`| lfltlhtluip j| tbi ~zmulf`lhc

kmuizfaift bhui ozhahtl`hcc| la~zmuio tbi m~~mztyflt| emz elzap lf Mfthzlm tm py`ìio lf hf

lf`zihplfkc| `ma~itltlui kcmjhc i`mfma| hfo tbi| bhui zioyìo tbi fiio emz jyplfipp py~~mzt

~zmkzhap hlaio ht pyjplolwlfk tbi `mptp me jyplfipp lf~ytp py`b hp chjmyz# ah`blfiz| hfoixyl~aift# hfo jylcolfkp&

5 Jhpio mf ohth zi~mztio j| Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh lf ltp hffyhc pyzui| me p`liftlel` h`tlultlip me tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift# tbi ~zmulfìtzhfpeizzio hf huizhki me /025 alcclmf ~iz |ihz muiz 8> |ihzp ezma :>>8‐>: tm :>8>‐88 emz Z%O ~izemzaio j| yfluizpltlip hfo bmp~lthcp&Olzi`t hpplpthfì tm jyplfipp emz Z%O huizhkio /8< alcclmf ~iz |ihz emz tbi phai ~izlmo&



0>2

Myz Uli{ mf Jyplfipp Pyjplolip

Ia~lzl`hc iuloifì pykkiptp tbht jyplfipp pyjplolip hzi metif fmt hf ieel`lift ypi me ~yjcl`

zipmyzìp hfo bhui omfi clttci tm zhlpi clulfk pthfohzop& Pyjplo| ~zmkzhap `hf olptmzt jyplfipp

oi`lplmfp tm tbi ~mlft tbht tbi| hzi fm cmfkiz jhpio mf pmyfo i`mfmal` `zltizlh mz zixylzi h

zihpmfhjci oikzii me ~zluhti zlpd& [ltbmyt ~zm~iz h``myfthjlclt|# tbipi ~zmkzhap hzi hcpm

pypì~tljci tm pthdibmcoiz cmjj|lfk# {bl`b `hf zipyct lf hf i`mfmal`hcc| lfieel`lift hccm`htlmf

me eyfop& Eyztbizamzi# tbi myt`maip me tbipi ~zmkzhap hzi metif uhkyi hfo oleel`yct tm

aihpyzi# ~ziuiftlfk tbmzmykb iuhcyhtlmf hfo hfhc|plp& Lt lp fmt ifmykb tm oiamfptzhti tbht

h ~zmkzha `zihtip mz zithlfp gmjp# ip~i`lhcc| hp tbipi gmjp ah| bhui jiif `zihtio {ltbmyt

kmuizfaift py~~mzt& [i hkzii {ltb tbi `mf`cyplmf zih`bio j| tbi _hpd Emzì mf

@ma~itltluifipp# ^zmoy`tlult| hfo I`mfmal` ^zmkzipp# bihoio j| Zmkiz Ahztlf# tbht hf

i`mfmal` ~mcl`| em`ypio mf gmj `zihtlmf –`hf ji uiz| `mptc| {ltb ei{ zipyctp&‑;

Pyjplolip tbht hzi ypio tm jhlc myt ehlclfk elzap mz oi`clflfk pi`tmzp hzi hcpm ~zmjciahtl`&[blci tbi| `hf h`bliui pbmzt!tiza mjgi`tluip py`b hp gmj zitiftlmf# muiz tbi cmfk tiza tbi|

`hf la~ioi ptzy`tyzhc pbletp hfo hccm`htlmf me zipmyzìp tbht {myco la~zmui ~zmoy`tlult| lf tbi

muizhcc i`mfma|& Jhlcmytp ifthlc h ~mtiftlhc ~mcltl`hc zlpd# ~zmumdlfk xyiptlmfp me ehlzfipp hfo

tbi `zihtlmf me hf –yf!ciuic‑ ~ch|lfk elico hamfk jyplfipp `ma~itltmzp& _bi zi`mzo me py`b

lftizuiftlmfp bhp kifizhcc| eihtyzio amzi ehlcyzip tbhf py`ìppip&

@izthlf pi`tmzp hfo h`tlultlip zic| `mfploizhjc| mf kmuizfaift py~~mzt& [bif tbi `majlfio

pyjplo| me eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc kzhftp hfo thr `zioltp lp `mfploizio# tbi py~~mzt `hf ji

plkflel`hft& Emz irha~ci# lt lp iptlahtio tbht hcampt 5> ~iz ìft me hcc elca hfo ticiulplmf

~zmoy`tlmf p~ifolfk lf Mfthzlm lf :>8> {hp pyjplolwio j| eioizhc hfo Mfthzlm elca thr `zioltp#kzhftp hfo mtbiz zichtio eyfolfk&2 Plalchzc|# eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc thr lfìftluip emz zipihz`b

hfo oiuicm~aift `hf zioyì tbi hetiz!thr `mpt me h /8>> Z%O ir~ifoltyzi lf Mfthzlm tm hp cm{

hp /0;& _bizi hzi hcpm pltyhtlmfp {bizi h plfkci omcchz me jyplfipp ir~ifpi lp iclkljci emz t{m

mz amzi ~zmulf`lhc thr lfìftluip# mz lf {bl`b thr lfìftluip hzi ~zmuloio mf ir~ifpip {bizi

tbi jyplfipp ziìluio olzi`t eyfolfk ezma tbi ~zmulf`lhc mz eioizhc kmuizfaift&

; –^zmp~i`tp emz Mfthzlm“p ^zmp~izlt|#‑ _hpd Emzì mf @ma~itltluifipp# ^zmoy`tlult| hfo I`mfmal` ^zmkzipp# Fmuiajiz :>88# ~& 08&2 Alflptz| me Elfhfì iptlahti jhpio mf ohth ezma tbi :>8> Mfthzlm _zhfp~hzif`| lf _hrhtlmf Zi~mzt# tbi Eioizhc _hr Ir~ifoltyzip hfo

Iuhcyhtlmfp :>8># tbi @hfhoh Aiolh Eyfo# _icielca @hfhoh# tbi Mfthzlm Aiolh Oiuicm~aift @mz~mzhtlmf# hfo Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh&




0><

Hf Lccyptzhtlui Irha~ci7Lf ahf| `hpip# `yzzift lfìftluip hzi kihzio tm{hzop pthjlclwhtlmf lfptiho me lfoyptz| tzhfpemzahtlmf& Mfthzlm“p fi{ Zlpd Ahfhkiaift

^zmkzha "ZA^, lp hf irha~ci me h jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzha lf {bl`b lfìftluip hzi fmt hclkfio {ltb ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb hfo ahzdit

~zlf`l~cip& _blp ~zmkzha bic~p ahfhki jyplfipp zlpd j| ~zmulolfk lf`mai pthjlclt| tm ~hztl`l~htlfk ehzaizp lf kzhlf hfo mlcpiiop# `httci#

bmk# pbii~ hfo uihc# hp {icc hp ioljci bmztl`yctyzi pi`tmzp& Hp lt lp `yzziftc| oiplkfio# lt lp h pm!`hccio –zlpd!pbhzlfk‑ ~zmkzha# jyt tbi~zmulfì hppyaip tbi clmf“p pbhzi me tbi zlpd j| hppyalfk hcc tbi clhjlclt| tm `ma~ifphti emz hf| ozm~ lf `maamolt| ~zlìp& H plkflel`hft

ozm~ lf ~zlìp `myco ozlui y~ tbi `mpt me tbi ~zmkzha j| byfoziop me alcclmfp me omcchzp# {ltb fm pbhzi jilfk jmzfi j| tbi jyplfippip&

^zmkzhap cldi tbi ZA^ pizui tm py~~mzt tbi pthtyp xym& J| em`yplfk tbi ~zmkzha mjgi`tlui mf ahlftifhfì# fmt la~zmuiaift# lt

~zmuloip jyplfippip {ltb fm lfìftlui tm lf`zihpi ieel`lif`| mz ir~hfo ahzditp ‟ tbi uiz| h`tlultlip fiìpphz| tm lf`zihpi lf`maip

hfo gmjp& Lfptiho me pthjlclwlfk lfoyptzlip# tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco ji pbletlfk ieemztp tm{hzop lfuiptaiftp lf lffmuhtlmf tbht py~~mzt

ieel`lif`lip hfo ~zmoy`tlult| khlfp& Lf tbi `hpi me tbi ZA^# lfuiptaiftp lf ixyl~aift hfo ~zmìpp la~zmuiaiftp tbht bic~ ehzaizp

ji`mai amzi `ma~itltlui hfo cipp pifpltlui tm pbletlfk `mptp hzi tbi ~zieizzio zmyti&

Ziuli{lfk tbi ZA^# hfo mtbiz ~zmkzhap cldi lt# {ltblf h jzmhoiz `mftirt me py~~mzt emz jyplfippip `myco ciho tm h amzi lftikzhtio

jyfoci me aytyhcc| py~~mztlui hfo `ma~ciaifthz| lfltlhtluip tbht py~~mzt ~zmoyìzp lf tbi pbmzt tiza jyt hcpm hclkf lfìftluip tm hpplpt

tbi thzkit pi`tmzp lf h`bliulfk cmfk!tiza `ma~itltluifipp hfo# lf tyzf# gmj `zihtlmf&

@yzziftc|# Mfthzlm bhp h bmoki~moki me olzi`t hfo lfolzi`t ~zmkzhap p`httizio h`zmpp h

uhzlit| me alflptzlip {ltb uhzlmyp i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift ahfohtip& _blp yf`m!mzolfhtio

p|ptia cihop tm oy~cl`htlmf lf oicluiz| hfo ~zmìpplfk# zipyctlfk lf yffiìpphz| `mptp& Ahf|

elzap# ip~i`lhcc| pahcc mfip# bhui oleel`yct| fhulkhtlfk tblp `ma~cir ~zmkzha chfop`h~i# {bl`b

lp eyztbiz `ma~cl`htio j| tbi irlptifì me eioizhc hfo cm`hc pyjplolip hfo mtbiz ~zmkzhap&

Jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap hzi ezhkaiftio hfo ch`d `cihz hfo `mbizift mjgi`tluip&

_blp `zihtip plkflel`hft `bhccifkip emz tzh`dlfk hfo iuhcyhtlfk ~zmkzha `mptp hkhlfpt

myt`maip& Hp ohth mf myt`maip hzi metif ~mmz hfo lf`mfplptift# lt lp yf`cihz {bitbiz tbi~zmkzhap hzi h`bliulfk hf| i`mfmal` jifieltp emz Mfthzlm&

Pmai hzkyi tbht plfì mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp ia~cm| pyjplolip tm cyzi jyplfipp lfuiptaift#

Mfthzlm aypt om tbi phai tm ziahlf `ma~itltlui& _blp clfi me tblfdlfk `hf ciho tm pltyhtlmfp

{bizi `ma~hflip hzi hjci tm jlo y~ lfìftluip h`zmpp `ma~itlfk gyzlpol`tlmfp# zipyctlfk lf

{bht lp dfm{f hp tbi –{lffiz“p `yzpi&‑

_bi kmuizfaift“p jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap zixylzi h zipit lf clkbt me Mfthzlm“p elp`hc hfo

i`mfmal` `bhccifkip& Le {i {izi tm oiplkf jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap ezma p`zht`b# tbi|

{myco fmt cmmd cldi {bht {i bhui fm{&



08>

_m{hzop h Fi{ Jyplfipp Py~~mzt Ezhai{mzd

Kluif tbi p~ifolfk zioy`tlmf thzkitp {i ~zm~mpi lf @bh~tiz 8# _bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc

H`tlmf# p~ifolfk mf jyplfipp py~~mzt ht `yzzift ciuicp lp yfpypthlfhjci& _m hoozipp tbi

`bhccifkip fmtio hjmui# {i `hf iltbiz ziptzy`tyzi tbi irlptlfk ~zmkzhap# lf`cyolfk ifolfk

~mmz ~izemzaizp# mz ahdi h `cihf jzihd hfo pthzt muiz j| hpdlfk alflptzlip tm oiuicm~ ei{iz ~zmkzhap tbht hzi jittiz em`ypio mf bic~lfk Mfthzlm jyplfippip ji`mai amzi ~zmoy`tlui

hfo `ma~itltlui&

[i jicliui tbi pi`mfo m~tlmf lp tbi jittiz {h|& [i pykkipt tbht tbi kmuizfaift oiuicm~ h

fi{ jyplfipp py~~mzt ezhai{mzd jylct mf elui ~mcl`| ~lcchzp7

Ziem`yp ahfohti tm pbhz~if mjgi`tluip hfo lf`mz~mzhti iuloifì!jhpio hfhc|plp4

@mfpmclohti eyfolfk h`zmpp alflptzlip4

Lf`cyoi thr ir~ifoltyzip4

Lftikzhti oicluiz|4 hfo

Ptzifktbif h``myfthjlclt| hfo tzhfp~hzif`|&

Ziem`yp Ahfohti

H ziem`ypio ahfohti emz jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap {myco pblet ezma hf ia~bhplp mf gmj

`zihtlmf tm{hzop if`myzhklfk elzap tm ifbhfì ~zmoy`tlult| tbzmykb lffmuhtlmf4 ti`bfmcmk|

hom~tlmf hfo tzhlflfk4 la~zmuio jyplfipp ~zh`tlìp4 hfo ifizk| `mfpizuhtlmf hfo ieel`lif`|&

Lt hcpm aihfp if`myzhklfk iftzi~zifiyzpbl~& Lffmuhtlui fi{ elzap `hf lf`zihpi ~zmoy`tlult|

olzi`tc|# hp {icc hp ozlui lf`yajift elzap tm ji`mai amzi ~zmoy`tlui lf mzoiz tm `ma~iti&Zipihz`b ~izemzaio lf yfluizpltlip# `mccikip hfo bmp~lthcp lp hf ip~i`lhcc| eiztlci elico emz

bhzuiptlfk `maaiz`lhc m~~mztyfltlip j| iftzi~zifiyzp hfo zlpd `h~lthclptp&

_bi la~ityp emz la~zmulfk ~zmoy`tlult| lp `cihz& Hp fmtio lf @bh~tiz 8# lt {lcc ji oleel`yct tm

h`bliui Mfthzlm“p oiel`lt thzkit j| :>8;‐82 {ltb h `mftlfyhtlmf me tbi {ihd ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb

piif lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz lf ziìft |ihzp& Jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap tbht ~zmamti la~zmuio

~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb {lcc tbiziemzi ~ch| hf la~mzthft ~hzt lf ifpyzlfk Mfthzlm“p elp`hc ulhjlclt|&

La~zmulfk ~zluhti!pi`tmz ~zmoy`tlult| hccm{p jyplfippip tm py`ìppeycc| `ma~iti lf omaiptl`

hfo kcmjhc ahzditp hfo `zihti gmjp& Kmuizfaiftp om fmt `zihti gmjp lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz ‟

mfc| py`ìppeyc jyplfippip `hf om tbht& Zhtbiz tbhf tbi tzholtlmfhc em`yp mf gmj `zihtlmf hp hfifo lf ltpice# kmuizfaift pbmyco em`yp ltp jyplfipp py~~mzt mf tbmpi hzihp {ltb tbi kzihtipt

~mtiftlhc tm la~zmui ~zmoy`tlult|& Fi{ ~zmkzhap aypt `cihzc| oiamfptzhti tbht tbi| hzi

hclkfio {ltb tblp mjgi`tlui&




088

_bi ~zmoy`tlult| cifp pbmyco hcpm ji h~~clio {bif yplfk pyjplolip tm httzh`t emzilkf jyplfipp

lfuiptaift tm Mfthzlm& Pmai ecirljlclt| {lcc ji fiioio# hp tbizi ah| ji m~~mztyfltlip {bizi

kmuizfaift py~~mzt `hf httzh`t h pyjpthftlhc hf`bmz lfuiptaift tm tbi ~zmulfì& Py`b h`tlmf#

bm{iuiz# pbmyco ji zipizuio emz irì~tlmfhc mz irtzhmzolfhz| `hpip& Lf tbi kcmjhc `mftirt#

ip~i`lhcc| hp oiuicm~lfk i`mfmalip zha~ y~ tbilz jyplfipp lfuiptaiftp# Mfthzlm aypt

`mcchjmzhti fhtlmfhcc| hfo jylco lftizfhtlmfhc jzlokip tm ji `ma~itltlui& Ieemztp pbmyco `mftlfyi

tm ptzhtikl`hcc| thzkit lftizfhtlmfhc lfuiptaift jhpio mf tbi ~zmulfì“p ~mtiftlhc tm

la~zmui ~zmoy`tlult|&

Plalchzc|# eyztbiz `mfploizhtlmf fiiop tm ji kluif tm {bitbiz h ~zmoy`tlult| em`yp pbmyco h~~c|

h`zmpp hcc lfoyptzlip mz le lt fiiop tm ji elfi!tyfio tm p~i`lel` lfoyptz| pi`tmzp& Myz ~zieizifì

lp emz h amzi jzmho!jhpio h~~zmh`b&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!07 Ziem`yp tbi ahfohti me jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap ezma gmj

`zihtlmf tm ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz&

@mfpmclohti Eyfolfk

_m oiuicm~ fi{ hfo jittiz jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap# tbi kmuizfaift aypt `bhfki tbi

~zmìpp j| {bl`b alflptzlip hccm`hti eyfop emz py`b ~zmkzhap& @yzziftc|# olzi`t jyplfipp

~zmkzha eyfolfk ziploip {ltblf h alflptz|“p –ifuicm~i#‑ mz hffyhc eyfolfk hccm`htlmf&

_hr!jhpio py~~mzt lp `yzziftc| fmt `myftio hp ~hzt me tblp hccm`htlmf& _blp blfoizp hclkfaift

hfo oi`zihpip ieel`lif`|# hp amfi| `hffmt ihplc| ji pbletio h{h| ezma yfoiz~izemzalfk

~zmkzhap& Hp {icc# lt metif zipyctp lf oy~cl`htio hfo yf`m!mzolfhtio ieemztp j| oleeizift

alflptzlip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!?7 Pthztlfk lf :>8:‐80# ahdi alflptzlip zip~mfpljci hfo h``myfthjci

emz thr ir~ifoltyzip tbht hclkf {ltb tbilz zip~i`tlui ~zmkzha hzihp& Alflptzlip pbmyco lfltlhcc|

ji ~zmuloio {ltb tbi aihfp tm eyfo tbi thr ir~ifoltyzip "l&i&# h fit wizm la~h`t emz tbi

alflptzlip,# jyt hetiz tbht tbi| {lcc bhui tm ahfhki tbi ~mmcio ifuicm~i me thr ir~ifoltyzip

hfo olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap tm aiit jyokithz| thzkitp&

_blp {lcc ~zmuloi hf lfìftlui tm tlkbtif lfieel`lift thr ir~ifoltyzip hp tbi alflptzlip

zip~mfpljci emz tbi thr ir~ifoltyzip {lcc bhui tbi hjlclt| tm ziemza thr ir~ifoltyzip {bif

piidlfk ~mtiftlhc phulfkp&



08:

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!97 Lftzmoyì h fi{ eyfolfk amoic tbht if`myzhkip ieel`lif`| hfo

bhzamflwip ieemztp h`zmpp alflptzlip& [i ~zm~mpi tbht amfi| emz jmtb olzi`t hfo lfolzi`t

jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap# lf`cyolfk zieyfohjci thr `zioltp# pbmyco ji ~mmcio lftm h plfkci

eyfolfk ifuicm~i&

Alflptzlip {myco `ma~iti emz h`ìpp tm tblp eyfolfk tm oicluiz tbilz ~zm~mpio jyplfipp py~~mzt

~zmkzhap& H ~zm~mpio ~zmkzha pbmyco phtlpe| tbi emccm{lfk `zltizlh7

_bi ~zmkzha lp oiplkfio tm elr h ~hztl`ychz i`mfmal` ~zmjcia zichtio tm ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb

jhpio mf pmclo iuloifì!jhpio hfhc|plp& _bi zhtlmfhci emz kmuizfaift lfumcuiaift aypt

`mfptltyti h `ma~icclfk `hpi tbht tbi py~~mzt lp ptlcc fiìpphz| oip~lti Mfthzlm“p

lftizfhtlmfhcc| `ma~itltlui thr ziklai&

_bi py~~mzt ~zmkzha lp jhpio mf h cmkl` amoic tbht ypip i`mfmal` tbimz| hfo iuloifì tm

clfd ~mcl`| h`tlmf tm h oiplzio myt`mai tbht {myco fmt bhui jiif h`bliuio {ltbmyt tbi

~zmkzha lf ~chì# hfo tbht tbi lfìftluip hzi hclkfio {ltb jhpl` jyplfipp ~zh`tlìp hfoahzdit ~zlf`l~cip&

_bi ~zmkzha lp tbi ampt `mpt!ieei`tlui {h| tm h`bliui tbi phai mz jittiz zipyct& Lf mtbiz

{mzop# tbi myt`maip mz i`mfmal` jifieltp aypt irìio hcc tbi ~mtiftlhc `mptp me

la~ciaiftlfk tbi ~zmkzha tm kmuizfaift# jyplfipp hfo tbi i`mfma| hp h {bmci& _bipi

{myco fmzahcc| lf`cyoi tbi `mptp tm kmuizfaift emz hoalflptizlfk tbi ~zmkzha hfo tbi

`mptp tm jyplfipp lf ieemzt hfo amfi| emz h`ìpplfk tbi ~zmkzha& Gypt hp la~mzthft#

bm{iuiz# tbi `mpt!jifielt hfhc|plp aypt lf`cyoi tbi i`mfmal` `mptp me tbi olptmztlmfp ezma

tbi thrip ypio tm elfhfì tbi ~zmkzha&

_bi ~zmkzha omip fmt `zihti ahzdit olptmztlmfp hfo mtbiz ~izuizpi `mfpixyifìp py`bhp `zm{olfk myt ~zluhti lfuiptaift hfo pdi{lfk jifieltp tm ìzthlf kzmy~p& Le lt omip

"ampt ~zmkzhap {lcc bhui pmai fikhtlui ieei`tp,# hzi tbipi lppyip ahfhkio mz `mzzi`tio

tbzmykb tbi oiplkf me tbi ~zmkzha=

_bi ~zmkzha omip fmt oy~cl`hti mtbiz ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp meeizio ht tbi eioizhc mz cm`hc

ciuic& "Jittiz |it# lt `ma~ciaiftp mz ciuizhkip jyplfipp py~~mzt ezma mtbiz kmuizfaift#

`maayflt| hfo lfoyptz| pmyzìp&, Lt pbmyco# bm{iuiz# ~zmbljlt –omyjci ol~~lfk‑ "{bizi

kzhftp hzi ypio lf `hc`ychtlfk thr py~~mzt, hfo clalt tbi –pth`dlfk‑ mz `majlfhtlmf me eioizhc

hfo ~zmulf`lhc kzhft hfo thr py~~mzt tm fm amzi tbhf 0> ~iz ìft me tbi jyplfipp ir~ifpi&

_m py~~mzt `mftlfymyp ~zmkzha la~zmuiaift# tbi ~zmkzha oiplkf pbmyco lf`cyoi h emzahciuhcyhtlmf `ma~mfift tbht {myco hppipp ~izemzahfì hkhlfpt tbipi `zltizlh mf hf

mfkmlfk jhplp&




080

_m eyfo tblp plfkci ifuicm~i# {i ~zm~mpi tbht h pyfpit me hcc irlptlfk olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt

~zmkzhap m``yz ht tbi ifo me elp`hc |ihz :>8:‐80 "pii Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!2 zikhzolfk

zieyfohjci `mz~mzhti lf`mai thr `zioltp,& _blp {myco bic~ olptlfkylpb jit{iif ~zlmzlt| pizulìp

hfo ~zmkzhap tbht bhui pla~c| `mftlfyio ji|mfo tbilz fiio& Lfptiho me tbi kmuizfaift

`zihtlfk amzi ~zmkzhap tm hoozipp tbi phai `mfìzfp# mytohtio lfltlhtluip {myco ji

iclalfhtio# klulfk alflptzlip ifmykb tlai tm ~zi~hzi emz tbi eyfolfk amoic jilfk ~zm~mpio j|

tbi @maalpplmf& _bi kmuizfaift {myco ptlcc ji ir~i`tio tm aiit hcc cikhc hfo elfhf`lhc

`maaltaiftp me irlptlfk ~zmkzhap# hfo `ma~citi cikh`| ~zmgi`tp& _bi ziahlflfk amfi|

pbmyco ji oiumtio tm tbi plfkci ifuicm~i# {blci hcpm hccm{lfk pmai phulfkp tm bic~ tbi

kmuizfaift aiit ltp :>8;‐82 oiel`lt zioy`tlmf thzkit& J| emccm{lfk tblp h~~zmh`b# {i jicliui

lt pbmyco ji ~mppljci tm zioyì tbi `yzzift ciuic me olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt j| mfi!tblzo mz

~mppljc| amzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!57 Pyfpit hcc `yzzift olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap lf :>8:‐80&

Hetiz h``myftlfk emz cikhc `maaltaiftp hfo cikh`| ~zmgi`tp# hp {icc hp tbi :>8;‐82 oiel`ltzioy`tlmf thzkit# ~mmc tbi ziahlflfk eyfop hfo thr ir~ifoltyzip lftm h plfkci ifuicm~i ypio

tm eyfo jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap pyjalttio j| alflptzlip& _bipi ~zmkzhap aypt hclkf {ltb

tbi ~zmoy`tlult| em`yp me tbi kmuizfaift i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift ~mcl`| hfo aiit zlkmzmyp

oiplkf `zltizlh&

_bzmykb tbipi `bhfkip# {i bm~i tbht alflptzlip {lcc {mzd tmkitbiz tm oiuicm~ jittiz!hclkfio

hfo amzi ptzhtikl` jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap tbht hoozipp Mfthzlm“p di| i`mfmal`

`bhccifkip&

Lf`cyoi _hr Ir~ifoltyzipLf :>88# Mfthzlm ~zmuloio h~~zmrlahtic| /:&0 jlcclmf me py~~mzt tm jyplfipp ~iz |ihz lf tbi

emza me thr ir~ifoltyzip py`b hp zieyfohjci hfo fmf!zieyfohjci thr `zioltp& _blp lp lf hooltlmf

tm tbi hffyhc phulfkp ezma tbi ziìft thr ziemzap lftzmoyìo j| tbi ~zmulfì tbht# {bif

eycc| la~ciaiftio# {lcc hamyft tm amzi tbhf /2 jlcclmf emz jyplfipp h`zmpp hcc pi`tmzp me tbi

i`mfma|& _bi phulfkp lf`cyoi hjmyt /?&? jlcclmf ~iz |ihz ezma tbi ziamuhc me tbi iajiooio

phcip thr# /:&9 jlcclmf ~iz |ihz ezma @L_ zhti zioy`tlmfp hfo amzi tbhf /8&2 jlcclmf ~iz |ihz

ezma iclalfhtlmf me tbi `h~lthc thr& _bi ciuic me py~~mzt ~zmuloio tbzmykb thr `zioltp ah| bhui

ahoi pifpi ht h tlai {bif ~zmulf`lhc thr zhtip {izi blkb hfo `zioltp `myco bic~ ahdi Mfthzlm

amzi `ma~itltlui emz jyplfipp lfuiptaift& Lt ahdip cipp pifpi {bif Mfthzlm“p thr p|ptia lp

hcziho| `ma~itltlui emz jyplfipp lfuiptaift ji`hypi me ahgmz thr ziemzap&



08?

Zieyfohjci @mz~mzhti Lf`mai _hr @zioltp

_hr ir~ifoltyzip hzi h emza me p~ifolfk tbzmykb tbi thr p|ptia& Bm{iuiz# emz irtizfhc

zi~mztlfk ~yz~mpip# ampt thr ir~ifoltyzip hzi `yzziftc| meepit hkhlfpt thr ziuifyi# {ltb mfc|

tbi fit hamyft me ziuifyi jilfk zi~mztio& _bi ^yjcl` Pi`tmz H``myftlfk Jmhzo "^PHJ, me tbi

@hfholhf Lfptltyti me @bhztizio H``myfthftp bhp zicihpio h fi{ pthfohzo emz thr ziuifyi tbhtolptlfkylpbip jit{iif thr `mfìpplmfp hfo tzhfpeizp ahoi tbzmykb h thr p|ptia& Lt bhp jiif

zi`maaifoio tbht tblp fi{ pthfohzo ji h~~clio tm elfhf`lhc pthtiaiftp emz elp`hc |ihzp

jiklfflfk mf mz hetiz H~z& 8# :>8:& Hom~tlfk tbi ^PHJ pthfohzo {myco zipyct lf tbi zi~mztlfk me

ìzthlf thr ir~ifoltyzip hp ir~ifpip# {bl`b {myco ptzifktbif elp`hc h``myfthjlclt| hfo

tzhfp~hzif`| lf elfhf`lhc zi~mztlfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!;7 Emccm{ tbi ^yjcl` Pi`tmz H``myftlfk Jmhzo "^PHJ, zi`maaifohtlmf

tm zi~mzt tzhfpeizp tbzmykb tbi thr p|ptia hp ir~ifpip# hfo hom~t tbi ^PHJ pthfohzo emz thr

ziuifyi jiklfflfk {ltb tbi :>8: Mfthzlm Jyokit & Lf :>88# Mfthzlm ~zmuloio zieyfohjci

jyplfipp thr `zioltp "thr `zioltp tbht hzi –zieyfoio‑ mz ~hlo myt# iuif le fm thr lp ~h|hjci,tmthcclfk /;:0 alcclmf tm tbzii ahlf hzihp7 aiolh lfoyptzlip# zipihz`b hfo oiuicm~aift# hfo

h~~ziftlìpbl~ hfo `m!m~ ptyoift tzhlflfk& Ahf| me tbipi thr `zioltp muizch~ {ltb tbi

mjgi`tluip me olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap# hfo hcc pbmyco ji pyjgi`tio tm tbi phai

oikzii me p`zytlf| hp ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& Eyztbiz khlfp `myco ji h`bliuio j| ahdlfk tbi thr

p|ptia amzi fiytzhc# ziamulfk p~i`lhc ~zieizifìp tbht ehumyz pmai jyplfipp h`tlultlip muiz

mtbizp hfo jittiz hclkflfk zieyfohjci `mz~mzhti lf`mai thr `zioltp {ltb olzi`t jyplfipp

py~~mzt ~zmkzhap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!27 Lftzmoyì ciklpchtlmf tm pyfpit hcc `yzzift zieyfohjci `mz~mzhti

lf`mai thr "@L_, `zioltp lf :>8:‐80 hp ~hzt me tbi kmuizfaift“p thr ir~ifoltyzi ziuli{&

Hoo zieyfohjci @L_ `zioltp tbht oiamfptzhti ieei`tluifipp hfo hoalflptzhtlui ieel`lif`| lftm

tbi plfkci ifuicm~i ypio tm eyfo jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap# hfo lf`cyoi ziuifyi emzkmfi

ezma tbmpi thr `zioltp lf tbi eyfolfk hccm`htlmf me hf h~~zm~zlhti alflptz|&

Fmf!Zieyfohjci _hr @zioltp hfo Mtbiz Jyplfipp Py~~mzt lf tbi _hr P|ptia

Zieyfohjci thr `zioltp hzi fmt tbi mfc| emza me kmuizfaift p~ifolfk lf tbi thr p|ptia&

[ltb h amzi `ma~itltlui jyplfipp thr ptzy`tyzi# fmf!zieyfohjci thr `zioltp hfo jyplfipp

py~~mzt lf mtbiz hzihp me tbi thr p|ptia pbmyco hcpm ji irhalfio emz ieei`tluifipp hfo

hoalflptzhtlui ieel`lif`|& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco hla tm ahrlalwi uhcyi emz amfi| hfo ifpyzitbht tbi thr p|ptia olzi`tc| py~~mztp i`mfmal` kzm{tb lf Mfthzlm&




089

_hr ir~ifoltyzip pbmyco ~zmuloi mfc| tbi oikzii me py~~mzt fiìpphz| tm h`bliui tbi lftifoio

zipyctp& Emz irha~ci# tbi Mfthzlm pahcc jyplfipp oioy`tlmf "PJO, ~zmuloip h zioyìo @L_ zhti

me ?&9 ~iz ìft "uizpyp tbi kifizhc @L_ zhti me 88&9 ~iz ìft, mf tbi elzpt /9>>#>>> me Mfthzlm

h`tlui jyplfipp lf`mai me @hfholhf!`mftzmccio ~zluhti `mz~mzhtlmfp "@@^@p,& _bi PJO lp

lftifoio tm ~zmuloi thr ziclie tm pahcc @@^@p tbht bhui blptmzl`hcc| bho oleel`yct| zhlplfk `h~lthc#

h ~zmìpp kifizhcc| h`bliuio tbzmykb tbi ypi me cmhfp hfo-mz ixylt| `mftzljytlmfp& Pahcc elzap“

h`ìpp tm tbipi pmyzìp me eyfolfk lp metif claltio j| tbi lfbizift zlpdp hppm`lhtio {ltb

lfuiptaiftp lf pahcc mz pthzt!y~ jyplfippip4 pahcc jyplfipp m{fizp tifo tm zic| mf tbilz

~izpmfhc phulfkp hp h pmyzì me `h~lthc& Eioizhcc|# hfo lf hcc mtbiz ~zmulfìp# tbi jifielt me

tbi PJO lp kifizhcc| ~bhpio myt emz @@^@p {ltb ciuicp me `h~lthc jit{iif /8> alcclmf hfo

/89 alcclmf& Mfthzlm lp hcmfi lf irtifolfk tbi jifielt me tbi PJO tm hcc @@^@p {ltbmyt zikhzo tm

tbi plwi me tbi `ma~hf|& Kluif tbi `mfploizhjci `h~lthc zixylziaiftp me chzkiz `ma~hflip

`ma~hzio tm tbi zichtluic| pahcc thr jifielt ~zmuloio j| tbi PJO# tblp thr aihpyzi lp yfcldic|

tm kifizhti ieel`lift mz ieei`tlui lfuiptaift oi`lplmfp j| chzkiz `ma~hflip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!<7 Ziptzl`t tbi Mfthzlm pahcc jyplfipp oioy`tlmf "PJO, emz chzki

@hfholhf!`mftzmccio ~zluhti `mz~mzhtlmfp j| ~hzhcciclfk tbi eioizhc jyplfipp clalt zioy`tlmf#

hfo lf`cyoi tbi Mfthzlm PJO lf tbi ziuli{ me thr ir~ifoltyzip emz ieei`tluifipp hfo

hoalflptzhtlui ieel`lif`|&

Mfthzlm“p `mz~mzhti thr jhpi ~hzhccicp tbi eioizhc thr p|ptia hfo# hp py`b# eioizhc thr

ir~ifoltyzip `hf bhui h plkflel`hft la~h`t mf Mfthzlm“p ziuifyi hfo py~~mzt tm jyplfipp&

[ltb h ei{ irì~tlmfp# thr ir~ifoltyzip pbmyco ji ziptzl`tio tm ~zmamti jyplfipp h`tlult| tbht

kifizhtip thrhjci lf`mai& Emz irha~ci# tbi oioy`tlmf me ir~ifoltyzip zichtio tm lfuiptaift

lf# mz m~izhtlmfp me# h emzilkf jyplfipp pbmyco fmt ji oioy`tljci hkhlfpt @hfholhf lf`mai{bizi tbi emzilkf lf`mai lp iria~t mz fmt mtbiz{lpi thrio lf @hfhoh& Hcpm# thr ir~ifoltyzip

tbht ~zmuloi ~izpmfhc jifieltp aypt ji `h~tyzio lf tbi lf`mai me tbi zi`l~lift mz oiflio hp

h oioy`tlmf& @yzziftc|# jyplfippip ah| oioy`t 9> ~iz ìft me ir~ifoltyzip emz aihcp hfo

iftizthlfaift& Bm{iuiz# tbi lfoluloyhcp {bm jifielt ezma tbipi ir~ifoltyzip om fmt bhui tm

lf`cyoi tbmpi jifieltp {bif `hc`ychtlfk tbilz m{f lf`mai emz thr ~yz~mpip& H ~zh`tl`hc {h| tm

`mzzi`t tbi ehlcyzi tm lf`cyoi tbi ~izpmfhc jifielt lf tbi lf`mai me tbi zi`l~lift {myco ji tm

oif| jyplfippip tbi oioy`tlmf emz aihcp hfo iftizthlfaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!8>7 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ifpyzi tbht thr ir~ifoltyzip

mytploi me Mfthzlm“p `mftzmc ahrlalwi uhcyi emz amfi| hfo olzi`tc| py~~mzt i`mfmal` kzm{tblf Mfthzlm&



085

_bi bmzpi zh`lfk lfoyptz| lp hfmtbiz hzih {bizi pyjplolip tm zhìtzh`dp hfo bmzpi ~im~ci

zixylzi h ziuli{ hfo hogyptaift tm zihclkf {ltb ~zipift!oh| i`mfmal` hfo elp`hc zihcltlip&

Mfthzlm bhp amzi zhìtzh`dp tbhf hf| mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmf lf tbi Y&P& mz @hfhoh& Lf hooltlmf tm

ziuifyip ezma {hkizlfk# plfì tbi chti 8<<>p tbi lfoyptz| bhp jifieltio ezma h ~zmulf`lhc thr

ir~ifoltyzi "h zioy`tlmf tm tbi ~zmulf`lhc ~hzl!aytyic thr, hfo h ~izìfthki me tbi Mfthzlm

Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf“p kzmpp pcmt ziuifyip tbht tmkitbiz hzi {mztb hf iptlahtio

/?>> alcclmf lf :>88‐8:& Muiz tbi ~hpt 8: |ihzp# h~~zmrlahtic| /? jlcclmf bhp ecm{io tbzmykb

8; zhìtzh`dp tm py~~mzt ~yzpip# zhìtzh`d `h~lthc la~zmuiaift hfo m~izhtlfk `mptp& Mfthzlm“p

py~~mzt lp 8> tlaip tbht me Jzltlpb @mcyajlh# {bl`b bhp plr zhìtzh`dp# hfo 8; tlaip tbht me

Hcjizth# {ltb elui zhìtzh`dp& Mfthzlm“p h~~zmh`b lp yfpypthlfhjci hfo lt lp tlai emz tbi lfoyptz|

tm zhtlmfhclwi ltp ~zipifì lf tbi khalfk ahzdit~chì& Emz amzi mf tbi bmzpi zh`lfk hfo

jziiolfk lfoyptz|# ~cihpi pii @bh~tiz 8;# Kmuizfaift Jyplfipp Iftiz~zlpip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!887 Ziuli{ hfo zhtlmfhclwi tbi `yzzift ~zmulf`lhc elfhf`lhc py~~mzt

~zmuloio tm tbi bmzpi zh`lfk lfoyptz| pm tbht tbi lfoyptz| lp amzi h~~zm~zlhtic| pypthlfioj| tbi {hkizlfk ziuifyip lt kifizhtip zhtbiz tbhf tbzmykb pyjplolip mz tbilz ~zieiziftlhc

tzihtaiftp&

Mfthzlm“p alflfk thr p|ptia# lf`cyolfk @L_ ir~ifoltyzip py`b hp tbi Mfthzlm zipmyzìp thr

`ziolt hfo alflfk thr ir~ifoltyzip# {hp oiplkfio tm if`myzhki lfuiptaift {bif `mz~mzhti

thr zhtip {izi blkb& _bi thr ziklai emz tblp pi`tmz lp hcpm oiplkfio tm ifpyzi tbht tbi ~zmulfì

lp h~~zm~zlhtic| `ma~ifphtio emz irtzh`tlmf me ltp fmf!zifi{hjci zipmyzìp& [ltb tbi

plkflel`hft la~zmuiaift lf Mfthzlm“p lftizfhtlmfhc thr `ma~itltluifipp# tbi `mpt me omlfk

jyplfipp lf Mfthzlm lp amzi ehumyzhjci# if`myzhklfk jyplfippip tm lfuipt hfo irtzh`t tbi

~zmulfì“p alfizhcp& Hp py`b# Mfthzlm fiiop tm ziuli{ tbi la~h`t me thr ir~ifoltyzip emz tbialflfk pi`tmz hfo# amzi jzmhoc|# mf ltp zipmyzì ~zl`lfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!8:7 Iclalfhti tbi Mfthzlm zipmyzì thr `ziolt hfo ziuli{ tbi alflfk thr

p|ptia tm ifpyzi tbht tbi ~zmulfì lp py~~mztlfk tbi ir~cmzhtlmf hfo ~zmoy`tlmf me alfizhcp lf

Mfthzlm {blci ziìlulfk h ehlz zityzf mf ltp fhtyzhc zipmyzìp&

Lftikzhti Oicluiz|

@bhfkip lf bm{ alflptzlip ziìlui ~zmkzha eyfolfk aypt ji h``ma~hflio j| `bhfkip lf tbi

{h| alflptzlip oicluiz ~zmkzhap tm ahdi tbia amzi h`ìppljci hfo ypiz!ezlifoc|&




08;

Emz irha~ci# h amzi ypiz!ezlifoc| –mfi!{lfom{‑ ~mzthc {myco ahdi lt ihpliz emz elzap#

`maayfltlip hfo lfoluloyhcp tm elfo hfo ypi lfemzahtlmf hjmyt hcc ~zmulf`lhc i`mfmal`

oiuicm~aift ~zmkzhap# ~mcl`lip hfo pizulìp& Lt {myco eihtyzi pthfohzolwio mfclfi

h~~cl`htlmfp hfo h p|ptia emz tzh`dlfk h ~zm~mphc hp lt kmip tbzmykb tbi h~~zmuhcp ~zmìpp&

Pyjgi`t tm `mfeloiftlhclt| zixylziaiftp# lt `myco hcpm hccm{ emz ~zm~mfiftp tm pyjalt elfhf`lhc

pthtiaiftp hfo mtbiz lfemzahtlmf py`b hp aiitlfk ~zmgi`t alciptmfip& Lt pbmyco lf`cyoi h

bic~!oipd eyf`tlmf emz hf|mfi bhulfk oleel`yctlip yplfk tbi p|ptia# hctbmykb lt lp la~mzthft tbht

hf hooltlmfhc ch|iz me jyzihy`zh`| fmt ji `zihtio hfo tbht `cliftp `hf ji clfdio pihacippc|

tm p~i`lhclwio ir~iztlpi lf alflptzlip# hkif`lip hfo ziklmfhc ìftzip& Amzi ieel`lift#

ptzihaclfio hfo ieei`tlui ~zmkzha oicluiz| yplfk tbi chtipt lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk| {lcc ciho

tm cipp oy~cl`htlmf me ieemzt# zipyctlfk lf phulfkp lf tlai hfo amfi| emz jmtb jyplfipp `cliftp

hfo tbi kmuizfaift& Cm`hc `maayfltlip {lcc hcpm ji jittiz hjci tm hclkf tbilz i`mfmal`

oiuicm~aift ~chfp {ltb ~zmulf`lhc mjgi`tluip hfo eh`lclthti amzi `mcchjmzhtlui#

`maayflt|!jhpio i`mfmal` ptzhtiklip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!807 Ipthjclpb h amzi ypiz!ezlifoc|# –mfi!{lfom{‑ ~mzthc {bizi `cliftp

`hf bhui pihacipp h`ìpp tm lfemzahtlmf hjmyt hcc jyplfipp py~~mzt hfo mtbiz i`mfmal`

oiuicm~aift ~zmkzhap ~zmuloio j| hcc alflptzlip# hfo ji hjci tm ahdi mfclfi tzhfph`tlmfp

py`b hp h~~cl`htlmfp# h~~zmuhcp# hfo elfhf`lhc hfo mtbiz t|~ip me zi~mztp&

Lf hooltlmf# h plfkci# pbhzio jh`d!meelì {myco py~~mzt hcc alflptzlip lf tbi oicluiz| me tbilz

jyplfipp hpplpthfì ~zmkzhap tm iclalfhti oy~cl`htio eyf`tlmfp& _bi plfkci jh`d!meelì `myco

hcpm lf`cyoi ifbhfìo hytmahtlmf tm bic~ tzh`d p~ifolfk hfo myt`maip& Alflptzlip {myco

zithlf ciho zip~mfpljlclt| emz `yzzift `cliftp# jyt ìftzhclwi tbilz `mftzh`t hoalflptzhtlmf hfo

~h|aift ~zmìpplfk lf mfi jzhf`b& ^zmulplmfp pbmyco ji ahoi tm hccm{ lftizeh`lfk {ltb eioizhchfo ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaiftp hp fiioio& _bi fit ieei`t pbmyco ji h ehptiz# amzi flajci ~yjcl`

pizulì tbht lp jittiz hjci tm oicluiz jyplfipp hpplpthfì ~zmkzhap emz tbi fiiop me tmoh|“p

jyplfipp `maayflt|& H pti~ tm{hzop tblp h~~zmh`b lp tbi ziìft aizklfk me t{m alflptzlip lftm

mfi Alflptz| me I`mfmal` Oiuicm~aift hfo Lffmuhtlmf# {bl`b pbmyco h`bliui ieel`lif`lip j|

`mfpmclohtlfk tbi ~zmìpplfk me tzhfpeiz ~h|aiftp&

Hfmtbiz ulthc iciaift tm tblp h~~zmh`b lp ifpyzlfk tbht zikychtmz| hoalflptzhtlmfp hfo

~zmìppip hzi hcpm py~~mztlui tm jyplfippip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!8?7 Ipthjclpb h plfkci# pbhzio –jh`d!meelì‑ py~~mzt emz hcc alflptzlip lftbi oicluiz| me tbilz jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap# lf`cyolfk `mftzh`t hoalflptzhtlmf# ~h|aift

~zmìpplfk# ir~ifoltyzi tzh`dlfk# `clift `mfth`tp# ~zmgi`t alciptmfip hfo myt`maip&



082

Ptzifktbif H``myfthjlclt| hfo _zhfp~hzif`|

_bi elfhc# |it uiz| la~mzthft# `ma~mfift me myz ~zm~mpio ezhai{mzd emz jyplfipp py~~mzt

~zmkzhap lp la~zmuio h``myfthjlclt| hfo tzhfp~hzif`|& Lf hf izh me elp`hc ziptzhlft# tbi ypi me

~yjcl` eyfop aypt ji `cmpic| amfltmzio hfo ptyolio tm ifpyzi tbht tbi| hzi jilfk p~ift lf tbi

jipt {h| ~mppljci&

Jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap aypt ji pyjgi`t tm zlkmzmyp iuhcyhtlmf tbht clfdp ~yjcl`

ir~ifoltyzip tm fi{# lf`ziaifthc h`tlultlip j| jyplfipp& _bi la~h`t me tbipi ir~ifoltyzip mf

tbi i`mfma| hp h {bmci aypt hcpm ji iuhcyhtio& [i h`dfm{cioki# bm{iuiz# tbht aihpyzlfk

pbmzt!tiza hfo cmfk!tiza ieei`tp me h ~hztl`ychz ~zmkzha lp `bhccifklfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!897 Ipthjclpb h emyz!|ihz pyfpit zyci emz hcc eytyzi jyplfipp py~~mzt

~zmkzhap& Irtifo mfc| ~zmkzhap tbht bhui oiamfptzhtio tbilz aizlt tbzmykb h ahfohtmz|#

`ma~zibifplui iuhcyhtlmf lf tbi tblzo |ihz me m~izhtlmf ‟ hfo ifo hcc mtbizp&

_bi elfhc h``myfthjlclt| `ma~mfift pbmyco ji kzihtiz tzhfp~hzif`|& _bi @maalpplmf {hp

pyz~zlpio tm elfo tbht pmaitblfk hp pla~ci hp hf lfuiftmz| me olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap

hfo p~ifolfk h`zmpp alflptzlip piiaio tm ji oleel`yct emz tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì tm

~zmoyì& Irlptlfk lfuiftmzlip {izi iltbiz claltio tm ìzthlf pi`tmzp mz lf`ma~citi4 pmai iuif

pthtio tbht p~ifolfk {hp –yfdfm{f&‑ Py`b {ihd tzhfp~hzif`| la~ioip h``myfthjlclt|&

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0:>

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0:8


Lfezhptzy`tyzi

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^yjcl` Lfezhptzy`tyzi

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mf lfezhptzy`tyzi&

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0::

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0:0

_zhfp~mzthtlmf

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0:?

M~izhtlfk tzhfp~mzthtlmf pizulìp amzi ieel`liftc|

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fhtyzhcc| tifoio tm{hzop pizulì ciuicp hfo xyhclt|4 clttci bhp jiif omfi tm ptyo| tbiieei`tluifipp me tbi `yzzift ptzy`tyzi me tzhfplt meeizlfkp& Hzi tbi zmcip me tbi pizulì ~zmuloizp

m~tlahcc| oielfio= Lp tbizi yffiìpphz| oy~cl`htlmf mz muizch~= Hzi m~izhtlmfp pyeel`liftc|

`m!mzolfhtio hfo lftikzhtio= Hfp{izp tm tbipi xyiptlmfp hfo mtbizp `myco lccyalfhti

m~~mztyfltlip tm oicluiz tzhfplt pizulìp amzi ieel`liftc| tbzmykb aihfp py`b hp zhtlmfhclwlfk

hfo jittiz `m!mzolfhtlfk zmytip# pizulìp hfo ehzip4 ~yzpylfk hooltlmfhc `maamf

~zm`yziaiftp4 hfo ir~cmzlfk mtbiz aihpyzip tm zioyì muizch~ hfo oy~cl`htlmf&

_bi Mfthzlm Fmztbchfo _zhfp~mzthtlmf @maalpplmf "MF_@,# {bl`b `yzziftc| meeizp pyjplolwio

tzhfp~mzthtlmf pizulìp lf fmztbizf Mfthzlm#< lp oleeizift& Ptyolip hfo ziuli{p `mfoy`tio muiz

tbi ~hpt piuizhc |ihzp lf Mfthzlm hfo mtbiz ~zmulfìp lccyptzhti bm{ ltp pizulìp `myco ji~zmuloio amzi ieei`tluic| hfo ieel`liftc| tbzmykb thzkitio ~zluhti!pi`tmz lfumcuiaift&

_bipi pti~p pbmyco ji yfoizthdif&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!07 [bizi kh~p lf lfemzahtlmf hfo iuloifì irlpt# ziuli{ tbi zmcip hfo

m~izhtlmfp me ~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti ahpp tzhfplt pizulì ~zmuloizp lf tbi Kzihtiz _mzmftm hfo

Bhalctmf Hzih hfo pizulìp ~zmuloio j| Mfthzlm Fmztbchfo _zhfp~mzthtlmf @maalpplmf lf tbi

fmztb tm elfo ieel`lif`lip lf tbmpi ziklmfp“ tzhfp~mzthtlmf fit{mzdp& H`t mf tbht iuloifì tm

la~zmui tbi ieel`lif`| me tbmpi pizulìp&

KM _zhfplt ^hzdlfk

Ht ~zipift# KM _zhfplt omip fmt `bhzki ~htzmfp emz tbi ypi me ltp ~hzdlfk eh`lcltlip& [blci tblp

ah| piia tzlulhc# tbi `mpt me ~zmulolfk ~hzdlfk p~hìp lp `mfploizhjci& Lf Eijzyhz| :>><#

tbi ~zmulf`lhc hfo eioizhc kmuizfaiftp hffmyfìo h gmlft `mftzljytlmf me /9>> alcclmf lf

eyfolfk tm KM tm py~~mzt ahgmz lfezhptzy`tyzi ~zmgi`tp# lf`cyolfk fi{ ~hzdlfk ptzy`tyzip

tbzmykbmyt ltp fit{mzd&8> Le ~hzdlfk lp fmt ~zlìo hfo `bhzkio emz# lt {lcc ji muizypio4 tblp

ieei`tluic| ~ifhclwip tbmpi {bm kit tm h KM pthtlmf j| aihfp mtbiz tbhf h ~izpmfhc uibl`ci&

Amzimuiz# tbi _mzmftm _zhfplt @maalpplmf "__@, hcziho| oiamfptzhtio tbht ~zmulolfk ezii

~hzdlfk emz amftbc| ~hpp bmcoizp lp fmt pypthlfhjci&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!?7 Emccm{lfk tbi ~ziìoift pit j| tbi _mzmftm _zhfplt @maalpplmf#

jiklf `bhzklfk emz ~hzdlfk ht KM _zhfplt ~hzdlfk cmtp&

< Zhlc ezilkbt# ~hppifkiz pizulìp "jyp hfo zhlc,# tici`maayfl`htlmfp hfo zhlc`hz zieyzjlpbaift&8> –^zlai Alflptiz Bhz~iz hfo ^zializ A`Kylft| Hffmyfì Ahgmz La~zmuiaiftp tm KM _zhfplt P|ptia#‑ Eij& 8;# :>><# om{fcmhoio ezma

btt~7--{{{&~zializ&kmu&mf&`h-fi{p-iuift&~b~=LtiaLO100:9%Chfk1IF&




0:9

Yfemztyfhtic|# lfltlhtluip mf tblp p`hci hzi ptlcc fmt plkflel`hft ifmykb tm muiz`mai tbi ~zmjcia

ht bhfo& Bmfipt olp`ypplmfp jit{iif `ltlwifp# kmuizfaift hfo di| pthdibmcoizp aypt jiklf

ht mfì mf hctizfhtlui ziuifyi aihpyzip tbht `myco hoozipp h ay`b amzi plkflel`hft ~mztlmf me

tbi kh~ lf eyfolfk fiioio tm la~ciaift hf hajltlmyp tzhfplt ~chf&

_bi elzpt lp tm ziomyjci ieemztp tm fikmtlhti {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift mf oiuicm~lfk h

fhtlmfhc tzhfplt ptzhtik|& Oip~lti @hfhoh“p ifmzamyp kimkzh~bl`hc plwi# lt lp h chzkic| yzjhf

fhtlmf& Ilkbt| ~iz ìft me @hfholhfp clui lf yzjhf ìftzip# ahdlfk @hfhoh mfi me tbi {mzco“p

ampt yzjhflwio `myftzlip& _zheel` `mfkiptlmf lp h p|ptial` lppyi ezma `mhpt tm `mhpt# gyptle|lfk

h fhtlmfhc h~~zmh`b& Lfoiio# tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift lp heei`tio j| kzlocm`d hp ay`b hp hf|

~zmulfì tbzmykb cmpt ~zmoy`tlult| hfo thr ziuifyi4 lf :>>5# _zhfp~mzt @hfhoh fmtio tbht

`mfkiptlmf ~mpip h fhtlmfhc `bhccifki lf tizap me ltp `mptp lf cmpt tlai# lf`zihpio eyic

`mfpya~tlmf# hfo lf`zihpio kziifbmypi!khp ialpplmfp&88 Hfo oip~lti @hfhoh“p yzjhf

fhtyzi# tbi @hfholhf @bhajiz me @maaizì bhp fmtio tbht @hfhoh lp tbi pmci aiajiz

fhtlmf me tbi Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal` @m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift "MI@O, tbht ch`dp hfhtlmfhc tzhfplt ptzhtik|&8:

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!97 ^yzpyi h fhtlmfhc tzhfplt ptzhtik| {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift#

mtbiz ~zmulfìp hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip&

Eioizhc eyfolfk lp gypt mfi ~hzt me tbi ixyhtlmf ‟ yctlahtic|# Mfthzlm {lcc oitizalfi bm{ jipt

tm eyfo ltp eytyzi fiiop emz tzhfp~mzthtlmf lfezhptzy`tyzi& [blci kifizhc thr ziuifyip {lcc hcpm

ji h ìzthlf pmyzì me eyfop lf tbi emzipiihjci eytyzi# gyzlpol`tlmfp icpi{bizi hzi cmmdlfk ht

hctizfhtluip7 `mfkiptlmf `bhzkip# `ma~zibifplui zmho tmcclfk# blkb!m``y~hf`|-tmcc "BM_,

chfip# ziklmfhc khp thrip hfo ~hzdlfk pyz`bhzkip& Ih`b ~zmoyìp uhzlmyp lfìftluip tbhtzixylzi tbmykbteyc hfhc|plp hfo `mfploizhtlmf& Bm{iuiz# {ltbmyt `cihz lf~yt ezma `ltlwifp#

ptzldlfk tbi zlkbt jhchfì me tbipi aihpyzip {lcc ji fihz la~mppljci&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!57 Ifkhki `ltlwifp lf hf m~if# ~yjcl` olhcmkyi mf bm{ jipt tm `zihti

fi{ ziuifyi pmyzìp emz eytyzi tzhfp~mzthtlmf `h~lthc fiiop&

88 _zhfp~mzt @hfhoh ‟ Ifulzmfaifthc Heehlzp# –_bi @mpt me Yzjhf @mfkiptlmf lf @hfhoh#‑ Ahz& ::# :>>5# om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&khti{h|`myf`lc&`h-om{fcmhop:-@mpt]me]@mfkiptlmf]_@&~oe&

8: @hfholhf @bhajiz me @maaizì# –Ptzifktbiflfk @hfhoh“p Yzjhf ^yjcl` _zhfplt P|ptia#‑ om{fcmhoio ezmabtt~7--{{{&`bhajiz&`h-lahkip-y~cmhop-Zipmcytlmfp-:>><-_!Ptzifktbiflfk]@hfhoh&~oe&



0:5

Zihc Ipthti

_bi kmuizfaift me Mfthzlm lp tbi chzkipt m{fiz me zihct| lf tbi ~zmulfì& _blp ~mztemclm lp h

`mcci`tlmf me uhcyhjci hppitp# {mztb hf iptlahtio /8? jlcclmf lf`cyolfk /: jlcclmf emz tbi chfo

hcmfi&80 _bi ~zmulfì“p zihc ipthti bmcolfkp lf`cyoi meelì jylcolfkp# ghlcp# `myztp# bmp~lthcp

hfo amzi& _bipi jylcolfkp hzi hf la~mzthft tmmc lf tbi ~zmulplmf me pizulìp tm Mfthzlhfp&

Emz hcc me ltp uhcyi# tbi zihc ipthti ~mztemclm hcpm ~mpip `bhccifkip& Ampt jylcolfkp hzi mco#

{ltb tbi huizhki hki jilfk ?5& @mfpixyiftc|# jylcolfkp hzi ir~ifplui tm ahlfthlf ~zm~izc|&

Lf :>8>‐88# tbi ~zmulfì p~ift /2?: alcclmf tm m~izhti hfo ahlfthlf tbmpi hppitp&

Zioy`tlmfp lf ahlftifhfì mfc| meepit tbi lfiulthjci ir~ifpi me y~dii~ hfo `hf ciho tm amzi

`mptc| ~zmjciap om{f tbi zmho4 tblp lp tzyi iuif emz jylcolfkp tbht hzi yfoizypio# uh`hft mz

{bl`b tbi ~zmulfì bhp fm ~chfp tm ypi lf tbi eytyzi& Zihc ipthti `hf tbiziemzi zi~zipift h

`mptc| ~zm~mpltlmf& ^zh`tlìp tbht ahrlalwi tbi uhcyi kifizhtio j| tbipi hppitp hzi

tbiziemzi fiioio&

Zhtlmfhc lfìftluip aypt ji ~yt lf ~chì tm if`myzhki amzi ieel`lift ypi me `yzzift p~hì&

[i cihzfio tbht alflptzlip hzi `bhzkio jicm{ ahzdit zhtip emz ypi me kmuizfaift jylcolfkp#

pykkiptlfk tbht amzi meelì p~hì lp jilfk ypio tbhf pbmyco ji le alflptz| jyokitp {izi emzìo

tm `mfploiz ltp eycc `mpt&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!;7 Pyjgi`t alflptzlip tm ahzdit ~zlìp emz tbi ypi me kmuizfaift

zihc ipthti&

_bizi hzi hcpm jylcolfkp m{fio j| tbi Alflptz| me Lfezhptzy`tyzi jyt ahfhkio hfo ypio j| h

pi`mfo alflptz| tm oicluiz h ~zmkzha mz pizulì ‟ ghlcp hfo `myztbmypip jilfk ~zlai

irha~cip& _blp bhp `zihtio yffiìpphz| oy~cl`htlmf h`zmpp alflptzlip lf hoalflptzhtlfk

~h|aiftp emz h``maamohtlmf hfo `h~lthc zi~hlzp& Py`b hf hzzhfkiaift hcpm lfbljltp tbi

kmuizfaift ezma thdlfk h amzi lftikzhtio h~~zmh`b tm zhtlmfhclwi tbi ypi me zihc ipthti&8?

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!27 @mfpmclohti tbi zihc ipthti hfo h``maamohtlmf eyf`tlmf fm{ ziptlfk

lf clfi alflptzlip hfo cm`hti lt ìftzhcc| ht tbi Alflptz| me Lfezhptzy`tyzi&

80 Lfemzahtlmf lf tblp `bh~tiz bhp jiif ~zmuloio j| tbi Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Lfezhptzy`tyzi yfcipp mtbiz{lpi `ltio&8? Emz amzi mf gyptlì pi`tmz!zichtio jylcolfkp# pii @bh~tiz 8?# Gyptlì Pi`tmz&




0:;

_mkitbiz# tbipi zi`maaifohtlmfp aypt {mzd tm{hzop zioy`lfk tbi kmuizfaift“p zihct|

emmt~zlft& Lf omlfk pm# Mfthzlm {lcc lf`zihpi ltp ~mtiftlhc tm amfitlwi ltp ~mztemclm me zihc ipthti

hppitp ‟ h ~mtiftlhc tbht aypt ji ciuizhkio& [blci eycc m{fizpbl~ me ~zm~iztlip ah| ji

oiplzhjci lf ahf| `lz`yapthfìp# lt pbmyco fmt ji tbi mfc| h~~zmh`b ypio& Lfoiio# hf hzzh| me

lffmuhtlui hctizfhtluip `myco kifizhti eyztbiz ziuifyi ptzihap le ypio h~~zm~zlhtic|# py`b hp

hzzhfklfk phci!cihpijh`d hkziiaiftp# ciuizhklfk hlz zlkbtp# mz yfoizthdlfk chfo p{h~p mz chfo

hppit!jhpio uibl`cip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!<7 Oiuicm~ h ptzhtikl` ~chf emz tbi ~zmulfì“p zihc ipthti ~mztemclm tbht

hom~tp ahzdit ~zlf`l~cip emz tbi h`xylpltlmf# olp~mpltlmf# ypi hfo lfuiptaift lf zihc ipthti&

Ici`tzl`lt|

_bi ~izemzahfì me Mfthzlm“p ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz bhp `mfploizhjci la~cl`htlmfp emz tbi ~zmulfì&

Elzpt# tbizi hzi olzi`t `mffi`tlmfp jit{iif tbi ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz hfo tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc ~chf

tbzmykb tbi ~zmulfì“p m{fizpbl~ me Mfthzlm ^m{iz Kifizhtlmf "M^K, hfo B|ozm Mfi# hfo

p~ifolfk mf ~zmkzhap cldi tbi Mfthzlm @cihf Ifizk| Jifielt "M@IJ,& Lf hooltlmf# ici`tzl`lt|

~zlìp lfecyifì ziklmfhc `ma~itltluifipp lf pi`tmzp py`b hp ahfyeh`tyzlfk hfo emziptz|#

{bif ifizk| zi~zipiftp h plkflel`hft lf~yt& ^mcl`lip py`b hp tbi eiio!lf thzlee "EL_, emz

zifi{hjci zipmyzìp hzi oiplkfio tm httzh`t omaiptl` hfo kcmjhc `ma~hflip tm lfuipt lf

Mfthzlm hfo `zihti gmjp emz Mfthzlhfp& Elfhcc|# lf hooltlmf tm tbipi i`mfmal` la~h`tp# ~mcl`lip

zichtio tm h `bhfklfk ici`tzl`lt| py~~c| alr bhui olzi`t ifulzmfaifthc la~cl`htlmfp&

Yftlc Ahz& 08# 8<<<# tbi ~zmulfì“p ~zlahz| ici`tzl`lt| ytlclt| {hp Mfthzlm B|ozm# h chzki#

uiztl`hcc| lftikzhtio# kmuizfaift!m{fio ici`tzl` ytlclt| tbht ~zmuloio ampt kifizhtlmf hfotzhfpalpplmf lf tbi ~zmulfì# hfo olptzljytlmf tm hjmyt h xyhztiz me Mfthzlm `yptmaizp#

~zlahzlc| lf zyzhc Mfthzlm& Hetiz plkflel`hft `zltl`lpa me Mfthzlm B|ozm“p ~izemzahfì emz `mpt

muizzyfp hfo h zh~lo lf`zihpi lf zhtip lf tbi ihzc| 8<<>p# tbi kmuizfaift ~hppio tbi Ifizk|

@ma~itltlmf H`t# olulolfk Mfthzlm B|ozm lftm piuizhc `ma~hflip lf`cyolfk B|ozm Mfi#

M^K# Lfoi~ifoift Ici`tzl`lt| P|ptia M~izhtmz "LIPM, hfo Mfthzlm Ici`tzl`lt| Elfhf`lhc

@mz~mzhtlmf "MIE@,&

Emccm{lfk tbi ziptzy`tyzlfk me Mfthzlm B|ozm# tbizi {hp h ~chf tm lftzmoyì h `ma~itltlui

ahzdit emz tbi ici`tzl`lt| `maamolt| "kifizhtlmf,# lf ~hzt tm `zihti hf lfìftlui emz

~zluhti!pi`tmz lfuiptaift lf ici`tzl`lt| lfezhptzy`tyzi& Bm{iuiz# mfì tbi `ma~itltlui ici`tzl`lt|ahzdit m~ifio lf Ah| :>>:# ~zlìp {izi blkb hfo umchtlci oyzlfk tbi pyaaiz hfo ihzc| ehcc

me :>>:& Lf zip~mfpi tm `mfpyaiz `mfìzfp# tbi kmuizfaift tbif ezmwi ici`tzl`lt| `maamolt|

zhtip emz ziploiftlhc# cm{!umcyai hfo mtbiz oiplkfhtio `mfpyaizp& _bi ~zlì eziiwi {hp

zi~chìo hp me H~z& 8# :>>?# j| h mfi!|ihz lftizla ~zl`lfk ~chf# yftlc tbi kmuizfaift ~yt lf

~chì h Zikychtio ^zlì ^chf emz ziploiftlhc# cm{!umcyai hfo mtbiz oiplkfhtio `mfpyaizp&



0:2

Muiz tbi chpt piuizhc |ihzp# Mfthzlm“p ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz bhp piif plkflel`hft ~zluhti!pi`tmz

lfuiptaift ozluif ~zlahzlc| j| cmfk!tiza Mfthzlm ^m{iz Hytbmzlt| "M^H, `mftzh`tp&

_bipi ~zm`yziaift `mftzh`tp# lfltlhcc| zixylzio emz p|ptia ziclhjlclt|# {izi la~ciaiftio

ji`hypi tbi ~zlìp lf tbi {bmciphci ici`tzl`lt| ahzdit {izi tmm cm{ tm `muiz `mptp emz ~zluhti

kifizhtmzp& Lf hooltlmf# ~mcl`| mjgi`tluip py`b hp zi~ch`lfk `mhc!elzio kifizhtlmf {ltb `cihfiz

pmyzìp py`b hp zifi{hjcip# omaiptl` `mftift zixylziaiftp yfoiz tbi EL_ ~zmkzha#

hfo lf`zihpio `mfpizuhtlmf ieemztp# zieci`t tbi kmuizfaift“p ~zlmzltlip zichtio tm gmj `zihtlmf

hfo ifulzmfaifthc jifieltp& _bipi ~mcl`| kmhcp# `majlfio {ltb `mptp tm zi~chì hfo ahlfthlf

hklfk lfezhptzy`tyzi# bhui zipyctio lf blkbiz ici`tzl`lt| zhtip emz `mfpyaizp&

_bi `yzzift `maamolt| ahzdit zieci`tp h ~hztlhcc| zikychtio ptzy`tyzi lf {bl`b tbi Mfthzlm

Ifizk| Jmhzo "MIJ, zikychtip tbi zhtip emz M^K!m~izhtio fy`cihz hfo chzki b|ozmici`tzl`

kifizhtlmf& _bi ziahlfoiz me tbi ahzdit `mfplptp me ~hztl`l~hftp tbht bhui cmfk!tiza ici`tzl`lt|

`mftzh`tp {ltb iftltlip cldi tbi M^H# hfo mtbiz M^K kifizhtlmf tbht ziìluip ahzdit ~zlìp&

_m altlkhti ~zlì umchtlclt| mf `mfpyaiz jlccp jyt ptlcc zi`muiz tbi tzyi `mpt me ~m{iz# tbi MIJ~zi!pitp ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp emz ziploiftlhc hfo pahcc jyplfipp `mfpyaizp mfì iuiz| plr amftbp&

_zhfpalpplmf hfo olptzljytlmf zhtip hzi hcpm zikychtio j| tbi MIJ&

Elp`hc La~h`tp me tbi Ici`tzl`lt| Pi`tmz

_bizi hzi h fyajiz me di| ~mlftp me lftizh`tlmf jit{iif Mfthzlm“p elp`hc ~mpltlmf hfo tbi

ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz& [i tyzf myz httiftlmf elzpt tm olzi`t ~zmkzha hfo thr ir~ifoltyzip zichtio

tm tbi ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz& [i ir`cyoi tbi ~izemzahfì me tbi ~zmulf`lhcc| m{fio ici`tzl`lt|

`mz~mzhtlmfp# hp tbilz la~h`t mf tbi elp`hc ~chf lp oihct {ltb p~i`lel`hcc| lf @bh~tiz 8;#

Kmuizfaift Jyplfipp Iftiz~zlpip& [i tbif olp`ypp tbi elp`hc la~cl`htlmfp me ahfhklfk tbi

emzaiz Mfthzlm B|ozm“p oijtp hfo clhjlcltlip& Elfhcc|# tbi lfirtzl`hjci clfd jit{iif ici`tzl`lt|

~zlìp hfo i`mfmal` ~izemzahfì zixylzip yp tm ziuli{ ~mppljci huifyip tm zioyì cmfk!tiza

`mptp tm ici`tzl`lt| `mfpyaizp& [i jicliui iuloifì!jhpio ~mcl`lip tbht ozlui ieel`lif`lip hfo

la~zmui ieei`tluifipp {myco ~zmui jifiel`lhc muiz tlai&

L& Olzi`t ^zmkzha hfo _hr Ir~ifoltyzip

_hr ziuifyip py~~mzt h fyajiz me olzi`t ~zmkzha ir~ifoltyzip hlaio ht pyjplolwlfk

ici`tzl`lt| `mptp& _bi ampt plkflel`hft me tbipi lp tbi M@IJ# {bl`b ~zmuloip h 8> ~iz ìft

zijhti mf ici`tzl`lt| jlccp emz ziploiftlhc# ehza hfo pahcc jyplfipp `yptmaizp& La~ciaiftio

mf Ghf& 8# :>88# tbi M@IJ lp ~zmgi`tio tm `mpt /8&8 jlcclmf lf :>88‐8:& _bi kmuizfaift“ppthtio `maaltaift lp tm cihui lt lf ~chì emz elui |ihzp& Hctbmykb tbi kmuizfaift ltpice

h`dfm{ciokip lf ltp Cmfk!_iza Ifizk| ^chf "C_I^, tbht ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp {lcc `mftlfyi tm zlpi#

tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbi M@IJ pbmyco ji zi`mfploizio tm zioyì ltp cmfk!tiza la~h`t mf

tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc ~mpltlmf&




0:<

[blci {i yfoizpthfo tbht tbi kmuizfaift lfltlhtio tbi M@IJ tm bic~ {ltb tbi tzhfpltlmf tm

blkbiz ~zlìp hppm`lhtio {ltb tbi pblet tm `cihfiz ifizk| py~~c|# tbi ~zmkzha olptmztp tzyi `mpt

me ici`tzl`lt| hfo olp`myzhkip `mfpizuhtlmf& Lf hooltlmf# {i emzipii tbht tbi pyooif ifo tm

py`b h kifizmyp lfìftlui {lcc ji oleel`yct le `mf`cyoio hp ~chffio mf Oi`& 08# :>89# hp lt {lcc

`zihti h `mfploizhjci ~zlì pbm`d tm zhti~h|izp& [i hzi {hz| me tbi ~mppljlclt| tbht tbi M@IJ

{myco ziahlf mf tbi ~zmulf`lhc tzihpyz| hfo tbyp zlpd Mfthzlm“p hjlclt| tm zityzf tm h jhchfìo

jyokit lf :>8;‐82& _blp lp eyztbiz `ma~cl`htio j| tbi eh`t tbht tbi MIE@ lp fmt kyhzhftiilfk

tbht tbi Oijt Zitlziaift @bhzki "OZ@, {lcc ji ziamuio lf cm`d!pti~ {ltb tbi M@IJ#

pykkiptlfk tblp ah| fmt bh~~if yftlc hp ehz myt hp :>82&89 Hf| pmet chfolfk ~zmuloio j|

ziamulfk tbi `mpt me tbi OZ@ playcthfimypc| {ltb tbi ir~lz| me tbi M@IJ {myco iuh~mzhti le

py`b h oich| {izi tm m``yz&

Elfhcc|# tbi m~~mztyflt| `mptp hppm`lhtio {ltb tbi M@IJ hzi pyjpthftlhc& _bi @maalpplmf

ptzmfkc| jicliuip tbizi hzi amzi ieei`tlui ypip emz tbi muiz /8 jlcclmf ~iz |ihz p~ift mf tblp

lfltlhtlui& _bi @maalpplmf {myco ji phtlpelio {ltb h kzhoyhc ~bhpi!myt me tbi M@IJ& Bm{iuiz#h amzi hkkzipplui tlaiclfi mz hf laaiolhti ìhpi tm tbi ~zmkzha {myco ji {ic`maio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!8>7 Iclalfhti tbi Mfthzlm @cihf Ifizk| Jifielt hp xyl`dc| hp ~mppljci&

Hctbmykb tbi M@IJ lp tbi chzkipt ici`tzl`lt| zhti pyjplo| lf Mfthzlm# lt lp fmt tbi mfc| mfi&

H fyajiz me ~zmkzhap thzkit p~i`lel` `yptmaiz t|~ip "i&k&# pahcc mz chzki umcyai, mz ìzthlf

hzihp me tbi ~zmulfì& Ih`b me tbipi lfltlhtluip ah| meeiz ziclie tm `mfpyaizp lf tizap me ifizk|

`mptp "ici`tzl`lt|# khp# mlc# olipic# it`&,# jyt muiz tlai `myco olp`myzhki `mfpizuhtlmf# ciholfk tm

blkbiz `mptp# hfo pbmyco ~izlmol`hcc| ji ziulpltio tm ifpyzi tbi| hzi aiitlfk ~mcl`| kmhcp hfo

zi~zipift uhcyi emz amfi|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!887 Ziuli{ hcc mtbiz ifizk| pyjplo| ~zmkzhap hkhlfpt aihpyzip me

uhcyi emz amfi| hfo h`bliuiaift me p~i`lel` ~mcl`| kmhcp&

89 Mfthzlm Ici`tzl`lt| Elfhf`lhc @mz~mzhtlmf# :>88 Hffyhc Zi~mzt# ~& :&



00>

Muizuli{ me ^zmulf`lhc _hr!Jhpio Ifizk| Pyjplolip

• Mfthzlm Ifizk| hfo zm~izt| _hr @ziolt "MI^_@,7 _blp lf`mai!tiptio ~zmkzha hccm{p iclkljci piflmzp# plfkci ~im~ci

hfo ehalclip tm ziìlui hf ifizk| thr `ziolt me y~ tm /:>> hffyhcc|& îm~ci {bm clui mf h zipizui hfo ~h| bmai ifizk|

`mptp mz {bm clui lf h cmfk!tiza `hzi eh`lclt| hzi iclkljci tm `chla hf lfechtlmf!hogyptio ifizk| hamyft&

• Mfthzlm Iaizkif`| Ifizk| Eyfo7 _bi Alflptz| me @maayflt| hfo Pm`lhc Pizulìp zyfp tbi Iaizkif`| Ifizk| Eyfo#

{bl`b bic~p cm{!lf`mai Mfthzlhfp {bm hzi eh`lfk ifizk|!zichtio iaizkif`lip# py`b hp ytlclt| hzzihzp# pi`yzlt| oi~mpltp

hfo zi`mffi`tlmf `mptp emz ici`tzl`lt|# fhtyzhc khp hfo mtbiz emzap me ifizk|&

• Fmztbizf Mfthzlm Ifizk| @ziolt7 _blp lp hf mfkmlfk ~zmkzha tm ~zmuloi ehalclip clulfk lf fmztbizf Mfthzlm {ltb y~ tm

/:>? lf :>88 tm bic~ {ltb tbilz bmai ifizk| `mptp# {bl`b hzi metif blkbiz lf tbi fmztb oyi tm amzi piuizi {lftizp&

Plfkci ~im~ci `hf ziìlui y~ tm /80: lf :>88 tm oiezh| `mptp tbzmykb tblp ~zmkzha& _bipi hamyftp oi~ifo mf piuizhc

eh`tmzp py`b hp hki# ehalc| lf`mai hfo ahzlthc pthtyp# hfo hzi hogyptio emz lfechtlmf ih`b pyjpixyift |ihz&

• Fmztbizf Lfoyptzlhc Ici`tzl`lt| Zhti zmkzha7 _blp tbzii!|ihz ~zmkzha "huizhklfk /89> alcclmf hffyhcc|, lp olzi`tio ht

chzki lfoyptzlhcp lf fmztbizf Mfthzlm `mfpyalfk amzi tbhf 9>#>>> aikh{htt!bmyzp me ici`tzl`lt| h |ihz& _bi ~zmkzha

meeizp h zijhti me t{m ìftp ~iz dlcm{htt bmyz {bif xyhcle|lfk lfoyptzlhcp `maalt tm tbi ~zi~hzhtlmf hfo la~ciaifthtlmf me

`ma~zibifplui ifizk| ahfhkiaift ~chfp& Y~ tm Ahz& 08# :>88# zijhtip tmthccio /8>9 alcclmf&

LL& Ici`tzl`lt| Ptzhfoio Oijt

Oyzlfk tbi ziptzy`tyzlfk me tbi ici`tzl`lt| p|ptia lf 8<<<# mfc| /8;&: jlcclmf me tbi /02&8 jlcclmf

me oijt tbht bho jiif h``zyio j| Mfthzlm B|ozm {hp oiiaio tm ji py~~mztio j| tbi uhcyi me

tbi hppitp me ltp py`ìppmz `ma~hflip& _blp zipyctio lf /:>&< jlcclmf me ptzhfoio oijt&

_bi MIE@ {hp pit y~ hp tbi cikhc `mftlfyhfì me Mfthzlm B|ozm tm thdi mf hfo ahfhki

tblp oijt&

_bi Ici`tzl`lt| H`t ~zmuloio emz oiol`htio ziuifyi ptzihap tm zitlzi tbi ptzhfoio oijt tbzmykb

~h|aiftp lf cliy me thrip "^LCp, tm tbi MIE@ ezma M^K# B|ozm Mfi hfo Ayfl`l~hc Ici`tzl`lt|

Ytlcltlip "AIYp,& _bi kmuizfaift hcpm `maalttio tm oiol`hti tm MIE@ tbi ~mztlmf me tbi

`yaychtlui hffyhc `majlfio ~zmeltp me M^K hfo B|ozm Mfi hjmui tbi ~zmulfì“p elfhf`lfk

`mptp emz tbipi `ma~hflip& Hp me H~z& 8# 8<<<# tbipi ziuifyi ptzihap {izi iptlahtio tm bhui

h uhcyi me /80&8 jlcclmf& _bi oleeizifì me /;&2 jlcclmf {hp tbi lfltlhcc| iptlahtio –ziployhc

ptzhfoio oijt#‑ hfo tbi Ici`tzl`lt| H`t ~zmuloip emz `mfpyaizp tm ~h| h OZ@ yftlc ziployhc

ptzhfoio oijt lp zitlzio&

_bi elp`hc la~h`t me tbi MIE@ ziuifyi ptzihap lp plkflel`hft hp tbi MIE@ lp `mfpmclohtio mf

h clfi!j|!clfi jhplp mf tbi ~zmulfì“p elfhf`lhc pthtiaiftp& Hcc MIE@ ziuifyip hfo ir~ifpip#

lf`cyolfk lftizipt ~h|aiftp# olzi`tc| heei`t tbi ~zmulfì“p oiel`lt-pyz~cyp ~mpltlmf# hfo tbi

MIE@“p oijt lp lf`cyoio mf tbi ~zmulfì“p jhchfì pbiit& _blp eyztbiz yfoizclfip tbi

la~mzthfì me tbi elfhf`lhc ~izemzahfì me M^K hfo B|ozm Mfi hp tbilz ^LCp hfo pmai ~hzt me

tbilz `majlfio fit lf`mai hzi ypio tm pizulì tbi MIE@ oijt& Hf| ^LCp ~hlo j| AIYp hcpm

zi~zipift h ~mztlmf me MIE@ ziuifyip& _bi ^LCp lf`cyoi hamyftp ixyhc tm eioizhc hfo

~zmulf`lhc `mz~mzhti lf`mai thrip# {bl`b hzi eycc| ypio tm pizulì tbi ptzhfoio oijt&




008

Hp tbi MIE@“p ziuifyi ptzihap olzi`tc| la~h`t tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc ~chf# lt lp la~izhtlui emz

tbi ~zmulfì tm ifpyzi tbht M^K hfo B|ozm Mfi hzi zyf ieel`liftc| lf mzoiz tm pizulì hfo

zitlzi tbi oijt hfo clhjlcltlip me tbi mco Mfthzlm B|ozm&

LLL& M~tlmfp tm Zioyì Cmfk!_iza Ici`tzl`lt| @mptp

[blci tbi @maalpplmf“p ahfohti lp olzi`tc| clfdio tm Mfthzlm“p elp`hc mytcmmd# {i eiic tbht tbi

zi~mzt“p ~zlf`l~cip hp mytclfio lf @bh~tiz 0# Myz Ahfohti hfo H~~zmh`b# hzi tzhfpeizhjci tm

tbi ici`tzl`lt| zhti jhpi hp {icc& _blp lp ~hztl`ychzc| plkflel`hft lf tbi `mftirt me tbi ~zmulfì“p

C_I^ tbht ~zmgi`tp ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp tm lf`zihpi ?5 ~iz ìft muiz tbi elui!|ihz ~izlmo ezma

:>8> tm :>89# ~zlmz tm tbi h~~cl`htlmf me tbi M@IJ& _bizi hzi h fyajiz me ~mtiftlhcc| chzki

m~~mztyfltlip tm pmyzì ieel`lif`lip lf tbi pi`tmz hfo pcm{ om{f ici`tzl`lt| zhti lf`zihpip&

Bm{iuiz# tbi @maalpplmf hcpm zi`mkflwip tbi hamyft me `bhfki tbht bhp m``yzzio lf tbi

pi`tmz plfì Mfthzlm B|ozm {hp jzmdif lftm ltp `mfptltyift ~hztp lf 8<<<& H oikzii me fmzahc`|

ah| uiz| {icc ji bic~eyc emz tbi pi`tmz tm thdi ptm`d hfo zieci`t mf tbi pthtyp xym&@mfpixyiftc|# tbi @maalpplmf bhp h pizlip me zi`maaifohtlmfp tbht hzi aihft tm jhchfì

tbi fiio emz pthjlclt| lf tbi pi`tmz {ltb tbi fiio tm `yzj `mptp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!8:7 ^zmoyì hf Lftikzhtio ^m{iz P|ptia ^chf "L^P^, jylct mf tbi

emyfohtlmf me tbi ~zmulfì“p Cmfk!_iza Ifizk| ^chf&

_bi M^H lfltlhcc| elcio hf h~~cl`htlmf emz h~~zmuhc me tbi mzlklfhc L^P^ lf :>>; {ltb tbi MIJ#

jyt tblp ~zmìpp {hp fiuiz `ma~citio& Hf h~~zmuio L^P^ {myco ~zmuloi ~zmoyìzp#

`mfpyaizp# ytlcltlip hfo mtbiz pi`tmz ~hztl`l~hftp {ltb h oithlcio# :>!|ihz jcyi~zlft emz tbi

ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!807 @mfpmclohti Mfthzlm“p 2> cm`hc olptzljytlmf `ma~hflip "CO@p, hcmfk

ziklmfhc clfip tm `zihti i`mfmalip me p`hci&

Zioy`lfk tbi /8&09 jlcclmf p~ift mf m~izhtlmfp# ahlftifhfì hfo hoalflptzhtlui `mptp emz

Mfthzlm“p CO@p85 {myco zipyct lf olzi`t phulfkp mf tbi oicluiz| ~mztlmf me tbi ici`tzl`lt| jlcc&

Ecirljlclt| zikhzolfk CO@ pi`tmz ziemza `myco ji kzihtc| ifbhfìo tbzmykb h `m!m~izhtlui

eioizhc!~zmulf`lhc thr hzzhfkiaift tbht zityzfp tm tbi ~zmulfì hf| eioizhc `mz~mzhti thrip

~hlo j| fi{c| ~zluhtlwio ici`tzl`lt| ytlcltlip& _blp {myco hccm{ tbi ~zmulfì tm ziamui tbi

00 ~iz ìft tzhfpeiz thr mf py`b oluiptltyzip `yzziftc| lf ~chì tbht kmip tm{hzop ptzhfoio

oijt& Lt {myco hcpm bic~ `ma~ifphti emz tbi eytyzi cmpp me tbi eioizhc ~mztlmf me ^LCp {bif h

~yjcl`c| m{fio CO@ lp pmco tm tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz& _bizi lp ~ziìoift emz py`b `m!m~izhtlmf hp

lccyptzhtio j| tbi ~ziulmyp eioizhc ^yjcl` Ytlcltlip Lf`mai _hr _zhfpeiz H`t&

85 @hc`ychtlmf jhpio mf elkyzip ezma Mfthzlm Ifizk| Jmhzo# :>8> \ihzjmmd me Ici`tzl`lt| Olptzljytmzp# ~& ;&



00:

Chzkiz ziklmfhc iftltlip alkbt hccm{ emz i`mfmalip me p`m~i hp {icc hp p`hci# hccm{lfk kzihtiz

~hztl`l~htlmf lf ~chfflfk# oiplkf me `mfpizuhtlmf ~zmkzhap hfo ir~hfolfk zip~mfpljlcltlip tm

oicluiz mtbiz zipmyzìp py`b hp {htiz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!8?7 Hp ~hzt me tbi ziuli{ me tbi eiio!lf thzlee "EL_, ~zmkzha# thdi pti~p

tm altlkhti ltp la~h`t mf ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp j|7

Cm{izlfk tbi lfltlhc ~zlìp meeizio lf tbi EL_ `mftzh`t hfo lftzmoy`lfk oikzipplmf zhtip

tbht zioyì tbi thzlee muiz tlai tm if`myzhki lffmuhtlmf hfo olp`myzhki hf| ziclhfì mf

~yjcl` pyjplolip8;4 hfo

Ahdlfk jittiz ypi me –mee!zha~p‑ jylct lftm irlptlfk `mftzh`tp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!897 ^zm`yzi chzkiz kifizhtlmf eh`lcltlip tbzmykb h zixyipt emz

~zm~mphc "ZE^, ~zmìpp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!857 Ziuli{ tbi zmcip me uhzlmyp ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz hkif`lip tm loiftle|

hzihp emz i`mfmalip lf hoalflptzhtlmf& _blp `myco lf`cyoi lfuiptlkhtlfk tbi ~mtiftlhc tm

`m!mzolfhti jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!8;7 Ahdi {bmciphci ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp lf`cyplui me tzhfpalpplmf `mptp

py`b hp `h~h`lt| clalthtlmfp hfo `mfkiptlmf hp ~hzt me h `ma~zibifplui ziptzy`tyzlfk me tbi

{bmciphci ici`tzl`lt| ahzdit&

@mfpyaizp cm`htio fihziz tm kifizhtlmf pthtlmfp pbmyco ji hjci tm jifielt ezma cm{iz

ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp& Pifolfk amzi ieel`lift ~zlì plkfhcp tm tbi ahzdit~chì pbmyco if`myzhki

amzi m~tlahc ciuicp me lfuiptaift lf ici`tzl`lt| lfezhptzy`tyzi ‟ kifizhtlmf# tzhfpalpplmf

hfo olptzljytlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!827 Ahdi zikychtio ~zlìp amzi zieci`tlui me {bmciphci ~zlìp j|

lf`zihplfk tbi mf!~ihd tm mee!~ihd ~zlì zhtlm me tlai!me!ypi ~zl`lfk hfo j| ahdlfk `zltl`hc ~ihd

~zl`lfk huhlchjci mf hf m~t!lf jhplp&

8; Emz irha~ci# Kizahf|“p ixyluhcift thzlee ~zmkzha jylcop lf hf hffyhc flfi ~iz ìft zioy`tlmf lf zhtip ~hlo tm pmchz ~bmtmumcthl`kifizhtmzp& Pii [&I& Ahjii# G& Ahfflmf hfo _ma @hz~iftiz# –@ma~hzlfk tbi Eiio!lf _hzlee Lfìftluip emz Zifi{hjci Ici`tzl`lt| lfMfthzlm hfo Kizahf|#‑ Ifizk| ^mcl`| ?> ":>88,# ~~& ?2>‐2<&




000

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!8<7 @m!mzolfhti h `ma~zibifplui# ~zmh`tlui ici`tzl`lt| ioy`htlmf

ptzhtik| h`zmpp pi`tmz ~hztl`l~hftp tbht ht h alflaya `muizp7

Mfthzlm“p ici`tzl`lt| zipmyzìp lf`cyolfk fy`cihz# b|ozmici`tzl`# tbizahc hfo zifi{hjci

kifizhtlmf4

_bi zmci hfo uhcyi me ici`tzl`lt| la~mzt hfo ir~mzt ahzditp4

Zmcip hfo zip~mfpljlcltlip me tbi uhzlmyp iftltlip m~izhtlfk lf tbi ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz4

_bi iumculfk zmci me tbi ici`tzl`lt| zhti~h|iz lf tbi pahzt kzlo ~hzholka4 hfo

Ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp ‟ {bht ozluip tbia# bm{ tbi| hzi `maayfl`htio hfo bm{ tbi| hzi jipt

zip~mfoio tm&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!:>7 Ptzhtikl`hcc| ~zmamti Mfthzlm“p ptzifktbp lf tbi ifizk| pi`tmz#

`h~lthclwlfk mf ir~mzt m~~mztyfltlip emz omaiptl` kmmop hfo pizulìp&



00?




009


Fiio emz _zhfpemzahtlmf

Ampt zip~mfpljlclt| emz ~zmti`tlfk tbi ~zmulfì“p ifulzmfaifthc hfo fhtyzhc bizlthki ehccp

tm t{m alflptzlip7 tbi Alflptz| me tbi Ifulzmfaift "AMI, hfo Alflptz| me Fhtyzhc

Zipmyzìp "AFZ,&

Hp ziìftc| fmtio j| tbi Ifulzmfaifthc @maalpplmfiz me Mfthzlm# tbi `mzi jyplfipp me

tbipi t{m alflptzlip bhp ji`mai ay`b amzi `ma~cir plfì tbilz lfì~tlmf& Hfo tbmykb tbi|

aypt oihc {ltb ir~hfolfk zip~mfpljlcltlip tbht hoozipp iftlzic| fi{ ifulzmfaifthc lppyip#

tbilz muizhcc `h~h`lt| ‟ elfhf`lhc zipmyzìp# ptheelfk ciuicp hfo lf!bmypi ir~iztlpi ‟ bhp fmt

di~t ~hì&8

H fi{ ~hzholka emz ifulzmfaifthc hfo fhtyzhc zipmyzì ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp lp oip~izhtic|

fiioio# pbh~io j| eh`tmzp me jmtb py~~c| hfo oiahfo& Mf tbi py~~c| ploi# tbi elp`hc ziptzhlft

{i zi`maaifo lf tblp zi~mzt {lcc eyztbiz clalt tbi eyfolfk huhlchjci tm aiit tbipi alflptzlip“

ciklpchtio hfo ~mcl`|!ozluif mjclkhtlmfp&

Ht tbi phai tlai# oiahfo emz `mftlfyio muizplkbt me ifulzmfaifthc h~~zmuhcp# `ma~clhfì

hfo fhtyzhc zipmyzì pti{hzopbl~ lp pit tm zlpi& Emz irha~ci# oiuicm~aift me tbi Zlfk me Elzi

"hf hzih me fmztbizf Mfthzlm {ltb ~mtiftlhcc| chzki oi~mpltp me uhcyhjci alfizhcp py`b hp

`bzmalti# fl`dic# `m~~iz hfo ~chtlfya, {lcc ~yt hooio ptzipp mf tbi h~~zmuhc hfo `ma~clhfì

zipmyzìp me piuizhc ~zmulf`lhc alflptzlip& Lt {lcc hcpm oiahfo kzihtiz `mcchjmzhtlmf hamfk

~zmulf`lhc alflptzlip hfo mtbiz ciuicp me kmuizfaift& Lf hooltlmf# lf`zihpio oiahfo emz

zifi{hjci ifizk| {lcc ~chì eyztbiz ~zippyzi mf tbi ~zmulfì“p h~~zmuhcp hfo `ma~clhfì

~zmìppip# py`b hp tbi Zifi{hjci Ifizk| H~~zmuhcp "ZIHp, tbht olzi`tc| py~~mzt tbi

~zmulfì“p Kziif Ifizk| hfo Kziif I`mfma| H`t&

_zhfpemzahtlmfhc `bhfkip hzi ippiftlhc tm la~zmui bm{ kmuizfaift m~izhtip lf tblp hzih&

[i zi`maaifo piuizhc aihpyzip tbht {myco la~zmui ieei`tluifipp hfo ieel`lif`|&

8 Ifulzmfaifthc @maalpplmfiz me Mfthzlm# Hffyhc Zi~mzt :>8>‐88# ~& 28&



005

Amui tm{hzop eycc `mpt zi`muiz| hfo ypiz!~h| amoicp

_bi kmuizfaift“p ifulzmfaifthc ~zmkzhap hzi fmt hcc zyf mf h eycc `mpt zi`muiz| jhplp hfo

irlptlfk eiip om fmt dii~ ~hì {ltb tbi zlplfk `mptp me ~zmkzha oicluiz|& [bizi tbi m~~mztyflt|

irlptp hfo {bizi tbi jifiel`lhz| `hf ji loiftlelio# tbi `mpt jyzoif me ~zmulolfk tbipi pizulìp

pbmyco ji ~chìo mf tbi jifiel`lhz|“p pbmycoizp zhtbiz tbhf tbi ~yjcl`“p&

Emz irha~ci# tbi kmuizfaift p~ifop hjmyt /89 alcclmf ~iz |ihz tbzmykb ayctl~ci alflptzlip tm

ahfhki {htiz xyhftlt| hfo if`myzhki ltp ieel`lift ypi& Lf Mfthzlm# hf|mfi {bm thdip amzi

tbhf 9>#>>> cltzip me {htiz ~iz oh| ezma h chdi# zluiz# ptziha mz kzmyfo{htiz pmyzì aypt

mjthlf h îzalt tm _hdi [htiz ezma AMI& H ~izalt {lcc fmt ji lppyio le tbi ~zm~mpio {htiz!

thdlfk {lcc houizpic| heei`t irlptlfk ypizp mz tbi ifulzmfaift& _bi `mpt me tbi ~izalt zhfkip

ezma /;9> tm /0#>>># jyt |licop tmm clttci hffyhc ziuifyi tm meepit tbi `mpt me tbi ~zmkzha&:

Amzi `mptp `myco ji zi`muizio le tbi `maaiz`lhc hfo lfoyptzlhc {htiz ypizp {bm `zihti tbi

fiio emz {htiz ahfhkiaift ~zmkzhap ~h| emz tbilz ypi me {htiz& _bi `bhzki {myco hcpm`zihti h elfhf`lhc lfìftlui emz `ma~hflip tm ypi {htiz amzi ieel`liftc|&

^bhpi 8 me tbi [htiz _hdlfk @bhzkip ^zmkzha# chyf`bio lf H~zlc :>>;# ipthjclpbio h `bhzki

me /0&;8 emz iuiz| alcclmf cltzip me {htiz thdif j| blkb!`mfpya~tlmf lfoyptzlhc hfo `maaiz`lhc

ypizp& Eh`lcltlip lf tblp `htikmz| "yfoiz tbi zikychtlmfp, lf`cyoi jiuizhki ~zmoyìzp#

`hfflfk-~l`dclfk eh`lcltlip hfo `mf`ziti ahfyeh`tyzizp&0

^bhpi : me tbi ~zmkzha {myco ir~hfo tbi `bhzki tm lf`cyoi aiolya!`mfpya~tlmf

"i&k&# alflfk# `mfptzy`tlmf# tirtlci# {mmo ~zmoy`tlmf# aithc ~zmoy`tlmf hfo zi`zihtlmfhc

eh`lcltlip, hfo cm{!`mfpya~tlmf "i&k&# ici`tzl` ~m{iz kifizhtlmf, ypizp&?

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Mfi irha~ci me h py`ìppeyc ~zmkzha lp tbi Py~izeyfo# h Y&P& Ifulzmfaifthc ^zmti`tlmf

Hkif`| ~zmkzha {ltb eioizhc hytbmzlt| tm `cihf y~ yf`mftzmccio bhwhzomyp {hpti pltip hfo

zip~mfo tm mlc hfo `bial`hc p~lccp& Eyfolfk lp ~zmuloio j| tbi zip~i`tlui lfoyptzlip ‟ ~zlahzlc|

tbi `bial`hc hfo ~itzmciya lfoyptzlip& Plfì tbi pthzt me tbi ~zmkzha lf 8<2># tbi Py~izeyfo

bhp ~hlo emz tbi `cihfy~ me tbmyphfop me bhwhzomyp pltip hfo mlc hfo `bial`hc p~lccp&

8: Alflptz| me tbi Ifulzmfaift elfhf`lhc zi`mzop&80 Fhaic|# tbi Ifulzmfaifthc zmti`tlmf H`t hfo Mfthzlm [htiz Zipmyzìp H`t&8? ^yjcl` H``myftp me Mfthzlm :>8>‐88# ~& ?!2&




0?0

_bi ~zmkzha hppippip pltip# ~chìp tbia mf h Fhtlmfhc ^zlmzltlip Clpt# hfo ipthjclpbip hfo

la~ciaiftp h~~zm~zlhti `cihfy~ ~chfp& Lf hooltlmf# tbi Hkif`| bhp tbi hytbmzlt| tm `mfoy`t

ziamuhc h`tlmfp {bizi laaiolhti h`tlmf lp zixylzio mz pthtip hzi lfumcuio4 ifemzì hkhlfpt

~mtiftlhcc| zip~mfpljci ~hztlip4 ifpyzi `maayflt| lfumcuiaift4 hfo ifpyzi cmfk!tiza

~zmti`tluifipp&89

Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!97 ^chì kzihtiz ia~bhplp mf ~ziuiftlmf hfo tbi ~mccytiz!~h| ~zlf`l~ci

emz `mfthalfhtio pltip yplfk h~~zm~zlhti elfhf`lhc tmmcp# py`b hp elfhf`lhc hppyzhfì&

Loiftle| m~~mztyfltlip tm la~zmui ~izemzahfì me tbi Mfthzlm @cihf [htiz Hkif`|

_bi Mfthzlm @cihf [htiz Hkif`| "M@[H, m~izhtip 82; {htiz tzihtaift hfo :>0 {hpti{htiz

tzihtaift eh`lcltlip emz muiz 8;> `cliftp# ampt me {bl`b hzi ayfl`l~hcltlip& Lf :>><# M@[H

ippiftlhcc| jzmdi iuif mf m~izhtlmfp# kifizhtlfk /:&? alcclmf lf fit ziuifyi hkhlfpt tmthc

m~izhtlfk ir~ifpip me /8?0 alcclmf&

85

Oip~lti tblp# M@[H lp yflxyi lf tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift7 lt lp tbi mfc| hkif`| tbht `ma~itip

lf tbi ahzdit~chì emz ltp jyplfipp hfo ziìluip fm kmuizfaift eyfolfk& Hfo {blci M@[H

ahoi /88&; alcclmf muiz tbi chpt 8> |ihzp# lt hcpm zhf h oiel`lt mf tbi m~izhtlmfp ploi me ltp

jyplfipp muiz tbi phai ~izlmo&8; Hooltlmfhcc|# hctbmykb M@[H pizulìp tbi ayfl`l~hc pi`tmz#

tbi {hkip lt meeizp pdlccio {htiz hfo {hpti{htiz m~izhtmzp hzi fmt `ma~itltlui {ltb tbmpi

meeizio lf tbi ayfl`l~hc pi`tmz# zipyctlfk lf pdlccio m~izhtmzp cihulfk tbi hkif`|&

_bi Mfthzlm @cihf [htiz Hkif`|“p `yzzift jyplfipp amoic lp filtbiz pypthlfhjci fmz

`ma~itltlui& Lt `hffmt meeiz h~~zm~zlhti `ma~ifphtlmf tm ltp pdlccio m~izhtmzp hfo lt `hffmt

amui xyl`dc| hfo ecirljc| tm ~yzpyi amzi cy`zhtlui jyplfipp m~~mztyfltlip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!57 Ziuli{ tbi ieei`tluifipp me tbi `yzzift kmuizfhfì ptzy`tyzi

me tbi Mfthzlm @cihf [htiz Hkif`| tm iuhcyhti tbi aizltp me ziptzy`tyzlfk lt hp h emz!~zmelt#

{bmcc| m{fio kmuizfaift iftlt|&

89 –Py~izeyfo ‐ Jhpl` Lfemzahtlmf#‑ M`t& 0# :>88# om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&i~h&kmu-py~izeyfo-hjmyt&bta&85 Mfthzlm @cihf [htiz Hkif`|# Hffyhc Zi~mzt :>><# ~& 02&8; Mfthzlm Alflptz| me tbi Ifulzmfaift&



0??

Zhtlmfhclwi hfo `mfpmclohti tbi fyajiz me iftltlip-hkif`lip lfumcuio lf tbi hzifh me chfo ypi ~chfflfk hfo zipmyzì ahfhkiaift

Ahf| hkif`lip oicluiz fhtyzhc zipmyzì ahfhkiaift h`tlultlip lf pmytbizf Mfthzlm&

Hoalflptzhtlui `mfpmclohtlmf `myco ji h`bliuio j| aizklfk h`tlultlip me tbi Flhkhzh ^hzdp@maalpplmf# Pt& Ch{zifì ^hzdp @maalpplmf hfo Mfthzlm ^hzdp& _blp `myco h`bliui

ieel`lif`lip me p`hci# py`b hp cm{iz `mptp lf tbi ~zm`yziaift me aiz`bhfolpi emz phci lf ~hzdp“

pmyuiflz ptmzip&

_bi fyajiz me houlpmz| kzmy~p-`myf`lcp lf ahf| me tbi ~zmulfì“p tzholtlmfhc ~zmkzha hzihp

"l&i&# emziptp# elpb hfo {lcoclei, `myco ji zioyìo j| bhulfk ayctlolp`l~clfhz| houlpmz| kzmy~p&

H ziuli{ me tbi ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp oicluizio j| AFZ hfo @mfpizuhtlmf Hytbmzltlip `myco

ji yfoizthdif tm `chzle| zip~mfpljlcltlip hfo iclalfhti hf| oy~cl`htlmf&

H`zmpp ìftzhc pmytbizf Mfthzlm# h plfkci hkif`| "plalchz tm Aitzmclfr, `myco ji `zihtio tm

oicluiz fhtyzhc zipmyzì ahfhkiaift h`tlultlip& Irha~cip me `yzzift hkif`lip hzi tbi Flhkhzh

Ip`hz~aift @maalpplmf# I`mUlplmf# Kziifjict# Mhd Zlokip Amzhlfi hfo @mfpizuhtlmf

Hytbmzltlip& @mfpmclohtlmf lftm h plfkci hkif`|# {ltb ltp mfi!{lfom{ h~~zmh`b# `myco meeiz

ptzihaclfio# amzi ieel`lift pizulì hfo elp`hc phulfkp muiz tbi cmfk tiza&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!;7 Zhtlmfhclwi hfo `mfpmclohti tbi iftltlip hfo hkif`lip lfumcuio lf

chfo ypi ~chfflfk hfo zipmyzìp ahfhkiaift&




0?9

Zlfk me Elzi

_bi Zlfk me Elzi oiuicm~aift lf fmztbizf Mfthzlm zi~zipiftp h plkflel`hft m~~mztyflt| tm jmtb

zihclwi ahgmz alfizhc oiuicm~aift lf tbi ziklmf hfo la~zmui pm`lm!i`mfmal` m~~mztyflt| hfo

xyhclt| me clei emz Hjmzlklfhc îm~ci hfo mtbiz ziploiftp me tbi fmztb& Ahfhkio ~zm~izc|#

tbi ~zmgi`t {lcc ~zmuloi jifieltp muiz piuizhc oi`hoip&

Py`ìpp lf tbi Zlfk me Elzi {lcc zixylzi `mcchjmzhtlmf jit{iif Hjmzlklfhc îm~ci# lfoyptz|# hfo

tbi eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp& [ltb h em`yp mf `zihtlfk h bihctb| {mzdemzì#

ioy`htlmf hfo pdlccp tzhlflfk# hfo jhpl` `maayflt| lfezhptzy`tyzi# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco thdi

lffmuhtlui h~~zmh`bip tm ir~hfo chjmyz!ahzdit hfo tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap emz Elzpt Fhtlmfp

`maayfltlip& _blp h~~zmh`b {myco lf`cyoi la~ciaiftlfk h eycc zhfki me ia~cm|aift ~zmkzhap

hfo zichtio pm`lhc py~~mztp tbht hzi huhlchjci tbzmykb pm`lhc hpplpthfì emz zi`l~liftp clulfk mf

zipizui& _bipi lf`cyoi ioy`htlmf ~zmkzhap# gmj!p~i`lel` tzhlflfk# cltizh`| ~zmkzhap hfo

~zmkzhap tbht py~~mzt |myfk ~hziftp& _bi @maalpplmf lp m~tlalptl` tbht lfoyptz| ~hztfizp {lcc

ia~cm| Hjmzlklfhc îm~ci tbzmykbmyt tbi clei me tbi Zlfk me Elzi hfo {mzd hp ~hztfizp {ltbkmuizfaift tm oicluiz mz eyfo "~izbh~p jmtb, tbi ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp zixylzio&

Le umcyfthz| ieemztp j| tbi jyplfipp pi`tmz chk# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco `mfploiz ~yttlfk h ciu|

mf alflfk!zichtio h`tlultlip tm olzi`tc| eyfo lfltlhtluip tbht {lcc ~zi~hzi Hjmzlklfhc îm~ci tm

~hztl`l~hti i`mfmal`hcc| lf tbi Zlfk me Elzi&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco hcpm ifbhfì ltp ieemztp tm oiuicm~ ~hztfizpbl~p {ltb tbi ~zluhti hfo

fmt!emz!~zmelt pi`tmzp lf py~~mztlfk lffmuhtlui ~zmkzhap py`b hp –Zlkbt tm ^ch|#‑ {bl`b em`yp mf

~zmamtlfk cihoizpbl~ hamfk Hjmzlklfhc |mytb ‟ ippiftlhc emz eytyzi kzm{tb hfo ~zmp~izlt|&

_bi eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp hcpm bhui h zip~mfpljlclt| tm la~zmui zikychtmz|ìzthlft| lf mzoiz tm pi`yzi eytyzi lfuiptaift hfo kzm{tb lf tbi ziklmf& _blp pbmyco lf`cyoi

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la~zmui tlaiclfip {blci ifpyzlfk Hjmzlklfhc `maayfltlip bhui tbi `h~h`lt| tm eycc| ~hztl`l~hti

lf tbipi ~zmìppip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!27 Ifpyzi tbht tbi kmuizfaift“p h~~zmh`b tm tbi Zlfk me Elzi

ahrlalwip m~~mztyfltlip emz Hjmzlklfhc îm~ci hfo hcc Mfthzlhfp&



0?5




0?;


:>8>‐88 P~ifolfk /?&0 jlcclmf

Hffyhc Kzm{tb lf P~ifolfk# :>>8‐>: tm :>8>‐88 9&5)

^zmgi`tio Hffyhc P~ifolfk Kzm{tb Yfoiz Pthtyp Xym# :>8>‐88 tm :>8;‐82 8&>)

'Hffyhc P~ifolfk Kzm{tb @h~ @mfplptift {ltb Zityzf tm h Jhchfìo Jyokit ‐:&?)

lf :>8;‐82

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`mfthlfp ir~ifoltyzip cldi `h~lthc hamztlwhtlmf hfo ~ifplmf `mftzljytlmfp# `ytp tm ahf| mtbiz hzihp {lcc bhui tm ji chzkiz tbhf ‐:&? ~iz ìft&

Blptmzl`hc @mftirt

_bi gyptlì pi`tmz lp ~zlahzlc| zip~mfpljci emz ~zmulolfk ciklpchtio ezmft!clfi pizulìp

lf`cyolfk ~mcl`lfk# `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp# cikhc hlo eyfolfk# hoalflptzhtlmf me tbi `myzt p|ptiap

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`maayflt| hfo ~izpmfhc pheit|# hfo uhcyip py`b hp lfoluloyhc eziioma# ~izpmfhc pi`yzlt|#

zip~i`t hfo zip~mfpljlclt|# tbi zyci me ch{# hp {icc hp mtbiz ~yjcl` pheit| "i&k&# Mfthzlm

Elzi Ahzpbhc,&

Gyptlì pizulìp lf Mfthzlm hzi ~zmuloio j| tbzii ciuicp me kmuizfaift7 tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift

"tbzmykb gyzlpol`tlmf muiz `zlalfhc ch{# lf`cyolfk tbi @zlalfhc @moi,4 tbi ~zmulfì "i&k&# emz

`myztp hfo ~mcl`lfk pizulìp,4 hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip "i&k&# emz ayfl`l~hc ~mcl`lfk hfo ~zmpi`ytlmfp

yfoiz tbi ^zmulf`lhc Meeifìp H`t,& ^zmulf`lhcc|# tbi gyptlì pi`tmz `ma~zlpip tbi Alflptzlip

me tbi Httmzfi| Kifizhc "AHK, hfo @maayflt| Pheit| hfo @mzzi`tlmfhc Pizulìp "A@P@P,&

Lf :>88‐8:# tbi ~zmulfì {lcc p~ifo hjmyt /?&; jlcclmf emz gyptlì pizulìp# ~zlahzlc| emz ~mcl`lfk#

`mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp# `myztp# cikhc hlo hfo ~zmulplmf me ul`tla pizulìp&



0?2

Lf tbi chpt 88 |ihzp# ~zmulf`lhc gyptlì p~ifolfk bhp kzm{f j| hf huizhki me plr ~iz ìft

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mytclfip blptmzl`hc p~ifolfk lf tbi gyptlì pi`tmz7

_HJCI 8?&8 Blptmzl`hc P~ifolfk lf Gyptlì Pi`tmz

"/ Alcclmfp,

:>>8‐>: :>>:‐>0 :>>0‐>? :>>?‐>9 :>>9‐>5 :>>5‐>; :>>;‐>2 :>>2‐>< :>><‐8>

H`tyhc

:>8>‐88

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Fmti7 Fyajizp ah| fmt hoo oyi tm zmyfolfk&

_bi lftikzhtio fhtyzi me tbi gyptlì pi`tmz# lf`cyolfk pizulìp ~zmuloio j| tbi eioizhc hfo

ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaiftp# aihfp tbht `bhfkip tm mfi ~hzt me tbi pi`tmz metif ozlui ~zmkzha

`bhfkip hfo `mptp lf mtbiz ~hztp me tbi pi`tmz& Emz irha~ci# tbi blzlfk me hooltlmfhc ~mclì

meelìzp mz fi{ eioizhc ciklpchtlmf `myco ciho tm lf`zihpio `mptp emz `myztp-`mzzi`tlmfhc eh`lcltlip&

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j| tbi blkb zhti me p~ifolfk mf p~i`lhc lfltlhtluip lf ziìft |ihzp4 fm eyztbiz p~i`lhc

lfltlhtluip hzi hppyaio lf tbi Pthtyp Xym ~zmgi`tlmf&




0?<

Ziìft Ir~ifoltyzip

Muiz tbi ~hpt ei{ |ihzp# plkflel`hft lfuiptaiftp bhui jiif ahoi h`zmpp tbi pi`tmz# lf`cyolfk7

Cikhc Hlo Mfthzlm "CHM,7 Jiklfflfk lf :>><‐8># tbi kmuizfaift lfuiptio hf hooltlmfhc

/89> alcclmf muiz emyz |ihzp lf CHM& _bi kmuizfaift ~zmuloip muiz /0>> alcclmf hffyhcc|emz cikhc hlo pizulìp tm cm{!lf`mai Mfthzlhfp& Cikhc Hlo Mfthzlm ~zmuloip cm{!lf`mai

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~zmti`tlmf hfo `yptmo| `hpip# hfo zi~zipifthtlmf emz zieykii `chlahftp&

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hp {icc hp h Emzifpl` Pizulìp hfo @mzmfiz“p @ma~cir lf _mzmftm# hfo 82 Mfthzlm

^zmulf`lhc ^mclì "M^^, amoizflwhtlmf lfltlhtluip h`zmpp tbi ~zmulfì&

^zmulf`lhc!Ayfl`l~hc Elp`hc hfo Pizulì Oicluiz| Ziuli{ "ÂEPOZ,7 Hp ~hzt me hfhkziiaift {ltb Mfthzlm“p ayfl`l~hcltlip# tbi kmuizfaift `maalttio tm y~cmho tbi `mptp

me `myzt pi`yzlt| hfo meeifoiz tzhfp~mzthtlmf ezma ayfl`l~hcltlip& _blp ir~ifoltyzi j| tbi

~zmulfì lp tm ji ~bhpio lf muiz piuif |ihzp# jiklfflfk lf :>8:# tm h ahrlaya me

/8:9 alcclmf hffyhcc|&



09>

@yzzift @mftirt ‟ Di| Elp`hc @bhccifkip Eh`lfk tbi Pi`tmz

Amulfk emz{hzo# tbi gyptlì pi`tmz ehìp elp`hc `bhccifkip tbht {lcc fiio tm ji hoozippio

tm jifo om{f tbi `mpt `yzui emz gyptlì pizulìp& Di| `bhccifkip eh`lfk tbi pi`tmz lf`cyoi

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hfo kzihtiz ir~i`thtlmfp ezma tbi ~yjcl` emz gyptlì!zichtio pizulìp&

@ma~ifphtlmf7 _bi ~zlahz| `mpt ozluiz lf tbi gyptlì pi`tmz lp `ma~ifphtlmf# lf`cyolfk

phchzlip hfo jifieltp emz tbi :9#>>> pthee& @ma~ifphtlmf `mptp zi~zipift hjmyt ;> ~iz ìft

me tmthc ir~ifoltyzip& Lf`zihpip lf `ma~ifphtlmf hzi hcampt iftlzic| ozluif tbzmykb `mcci`tlui

jhzkhlflfk h{hzop mz `ma~ifphtlmf `maalpplmfp "i&k&# emz ch{|izp# gyokip-gyptlìp me tbi

~ihì# M^^ hfo HAH^@IM-M^PIY,& Hp ~mlftio myt lf tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc“p Ziuli{ me tbi

:>88 ^zi!Ici`tlmf Zi~mzt mf Mfthzlm“p Elfhfìp# tbi M^^ fikmtlhtio hf 2&9 ~iz ìft {hki

lf`zihpi emz :>8? "tbi tbzii!|ihz `mftzh`t pthztlfk lf :>8: jiklfp {ltb {hki eziiwip lf :>8:

hfo :>80,# {blci tbi `mzzi`tlmfhc meelìzp“ `mcci`tlui hkziiaift "tbi M^PIY `mcci`tlui

hkziiaift, ifop mf Oi`& 08# :>8:&

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Kzihtiz _mzmftm Hzih& Ziahfo zieizp tm h``ypio lfoluloyhcp {bm bhui jiif `bhzkio hfo

oithlfio lf `yptmo| hfo bhui iltbiz jiif oiflio jhlc mz bhui |it tm h~~ihz jiemzi h gyoki&

_bi| hzi lf `yptmo| {blci h{hltlfk tzlhc& _bizi hzi `yzziftc| amzi ~im~ci mf ziahfo tbhf

tbizi hzi piftifìo meeifoizp lf Mfthzlm `mzzi`tlmfhc eh`lcltlip&

Lfezhptzy`tyzi7 _bi gyptlì pi`tmz“p lfezhptzy`tyzi lp hklfk hfo oitizlmzhtlfk& _bizi hzi fm{

8>0 `myztbmypi eh`lcltlip hfo :5 `mzzi`tlmfhc eh`lcltlip tbht hzi muiz 0> |ihzp mco hfo zixylzi

plkflel`hft zifi{hc mz zi~chìaift&

Eioizhc Ciklpchtlmf7 _bi la~h`t me eioizhc ciklpchtlmf lp h plkflel`hft `bhccifki& _bi eioizhc

kmuizfaift bhp gyzlpol`tlmf muiz `zlalfhc ch{# lf`cyolfk haifoaiftp tm tbi @zlalfhc @moi&

_bi Pi~tiajiz :>88 mafljyp `zlai jlcc# tbi Phei Ptziitp hfo @maayfltlip H`t# lf`cyoip

~zm~mphcp emz tmykbiz piftifìp hfo ahfohtmz| ghlc tlai emz pizlmyp meeifìp& _bi ~zmulf`lhc

kmuizfaift bhp iptlahtio tbht tbi alflaya hffyhc m~izhtlfk la~h`t emz Mfthzlm mf hf

mfkmlfk jhplp {lcc zhfki ezma /:: alcclmf tm /:5 alcclmf ht ahtyzlt|# jyt tblp iptlahti `myco ji

ay`b blkbiz hfo {i {lcc zityzf tm tblp chtiz lf tbi `bh~tiz& _bi Phei Ptziitp hfo @maayfltlip

H`t emccm{p hfmtbiz eioizhc `zlai lfltlhtlui# tbi _zytb lf Piftif`lfk H`t# ~hppio lf M`tmjiz

:>><# {bl`b `mfthlfio piuizhc `bhfkip lf`cyolfk ifolfk t{m!emz!mfi `ziolt emz tlai pizuio&

Jmtb me tbipi hzi ir~i`tio tm bhui elp`hc la~cl`htlmfp emz Mfthzlm“p gyptlì p|ptia& Lf`zihpio

lf`hzìzhtlmf zhtip hfo amzi tzlhcp lf Mfthzlm“p `zlalfhc gyptlì p|ptia {lcc zipyct ezma

tbipi jlccp&




098

^yjcl` Ir~i`thtlmfp7 _bizi hzi lf`zihplfk ir~i`thtlmfp ezma tbi ~yjcl` emz gyptlì!zichtio

pizulìp hfo emz hppyzhfì tbht ~yjcl` pheit| ziahlfp h di| `mfploizhtlmf emz tbi kmuizfaift&

Lf _mzmftm# tbizi hzi lf`zihplfk zhtip me ìzthlf ulmcift `zlai& Hp h zipyct# tbi ~yjcl` ah| fmt

~izìlui tbht tbi `zlai zhti lp# lf eh`t# oi`zihplfk& @zlalfhc lfuiptlkhtlmfp "i&k&# mzkhflwio

`zlai# khfkp hfo Lftizfit `zlai, hzi lf`zihplfkc| `ma~cir hfo zixylzi plkflel`hft zipmyzìp&

_bizi bhp hcpm jiif h plkflel`hft lf`zihpi lf ehalc| `myzt {mzdcmho oyi tm lf`zihpio `blco

~zmti`tlmf lfltlhtluip& Hp {icc# ~yjcl` em`yp mf iaizkif`| ahfhkiaift bhp lf`zihpio oyi

tm `hthptzm~bl` iuiftp "py`b hp <!88,&

_bi p~ifolfk zioy`tlmf thzkitp ~zm~mpio lf @bh~tiz 8# _bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc H`tlmf# tm

kit Mfthzlm jh`d tm jhchfì j| :>8;‐82# `cihzc| lccyptzhti tbht tbi pi`tmz {lcc fiio tm tzhfpemza

ltp pizulì oicluiz| hfo elfo ieel`lif`lip tm aiit ltp p~ifolfk thzkitp# {blci hcpm ifpyzlfk ~yjcl`

`mfeloifì lf tbi p|ptia hfo aiitlfk tbi `zlalfhc gyptlì p|ptia“p pthfohzop& Piuizhc me tbi

@maalpplmf“p zi`maaifohtlmfp pbmyco hpplpt tbi pi`tmz lf zih`blfk tbmpi mjgi`tluip&

@maalpplmf ^zlf`l~cip hfo Kmhcp emz tbi Gyptlì Pi`tmz

Iuloifì!Jhpio Ohth @mcci`tlmf

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!87 La~zmui iuloifì!jhpio ohth `mcci`tlmf lf tbi gyptlì pi`tmz tm

h`bliui jittiz myt`maip lf pi`tmz ~zmkzhap&

_m py~~mzt iuloifì!jhpio oi`lplmf!ahdlfk# tbi pi`tmz fiiop tm la~zmui ltp `mcci`tlmf me

pthfohzolwio ohth tbht `hf ji ypio tm iuhcyhti {bitbiz ~mcl`lip hfo ~zmkzhap hzi aiitlfk

tbilz lftifoio mjgi`tluip# hfo bm{ ieel`liftc|& _bi Gyptlì Mf _hzkit "GM_, ~zmkzha# {bl`b

ypip irlptlfk `myzt h`tlult| ohth# lp hf irha~ci me h ~zmulf`lhc ~zmkzha yplfk iuloifì!jhpioohth tm h`bliui jittiz myt`maip& Oi`lplmf!ahdlfk hfo hfhc|tl`hc tmmcp "i&k&# ohpbjmhzop,

bhui jiif oiuicm~io tm bic~ oi`lplmf!ahdizp aihpyzi py`ìpp&



09:

Hf irha~ci me {bizi tbi Mfthzlm jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz "J^P, `hf la~zmui ltp iuloifì!jhpio

ohth `mcci`tlmf lp tbzmykb tbi ayfl`l~hc `mptlfk me `myzt pi`yzlt| hfo meeifoiz tzhfp~mzthtlmf

~zmkzhap& Hp ~hzt me tbi ÂEPOZ hkziiaift# tblp |ihz tbi ~zmulfì lp p`bioycio tm jiklf

tbi ~bhpio y~cmho me y~ tm /8:9 alcclmf hffyhcc| ht ahtyzlt| tm ayfl`l~hcltlip emz `myzt pi`yzlt|

hfo meeifoiz tzhfp~mzthtlmf `mptp& Bm{iuiz# filtbiz tbi ~zmulfì fmz tbi ayfl`l~hcltlip bhui

`zihtio h pthfohzolwio lfuiftmz| me {bht pbmyco ji lf`cyoio lf ayfl`l~hc `mptp emz `myzt

pi`yzlt| hfo meeifoiz tzhfp~mzthtlmf& _bi ~zmulfì {lcc olptzljyti eyfolfk tm ayfl`l~hcltlip

jhpio mf hf ir~ifoltyzi!jhpio amoic ezma ayfl`l~hcc| pice!zi~mztio ohth&8 Emz irha~ci# le h

ayfl`l~hclt| zi~mztp lt bhp 8> ~iz ìft me tbi ~zmulf`lhc `mptp emz `myzt pi`yzlt|# lt {lcc ziìlui

8> ~iz ìft me tbi huhlchjci eyfolfk& Pthfohzolwlfk `mpt ohth emz ayfl`l~hc `myzt pi`yzlt| hfo

~zlpmfiz tzhfp~mzthtlmf ~zmkzhap {lcc ciho tm h amzi ixylthjci olptzljytlmf me ~zmulf`lhc eyfolfk

tm ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo la~zmuio myt`maip emz tbi pi`tmz&

_bi pi`tmz pbmyco loiftle| hzihp {bizi pthfohzolwlfk ohth hfo la~zmulfk ohth `mcci`tlmf {lcc

hpplpt tbi iuhcyhtlmf hfo hfhc|plp me ~mcl`| hfo pizulì oicluiz| hfo tbif `maaifì omlfk pm&

Mtbiz hzihp lf {bl`b la~zmulfk iuloifì!jhpio ohth `mcci`tlmf `myco bic~ tbi pi`tmz lf`cyoi7

@mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp oicluiz| amoicp# lf`cyolfk ~zluhti hctizfhtlui pizulì oicluiz|4

Mfthzlm“p ~mcl`lfk pizulìp amoic4

Mfthzlm“p ~yjcl` pheit| tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap# lf`cyolfk jyt fmt claltio tm ~mclì# elzi hfo

iaizkif`| aiol`hc pizulìp "IAP,4

La~h`t me eioizhc ciklpchtlmf mf tbi Mfthzlm gyptlì pi`tmz4

[mzdlfk {ltb tbi gyol`lhz| hfo pthdibmcoizp tm la~zmui ohth `mcci`tlmf4 Jylcolfk h fi{ lftikzhtio `myzt!`hpi tzh`dlfk p|ptia tbht {lcc hytmahti ohth iftz| hfo

py~~mzt tbi `mcci`tlmf me amzi oithlcio ohth "i&k&# t|~ip me amtlmfp,4 hfo

Emz ehalc| aiolhtlmf hfo lfemzahtlmf pizulìp# pthfohzolwio ohth `mcci`tlmf `hf bic~

oitizalfi tbi ieei`tluifipp me pizulìp hfo tbi p~iio ht {bl`b `hpip hzi zipmcuio& Ziìft

oiuicm~aiftp lf`cyoi tbi oiuicm~aift hfo ypi me h fi{ ohthjhpi tm tzh`d fmf!loiftle|lfk

lfemzahtlmf hjmyt `cliftp lf`cyolfk lf`mai# lppyip# zieizzhc pmyzìp hfo pittciaift zhtip&

Eytyzi la~zmuiaiftp {lcc lf`cyoi clfdlfk me fmf!`myzt aiolhtlmf hfo lfemzahtlmf h`tlult|

{ltb `myzt!`hpi h`tlult| tm lccyalfhti tbi clfdhki jit{iif ypi me pizulìp hfo `myzt h`tlult|&

8 –HAM mcl`| Y~ohti#‑ Oi`& 89# :>88& _bi y~cmho uhcyi emz ih`b ayfl`l~hclt| lp jhpio mf ltp zichtlui pbhzi me tbi tmthc :>8> ayfl`l~hc

`mptp& Hcc ayfl`l~hcltlip# zikhzocipp me {bitbiz tbi| bmptio h myzt# {izi hpdio tm ltialwi tbilz :>>2 hfo :>8> myzt pi`yzlt| hfo ~zlpmfiz

tzhfp~mzthtlmf ir~ifpip& Lf M^^!~mclìo `maayfltlip# tbi M^^ ~zmuloio tbipi iptlahtip&




090

@mftlfymyp la~zmuiaift me pthfohzolwio ohth {lcc h`bliui jittiz myt`maip# hfo lf tyzf {lcc

`zihti jittiz ohth emz eyztbiz iuhcyhtlmf hfo ~zmkzipp& \it# tm h`bliui jittiz myt`maip emz

tbi pi`tmz# lt {lcc ji la~mzthft emz uhzlmyp lfptltytlmfp tm {mzd `mcchjmzhtluic|& _blp {lcc lf`cyoi

eyztbiz pthfohzolwhtlmf me ohth h`zmpp tbi eioizhc# ~zmulf`lhc hfo ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaiftp#

hfo tbi `myzt hfo `mzzi`tlmfhc p|ptia {mzdlfk tmkitbiz tm{hzop pbhzio myt`maip&

_zhfpemzahtlmfhc M~tlmfp tm Hoozipp Elp`hc @bhccifkip

Ciholfk tzhfpemzahtlmfhc `bhfki hfo hctizlfk tbi `yctyzi lf Mfthzlm“p gyptlì p|ptia ~zipiftp

h yflxyi pit me `bhccifkip& Mfthzlm“p gyptlì p|ptia lp jhpio mf hf houizphzlhc amoic& _bi

gyptlì p|ptia lp m~izhtlmfhcc| lftizoi~ifoift# |it ahf| me tbi di| ~ch|izp bhui lfoi~ifoift

oi`lplmf!ahdlfk ~m{izp tbht hzi kyhzhftiio j| tbi @hfholhf @mfptltytlmf& _bipi hzi

emyfohtlmfhc ~zlf`l~cip tbht aypt ji zip~i`tio hfo ~zmti`tio& _bipi phai ~zlf`l~cip aihf

tbht p|ptial` `bhfki `hffmt ji cio j| h plfkci kzmy~& Lfoiio# hcc aiajizp me tbi gyptlì

`maayflt| aypt `mcci`tluic| hfo `mcchjmzhtluic| ciho ziptzhlft ieemztp hfo tzhfpemzahtlmfhc

ziemzap {ltblf Mfthzlm“p gyptlì p|ptia&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!:7 Lf`zihpi ypi me tbi Gyptlì Mf _hzkit ~zmkzha tm hpplpt {ltb tbi

zioy`tlmf me `yptmo| ziahfo# hfo la~ciaift iuloifì!jhpio h~~zmh`bip tm lf`zihpi

ieel`lif`| lf tbi elico me ehalc| ch{ hfo ehalc| `myztp&

Zioy`tlmf me @yptmo| Ziahfo

@yptmo| ziahfo lf Mfthzlm lp lf`zihplfk hfo pm hzi tbi hppm`lhtio `mptp& Lf :>><‐8># tbi

ohlc| huizhki `myft me ziahfoio lfoluloyhcp lf Mfthzlm“p `mzzi`tlmfhc eh`lcltlip {hp hjmyt

9#;>> hfo tbi| h``myftio emz 5; ~iz ìft me tbi tmthc `yptmolhc ~m~ychtlmf& Ezma :>>>‐>8

tm :>><‐8># tbi fyajiz me ~im~ci lf ziahfo lf`zihpio j| 99 ~iz ìft&: H``mzolfk tm A@P@P#

tbi ~iz olia `mpt me lf`hzìzhtlfk hf hoyct lp hjmyt /820 hp m~~mpio tm hjmyt /9 ~iz oh|

lf `maayflt| py~izulplmf& _bi aiolhf fyajiz me oh|p p~ift lf ziahfo j| hoyctp lf Mfthzlm

{hp ilkbt lf :>>2‐><4 hctbmykb tblp elkyzi bhp fmt `bhfkio plfì 8<<<‐:>>># lt lp tbi

tblzo!blkbipt fyajiz hamfk tbi ~zmulfìp hfo tizzltmzlip mf zi`mzo&0

Kluif tbi ~zmgi`tio hffyhc ir~ifoltyzip emz tblp pi`tmz# Mfthzlm aypt hoozipp tbi tzifo me

lf`zihplfk `yptmo| ziahfo hfo tbi hooltlmfhc `mptp hppm`lhtio {ltb tblp tzifo le tbi ~zmulfì

lp tm jhchfì ltp jyokit j| :>8;‐82&

: C& mztiz hfo O& @hcuizci|# –_zifop lf tbi Ypi me Ziahfo lf @hfhoh#‑ :>88# Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh# @hfholhf @iftzi emz Gyptlì Pthtlptl`p&0 Ljlo&



09?

_bi A@P@P fiiop tm {mzd lf thfoia {ltb AHK tm hoozipp tbi kzm{lfk `bhccifki me

lf`zihpio `yptmo| ziahfo& _bi @maalpplmf zi`mkflwip tbht tbi GM_ ~zmkzha# chyf`bio j|

AHK lf Gyfi :>>2# lp mfi lfltlhtlui tbht lp {mzdlfk tm{hzop tblp mjgi`tlui& Gyptlì Mf _hzkit“p

ptzhtik| lp tm amui `hpip tbzmykb tbi `zlalfhc gyptlì p|ptia amzi ieei`tluic|# {ltb hf mzlklfhc

kmhc me zioy`lfk j| 0> ~iz ìft tbi huizhki fyajiz me h~~ihzhfìp hfo oh|p zixylzio tm

`ma~citi h `zlalfhc `hpi& Emz lfpthfì# GM_ cm`hc hfo ziklmfhc cihoizpbl~ tihap bhui

la~ciaiftio ifbhfìo uloim `mfeizif`lfk# yplfk irlptlfk ixyl~aift# tm ~izemza uloim ~cihp#

mz p`bioycio ~zluhti hfo pi`yzi `mfpycthtlmfp jit{iif oieifì `myfpic hfo lf!`yptmo|

h``ypio# tm zioyì tbi fyajiz me h~~ihzhfìp hfo tlai lf jit{iif h~~ihzhfìp& _bi

~zmkzha bhp fmt ait tbi kmhc me 0> ~iz ìft zioy`tlmf# jyt `zlalfhc `myzt pthtlptl`p ezma Gyc|

:>8> tm Gyfi :>88 oiamfptzhti tbht Mfthzlm bhp ziuizpio tbi tzifo lf `zlalfhc `myzt oich|&

_bi huizhki fyajiz me h~~ihzhfìp fiioio tm `ma~citi h `zlalfhc `bhzki ~zmulfì{loi bhp

ehccif amzi tbhf piuif ~iz ìft plfì ltp mytpit& Muiz 05>#>>> `myzt h~~ihzhfìp bhui jiif

iclalfhtio plfì lfì~tlmf& ^ziulmyp tm tblp zioy`tlmf# tbi fyajiz me h~~ihzhfìp fiioio tm

`ma~citi h `zlalfhc `bhzki lf`zihpio emz fihzc| :> |ihzp& _blp ptzhtik| bhp tbi ~mtiftlhc tmzioyì tbi fyajiz me lfahtip mf ziahfo lf lfptltytlmfp hp `zlalfhc `hpip amui tbzmykb tbi

p|ptia ehptiz hfo {ltb ei{iz h~~ihzhfìp& _m ohti# tbi ~zmulfì bhp jiif yfhjci tm xyhftle|

tbi la~h`t me GM_ mf tbi ziahfo ~m~ychtlmf&

Yplfk Iuloifì!Jhpio H~~zmh`bip tm Lf`zihpi Ieel`lif`| lf Ehalc| Ch{ hfo Ehalc| @myztp

_bi :>8> Zi~mzt me tbi Mfthzlm @lulc Cikhc Fiiop ^zmgi`t emyfo tbht tbi jzihdom{f me h ehalc|

zichtlmfpbl~ lp h ahgmz yfoizc|lfk zihpmf {b| cm{!lf`mai Mfthzlhfp if`myftiz ayctl~ci `lulc

cikhc ~zmjciap&? _blp ~bifmaifmf metif cihop tm kzihtiz oiahfop mf tbi gyptlì p|ptia hfo

mtbiz pm`lhc {icehzi ~zmkzhap# py`b hp bmyplfk# cikhc hlo# {icehzi# hfo ~b|pl`hc hfo aifthc

bihctb ~zmkzhap& Lf tbi :>>2 Mfthzlm –Zi~mzt me tbi Cikhc Hlo Ziuli{#‑ jhpio mf zipihz`b

ezma @hfhoh hfo tbi Yfltio Dlfkoma# lt {hp emyfo tbht ihzc| lftizuiftlmf lf `lulc cikhc

~zmjciap lp `mpt!ieei`tlui ezma h jzmhoiz elp`hc ~izp~i`tlui lf tbht lt `hf ~ziuift tbi

m``yzzifì me ayctl~ci cikhc ~zmjciap hfo mtbiz bihctb hfo pm`lhc lppyip lf tbi eytyzi&9

? –Clptiflfk tm Mfthzlhfp7 Zi~mzt me tbi Mfthzlm @lulc Cikhc Fiiop zmgi`t#‑ _bi Mfthzlm @lulc Cikhc Fiiop zmgi`t Ptiizlfk @maalttii#

:>8># om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&cpy`&mf&`h-aiolh-ah|088>]m cfzi~mzt]elfhc&~oe&9 Al`bhic _zijlc`m`d# –Zi~mzt me tbi Cikhc Hlo Ziuli{ :>>2#‑ Mfthzlm Alflptz| me tbi Httmzfi| Kifizhc#

om{fcmhoio ezma mfclfi7 btt~7--{{{&httmzfi|kifizhc&gyp&kmu&mf&`h-ifkclpb-hjmyt-~yjp-tzijlc`m`d-cikhc]hlo]zi~mzt]:>>2]IF&~oe&




099

Jylcolfk mf tbi ~zmkzipp me tbi GM_ ~zmkzha lf Mfthzlm“p `zlalfhc gyptlì `myztp# AHK pbmyco

la~ciaift tbi ~zlf`l~cip me tbi ~zmkzha tm ehalc| ch{ hfo ehalc| `myztp& [mzdlfk {ltb gyptlì

~hztl`l~hftp h`zmpp tbi pi`tmz# tbi em`yp pbmyco ji tm ziamui cipp `mftiftlmyp ehalc| olp~ytip

ezma tbi `myzt zipmcytlmf ptziha# hfo oluizt tbia tm fmf!`myzt hctizfhtluip "aiolhtlmf#

lfemzahtlmf pizulìp,& _blp jylcop mf tbi ~ziulmyp lfltlhtlui tbht ir~hfoio ehalc| aiolhtlmf hfo

lfemzahtlmf pizulìp tm hcc `myztp lf tbi pyaaiz me :>88& Ir~hfplmf me ehalc| aiolhtlmf {myco

bic~ ehalclip humlo tbi `myztzmma j| ~zmulolfk ehptiz# amzi heemzohjci# myt!me!`myzt zipmcytlmfp&

Aifthc Bihctb Oluizplmf ^zmkzhap

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!07 Ir~hfo oluizplmf ~zmkzhap emz cm{!zlpd# fmf!ulmcift meeifoizp {ltb

aifthc lccfipp hp hf hctizfhtlui tm lf`hzìzhtlmf&

_bi pi`tmz pbmyco la~ciaift hooltlmfhc aifthc bihctb oluizplmf ~zmkzhap tm oluizt cm{!zlpd#

fmf!ulmcift meeifoizp {ltb aifthc lccfipp h{h| ezma lf`hzìzhtlmf hfo lftm tbi aifthc bihctb

tzihtaift p|ptia& Lf :>8>‐88# A@P@P iptlahtio tbht 8< ~iz ìft me ziahfoio lfahtip lf

tbi Mfthzlm `mzzi`tlmfhc p|ptia zixylzio pmai emza me `clfl`hc lftizuiftlmf emz aifthc bihctb

lppyip# hfo# muiz tbi chpt oi`hoi# tbi fyajiz me h``ypio {ltb aifthc bihctb hciztp ziahfoio

tm ~zmulf`lhc `yptmo| lf`zihpio j| 5< ~iz ìft& _blp {myco bic~ tbmpi {ltb h aifthc lccfipp

"{bm `maalt alfmz# cm{!zlpd meeifìp hfo `mai lftm `mfecl`t {ltb tbi ch{, ziìlui h~~zm~zlhti

py~~mzt mytploi tbi `zlalfhc gyptlì p|ptia& _bi pi`tmz {lcc fiio tm hppipp tbi la~h`t me tbipi

lfltlhtluip mf mtbiz alflptzlip# lf`cyolfk tbi Alflptz| me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi& _bi pi`tmz

pbmyco hcpm `mcchjmzhti {ltb tbi Alflptz| me @blcozif hfo \mytb Pizulìp "A@\P, mf |mytb

`yptmo|& _bi A@\P lp yfoizthdlfk h fiiop hppippaift me kmuizfaift!m{fio# |mytb!gyptlì#

pi`yzi!`yptmo| eh`lcltlip h`zmpp tbi ~zmulfì tm oitizalfi tbilz hjlclt| tm aiit tbi yflxyi~zmkzhaalfk fiiop me |mytb lf `mfecl`t {ltb tbi ch{& _bi pi`tmz# {ltb A@\P# pbmyco ifpyzi

tbht pizulìp emz |mytb hzi hclkfio {ltb tbi ~zlf`l~cip hfo ~zmulplmfp me tbi \mytb @zlalfhc

Gyptlì H`t hfo `mftzljyti tm `maayflt| pheit| j| em`yplfk mf ~ziuiftlmf# oluizplmf hfo

zibhjlclthtlmf# hfo hoozipplfk tbi yfoizc|lfk `hypip me |mytb `zlai&

Ziuli{ me @mzi Zip~mfpljlcltlip emz ^mclì

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!?7 Ziuli{ tbi `mzi zip~mfpljlcltlip me ~mclì tm iclalfhti tbilz ypi

emz fmf!`mzi oytlip& _blp ziuli{ {myco lf`cyoi hf irhalfhtlmf me hctizfhtlui amoicp me ~mclì

pizulì oicluiz|& @zltizlh emz tbi ziuli{ {myco lf`cyoi oitizalflfk tbi zichtlui `mptp me tbiuhzlmyp pi`yzlt| ~zmuloizp hfo hf iuhcyhtlmf me tbilz zip~i`tlui `ma~hzhtlui houhfthkip&



095

Ahf| eh`tmzp bhui `mftzljytio tm tbi zlplfk `mpt me ~mcl`lfk# lf`cyolfk ti`bfmcmk| hfo

lf`zihplfk chjmyz `mptp4 tbi `bhfklfk fhtyzi-`ma~cirlt| me `zlai hfo tbi `ma~cirlt| me tbi

`zlalfhc gyptlì p|ptia4 hfo eioizhc ciklpchtlui `bhfkip& Ht tbi phai tlai# ~yjcl` ir~i`thtlmfp#

oiamkzh~bl` `bhfki hfo ifulzmfaifthc eh`tmzp lfecyifì ~mcl`lfk& ^mcl`lfk lp hf ippiftlhc

pizulì emz tbi ahlftifhfì me ~yjcl` pheit| hfo lp hcpm mfi me tbi ehptipt!kzm{lfk hzihp me

~yjcl` ir~ifoltyzip lf @hfhoh& Pthdibmcoizp py`b hp tbi Mfthzlm Hppm`lhtlmf me @bliep me

^mclì# Mfthzlm Hppm`lhtlmf me ^mclì Pizulìp Jmhzop hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip bhui umlìo `mfìzfp

muiz zlplfk ~mcl`lfk `mptp hfo tbi zlpd tbht tblp ~mpip tm tbi ~zmulplmf me ~mclì pizulìp lf

tbi eytyzi&

_bi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop tbht tbi ~zmulfì ziuli{ hfo oielfi tbi `mzi zip~mfpljlcltlip

emz ~mcl`lfk pizulìp tm iclalfhti ypi me ~mclì meelìzp emz fmf!`mzi ~mcl`lfk oytlip& Lfptiho#

hctizfhtlui amoicp me pizulì oicluiz| `hf ji ypio tbht {myco zipyct lf la~zmuio elp`hc

pypthlfhjlclt| emz ~mclì pizulìp tbzmykbmyt Mfthzlm& Hctizfhtlui amoicp me ~mclì pizulì

oicluiz| `myco lf`cyoi lf`zihplfk ypi me ~zluhti pi`yzlt| hfo ir~hfolfk tbi zmci me p~i`lhc`mfpthjcip# lf `lz`yapthfìp oiiaio h~~zm~zlhti& _bi ziuli{ pbmyco irhalfi h zhfki me

hctizfhtlui amoicp me ~mclì pizulì oicluiz|# oitizalfi tbi zichtlui `mptp me tbi uhzlmyp

pi`yzlt| ~zmuloizp emz pizulì oicluiz| hfo iuhcyhti tbilz zip~i`tlui houhfthkip&

Hctizfhtlui Pizulì Oicluiz| emz Fmf!@mzi Pizulìp lf @mzzi`tlmfp

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!97 Ypi hctizfhtlui pizulì oicluiz| emz tbi oicluiz| me fmf!`mzi pizulìp

{ltblf `mzzi`tlmfhc eh`lcltlip# {bizi lt lp eihpljci&

Yplfk hctizfhtlui pizulì oicluiz| emz fmf!`mzi pizulìp {myco bic~ tm jifo om{f tbi `mpt

`yzui {ltblf tbi pi`tmz j| thdlfk houhfthki me tbi ~mtiftlhc emz `mpt phulfkp hfo ieel`lif`lip

hfo tbi hjlclt| tm ypi tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz& @yzziftc|# A@P@P ~zmuloip h fyajiz me pizulìp

yfoiz tbi ~yzuli{ me `mzzi`tlmfp tbht hzi fmt fiìpphzlc| `mzi `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulì jyplfipp

eyf`tlmfp# py`b hp lfahti tzhfp~mzthtlmf hfo `maayflt| ip`mztp# lfahti bihctb `hzi# emmo

pizulìp hfo chyfoz| pizulìp& Ypi me hctizfhtlui pizulì oicluiz| hzzhfkiaiftp {myco ifhjci

A@P@P tm em`yp mf tbi oicluiz| me `mzi `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp jyplfipp eyf`tlmfp# py`b hp

tbi pheit| hfo pi`yzlt| me lfptltytlmfp hfo py~izulplmf me meeifoizp lf tbi `maayflt|& _bi

@maalpplmf fmtip# bm{iuiz# tbht tblp {myco bhui tm ji irhalfio mf h `hpi!j|!`hpi jhplp

ji`hypi tbizi lp h blkb ~zmjhjlclt| tbht la~ciaifthtlmf me tblp zi`maaifohtlmf {myco zixylzi

y~ezmft lfuiptaift `h~lthc tm ~zmoyì tbi zixylplti phulfkp emz tbi pi`tmz muiz tbi cmfkiz tiza&

Eh`lclthtlfk Umcyfthz| Amuiaift tm{hzop Ayfl`l~hc @iftzhclwio Jhzkhlflfk emz ^mclì hfo Elzi

Lf @bh~tiz 89# Chjmyz Zichtlmfp hfo @ma~ifphtlmf# {i zi`maaifo tbht tbi ~zmulfì eh`lclthti

h umcyfthz| amuiaift tm ìftzhclwio jhzkhlflfk# emz ayfl`l~hcltlip# ~hztl`ychzc| lf zichtlmf tm

~mclì hfo elzielkbtlfk jhzkhlflfk& ^cihpi zieiz tm tbht `bh~tiz emz h amzi `ma~citi olp`ypplmf

me tblp zi`maaifohtlmf&



092

_bi ziahlflfk :0 hogyol`htlui tzljyfhcp `myco ji `cyptizio hzmyfo tbiaip me bihctb#

`maayflt| hfo `mfpyaiz pheit|# hkzl`yctyzi# `maaizì hfo chjmyz& Pizulì la~zmuiaiftp

hfo `mpt ieel`lif`lip ah| ji emyfo tbzmykb `mfpmclohtlmf me hoalflptzhtlui eyf`tlmfp# `m!

cm`htlmf me meelìp hfo ~zmìoyzhc la~zmuiaiftp& _bi cippmfp cihzfio j| AHK tbzmykb ltp

`cyptizlfk ieemztp emz hogyol`htlui tzljyfhcp {myco ~zmuloi lfplkbt hfo ptzhtiklip emz eyztbiz

ptzifktbiflfk hkif`| h``myfthjlclt|# ieel`lif`| hfo muizplkbt tbzmykbmyt tbi M^P&

Lftikzhtlmf hfo @mfpmclohtlmf M~~mztyfltlip emz ^yjcl` Pheit| _zhlflfk

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!;7 Irhalfi lftikzhtlmf m~~mztyfltlip hfo `mfpmclohti {bizi ~mppljci

~yjcl` pheit| tzhlflfk lf ~mcl`lfk# elzi pizulìp hfo `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp# {bl`b hzi `yzziftc|

oicluizio lfoluloyhcc| tbzmykb tbilz zip~i`tlui `mccikip&

@mfpmclohtlmf m~tlmfp `myco hcpm irhalfi tbi ypi me hctizfhtlui pizulì oicluiz| amoicp

lf oicluizlfk tzhlflfk "i&k&# lf`zihpio ypi me i!cihzflfk, hfo ~hztfizpbl~p {ltb `maayflt|

`mccikip tm ~zmuloi tzhlflfk& _bi emccm{lfk `bhzt ~zmuloip pmai me tbi jyplfipp amoicptbht `hf ji irhalfio emz oicluiz| me ~yjcl` pheit| tzhlflfk7

_HJCI 8?&: Jyplfipp Amoicp emz Oicluiz| me ^yjcl` Pheit| _zhlflfk

Jyplfipp Amoicp Oip`zl~tlmf

^zluhtlwhtlmf

"Oluipt Eyf`tlmfp,

Eycc tzhfpeiz me ~yjcl` pheit| tzhlflfk oicluiz| tm h ~zluhti m~izhtmz"p,

Hkif`|

"Oluipt Eyf`tlmfp,

_zhfpltlmf me ~yjcl` pheit| tzhlflfk oicluiz| tm h `chpplelio m~izhtlmfhc iftiz~zlpihkif`|

^yjcl` ^zluhti ^hztfizpbl~"Hctizfhti Elfhf`lfk,

_zhfpeiz me pmai tzhlflfk oicluiz| tm h ~zluhti m~izhtmz

Ahrlalwi ieel`lif`lip

"Amoizflwhtlmf me Pthtyp Xym,

_bi alflptz| zithlfp zip~mfpljlclt| emz tzhlflfk oicluiz| {ltb h em`yp mf `h~lthclwlfkmf m~~mztyfltlip emz ieel`lif`lip hfo ziuifyi ptzihap




09<

Hfhc|plp {lcc ji fiioio tm oitizalfi tbi p~i`lel` ieel`lif`lip hppm`lhtio {ltb ih`b jyplfipp

amoic loiftlelio& H fi{ jyplfipp amoic emz oicluiz| me ~yjcl` pheit| tzhlflfk `myco7

Lf`zihpi ieel`lif`lip zipyctlfk lf m~~mztyfltlip emz ~zlahz| pthdibmcoizp tm kyloi mz

`mftzljyti tm ptzhtiklip tbht py~~mzt tzhlflfk oicluiz| tbzmykb ieei`tlui kmuizfhfì4

hfo zioielfi zmcip lf h ahffiz tbht py~~mztp h em`yp mf tbi `mzi jyplfipp4

@mftzljyti tm elp`hc phulfkp tm ~mtiftlhcc| zioyì eyfolfk hfo zioi~cm| chjmyz4

Lf`zihpi hfo oluizple| ziuifyi ptzihap# tbizij| `mftzljytlfk tm ifbhfìo hfo elfhf`lhcc|

pice!pyeel`lift tzhlflfk4 hfo

Oi~ifolfk mf tbi ~zieizzio amoic# tbizi ah| ji m~~mztyfltlip tm lf`zihpi tbi ziuifyi

ptzihap hfo ziolzi`t omcchzp kifizhtio tm py~~mzt mfkmlfk tzhlflfk oicluiz| emz elfhf`lhc

pice!pyeel`lif`|&

@h~lthc Lfezhptzy`tyzi

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!27 Bhui tbi gyptlì pi`tmz `mftlfyi tm {mzd {ltb Lfezhptzy`tyzi Mfthzlm

tm ypi hctizfhtlui elfhf`lfk hfo ~zm`yziaift tm hpplpt lf zi~ciflpblfk ltp `h~lthc lfezhptzy`tyzi&

Ay`b me tbi lfezhptzy`tyzi lf tblp pi`tmz lp ohtio& Emz irha~ci# muiz ;> ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm

`myztbmypip hzi muiz ?> |ihzp mco# hfo muiz 2> ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm“p `mzzi`tlmfhc eh`lcltlip

hzi muiz 0> |ihzp mco# lf`cyolfk :8 ~iz ìft tbht hzi amzi tbhf 8>> |ihzp mco& _m hoozipp

tbi lppyi me hklfk gyptlì lfezhptzy`tyzi# tbi pi`tmz pbmyco `mftlfyi tm {mzd {ltb Lfezhptzy`tyzi

Mfthzlm "LM, tm ypi hctizfhtlui elfhf`lfk hfo ~zm`yziaift "HE^, amoicp tbht jittiz hppipp tbi

zlpd hfo uhcyi emz amfi| me `h~lthc ~zmgi`tp& _bi pi`tmz pbmyco hcpm iuhcyhti tbi ~izemzahfì

me `ma~citio HE^ ~zmgi`tp tm hppipp le uhcyi emz amfi| {hp h`bliuio hp lftifoio hfo tm

loiftle| ~mtiftlhc la~zmuiaiftp tm tbi HE^ amoic emz eytyzi ~zmgi`tp&

Mfi me tbi di| zixylziaiftp emz ~zmgi`tp tbht hzi oicluizio yplfk tbi HE^ aitbmo uizpyp

tzholtlmfhc elfhf`lfk lp tbht LM ifpyzip tbht tbi ~zmgi`t {myco ~zmuloi uhcyi emz amfi|&

Le LM oitizalfip tbht uhcyi emz amfi| {myco fmt ji h`bliuio emz h ~zmgi`t yplfk tbi HE^

amoic# h tzholtlmfhc ~zm`yziaift amoic {myco ji ehumyzio& Phulfkp h`bliuio `hf oleeiz ezma

~zmgi`t tm ~zmgi`t hp uhcyi!emz!amfi| hfhc|plp lp `mfoy`tio emz ih`b ~zmgi`t& Bm{iuiz# amzi

metif# HE^p h`bliui phulfkp ji`hypi ìzthlf ~zmgi`t zlpdp hzi tzhfpeizzio tm tbi ~zluhti!pi`tmz

h`tmzp tbht bhui tbi ir~iztlpi lf `mfptzy`tlmf# ~zmgi`t hfo `mftzh`t ahfhkiaift tm ji hjci tmjittiz altlkhti tbmpi zlpdp& Zlpdp lf`cyoi `mfptzy`tlmf ~zlì yfìzthlft|# ~zmgi`t oich|p hfo

eh`lcltlip ahlftifhfì zlpd&



05>

_bi pi`tmz pbmyco `mcchjmzhti amzi ieei`tluic| tm la~zmui hppit ahfhkiaift hfo ir~cmzi

m~tlmfp tm jittiz `mfpmclohti irlptlfk hppitp hfo m~tlmfp tm `mcchjmzhti mf eytyzi HE^ ~zmgi`tp&

Emz irha~ci# tbi pi`tmz pbmyco ir~cmzi m~tlmfp me pbhzio eh`lcltlip tm zioyì `mfptzy`tlmf hfo

m~izhtlfk `mptp&

_bi pi`tmz aypt hfp{iz mfi xyiptlmf tm aiit ltp y~`malfk elp`hc `bhccifkip7 {lcc tbi irlptlfk

lfezhptzy`tyzi emmt~zlft ji pypthlfhjci lf tbi aiolya hfo cmfk tiza= _mykb oi`lplmfp {lcc fiio

tm ji ahoi zikhzolfk tbi ~mtiftlhc emz `mfpmclohtlmf hfo iuif tbi `cmpyzi me pmai hklfk hfo

yfoizytlclwio eh`lcltlip& H `ma~zibifplui ~chf lp fiioio& Hooltlmfhcc|# tbi xyiptlmfhjci irlptlfk

lfezhptzy`tyzi lp mfi zihpmf {b| blkbiz lf`hzìzhtlmf zhtip alkbt zixylzi hjmyt /8 jlcclmf lf

fi{ lfezhptzy`tyzi& Jzmhoiz olp`ypplmf me Mfthzlm“p lfezhptzy`tyzi `bhccifki lp `h~tyzio lf

@bh~tiz 8:# Lfezhptzy`tyzi# Zihc Ipthti hfo Ici`tzl`lt|# hfo @bh~tiz 8<# Clhjlclt| Ahfhkiaift&

Eioizhc Kmuizfaift

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!<7 La~zmui `m!mzolfhtlmf jit{iif eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp

lf hzihp py`b hp gyptlì ~mcl`| hfo ciklpchtlmf# ch{ ifemzìaift hfo `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp&

_bizi fiiop tm ji jittiz `chzlt| hfo hkziiaift mf tbi zmcip hfo zip~mfpljlcltlip me ih`b me

tbi eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc ciuicp me kmuizfaift& ^hztl`ychz httiftlmf pbmyco ji ~hlo tm jittiz

iptlahtlfk tbi la~h`t me eioizhc ciklpchtlmf mf tbi pi`tmz& Emz irha~ci# ziìft jlccp py`b hp

tbi _zytb lf Piftif`lfk H`t {lcc zipyct lf hooltlmfhc elp`hc ~zippyzip&

Zip~mfpljlclt| emz tbi @zlalfhc @moi ziptp {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift {blci zip~mfpljlclt|

emz la~ciaifthtlmf clip ahlfc| {ltb tbi ~zmulfìp& Ziìft `zlai ciklpchtlmf {lcc ~chì eyztbiz

oiahfop mf tbi ~zmulf`lhc `myzt hfo `mzzi`tlmfp p|ptiap# mfc| hoolfk tm tbi elp`hc jyzoif me

tbi ~zmulfìp hp tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp fmt |it zi`mkflwio mz hoozippio tbi hooltlmfhc

`mpt& _bi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift bhp ~zmgi`tio Mfthzlm“p ohlc| lfahti `myft tm lf`zihpi j|

8#:59 tm 8#90> lfahtip lf :>89‐85 hp h zipyct me Jlcc @!8>& _bi cm{ipt `mpt iptlahti me tbi

la~h`t me tbi eioizhc `zlai jlcc lp mfkmlfk hffyhc lf`zihpip lf m~izhtlfk jyokitp me /:: alcclmf

tm /:5 alcclmf ~iz |ihz ht ahtyzlt|& Pth|lfk {ltb tblp alflaya `mpt la~h`t {myco zixylzi elttlfk

tbi chzkiz fyajiz me lfahtip lftm tbi irlptlfk lfezhptzy`tyzi& _bht ah| fmt ~zmui eihpljci#

mz ht cihpt ah| fmt ji `mfplptift {ltb tbi ~zmulfì“p ptzhtik| tm amoizflwi hfo lf`zihpi ltp

lfptltytlmfhc `h~h`lt|& Yfoiz tbht ~chf# tbi ~zmulfì {myco `cmpi emyz mcoiz eh`lcltlip hfo jylco

t{m fi{ eh`lcltlip tm jzlfk Mfthzlm“p ytlclwhtlmf zhti tm 22 ~iz ìft& _bi `yzzift zhti lp<9 ~iz ìft# jyt# yfoiz tblp jlcc `myco zlpi tm h ~zmulf`lhc huizhki me jit{iif 8>8 ~iz ìft

hfo 8>? ~iz ìft4 pmai lfptltytlmfp `myco bhui zhtip hp blkb hp 8:9 ~iz ìft tm 89> ~iz ìft&

Lf tbi {mzpt!`hpi pìfhzlm# tbi ~zmulfì {myco ji zixylzio tm jylco h fi{ 8#>>>!jio eh`lclt|#

{ltb hf iptlahtio `h~lthc `mpt me /<>> alcclmf hfo mfkmlfk m~izhtlfk `mptp me /5> alcclmf

~iz |ihz& _bi alflptz| `myco `mfploiz zitzmeltp tm irlptlfk lfptltytlmfp jyt# bizi tmm# tbi `h~lthc

la~cl`htlmfp {myco ji plkflel`hft&




058

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!8>7 Fikmtlhti tbi tzhfpeiz me zip~mfpljlclt| emz lf`hzìzhtlmf emz

piftifìp cmfkiz tbhf plr amftbp tm tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift&

Meeifoizp piftifìo tm t{m |ihzp mz cipp pizui tbilz tizap lf ~zmulf`lhc ~zlpmfp {blci

meeifoizp piftifìo tm muiz t{m |ihzp pizui lf eioizhc ~ifltiftlhzlip& Ieei`tlui zibhjlclthtlmf

pizulìp `hf ji ~zmuloio emz lfahtip pizulfk cmfkiz tbhf plr amftbp& [i zi`maaifo tbht tbi

~zmulfì fikmtlhti y~cmholfk tbi zip~mfpljlclt| emz lfahtip pizulfk plr amftbp hfo cmfkiz tm

tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift# {bl`b {myco jittiz hclkf elp`hc lfìftluip emz `mzzi`tlmfp hfo {myco

klui lfahtip h`ìpp tm eioizhc zibhjlclthtlmf pizulìp& Kmuizfaift pbmyco oitizalfi tbi

~mtiftlhc phulfkp# ieel`lif`lip hfo la~zmuio myt`maip khlfio j| tzhfpeizzlfk tbi zip~mfpljlclt|

emz lf`hzìzhtlmf emz piftifìp cmfkiz tbhf plr amftbp tm tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift&



05:




050


Plwi me Jzmhoiz ^yjcl`!Pi`tmz Chjmyz Emzì hfoOikzii me Yflmflwhtlmf

_bizi hzi tbmyphfop me ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ia~cm|izp hfo muiz mfi alcclmf jzmhoiz ~yjcl`

pi`tmz "J^P, ia~cm|iip lf Mfthzlm& _blp oluizpi kzmy~ me ia~cm|iip lf`cyoip zmykbc|

0>>#>>> lf tbi bihctb hfo pm`lhc pizulìp pi`tmz# :<?#>>> lf tbi iciaifthz|-pi`mfohz|

ioy`htlmf pi`tmz# 800#>>> lf `mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip# 88?#>>> lf ayfl`l~hcltlip8 hfo 59#>>>

lf tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì "M^P,&:

Hjmyt ;> ~iz ìft me J^P ia~cm|iip hzi yflmflwio ‟ h ehz blkbiz ~izìfthki tbhf tbi

zmykbc| 89 ~iz ìft yflmflwhtlmf zhti lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz&0 _bizi hzi la~mzthft uhzlhtlmfp lf

oifplt| h`zmpp J^P pyj!pi`tmzp& Emz irha~ci# {blci muizhcc yflmf oifplt| lf tbi bihctb hfo

pm`lhc pizulìp pi`tmz lp iptlahtio ht hjmyt ?9 tm ?; ~iz ìft# pmai iptlahtip ~chì yflmf

oifplt| lf bmp~lthcp hfo h`yti `hzi eh`lcltlip ht hjmyt ;9 ~iz ìft# `blco {icehzi hkif`lip ht

hjmyt 2; ~iz ìft# hfo |mytb gyptlì pizulì hkif`lip ht hjmyt :? ~iz ìft&? Lf tbi

iciaifthz|-pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf pi`tmz# muiz <9 ~iz ìft me ia~cm|iip hzi yflmflwio&9

_blp blkb ciuic me yflmflwhtlmf ~zmoyìp h t{m!{h| ptziit tbht zixylzip gmlft muizplkbt tm emptiz

ieei`tlui yflmf!ahfhkiaift zichtlmfpbl~p& Hf| kmuizfaift mz mzkhflwhtlmf tbht {hftp tm

`bhfki tbi {h| lf {bl`b pizulìp hzi oicluizio aypt {mzd {ltb tbi ~im~ci {bm oicluiz tbmpi

pizulìp hfo {ltb tbi yflmfp tbht zi~zipift tbmpi ~im~ci&

8 Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh+p Chjmyz Emzì Pyzui|# :>8> ! ohth zieiz mfc| tm Mfthzlm J^P {mzdizp "eioizhc {mzdizp hzi ir`cyoio,&: :>88‐8: Mfthzlm yjcl` Pizulì eycc!tlai ixyluhcift h~ lp 59#:90&0 Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh“p Chjmyz Emzì Pyzui|# :>8>&? @bh|dm{pdl hfo Bl`di|# ~&8?&9 Jhpio mf :>8>‐88 E_I `myftp h`zmpp tbi iciaifthz|-pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf pi`tmz&



05?

_zifop lf Mfthzlm Chjmyz Zichtlmfp hfo Ia~cm|aift

Mfthzlm bhp h blptmz| me zihpmfhjc| kmmo chjmyz zichtlmfp# {ltb pmai ~izlmop me `mfecl`t&

Lf kifizhc# tbizi bhui jiif ei{iz {mzd ptm~~hkip lf Mfthzlm“p J^P tbhf lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz&5

Ia~cm|aift bhp lf`zihpio ptiholc| lf tbi ~hpt t{m oi`hoip h`zmpp tbi ahgmz J^P pi`tmzp

hfo lfoyptzlip# lf`cyolfk ioy`htlmf# bihctb hfo pm`lhc pizulìp# hfo ~yjcl` hoalflptzhtlmf&

Ezma 8<2< tbzmykb tm hjmyt 8<<0# ia~cm|aift lf`zihpio lf tbipi jzmho lfoyptzlip hfo tbif

ciuiccio mee tbzmykb tbi 8<<>p4 pyjpixyiftc|# ia~cm|aift lf`zihpio# amoiptc| ht elzpt lf

ioy`htlmf hfo ~yjcl` hoalflptzhtlmf# jiemzi lf`zihplfk zh~loc| hetiz hjmyt :>>9& _bi lf`zihpi

lf bihctb hfo pm`lhc pizulìp ia~cm|aift bhp jiif xylti plkflel`hft plfì tbi ifo me tbi

8<<>p& Muiz tbi ~izlmo ezma :>>> tm :>88# Mfthzlm ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ia~cm|aift lf bihctb `hzi

hfo pm`lhc pizulìp lf`zihpio j| 0< ~iz ìft hfo lf ioy`htlmf j| 0? ~iz ìft& J| :>88#

Mfthzlm J^P ia~cm|aift h``myftio emz gypt muiz 8; ~iz ìft me tmthc ia~cm|aift lf Mfthzlm&;

_mthc @ma~ifphtlmf

Plfì :>>0# ~zlìp lf Mfthzlm# hp aihpyzio j| tbi `mfpyaiz ~zlì lfoir# bhui lf`zihpio j|

8; ~iz ìft# huizhki {hkip lf Mfthzlm bhui lf`zihpio j| :? ~iz ìft hfo huizhki J^P

{hkip bhui lf`zihpio j| :2 ~iz ìft&2 _bipi {hki khlfp hzi jhpio mf zi~mztp me ihzfio

lf`mai ezma h pthtlptl`hc pha~clfk me Mfthzlhfp& Hp py`b# pla~ci pthtlptl`p cldi tbipi alpp

pmai di| eh`tp hjmyt `ma~ifphtlmf lf Mfthzlm&

5 Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Chjmyz# :>88&; Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh Chjmyz Emzì Pyzui|&2 @hc`ychtio ezma Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh+p Chjmyz Emzì Pyzui|# :>>0‐8>&




059

_mthc `ma~ifphtlmf lf`cyoip ahf| `ma~mfiftp& Kifizhcc|# tbi chzkipt `ma~mfift me

`ma~ifphtlmf lp h –jhpi {hki‑ mz phchz|& [bif lt lp ~yjcl`c| zi~mztio tbht hf ia~cm|iz hfo h

jhzkhlflfk hkift bhui zih`bio hf hkziiaift me# emz irha~ci# t{m ~iz ìft lf`zihpip ~iz |ihz

emz tbzii |ihzp# tblp ypyhcc| zieizp tm tbi ahkfltyoi me h`zmpp!tbi!jmhzo lf`zihpip lf jhpi

{hkip& Bm{iuiz# mtbiz `ma~mfiftp me tmthc `ma~ifphtlmf `hf lf`zihpi `ma~ifphtlmf kzm{tb

ji|mfo tbi kzm{tb lf jhpi {hkip& ^zialya ~h|aiftp py`b hp muiztlai# pblet ~zialyap# aizlt

~h| hfo amuiaift tbzmykb –kzlop‑ `hf hoo plkflel`hftc| tm tmthc `ma~ifphtlmf& Emz irha~ci# lf

pmai pi`tmzp# aizlt ~h| emz phtlpeh`tmz| ~izemzahfì `hf ~zmuloi hf hooltlmfhc 0&9 ~iz ìft

~iz |ihz&< Lf mtbiz pi`tmzp# amuiaift tbzmykb h xyhclel`htlmf hfo ir~izlifì kzlo# emz tbmpi

fmt ht tbi tm~# `hf hoo hjmyt elui ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz pmcic| emz khlfp lf ir~izlifì tbht hzi fmt

tlio p~i`lel`hcc| tm aizlt&8> Kluif tbht cm{ lfechtlmf lp ~zmgi`tio emz tbi fihz eytyzi# ahf|

ia~cm|iip {ltb py`b hzzhfkiaiftp `myco ptlcc pii zihc {hki khlfp iuif lf tbi hjpifì me

h`zmpp!tbi!jmhzo {hki zhti lf`zihpip&

[hkip hfo ~zialya ~h| hzi t{m `ma~mfiftp tbht `mftzljyti tm h –pyjpthftlhc hfo mfkmlfk‑~yjcl`!pi`tmz {hki houhfthki zichtlui tm tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz lf @hfhoh& Di| zihpmfp `ltio emz

tblp {hki houhfthki lf`cyoi amzi houhfìo ~h| ixylt| ~mcl`lip lf tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz "tbyp

fhzzm{lfk ahci!eiahci ~h| oleeiziftlhcp, hfo tbi tifoif`| emz kmuizfaiftp tm ~h| blkbiz emz

fmf!ahfhkiaift pizulì gmjp# {bl`b pthtlptl`hcc| myt{ilkb tbi pahcciz fyajiz me ahfhkizp

{bm tifo tm ji ~hlo cipp tbhf lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz& –Lf mtbiz {mzop# tbi p~ziho jit{iif tbi

tm~ hfo tbi jmttma me tbi ~h| p`hci lp cipp lf kmuizfaift tbhf lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz# {bl`b lp

cldic| h zipyct me ~mcltl`hc# ~yjcl` hfo `mcci`tlui jhzkhlflfk ~zippyzip&‑88 Mtbiz eh`tmzp bhui

jiif `ltio hp zihpmfp emz h ~yjcl`!pi`tmz tmthc `ma~ifphtlmf ~zialya7 ~yjcl`!pi`tmz {mzdizp

hzi# mf huizhki# mcoiz hfo bhui cmfkiz tifyzi tbhf ~zluhti!pi`tmz {mzdizp4 hfo ~yjcl`!pi`tmz

{mzdizp bhui h blkbiz huizhki ioy`htlmf htthlfaift tbhf ~zluhti!pi`tmz {mzdizp&8:

< Hppm`lhtlmf me Ahfhkiaift# Hoalflptzhtlui hfo ^zmeipplmfhc @zm{f Ia~cm|iip me Mfthzlm "HAH^@IM, Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì "M^P,

@mcci`tlui Hkziiaift# H~z& 8# :>>< tbzmykb Ahz& 08# :>8:&8> Huizhki khlf oyi tm mfi hooltlmfhc |ihz me ir~izlifì lf tbi H8 mz H: xyhclel`htlmf ciuic# fmt lf`cyolfk jifieltp mz ~ifplmf `mftzljytlmfp&

@hc`ychtio ezma tbi ~zmulf`lhcc| eyfoio phchz| kzlo lf tbi Ioy`htlmf Eyfolfk _i`bfl`hc ^h~iz# :>88‐8:# ~& ;8# om{fcmhoio ezma

btt~7--{{{&ioy&kmu&mf&`h-ifk-eyfolfk-888:-ti`bfl`hc88&~oe&88 Amzci| Kyfoizpmf# Omykchp B|htt hfo @zhlk Zlooicc# –^h| Oleeizifìp jit{iif tbi Kmuizfaift hfo ^zluhti Pi`tmzp7 Chjmyz Emzì

Pyzui| hfo @ifpyp Iptlahtip#‑ :>>>&8: Pii# emz irha~ci# Kyfoizpmf it hc&# :>>># –[hki [ht`b7 H @ma~hzlpmf me yjcl`!Pi`tmz hfo zluhti!Pi`tmz [hkip#‑ :>>2# @hfholhf

Eioizhtlmf me Lfoi~ifoift Jyplfipp4 hfo –Jhttci me tbi [hkip7 [bm Kitp ^hlo Amzi# ^yjcl` mz ^zluhti Pi`tmz [mzdizp=‑ :>88# @hfholhf

Yflmf me ^yjcl` Ia~cm|iip&



055

Mtbiz di| `ma~mfiftp me tmthc `ma~ifphtlmf `mptp lf`cyoi jifieltp "jmtb uh`htlmf jifieltp

hfo bihctb jifieltp,# ~ifplmfp hfo gmj pi`yzlt| ~zmulplmfp& Lf kifizhc# jifielt ciuicp lf tbi

~yjcl` pi`tmz hzi kifizmyp4 ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ia~cm|iip metif bhui h`ìpp tm gmlftc| eyfoio

oielfio jifielt ~ifplmf ~chfp4 hfo ahf| `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp lf`cyoi gmj pi`yzlt| ~zmulplmfp

tbht kzihtc| zioyì tbi cldiclbmmo tbht ia~cm|iip lf h ~hztl`ychz jhzkhlflfk yflt {myco elfo

tbiapicuip myt me {mzd "ip~i`lhcc| ia~cm|iip {ltb piflmzlt| yfoiz `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp {ltb

–jya~lfk‑ ~zmulplmfp,&80 Jifieltp# ~ifplmfp hfo gmj pi`yzlt| hzi yfomyjtioc| uhcyio j|

ia~cm|iip hfo hcpm j| ahf| ia~cm|izp {bm zi`mkflwi tblp zioyìp tyzfmuiz hfo `mftzljytip

tm {mzdemzì `mftlfylt| hfo pthjlclt|& _byp# tbi| aypt ji `mfploizio hp ~hzt me tbi tmthc

`ma~ifphtlmf ~h`dhki tbht lp fikmtlhtio mz jhzkhlfio {ltb ia~cm|iip hfo ia~cm|ii kzmy~p&

_bi @bhccifki

Kzm{tb lf ~yjcl`!pi`tmz {hkip bhp pcm{io plfì tbi lftzmoy`tlmf me tbi kmuizfaift“p ziptzhlft

~mcl`| lf Ahz`b :>8>&8? Bm{iuiz# ahf| ahgmz hkziiaiftp# lf`cyolfk tbi hkziiaift `muizlfk

Mfthzlm“p :?#2;9 ~b|pl`lhfp89 hfo tbmpi `muizlfk muiz :>>#>>> eycc!tlai ixyluhcift "E_I,

ia~cm|iip lf tbi ioy`htlmf pi`tmz# bhui fmt jiif zifikmtlhtio plfì tbi :>8> ziptzhlft {hp

hffmyfìo&

_bi ~ziulmyp `bh~tizp me tblp zi~mzt bhui mytclfio tbi p`m~i me tbi elp`hc `bhccifki tbht

Mfthzlm lp eh`lfk& Le tbi thzkit me h jhchfìo jyokit j| :>8;‐82 lp tm ji ait# kmuizfaift

~zmkzha ir~ifoltyzip aypt ji ziptzhlfio& Hp bhp jiif lfol`htio# tblp ziptzhlft {lcc thdi

oleeizift emzap lf oleeizift pi`tmzp& Bm{iuiz# mfi zi`maaifohtlmf tbht `zmppip hcc pi`tmzp lp

tbi fiio emz ~zmcmfkio amoizhtlmf me kzm{tb lf ~yjcl`!pi`tmz tmthc `ma~ifphtlmf&

Lt lp tia~tlfk tm hzkyi tbht tblp amoizhtlmf pbmyco ji h`bliuio tbzmykb h zioy`tlmf mz eziiwi lf

{hkip& Hctbmykb tia~mzhz| {hki amoizhtlmf ah| ji fiìpphz| tm aiit pbmzt!tiza elp`hc

thzkitp# cmfkiz!tiza h`tlmf {lcc zixylzi `m!m~izhtlui h~~zmh`bip tbht `hf ozlui tbi lfptltytlmfhc

hfo p|ptia!ciuic `bhfki zi`maaifoio lf tblp zi~mzt& Yctlahtic|# amoizhtlmf lf tmthc

`ma~ifphtlmf {lcc zixylzi tbht {hki ziptzhlft klui {h| tm h zioy`tlmf lf tbi plwi me tbi

{mzd emzì# py~~mztio j| lf`zihpio ~zmoy`tlult| hfo la~zmuio pizulì oicluiz|&

80 –Jya~lfk‑ zieizp tm tbi pltyhtlmf {bizi h chlo!mee {mzdiz {ltb amzi piflmzlt| thdip muiz tbi gmj me h {mzdiz {ltb cipp piflmzlt|

"l&i&# –jya~p‑ tbi cipp piflmz {mzdiz,&8? Huizhki hffyhc {hki lf`zihpip lf tbi Mfthzlm J^P "ir`cyolfk ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo eioizhc ia~cm|iip, huizhkio 8&9 ~iz ìft emz `mftzh`tp

zhtlelio jit{iif H~zlc :>8> hfo Oi`& 5# :>88&89 Mfthzlm ^b|pl`lhf Byahf Zipmyzìp Ohth @iftzi ‐ H`tlui ^b|pl`lhf Ziklptz| hp me Oi`& 08# :>8>&




05;

[hki eziiwip bhui jiif `maamf tmmcp lf ~ziulmyp kmuizfaiftp“ oiel`lt elkbtp& Bm{iuiz#

blptmz| pbm{p tbht {hki eziiwip hzi metif emccm{io j| {hki `ht`b!y~ ~izlmop& Py`b h`tlmf#

le yfoizthdif lf tbi `yzzift elp`hc `clahti# {myco yfoizalfi myz cmfkiz!tiza elp`hc ahfohti hfo

ohahki chjmyz zichtlmfp& _bi @maalpplmf `mfezmftio `mfploizhjci `mfeyplmf muiz {bht tbi

Py~ziai @myzt oi`lplmfp85 aihf emz lppyip py`b hp {hki eziiwip& Bm{iuiz# lt lp tbi

@maalpplmf“p yfoizpthfolfk tbht tbi t{m oi`lplmfp ptzipp tbi la~mzthfì me `mfpycthtlmf

{bif kmuizfaiftp piid tm h`bliui tbilz oiplzio lfoyptzlhc zichtlmfp myt`maip& _bi lftiziptp me

~mpltlui cmfkiz!tiza chjmyz zichtlmfp hfo tbi iaizklfk ch{ ol`thti tbht tbi phai ~htb ji

emccm{io ht tblp tlai7 ahdi tbi elp`hc mjgi`tluip hfo tbi la~cl`htlmfp emz chjmyz `ma~ifphtlmf

uiz| `cihz# hfo tbif fikmtlhti tm{hzop pi`yzlfk tbi oiplzio zipyctp&

^ziulmypc| lf @bh~tiz 0# Myz Ahfohti hfo H~~zmh`b# tbi @maalpplmf ~zmuloio

zi`maaifohtlmfp mf tbi plwi me tbi {mzdemzì hfo yflmflwhtlmf# {bl`b {i ziulplt lf tblp

`bh~tiz& Em`yp pbmyco ji mf ~zmkzha myt`maip hfo jyokitp# hfo fmt mf hzjltzhz| claltp mf tbi

plwi me tbi `lulc pizulì& _bizi pbmyco ji fm loimcmkl`hc mz mtbiz jlhp tm{hzop mz h{h| ezma~yjcl`! mz ~zluhti!pi`tmz oicluiz| me pizulìp& Py`b ahttizp pbmyco ji oihct {ltb ezma h ~mpltlmf

me ~zh`tl`hc cmkl`7 [bht ~zmoyìp tbi jipt zipyct emz tbi ~im~ci me Mfthzlm= [bht ~zmoyìp tbi

jipt ~yjcl` pizulìp ht hf heemzohjci `mpt= Lf`zihplfkc|# pizulìp pbmyco ji ~yt tm tifoiz tm

pi`yzi tbi m~tlahc zipyctp& \it# tbi {lffiz pbmyco fmt ji oi`loio pla~c| mf tbi jhplp me tbi

cm{ipt `mpt& Lfptiho# lt pbmyco ji oi`loio mf h xyhclt|!hogyptio `mpt jhplp& Emz pmai pizulìp#

h aihpyzi me xyhclt| {myco lf`cyoi# emz irha~ci# tbi hjlclt| tm ~zmuloi tbi pizulìp lf jmtb

meel`lhc chfkyhkip&

Zi`maaifohtlmfp emz `ma~ifphtlmf hfo tbi chjmyz emzì pbmyco em`yp mf tbi jlkkiz ~l`tyzi&

Hp cmfk hp tbi p|ptia dii~p oi~cm|lfk tbi phai pbmzt!tiza pmcytlmfp "l&i&# {hki-blzlfkeziiwip# kcmjhc E_I zioy`tlmf thzkitp# pyp~ifplmf me ~izemzahfì ~h|,# tbi kmuizfaift {lcc

`mftlfyi tm elfo ltpice lf tbi phai pltyhtlmf lf tbi ifo& H pblet lf tblfdlfk aypt thdi ~chì tbht

amuip h~~zmh`bip ezma pbmzt!tiza pmcytlmfp tm jzmhoiz pi`tmzhc tzhfpemzahtlmf& _bi ciho

~zmjcia "hfo pmcytlmf, `hffmt ji chjmyz ltpice& _bi em`yp me olp`ypplmfp aypt jiklf {ltb

oielflfk {bht jyplfippip hfo pizulìp tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco yfoizthdi hfo {bht ~mcl`|

kmhcp hfo myt`maip tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco piid&

Lf tbimz|# tbi p|ptia me chjmyz zichtlmfp lf Mfthzlm pbmyco hccm{ kmuizfaiftp# ia~cm|izp#

ia~cm|iip hfo ia~cm|ii zi~zipifthtluip tm {mzd tmkitbiz tm oicluiz tbi ~yjcl` pizulìp tbht

~im~ci oi~ifo mf& _bi ~zlf`l~cip hfo zi`maaifohtlmfp jicm{ hzi lftifoio tm bic~ jzlfk

zihclt| `cmpiz tm tbht tbimz|&

85 _{m ziìft `myzt oi`lplmfp "Bihctb Pizulìp hfo Py~~mzt ‐ Eh`lcltlip Pyjpi`tmz Jhzkhlflfk Hppf& u & Jzltlpb @mcyajlh# T:>>;Q : P&@&Z& 0<8#

:>>; P@@ :; "–J&@& Bihctb‑, hfo Mfthzlm "Httmzfi| Kifizhc, u & Ezhpiz# :>88 P@@ :># T:>88Q : P&@&Z& 0 "–Ezhpiz‑, bhui eyztbiz chzlelio

tbi fiio emz `bhfkip tm `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp tm ji ahoi `mcchjmzhtluic| hfo lf kmmo ehltb&



052

^zlf`l~cip

8& _bi chjmyz zichtlmfp p|ptia lf Mfthzlm pbmyco ji jhchfìo# ieei`tlui hfo tzhfp~hzift&

Lt pbmyco zip~i`t tbi lftiziptp me jmtb ia~cm|izp hfo ia~cm|iip4 bic~ tm ~zmuloi uhcyi tm

`ltlwifp ziìlulfk ~yjcl` pizulìp4 hfo ji piif tm om jmtb tbipi tblfkp&

:& @mcci`tlui jhzkhlflfk hkziiaiftp tbht hzi fikmtlhtio jit{iif tbi ~hztlip hzi ~zieizzio tm

pittciaiftp mz myt`maip tbht hzi iltbiz ciklpchtio mz hzjltzhtio&

0& H``myfthjlclt| emz chjmyz zichtlmfp hfo pizulì oicluiz| myt`maip pbmyco ji h~~zm~zlhtic|

olptzljytio& Kmuizfaiftp# J^P ia~cm|izp hfo jhzkhlflfk hkiftp fiio tm jihz h~~zm~zlhti

ciuicp me zip~mfpljlclt| emz jhzkhlflfk myt`maip& Jzmhoiz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ahfhkiaift hfo

ia~cm|iip fiio tm jihz h~~zm~zlhti ciuicp me zip~mfpljlclt| emz oicluizlfk blkb!xyhclt|

~yjcl` pizulìp hfo uhcyi emz ~yjcl` amfi|&

?& Jzmhoiz p|ptia `bhfkip pbmyco ji ~hzt me h chzkiz ulplmf# lf {bl`b chjmyz zichtlmfp ~ch| h

~hzt# jyt hzi fmt hf ifo lf tbiapicuip&




05<

H Jhchfìo# Ieei`tlui hfo _zhfp~hzift P|ptia

H Jhchfìo P|ptia

Ippiftlhc Pizulìp

Lt lp kifizhcc| h`ì~tio tbht fikmtlhtio pittciaiftp mz myt`maip h`bliuio jit{iif ~hztlip

tbzmykb yf`mfptzhlfio `mcci`tlui jhzkhlflfk {ltb tbi zlkbt tm ptzldi-cm`dmyt hzi py~izlmz tm mtbiz

ai`bhflpap emz h`bliulfk `mftzh`tp& _bi zihpmfp emz tblp hzi tbht tbi ~hztlip hzi jipt

~mpltlmfio tm yfoizpthfo tbi tzhoi!meep tbht hccm{ tbia tm m~tlalwi lf fikmtlhtlmfp# hfo tbi

~hztlip hzi amzi cldic| tm clui {ltb tbi pittciaift mz myt`maip le tbi `mftzh`t lp eziic|

fikmtlhtio "i&k&# h cm{iz kzliuhfì zhti lp amzi cldic|,&

Pmai m``y~htlmfp hzi metif zikhzoio hp ippiftlhc& Le tbi ~hztlip om fmt hkzii mf h pittciaift

hfo tbi yflmf oi`loip tm iriz`lpi ltp zlkbt tm ptzldi# tbi ~yjcl` ht chzki thdip hf laaiolhti

lftizipt& –Ahf| me tbi pizulìp ~zmuloio lf J^P lfoyptzlip hzi `mfploizio ‒ippiftlhc“ lfpmehz hp

tbi {ltbbmcolfk me tbi ~zmulplmf me tbi pizulìp {myco ahtizlhcc| heei`t tbi bihctb hfo-mz

pi`yzlt| me tbi ~yjcl`&‑8;

Lt lp uiz| oleel`yct tm oitizalfi {bl`b pizulìp pbmyco ji oiiaio tm ji –ippiftlhc‑ ji`hypi

tbizi lp fm cltayp tipt me bhzopbl~& Lf pmai aiol`hc mz ~izpmfhc pi`yzlt| `hpip# lt lp ehlzc| `cihz#

jyt lf ahf| mtbiz `hpip lt lp fmt& Pmai aiol`hc ~zmìoyzip `hf {hlt# mtbizp `hf {hlt jyt fmt

emz tmm cmfk# hfo ptlcc mtbizp ah| zixylzi laaiolhti hpplpthfì& Eyztbizamzi# tbizi lp tbi lppyi

me `mfpyaiz-~yjcl` hfo ~mcltl`hc tmcizhfì& _bizi ah| ji clttci tmcizhfì emz hf| pizulì

olpzy~tlmfp lf bihctb `hzi hfo ~zlahz| hfo pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf j| tbi heei`tio ~yjcl`# {blcitbi fmf!heei`tio "l&i&# tbi bihctb| mz tbmpi {ltbmyt `blcozif lf p`bmmc, ah| bhui h kzihtiz

tmcizhfì emz pizulì olpzy~tlmfp& Pm tbizi lp fm `cihz olptlf`tlmf tm oluloi p~i`lel` pizulìp tbht

hzi ippiftlhc hfo tbmpi tbht hzi fmt&

Uhzlmyp kmuizfaiftp bhui tifoio tm yfoizthdi ~mcl`| aihpyzip tm zip~mfo tm ~yjcl`

~zippyzip tm humlo tbi ~yjcl` myt`z| tbht {myco zipyct ezma ~yjcl` pizulì oicluiz| olpzy~tlmfp&

^mcl`| aihpyzip tbht kmuizfaiftp yfoizthdi ypyhcc| thdi mfi me tbipi m~tlmfp lf zip~mfpi tm

tbi ~yjcl`“p ~zippyzi7

L& Lf`zihplfk tbi fyajiz me oiplkfhtio {mzdizp lf h jhzkhlflfk yflt "l&i&# lf`zihpi tbi

~zm~mztlmf me ia~cm|iip oiplkfhtio hp ippiftlhc# tm ahlfthlf h jhpl` ciuic me {bht lp

uli{io hp hf ippiftlhc pizulì tm tbi ~yjcl`,4 hfo

LL& Lf`zihpi yphki me mytzlkbt ptzldi jhfp&

8; @bh|dm{pdl hfo Bl`di| zi~mzt# ~& 8:&




0;8

_bi lftizipt hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp lf Mfthzlm lp h ahgmz oitizalfhft me {hki "`ma~ifphtlmf,

pittciaiftp lf tbi Mfthzlm J^P emz yflmflwio ia~cm|iip4 hcc bmp~lthc ia~cm|iip# cmfk!tiza

`hzi {mzdizp# ~mclì meelìzp# ~zmeipplmfhc elzielkbtizp hfo _mzmftm _zhfplt @maalpplmf

ia~cm|iip bhui fm zlkbt tm ptzldi hfo tbyp bhui yfzipmcuio jhzkhlflfk lppyip oi`loio

tbzmykb lftizipt hzjltzhtlmf& Lftizipt hzjltzhtlmf lp hcpm ypio ~izlmol`hcc| lf mtbiz lfoyptzlip#

py`b hp hajychfì pizulìp hfo ifizk|# hfo lp ypio hp h olp~yti ai`bhflpa me chpt zipmzt tm

pittci olp~ytip hetiz ptzldlfk ia~cm|iip hzi mzoizio jh`d tm {mzd&

_bi p|ptia me lftizipt hzjltzhtlmf lp uiz| la~mzthft& Yfemztyfhtic|# tbi p|ptia bhp ziìftc|

`mai yfoiz lf`zihplfk p`zytlf| hfo htth`d& _bi hzjltzhtlmf p|ptia tbyp aypt fmt mfc| {mzd#

jyt lt aypt ji piif tm {mzd&

_bi @maalpplmf bihzo ahf| pyjalpplmfp ezma ia~cm|izp lf tbi J^P `chlalfk tbht hzjltzhtlmf

lp pizlmypc| ech{io# iuif jzmdif& P~i`lel` `bhzkip lf`cyoio tbi kzhftlfk me blkb `ma~ifphtlmf

h{hzop# lkfmzlfk –hjlclt| tm ~h|‑ hzkyaiftp hfo cmfk oich|p tbht hzi pmaitlaip emccm{io j|

blkb zitzmh`tlui h{hzop tbht bho fmt jiif jyokitio emz&

Myz zipihz`b cihop yp tm ahdi zi`maaifohtlmfp tm la~zmui tbi hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp& Jyt {i

bhptif tm hoo tbht {i om fmt elfo tbi p|ptia tm ji jzmdif& Lf kifizhc# hzjltzhtlmf h{hzop bhui

emccm{io eziic| fikmtlhtio pittciaiftp& _bi fmtlmf me –hjlclt| tm ~h|‑ lp yfoizpthfohjc| oleel`yct

tm h~~c| lf tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz {bizi ampt me tbi ia~cm|iz iftltlip `myco zhlpi thrip le ~zippio&

Eyztbiz# {i emyfo tbht tbi ia~cm|iz metif olo fmt ~zipift iuloifì me tblp hzkyaift tm tbi

hzjltzhtmzp&

[i jicliui tbi zi`maaifohtlmfp pit myt jicm{ {lcc la~zmui tbi p|ptia& Bm{iuiz# j|

tbiapicuip# tbi `bhfkip {lcc fmt ahtizlhcc| `bhfki tbi pmztp me `ma~ifphtlmf lf`zihpip

h{hzoio tbzmykb hzjltzhtlmf& _bi elp`hc pltyhtlmf ol`thtip tbht tbmpi `ma~ifphtlmf

lf`zihpip aypt ji blkbc| `mfptzhlfio muiz tbi firt piuizhc |ihzp& _bht {lcc mfc| bh~~if le tbi

~yjcl`!pi`tmz ia~cm|izp hom~t tmykb# jyt ehlz# pthfìp lf fikmtlhtlmfp& _bi ~httizf {lcc tbif

cldic| ji zieci`tio lf hzjltzhtlmf&

[biziuiz kmuizfaift# J^P ia~cm|izp hfo jhzkhlflfk hkiftp bhui ipthjclpbio h ~httizf me

fikmtlhtlfk amoizhtio {hki lf`zihpip# tbif lftizipt hzjltzhtmzp pbmyco emccm{ tbht ciho&

Jzlfklfk tbi Lftizipt Hzjltzhtlmf ^zmìpp yfoiz Mfi Zmme

_bi @maalpplmf zi`mkflwio tbi fiio tm ipthjclpb ~zlf`l~cip-myt`maip tbht {myco hpplpt ltp

zi`maaifohtlmfp emz lftizipt hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp ziemza&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!:7 Ipthjclpb tbi muizhcc ~zlf`l~cip-myt`maip fiìpphz| emz ziemza tm tbi

lftizipt hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp kmlfk emz{hzo&



0;:

Piuizhc di| ~zlf`l~cip aypt ji ipthjclpbio tm ahlfthlf tbi lftikzlt| me tbi lftizipt

hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp7

Hpplkfaift tm `hpip lfoi~ifoiftc| me tbi ~hztlip4

@m!mzolfhtlmf me `hpi hpplkfaift# lf ~hzt tm ifpyzi tbht `hpip hzi bhfocio lf h

tlaic|-ieel`lift ahffiz4

Amfltmzlfk ‟ {bl`b zixylzip tbht oi`lplmfp ji ziuli{io {ltb h uli{ tm ifpyzlfk tbht

oi`lplmfp zieci`t `cihz hppippaiftp jhpio mf `zltizlh p~i`lelio4 hfo

_zhfp~hzif`| ‟ ~yjclpblfk oi`lplmfp hfo oi`lplmf pyaahzlip lp `zltl`hc4 tblp lp h emza me

irtizfhc zikychtlmf j| ulztyi me ~zippyzi ezma tbi ~hztlip hfo tbi lftiziptio ~yjcl`&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!07 _bi fmzahc `myzpi me hf hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp pbmyco jiklf {ltb

aiolhtlmf# ~zlmz tm hzjltzhtlmf# tm httia~t tm hzzlui ht h fikmtlhtio pittciaift jit{iif

tbi ~hztlip&

Hkhlf# tbi jipt pittciaiftp hzi eziic| fikmtlhtio jit{iif ~hztlip& _bi @maalpplmf

h`dfm{ciokip tbht h fikmtlhtio pittciaift lp fmt hc{h|p ~mppljci jit{iif ~hztlip4 bm{iuiz#

hcc ieemztp pbmyco ji ahoi tm bhui ~hztlip httia~t tm pittci mf h fikmtlhtio hkziiaift&

H fikmtlhtio hkziiaift lp hc{h|p ~zieizhjci tm mfi tbht lp ciklpchtio mz hzjltzhtio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!?7 _bi hzjltzhtlmf p|ptia fiiop tm ji pbletio lf ehumyz me amzi

mjgi`tlui hfhc|plp# jhpio mf mjgi`tlui `zltizlh# hfo py~~mztio j| p|ptiahtl` ohth

hfo zipihz`b&

^zi~hzi hfo ~zm~mpi `bhfkip tm chjmyz hfo mtbiz ziciuhft ciklpchtlmf hfo ~zmìoyzip tbhtkyloi tbi hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp# tm `zihti h amzi ieel`lift ~zmìpp# hfo h amzi ~zmeipplmfhc clfi

me jyplfipp {ltb pthfohzop hfo h~~zm~zlhti tzhlflfk&

@bhfkip pbmyco lf`cyoi7

_bi ipthjclpbaift me hf lfoi~ifoift tzljyfhc mz `maalpplmf tm `zihti# ahlfthlf hfo

ahfhki h zmptiz mz h ~hfic me lfoi~ifoift hzjltzhtmzp& _bzii alkbt ji tbi m~tlahc fyajiz&

Hzjltzhtmzp {myco ji hpplkfio tm `hpip j| tbi tzljyfhc-`maalpplmf lfoi~ifoift me tbi

~hztlip& Hzjltzhtmz hfo aiolhtmz hpplkfaiftp pbmyco ji `m!mzolfhtio h`zmpp tbi J^P#

lf`cyolfk ~zmulplmf emz tbi h~~mlftaift me hzjltzhtmzp h`zmpp pi`tmzp me tbi J^P& Iltbiz hzmptiz mz h ~hfic me tbzii hzjltzhtmzp `myco {mzd# jyt {ltbmyt tbi ~zlf`l~cip-myt`maip

mytclfio emz tbi lftizipt hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp# filtbiz {myco {mzd {icc& _bi @maalpplmf hcpm

ia~bhplwip tbht tbi lfoi~ifoifì me tbi hzjltzhtmzp ezma kmuizfaift lfecyifì mz

lftizeizifì lp me ulthc la~mzthfì emz iltbiz tbi zmptiz mz ~hfic amoic tm ji la~ciaiftio4




0;0

Ipthjclpb h tlai clalt mf tbi hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp hfo tbi tlai hzjltzhtmzp `hf thdi tm lppyi h

oi`lplmf "`yzziftc| tbi| `hf thdi hp cmfk hp tbzii |ihzp# metif ji`hypi ~hztlip piid h

~hztl`ychz hzjltzhtmz {bm lp jyp| ‟ py`b oich|p lf oi`lplmfp `hf aihf tbi| hzi yctlahtic|

myt me p|f` {ltb tbi `yzzift ifulzmfaift,4

Oiuicm~ p~i`lel` hfo {icc!oielfio mjgi`tlui `zltizlh tbht lftizipt hzjltzhtmzp {myco jizixylzio tm h``myft emz lf emzaychtlfk tbilz h{hzop-oi`lplmfp& Emz irha~ci# –hjlclt| tm ~h|‑

`zltizlh pbmyco ji jzmhoifio tm lf`cyoi i`mfmal` hfo elp`hc ifulzmfaift# hfo ~zmoy`tlult|

`zltizlh lf hzjltzhtlmf h{hzop-oi`lplmfp4

Hzjltzhtmzp pbmyco ji zixylzio tm ~zmuloi `cihz hppippaiftp hfo zihpmfp emz tbilz

h{hzop-oi`lplmfp jhpio mf tbi p~i`lel` hfo {icc!oielfio `zltizlh p~i`lelio lf ciklpchtlmf#

hp {icc hp hf| mtbizp4

Ifpyzlfk tzhfp~hzif`| j| ~yjclpblfk hzjltzhtlmf h{hzop ici`tzmfl`hcc|4

Hzjltzhtmzp pbmyco eyf`tlmf {ltblf {icc!oielfio ~hzhaitizp me tbi ~zmìpp hfo

ir~i`thtlmfp me tbi pthdibmcoizp zikhzolfk tbi xyhclt| hfo p`m~i me tbi h{hzop zifoizio4

Hzjltzhtmzp pbmyco fmt ahdi gyokaiftp mf lppyip fmt ~zipiftio tm tbia j| iltbiz ~hzt|4

@iftzhclwio py~~mzt ~zmuloio tm hzjltzhtmzp# hp zixylzio4 hfo

Lf`zihpi ~zmeipplmfhclwhtlmf me hzjltzhtlmf ~zh`tltlmfizp tm ifbhfì tbi xyhclt| me hzjltzhtlmf

pizulìp ~zmuloio& _bizi hzi t{m olaifplmfp tm hoozipp tm lf`zihpi tbi ~zmeipplmfhclwhtlmf

me tbipi ~zh`tltlmfizp& Elzpt# tbi `mzi pdlcc zixylzio emz tbi ~zmeipplmf aypt ji loiftlelio# hfo

~zmkzhap tm jylco tbipi pdlccp aypt ji oiuicm~io& Pi`mfo# lf hzjltzhtlmf hfo aiolhtlmf

~zmeipplmfp tbht oitizalfi myt`maip tbht heei`t tbi eyfohaifthc lftiziptp me tblzo ~hztlip#

h emzahc @moi me @mfoy`t pbmyco ji oiuicm~io emz tbi ~zmeipplmf&

Hp {ltb hf| `bhfki# pmai kzmy~p {lcc ji fikhtluic| heei`tio hfo tbyp {lcc ziplpt `bhfki& Lf tbi

`hpi me tbi `bhfkip ~zm~mpio hjmui# tbi `maayflt| me hzjltzhtmzp lf Mfthzlm {lcc cldic| ji

olp~cihpio {ltb tbi hooltlmfhc `mfoltlmfp la~mpio mf tbilz ~zmeipplmf& Lf hooltlmf#

tbi la~mpltlmf me hf lfoi~ifoift tzljyfhc-`maalpplmf tm `zihti# ahlfthlf hfo ahfhki h zmptiz

me lfoi~ifoift hzjltzhtmzp hfo aiolhtmzp ah| clalt hzjltzhtmzp“ hjlclt| tm oitizalfi {bl`b {mzd

tbi| thdi mf hfo tbyp ah| olzi`tc| heei`t tbilz cluiclbmmop&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco ji ~zi~hzio emz `zltl`lpa hfo hcpm ji ~zi~hzio tm ir~chlf {b|

`bhfkip hzi jilfk pmykbt& _bi zlkbtp me ia~cm|iip fiio tm ji zip~i`tio# hp om tbi fiiop me

`ltlwifp {bm oi~ifo mf ~yjcl` pizulìp jilfk oicluizio {ltblf pbzlfdlfk jyokitp&

@maayfl`htlmf# ay`b cldi tbi p|ptia# fiiop tm ji jhchfìo&



0;?

Hf Ieei`tlui P|ptia

Mfthzlm“p {mzdemzì hfo i`mfma| hzi `bhfklfk& Ltp ~m~ychtlmf lp hklfk4 kcmjhc `ma~itltlmf

lp lf`zihplfk4 ti`bfmcmk| lp la~zmulfk4 hfo hcc plkfp ~mlft tm hf irtifoio ~izlmo me pcm{iz!

tbhf!blptmzl`hc i`mfmal` kzm{tb&

Hp bhp jiif olp`yppio lf ~ziulmyp `bh~tizp# ~yjcl` pizulìp {lcc fiio tm ji oicluizio

oleeiziftc| ‟ amzi ieei`tluic| hfo ieel`liftc| ‟ le pizulì ciuicp hzi tm ji ahlfthlfio&

_bht aihfp lf`zihpio ~zmoy`tlult| ‟ amzi pizulìp ~zmuloio ~iz ia~cm|ii&

_blp lp ~zlahzlc| h ahfhkiaift ~zmjcia& Ampt Mfthzlm J^P {mzdizp hzi {icc ioy`htio# blkbc|

`ma~itift hfo oiol`htio tm tbilz gmjp& Bm{iuiz# tbi p|ptia lf ~chì tm ahfhki tbmpi {mzdizp

omip fmt aihpyzi ~zmoy`tlult| {icc# fmz omip lt if`myzhki h`tlui pti~p tm la~zmui lt&

_blp `hf hfo aypt `bhfki&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!97 ^zmuloi wizm jyokit lf`zihpi emz {hki `mptp lf tbi Mfthzlm

kmuizfaift pm hf| lf`zihpip aypt ji h``myftio emz {ltblf tbi zip~i`tlui kzm{tb zhtip

zi`maaifoio lf tblp zi~mzt&

_blp {lcc if`myzhki kmuizfaift alflptzlip-oi~hztaiftp-hkif`lip tm `mfplptiftc| zi!iuhcyhti

tbilz lftizfhc ir~ifoltyzip hfo {lcc bic~ tm ahlfthlf tbi t|~i me bihctb| tifplmf tbht ozluip

myt lfieel`lif`lip&

Hffyhc zi!iuhcyhtlmfp me oi~hztaifthc jyokitp hcpm py~~mzt tbi amzi eyfohaifthc pizulì

ziuli{p zi`maaifoio icpi{bizi lf tblp ~h~iz& _bi amui tm amzi ieei`tlui ~zmulplmf me bihctb

`hzi# ioy`htlmf hfo pm`lhc pizulìp {lcc lfiulthjc| bhui chjmyz zichtlmfp la~cl`htlmfp& [bif hf

mzkhflwhtlmf lp `cmpio# {bif t{m mzkhflwhtlmfp hzi aizkio mz {bif tbi zip~mfpljlclt| emz h

pizulì lp mytpmyzìo tm h oleeizift iftlt|# {mzdizp hzi heei`tio& _bi kmuizfaift bhp h

zip~mfpljlclt| tm ifpyzi tbht tbmpi ieei`tp hzi jhchfìo hkhlfpt tbi fiio emz amzi ieei`tlui

pizulì oicluiz|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!57 Jya~lfk ~zmulplmfp "l&i&# piflmzlt|, lf `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp hzi

yfoyc| la~iolfk tbi amui tm{hzop h ~zmkzipplui hfo ieel`lift ~yjcl` pizulì& _bi kmuizfaift

fiiop tm {mzd {ltb jhzkhlflfk hkiftp hfo ia~cm|izp tm ir~cmzi m~tlmfp emz amole|lfk tbipi

~zmulplmfp hfo amfltmz ~zmkzipp tm{hzop elrlfk tblp ~zmjcia&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!;7 Om fmt cit `mfìzfp hjmyt py`ìppmz zlkbtp lf tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl`

pi`tmz ptm~ ~zluhtlwhtlmfp mz hahckhahtlmfp tbht ahdi pifpi hfo hzi `zltl`hc tm py`ìppeyc

ziemza& Lfbizltio hkziiaiftp om fmt clui emziuiz4 ~zmulplmfp `hf ji h`ì~tio lfltlhcc| hfo

jhzkhlfio oleeiziftc| {bif tbi| `mai y~ emz zifi{hc&




0;9

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!27 @mfploiz ir~hfolfk tbi hytbmzlt| me tbi Mfthzlm Chjmyz Zichtlmfp

Jmhzo tm eh`lclthti tbi ipthjclpbaift me ieei`tlui hfo zhtlmfhclwio jhzkhlflfk ptzy`tyzip tbht

py~~mzt tbi oicluiz| me xyhclt| hfo ieei`tlui ~yjcl` pizulìp&

_bi fi{ ~m{izp `myco lf`cyoi7

mf ziìlulfk hf h~~cl`htlmf emz ìztlel`htlmf me h fi{ yflt# tm `majlfi tbi fi{ yflt {ltb

irlptlfk yfltp ht tbht ia~cm|iz mz

mf aizkiz me t{m ia~cm|izp# tm `majlfi yfltp "hp bh~~ifp fm{ lf tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz yfoiz

tbi ^yjcl` Pi`tmz Chjmyz Zichtlmfp _zhfpltlmf H`t, mz

mf ziìlulfk hf h~~cl`htlmf ezma h yflmf mz ia~cm|iz hf|tlai# tm `majlfi irlptlfk yfltp ht

tbht ia~cm|iz&

Hfmtbiz {h| lf {bl`b tbi kmuizfaift `hf py~~mzt tbi tzhfpltlmf tm amzi ieei`tlui pizulì

oicluiz| lf tbi J^P lp tm ipthjclpb fi{ zichtlmfpbl~p {ltb J^P ia~cm|izp&

Emz kmuizfaift tm bhui pypthlfio `ma~ifphtlmf amoizhtlmf lf tbi J^P hfo zip~mfpluifipp

tm J^P ia~cm|izp mf `zltl`hc fiiop tbht tbi| loiftle|# tbizi fiiop tm ji pypthlfio hfo olzi`t

kmuizfaift if`myzhkiaift hfo olzi`tlmf tm J^P ia~cm|izp& _blp `myco thdi uhzlmyp emzap7

Zixylzlfk hfo py~~mztlfk ia~cm|izp tm hom~t jipt jhzkhlflfk ~zh`tlìp lf hzihp py`b hp

tmthc `ma~ifphtlmf `mptlfk# ~zi~hzlfk emz fikmtlhtlmf# `m!mzolfhtlfk {ltb eiccm{ J^P

ia~cm|izp# `maayfl`htlfk {ltb kmuizfaift {ltb zip~i`t tm {bht tbilz ~chfp hzi# hfo jilfk

zixylzio tm ~zmuloi lfemzahtlmf mf tbilz myt`maip4

Pittlfk thzkitp emz J^P ia~cm|izp "l&i&# p~i`lel` ir~i`thtlmfp emz tmthc `ma~ifphtlmf hfo`mptc| fmf!amfithz| ltiap,4 hfo

Pittlfk ~hzhaitizp emz ia~cm|izp# ifemzìo tbzmykb eyfolfk ciuizp&

Ieei`tluic|# tbi kmuizfaift bhp tbi zip~mfpljlclt| tm if`myzhki pypthlfhjci myt`maip lf J^P

jhzkhlflfk hfo ~zmuloi py~~mzt tm J^P ia~cm|izp hfo jhzkhlflfk hkiftp pm tbht tbmpi

myt`maip `hf ji h`bliuio& _bi emza me tbht py~~mzt {lcc oleeiz ezma pi`tmz tm pi`tmz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!<7 Eyztbiz zhtlmfhclwi jhzkhlflfk# {blci zi`mkflwlfk tbht ayctl~ci amoicp

me zhtlmfhclwio jhzkhlflfk irlpt "i&k&# ìftzhclwio# `m!mzolfhtio# ciklpchtio# umcyfthz|,& [mzd

`mcchjmzhtluic| {ltb jzmhoiz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ia~cm|izp hfo jhzkhlflfk hkiftp tm oitizalfi tbi

ampt h~~zm~zlhti amoic mf h pi`tmz!j|!pi`tmz jhplp&



0;5

_bi muizhcc jhzkhlflfk ptzy`tyzi lf tbi ~zmulfì fiiop tm `bhfki& Lt lp fm{ blkbc| ezhkaiftio#

{ltb muiz 0#<>> jhzkhlflfk yfltp& Ahf| jhzkhlflfk yfltp# ~hztl`ychzc| lf tbi J^P# hzi ~mmzc|

zipmyzìo& Mfi oleel`yct| {ltb h chzki fyajiz me `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp lp tbht ahf| ia~cm|izp#

~hztl`ychzc| pahcc ia~cm|izp# `hffmt h~~zm~zlhtic| zipmyzì tbi fikmtlhtlmfp& _m h oikzii# tbi

ieei`tp me tblp zlpd `hf ji altlkhtio tbzmykb `mfpmclohtlmf me jhzkhlflfk& Yctlahtic|# tbi

~zmulfì fiiop tm amui tm h pahcciz fyajiz me jhzkhlflfk yfltp hfo hccm{ tbht tm eh`lclthti

amzi `mfplptift hfo `ma~citi httiftlmf hfo hccm`htlmf me zipmyzìp&

H pahcciz fyajiz me `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp {lcc zioyì muizbiho `mptp emz jmtb ia~cm|izp hfo

jhzkhlflfk hkiftp& Bm{iuiz# lt {lcc fmt olzi`tc| zipyct lf cm{iz {hki pittciaiftp&

@iftzhclwio jhzkhlflfk ah| thdi tbi emza me h ahptiz thjci tm fikmtlhti pi`tmz!{loi lppyip me

`mfìzf "i&k&# {hkip hfo jifieltp, lf `mfgyf`tlmf {ltb pyj!hkziiaiftp tbht hoozipp lppyip

zichtio tm cm`hc ~zh`tlìp hfo olptlf`tlmfp lf gmj ptzy`tyzip hfo {mzd ~zmìppip& _blp t{m!tliz

h~~zmh`b ~zmuloip tbi ecirljlclt| me fmt zixylzlfk `mfpmclohtlmf me jhzkhlflfk yfltp mz

pthfohzolwhtlmf me cm`hc tizap hfo ~zh`tlìp& Oi~ifolfk mf tbi lfoyptz| mz pikaift me tbi

J^P# tbi p~i`lel` ìftzhclwio jhzkhlflfk ezhai{mzd ah| ji ptzy`tyzio hcmfk iltbiz m``y~htlmf!

jhpio clfip# h`zmpp hf iftlzi pi`tmz# mz tbzmykb h `majlfhtlmf me p~i`lel` ia~cm|izp hfo

m``y~htlmfp& Irha~cip me tblp lf`cyoi iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf# `mccikip# p~i`lel`

m``y~htlmfp lf bihctb# hfo `maayflt| hfo pm`lhc pizulì tzhfpeiz ~h|aift hkif`lip& Pmai

pikaiftp me tbi J^P {myco fmt ji `hfolohtip emz amzi ìftzhclwio amoicp me jhzkhlflfk&

Bm{iuiz# iuif {bizi amzi ìftzhclwio jhzkhlflfk {myco fmt ji h~~zm~zlhti# ai`bhflpap tm

py~~mzt oiplzhjci `m!mzolfhtlmf pbmyco m``yz& Emptizlfk ieei`tlui pi`tmzhc hfo cm`hc ~zh`tlìp#

lf`cyolfk mfkmlfk olp`ypplmf# hfo ziciuhft ohth `mcci`tlmf hfo hfhc|plp {myco ji jifiel`lhc&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!8>7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco eh`lclthti h umcyfthz| amuiaift tm

ìftzhclwio jhzkhlflfk emz ayfl`l~hcltlip ‟ ~hztl`ychzc| lf zichtlmf tm ~mclì hfo elzielkbtlfk

jhzkhlflfk&

H eyfohaifthc ~zmjcia {ltb ayfl`l~hcltlip lp tbht tbi| ih`b bhui h oleeizift eyfolfk jhpi

"l&i&# m{f!pmyzì ziuifyip ‟ ~zm~izt| thrhtlmf# ypiz eiip# ayfl`l~hc clìfplfk eiip#

oiuicm~aift `bhzkip# lfuiptaift lf`mai# it`&# hfo tbi hamyft me eyfolfk ezma piflmz ciuicp

me kmuizfaift,& @iftzhclwio jhzkhlflfk {mzdp jipt {bif tbi ia~cm|iz ploi bhp mfi eyfolfk

ifuicm~i "i&k&# tbi M^P hfo ltp ia~cm|iip,& Lf pmai `lz`yapthfìp# uiz| pahcc ia~cm|izp{myco ji xylti olphouhfthkio le p{i~t y~ lf h {hki pittciaift ozluif j| chzkiz ia~cm|izp {ltb

oii~iz ~m`ditp&

_bi @maalpplmf zi`mkflwip tbht ahfohtlfk ìftzhclwio jhzkhlflfk emz ayfl`l~hcltlip {myco fmt

ji loihc emz tbi zihpmf olp`yppio hjmui& _bi elfhf`lhcc| {ihdipt ayfl`l~hcltlip {myco cldic|

ehì pclkbtc| blkbiz!tbhf!fmzahc `ma~ifphtlmf lf`zihpip# zhtbiz tbhf tbi chzkiz ayfl`l~hcltlip

piilfk tbilz ia~cm|iip“ ~h| lf`zihpip ozhkkio om{f&




0;;

_bi jifielt me tblp umcyfthz| h~~zmh`b me ìftzhclwhtlmf emz ayfl`l~hc jhzkhlflfk lp tbht

ayfl`l~hcltlip alkbt fmt ji `ma~citic| –ìftzhclwio#‑ jyt zhtbiz ji`mai –amzi ìftzhclwio‑

lf jhzkhlflfk& _bi chzkiz ayfl`l~hcltlip# mz pmai kzmy~p me tbia# {lcc tifo tm jhzkhlf tmkitbiz#

hfo# cldi{lpi# tbi pahcciz ayfl`l~hcltlip {lcc jhzkhlf tmkitbiz jyt pi~hzhti ezma tbi chzkiz

mfip&

H _zhfp~hzift P|ptia

_bizi hzi ahf| alp`mfì~tlmfp hzmyfo ~yjcl`!pi`tmz chjmyz zichtlmfp hfo `ma~ifphtlmf&

Metif# alp`mfì~tlmfp hzi bilkbtifio j| zbitmzl` hjmyt –yfzihpmfhjci‑ yflmf oiahfop mz

ia~cm|iz!~zm~mpio –`ytp&‑ Ahf| `ltlwifp bhui iamtlmfhc zip~mfpip tm ~yjcl`!pi`tmz chjmyz

zichtlmfp lppyip& Pmai ah| eiic lftzlfpl` pmclohzlt| {ltb mtbiz {mzdizp elkbtlfk emz tbilz zlkbtp mz

tbilz cluiclbmmo4 mtbizp ‟ ~hztl`ychzc| tbmpi {bm om fmt ifgm| tbi phai ciuic me jifieltp mz gmj

pi`yzlt| ‟ ah| lfptlf`tluic| ploi {ltb ia~cm|izp& Lf kifizhc# ~yjcl`!pi`tmz chjmyz zichtlmfp hzi

h blkbc| ~mcltl`lwio ~mcl`| hzih&

H kmuizfaift ptzlulfk tm ifpyzi uhcyi emz ~yjcl` amfi| hfo pypthlfhjci oicluiz| me ~yjcl`

pizulìp fiiop tm zlpi hjmui dfii!gizd ~mcltl`p& _bht aihfp ptl`dlfk tm tbi eh`tp7

_mthc `ma~ifphtlmf lfumcuip amzi tbhf gypt {hkip& _byp# hf| `mfuizphtlmf hjmyt tmthc

`ma~ifphtlmf aypt `mfploiz hcc iciaiftp me h ~h| ~h`dhki ‟ lf`cyolfk jifieltp#

~ifplmfp# gmj pi`yzlt| hfo {mzdlfk `mfoltlmfp-zycip4

_bizi lp fm py`b tblfk hp h –t|~l`hc‑ ~yjcl`!pi`tmz gmj "fmz h –t|~l`hc‑ ~zluhti!pi`tmz gmj#

emz tbht ahttiz,& _byp# lt omip fmt ahdi pifpi tm `mfploiz hcc J^P {mzdizp tbi phai# fmz tm

tziht tbia tbi phai {bif lt `maip tm `ma~ifphtlmf4

_bizi hzi `bhccifkip lf aihpyzlfk ~zmoy`tlult| h`zmpp oleeizift gmj `htikmzlip "lf jmtb tbi

~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti pi`tmzp, hfo {ltb `ma~hzlfk gmj `htikmzlip# jyt tbipi `bhccifkip `hf

ji muiz`mai4 hfo

Chjmyz ahzditp hzi la~mzthft# jyt tbi irlptifì me ~yjcl`!pi`tmz amfm~mc| ia~cm|izp

`ma~cl`htip tbi lfecyifì me tbmpi ahzditp& Lf kifizhc# zitiftlmf ~zialyap pbmyco fmt ji

~zmuloio tm ia~cm|iip lf gmjp {ltb hf irìpp py~~c| me chjmyz&

_bipi eh`tp `hf hfo aypt ji py~~mztio j| ohth& _m emptiz jhchfìo# ieei`tlui hfo tzhfp~hzift

chjmyz zichtlmfp# kmmo# lfoi~ifoift lfemzahtlmf lp di|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!887 Ipthjclpb h Chjmyz Zichtlmfp Lfemzahtlmf Jyzihy tm `mcci`t hfo

olppialfhti tbi zhfki me ohth hfo lfemzahtlmf ziciuhft tm ia~cm|izp hfo yflmfp lf tbi jzmhoiz

~yjcl` pi`tmz lf tbilz fikmtlhtlmfp# hfo loiftle| ohth hfo mtbiz lfemzahtlmf-dfm{cioki kh~p&

Me ~hztl`ychz la~mzthfì lp oiuicm~lfk ohth hfo aihpyzip me ~zmoy`tlult|&



0;2

_bzmykb tbi jyzihy# py~~mzt zipihz`b mf thzkitio hzihp me plkflel`hft ziciuhfì tm tbi

`mcci`tlui jhzkhlflfk ~zmìpp "i&k&# ~zmoy`tlult| ptyolip# `mfecl`t zipmcytlmf# hzjltzhtlmf,&

Hcpm# ohth `mcci`tio pbmyco lf`cyoi `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp jilfk ahoi ziholc| huhlchjci hp

zh{ ohth mf tbi Lftizfit&

_blp jyzihy pbmyco py~~mzt tbi lfoi~ifoift tzljyfhc-`maalpplmf emz lfoi~ifoifthzjltzhtmzp hfo aiolhtmzp j| ~zmulolfk `yzzift mjgi`tlui ohth hfo mtbiz lfemzahtlmf mf tbi

chjmyz# i`mfmal` hfo elp`hc ifulzmfaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!8:7 Lftzmoyì h `ma~zibifplui hfo tzhfp~hzift jif`bahzdlfk p|ptia

emz Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì hfo jzmhoiz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz `ma~ifphtlmf# {bl`b {myco lf`cyoi h

`mptlfk me tbi eycc `ma~ifphtlmf ~h`dhki# lf`cyolfk jifieltp# ~ifplmfp hfo amulfk tbzmykb

–kzlop‑ {ltb piflmzlt|&

Lf @bh~tiz 8<# Clhjlclt| Ahfhkiaift# {i ~zmuloi h oithlcio olp`ypplmf hfo myz

zi`maaifohtlmfp emz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmfp&

H~~zm~zlhtic| Olptzljytlfk H``myfthjlclt|

Hp {i bm~i tblp ~h~iz ahdip `cihz# chjmyz zichtlmfp lp hjmyt jhchfì& ^yjcl`!pi`tmz

ia~cm|iip hfo ia~cm|izp bhui zip~mfpljlcltlip tm ih`b mtbiz# tm tbi kmuizfaift hfo tm tbi

`ltlwifp me Mfthzlm& Hp py`b# ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ia~cm|iip hfo ia~cm|izp# ht hcc ciuicp# aypt ji

bico tm h``myft&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!807 Ifpyzi tbht cihoizp lf tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì hfo jzmhoiz

~yjcl` pi`tmz hzi bico tm h``myft hfo tbht tbi| hzi hoixyhtic| `ma~ifphtio hfo if`myzhkio

tbzmykb lfìftluip tm ciho hfo irìc&

_blp zi`maaifohtlmf pbmyco h~~c| tm jmtb tbi M^P hfo tbi J^P ‟ jyt tbi M^P pbmyco ciho

j| irha~ci&

H`bliulfk tblp ulplmf {lcc zixylzi tbmzmykbc| `ma~itift ia~cm|iip# lf`cyolfk ahfhkizp&

_blp aihfp tbi| aypt ji hoixyhtic| `ma~ifphtio hfo meeizio h~~zm~zlhti lfìftluip tbzmykb

tbi zi{hzo ptzy`tyzi& _bi ypyhc tia~thtlmf tm pyp~ifo ahfhkizp“ jmfypip oyzlfk ziptzhlft

pbmyco ji ziplptio&




0;<

Plkflel`hft jmfypip pbmyco km tm tbmpi {bm hzi oiiaio# tbzmykb tbilz gmj iuhcyhtlmfp#

hp irìiolfk gmj zixylziaiftp& Le tbi kmuizfaift {hftp tm h~~c| ziptzhlft tm muizhcc jmfypip

~hlo# tbif lt `myco oluloi tbi pi`mfo# hfo chzkipt# iuhcyhtlmf `htikmz|& Ht ~zipift# tblp –eycc|

ieei`tlui‑ `htikmz|# {bl`b lf`cyoip hjmyt ;> ~iz ìft me ahfhkizp# kitp hf hytmahtl` jmfyp

tbht kmip lftm tbilz jhpi ~h| "yftlc tbi| blt tbi ~h| ìlclfk emz tbilz `htikmz|,& _bizi `myco ji

t{m `htikmzlip {ltblf tblp kzmy~# {bizi mfc| h ~mztlmf kit tbi jmfyp# mz t{m ciuicp me tbi jmfyp

`myco ji ipthjclpbio& _bi tblzo `htikmz|# tbmpi fmt eycc| aiitlfk zixylziaiftp# jyt gyokio tm

ji lf tbht ~mpltlmf oyi tm irì~tlmfhc hfo cldic| tia~mzhz| `lz`yapthfìp# py`b hp jilfk fi{

tm tbilz gmj# `myco ji oiflio hf hytmahtl` jmfyp hamyft& _bmpi fmt aiitlfk zixylziaiftp

{myco `mftlfyi fmt tm kit h jmfyp hfo {myco `cihzc| ji mf fmtlì tbht olpalpphc {lcc emccm{ le

tbilz ~izemzahfì omip fmt pmmf la~zmui& Hp lf hf| mzkhflwhtlmf# h ìzthlf ~izìfthki me

ia~cm|iip hzi cldic| yfoiz~izemzalfk hfo tblp pbmyco ji zieci`tio lf tbi olptzljytlmf me

muizhcc zhtlfkp&

_blp tmykb!jyt!ehlz h~~zmh`b pbmyco tbif ji if`myzhkio h`zmpp tbi J^P& Mfkmlfk`mfuizphtlmfp hjmyt h~~zm~zlhti iri`ytlui `ma~ifphtlmf hfo ~izemzahfì lfìftluip bhui

jiif lfltlhtio lf tbi bihctb pi`tmz& Py`b `mfuizphtlmfp pbmyco ji ir~hfoio tm mtbiz pi`tmzp&

Lf kifizhc# iri`ytluip {bm om fmt ~izemza pbmyco ji bico tm h``myft& @mfuizpic|# tbmpi {bm

om ~izemza pbmyco ji if`myzhkio hfo zithlfio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!8?7 Ifpyzi tbht tbi gmj oip`zl~tlmfp hfo `mcci`tlui hkziiaift

~zmulplmfp oielflfk ahfhkiaift“p hjlclt| tm mzkhflwi {mzd hzi ecirljci ifmykb tm hccm{ emz tbi

amuiaift me ~im~ci tm ifpyzi tbht tbi jipt ~im~ci hzi lf tbi zlkbt ~chìp ht tbi zlkbt tlai&

_bi kmuizfaift {lcc fiio kzihtiz ecirljlclt| tm amui ~im~ci hzmyfo hfo tm hoozippyfoiz~izemzalfk ia~cm|iip hfo hzihp tbht hzi fm cmfkiz ~zlmzltlip mz {bizi tbi pizulì `myco

ji ~zmuloio jittiz j| hfmtbiz iftlt|& _bi kmuizfaift aypt ji`mai amzi mzkhflwio lf

~yzpylfk tbi olpalpphc me ~yjcl` pizuhftp plkflel`hftc| ehlclfk tm aiit gmj zixylziaiftp& Metif

tbi ieemzt lp fmt ahoi ji`hypi tbi ~zmìpp `hf ji cmfk hfo oleel`yct& Jyt tbht pifop hf

lfh~~zm~zlhti aipphki tbht thr~h|izp“ amfi| {lcc `mftlfyi tm km {bizi clttci uhcyi lp

kifizhtio& _m h`bliui tblp# amzi ia~bhplp aypt ji ~chìo mf tm~!xyhclt| ahfhkiaift

tbzmykbmyt tbi J^P# lf`cyolfk tzhlflfk# zi`mkfltlmf hfo py~~mzt me tm~ ~izemzaizp# h`tlmf {ltb

yfoiz~izemzaizp "ziaiolhc hfo yctlahtic| olpalpphc le zixylzio, hfo amzi ia~bhplp mf

~izemzahfì h~~zhlphcp hfo lfìftluip jhpio mf hjlclt| hfo ~izemzahfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!897 ^zmuloi h jittiz pifpi me ir~i`thtlmfp hfo mjgi`tluip emz ih`b

~zmkzha# bm{ tbmpi elt lftm tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` ~mcl`| tbzypt# hfo `maayfl`hti tbmpi

ir~i`thtlmfp tm tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz&



02>

H`bliulfk la~zmuiaiftp lf mzkhflwhtlmfhc ieei`tluifipp hfo ~zmoy`tlult| h`zmpp tbi J^P

tbzmykb h ìftzhcc|!ozluif –tm~!om{f‑ h~~zmh`b lp blkbc| yfcldic| tm py`ìio kluif tbi pbiiz

plwi hfo `ma~cirlt| me tbi iftlzi J^P& H kmuizfaift!cio h~~zmh`b tbht lp amzi cldic| tm

h`bliui pmai me tbi oiplzio mjgi`tluip h`zmpp J^P lfoyptzlip lp mfi tbht py~~mztp

~zmeipplmfhclpa# oleeyplmf me jipt ~zh`tlìp hfo lffmuhtlmf& Kmuizfaift!cio ziemza me

~yjcl`!pi`tmz ahfhkiaift hfo byahf zipmyzìp ahfhkiaift ~zh`tlìp "lf`cyolfk chjmyz

zichtlmfp hfo `mcci`tlui jhzkhlflfk, zixylzip h `ma~zibifplui ptzhtik| tbht7

Pitp myt `maamf kcmjhc mjgi`tluip tm ji h`bliuio h`zmpp mzkhflwhtlmfp# lf`cyolfk hf

ir~i`thtlmf me pypthlfhjci myt`maip "{ltbmyt fiìpphzlc| jilfk p~i`lel`,4

Py~~mztp tbi oiuicm~aift me mjgi`tluip# hfo ptzhtiklip tm h`bliui tbmpi mjgi`tluip# tbht

hzi amzi p~i`lel` tm mzkhflwhtlmfp-pi`tmzp {ltb yflxyi zixylziaiftp4 hfo

Zixylzip tbht mzkhflwhtlmfp oiuicm~ aitzl`p-jif`bahzdp tm aihpyzi ~zmkzipp&

H Jzmho Ulplmf

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco `cihzc| pit myt tbi mjgi`tluip hfo `mftirt emz chjmyz zichtlmfp lf h

~yjcl` om`yaift# hfo pyaahzlwi tbipi mjgi`tluip lf pyjpixyift m~~mztyfltlip& Lt pbmyco

plkfhc# lf tbi ampt zip~i`teyc ehpblmf# tbi ptzmfk lftiftlmf tm h`bliui cm{ mz fm `mpt lf`zihpip

emz tmthc `ma~ifphtlmf h`zmpp tbi J^P "oielfio jzmhoc| tm lf`cyoi fmt mfc| {hkip jyt hcpm

{mzd `mfoltlmfp# ecirljlclt|# jifieltp# hfo pm mf# pm tbht ~mtiftlhc {hki lf`zihpip `myco ji meepit

j| mtbiz hp~i`tp me tbi hkziiaift, hfo ~zmoy`tlult| lf`zihpip& Py`b h om`yaift {lcc ~zmuloi

tbi m~~mztyflt| tm piid chjmyz `m!m~izhtlmf lf tbipi ieemztp4 {lcc ~yt kmuizfaift lf tbi jipt

~mppljci ~mpltlmf tm h`bliui tbi oiplzio myt`maip4 hfo lp fiìpphz| pbmyco jhzkhlflfk fmt

yctlahtic| ~zmoyì tbi oiplzio zipyctp&

Ahf| ~yjcl`!pi`tmz {mzdizp bhui hkziio tm `mftzh`tp tbht lf`cyoi h amoizhtlmf me

`ma~ifphtlmf lf`zihpip& Fmf!jhzkhlflfk ia~cm|iip bhui bho pmai amoizhtlmf ciklpchtluic|

la~mpio& Bm{iuiz# pmai chzki ia~cm|ii kzmy~p hzi gypt fm{ iftizlfk lftm jhzkhlflfk zmyfop

lf {bl`b tbi| {lcc ji hpdio tm ahdi tzhoi!meep&

Kluif tbi blkb ~izìfthki me p~ifolfk mf bihctb hfo ioy`htlmf# lt lp h~~zm~zlhti tbht

ia~cm|iip lf tbipi pi`tmzp om tbilz ~hzt& _bi pthdip hzi blkb& _bi kmuizfaift {lcc fiio tm

{mzd `mcchjmzhtluic| hfo `m!m~izhtluic| {ltb J^P ia~cm|izp hfo jhzkhlflfk hkiftp tm zih`b

`ma~zmalpip tbht zi`mkflwi elp`hc zihclt|& _bi kmuizfaift ah| bhui tm thdi hfo ahlfthlf

bhzo ~mpltlmfp lf tbi ehì me olphkziiaift hfo olpzy~tlmf4 bm{iuiz# hcc ~hztlip pbmyco bhui

h pbhzio em`yp mf zipyctp&




028

Lt lp hcpm la~mzthft emz tbi kmuizfaift hfo ltp J^P ~hztfizp tm zihclwi tbht amoizhtlmf lf

`ma~ifphtlmf {lcc ji oleel`yct tm ahlfthlf muiz tbi cmfk tiza& H jzmho ulplmf emz chjmyz zichtlmfp

aypt zi`mkflwi tblp hfo ~chf emz tbi eytyzi& [hkip aypt ji amoizhtio lf tbi fihz tiza# jyt lt

{lcc ji tzhfpemzahtlmf hfo ~zmoy`tlult| lf`zihpip tbht yctlahtic| hccm{ tbi kmuizfaift tm

~zmuloi pypthlfhjci pizul`ip lftm tbi eytyzi&



02:




020


Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì "M^P, m~izhtlfk ir~ifoltyzip h``myft emz hjmyt /8> jlcclmf lf hffyhc

p~ifolfk&8 Lf tbi M^P# m~izhtlfk hfo jh`d!meelì ir~ifoltyzip lf`cyoi lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk|#

byahf zipmyzì ahfhkiaift# elfhf`lhc pizulìp# ~zm`yziaift# tzhfp~mzthtlmf#

h``maamohtlmfp hfo eh`lcltlip ahfhkiaift# cikhc pizulìp# `maayfl`htlmfp hfo jyplfipp

~chfflfk& _bipi ir~ifoltyzip py~~mzt hfo hpplpt ~yjcl` oi~hztaiftp tm oicluiz mf ~mcl`| hfo

~zmkzha oiuicm~aift hfo lf tbi oicluiz| me pizulìp&

Kmuizfaiftp iuiz|{bizi ehì `bhccifkip tm la~zmui ~yjcl` pizulìp {blci `mfthlflfk

ir~ifoltyzi kzm{tb& ^hzt me tbi @maalpplmf“p ahfohti lp tm zi`maaifo {h|p tm la~zmui

uhcyi emz amfi| lf hcc kmuizfaift h`tlultlip j| em`yplfk mf la~zmuio myt`maip emz ~zmkzhap

hfo pizulìp {ltblf huhlchjci zipmyzìp& _bi zi`maaifohtlmfp lf tblp `bh~tiz hzi lftifoio tm

h`bliui elp`hc ieel`lif`lip lf m~izhtlfk hfo jh`d!meelì ir~ifoltyzip {ltbmyt `ma~zmalplfkpizulì oicluiz|& Lf ampt `hpip# tbi| {lcc la~zmui lt&

@mftirt

Jyplfipp m~izhtlmfp `mftlfyi tm `bhfki zh~loc| emz tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz& Uhzlhjcip py`b hp

i`mfmal` tzifop# zh~lo `bhfkip lf ti`bfmcmk|# lf`zihplfk lftikzhtlmf lftm h kcmjhc p|ptia#

hfo lf`zihpio h``myfthjlclt| hfo tzhfp~hzif`| emz ~yjcl` lfptltytlmfp bhui plkflel`hft

m~izhtlmfhc la~h`t mf tbi ~yjcl` pi`tmz& _bi M^P hfo jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz "J^P, aypt dii~

~hì {ltb tblp zh~lo `bhfki tm ~zmuloi pizulìp hp ieei`tluic| hfo ieel`liftc| hp ~mppljci&

_bi jlkkipt `ma~mfift me M^P m~izhtlfk ir~ifoltyzip `mfplptp me {hkip hfo phchzlip# {bl`b

h``myft emz ?2 ~iz ìft me tbi /8> jlcclmf p~ift&: Hfmtbiz :5 ~iz ìft kmip tm tbi ~zmulplmf me

pizulìp hfo :> ~iz ìft tm ia~cm|ii jifieltp& _zhfp~mzthtlmf# `maayfl`htlmf hfo py~~clip

h``myft emz tbi ziahlflfk 5 ~iz ìft& Plalchz tm ~zmkzha hzihp# chjmyz `mptp hzi tbi ~zlahz|

elp`hc ozluiz&

8 ^yjcl` H``myftp me Mfthzlm# :>8>‐88 ‟ Lf`cyoip tmthc phchz| hfo {hkip# ia~cm|ii ~ifplmf hfo jifieltp# tzhfp~mzthtlmf hfo

`maayfl`htlmfp# pizulìp hfo py~~clip emz yf`mfpmclohtio ir~ifpip&: _blp elkyzi omip fmt zi~zipift tbi eycc `mptp me chjmyz tm tbi ~zmulfì mz thr~h|izp& H plkflel`hft ~mztlmf me chjmyz mptp hzi iajiooio lf

~zmkzha p~ifolfk fyajizp emz alflptzlip& [i iptlahti tbht chjmyz mptp hamyft tm hjmyt bhce me hcc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk&



02?

Ia~cm|ii

Jifieltp

:>)

Pizulìp

:5)

Phchzlip % [hkip

?2)

Py~~clip

?)

_zhfp~mzthtlmf

hfo

@maayfl`htlmfp

:)

@BHZ_ 85&8 Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì M~izhtlfk Ir~ifpip#

:>8>‐88

Pmyzì7 Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Elfhfì&

Lf hooltlmf tm tbi m~izhtlfk ir~ifoltyzip mytclfio lf @bhzt 85&8# tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift

eyfoio /8>< jlcclmf lf tzhfpeiz ~h|aiftp lf :>8>‐88& Me tblp# ?9 ~iz ìft {ift tm J^P

mzkhflwhtlmfp py`b hp Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp "lf`cyolfk bmp~lthcp,# p`bmmcp#

`mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip&0 _bi ziahlflfk 99 ~iz ìft lf`cyoip tzhfpeizp tm lfoluloyhcp#

ayfl`l~hcltlip? hfo mtbiz mzkhflwhtlmf py`b hp hkif`lip# jmhzop hfo `maalpplmfp "t|~l`hcc|

dfm{f hp tbi HJ@p,&

La~cl`ltc|# h ~mztlmf me tbi hffyhc tzhfpeiz ~h|aiftp ahoi j| tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift lp

olzi`tio tm m~izhtlfk hfo jh`d!meelì ir~ifoltyzip# tbmykb tblp ~mztlmf uhzlip j| zi`l~lift&

Plfì h plkflel`hft ~mztlmf me chjmyz `mptp lp iajiooio lf ~zmkzha p~ifolfk# tbi elkyzi me

/8> jlcclmf omip fmt zi~zipift tbi eycc `mpt me chjmyz tm tbi ~zmulfì mz thr~h|izp&

[i iptlahti tbht chjmyz `mptp hamyft tm hjmyt bhce me hcc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk&

0 Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp hfo bmp~lthcp hzi olp`yppio lf kzihtiz oithlc lf @bh~tizp 9& P`bmmcp hzi olp`yppio lf @bh~tiz 5#

{blci mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip hzi tbi em`yp me @bh~tiz ;&? Ayfl`l~hcltlip hzi olp`yppio lf oithlc lf @bh~tiz :>&




029

@BHZ_ 85&: Mfthzlm yjcl` Pizulì M~izhtlfk Ir~ifpiphfo Fit Ir~ifpip hp îzìfthki me _mthc KmuizfaiftP~ifolfk# :>>0‐88

Phchzlip hfo [hkip

Ia~cm|ii Jifieltp_zhfp~mzthtlmf hfo

@maayfl`htlmfp

Pizulìp

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–Fit‑ M~izhtlfk Ir~ifpip hp iz @ift me _mthc Kmuizfaift P~ifolfkîz @ift/ Jlcclmfp


@bhzt 85&: ~zmuloip hf muizuli{ me M^P m~izhtlfk ir~ifoltyzip muiz tlai hfo tbilz zichtlui

~mztlmf me tmthc kmuizfaift p~ifolfk& Hp h ~izìfthki me tmthc kmuizfaift p~ifolfk#

m~izhtlfk ir~ifoltyzip bhui oi`zihpio tm cipp tbhf 2 ~iz ìft lf :>8>‐88# om{f ezma h

blptmzl` blkb me muiz 8> ~iz ìft& Bm{iuiz# tmthc ir~ifoltyzip lf tblp `htikmz| bhui lf`zihpiotm muiz /8> jlcclmf hp me :>8>‐88& Ieel`lif`lip ah| bhui jiif emyfo tbzmykb tbi `zihtlmf me

amzi ptzihaclfio ~zmìppip# cm{izio hoalflptzhtlui `mptp# jittiz ypi me ti`bfmcmk|# hfo

mfkmlfk `mpt!humlohfì hfo `mpt!zioy`tlmf lfltlhtluip# jyt tbi @maalpplmf bhp jiif yfhjci tm

xyhftle| tblp tbzmykb myz zipihz`b& Myz `bhccifki lp tm jifo om{f tbi `mpt `yzui {blci ozlulfk

emz kzihtiz uhcyi!emz!amfi| myt`maip# em`yplfk mf `clift pizulì hfo ifpyzlfk h``myfthjlclt|

tm thr~h|izp&



025

_bi @bhccifki

_bi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift ehìp tbi t{lf `bhccifkip me `zihtlfk tbi jipt ~yjcl` pizulì lf tbi

{mzco yfoiz tbi `mfptzhlftp me zih`blfk elp`hc jhchfì j| :>8;‐82& [i bhui fmt ~chìo hf

hffyhc kzm{tb thzkit mf m~izhtlfk hfo jh`d!meelì ir~ifoltyzip ji`hypi me tbilz oleeyplmf

tbzmykb mtbiz ~zmkzha hzihp& Bm{iuiz# gypt cldi ~zmkzha hzihp# jh`d!meelì hfo m~izhtlfk

ir~ifoltyzip aypt tzhfpemza tm elfo `mpt ieel`lif`lip& _bht ieemzt {lcc zixylzi lffmuhtlui loihp

hfo fi{ {h|p tm oicluiz mf kmuizfaift ~zlmzltlip& _blp {lcc lf`cyoi cittlfk pizulì oicluiz|

myt`maip hogypt tbi plwi me tbi `lulc pizulì4 `mfploizlfk hctizfhtlui pizulì oicluiz| {bizi

uhcyi emz amfi| `hf ji ifbhfìo {ltbmyt `ma~zmalplfk xyhclt| mz h`ìpp4 hfo ieei`tluic|

ahfhklfk ~yjcl` pizulì oicluiz| j| jhchf`lfk tbi fiio emz h``myfthjlclt| {ltb kmuizfhfì tbht

ifpyzip tbi ieel`lift hfo ieei`tlui oicluiz| me myt`maip&

_bi mjgi`tlui me tblp `bh~tiz lp tm ifulplmf bm{ Mfthzlm kmuizfaift hfo J^P ~zmkzhap hfo

pizulì oicluiz| `hf h`bliui tbi jipt ~mppljci myt`maip {ltb tbilz huhlchjci zipmyzìp&_bi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop {h|p tm tzhfpemza hfo elfo `mpt ieel`lif`lip lf hzihp py`b hp

ezmft!clfi pizulì oicluiz|# hza“p!cifktb m~izhtlmfp# zikychtmz| pizulìp# lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk|

~zh`tlìp hfo tzhfpeiz ~h|aiftp& H`bliulfk h pypthlfhjci elp`hc ifulzmfaift {lcc zixylzi

kmuizfaift tm em`yp mf eytyzi lfuiptaift# hp m~~mpio tm tbht {bl`b pizuip tbi pthtyp xym&




02;

PizulìMfthzlm _zhfpemzahtlmf

PizulìMfthzlm {hp mzlklfhcc| kluif h ahfohti lf :>>5 tm ji`mai tbi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift“p

~yjcl`!eh`lfk oicluiz| mzkhflwhtlmf# {ltb zip~mfpljlclt| emz oicluizlfk lfemzahtlmf hfo blkb!

umcyai zmytlfi tzhfph`tlmfp# tm lfoluloyhcp hfo jyplfippip& PizulìMfthzlm m~izhtip fihzc|

0>> cm`htlmfp tbht ~zmuloi tbi ~yjcl` {ltb py`b pizulìp hp bihctb `hzo hfo ozluiz“p clìfì

zifi{hc& PizulìMfthzlm lp iptlahtio tm bhui zioyìo `mptp ~iz tzhfph`tlmf emz ozluiz# uibl`ci

hfo bihctb `hzo pizulìp j| hjmyt ;&5 ~iz ìft& Lt fm{ ~zmuloip lffmuhtlmfp py`b hp mfclfi

pizulì oicluiz|# dlmpd pizulìp# `zmpp!kmuizfaift pizulìp# pizulì kyhzhftiip hfo pizulì

`mfpmclohtlmf# ipthjclpblfk PizulìMfthzlm hp h cihoiz lf `clift!em`ypio ~yjcl` pizulìp&

Cmmdlfk hbiho# tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip lt {lcc ji la~mzthft tm `mftlfyi tblp py`ìpp hfo

jzmhoif tbi ahfohti me tbi mzkhflwhtlmf tm zioyì muizhcc ir~ifoltyzip# lf`zihpi ~zmoy`tlult|

hfo la~zmui pizulì oicluiz| tm tbi ~yjcl`&

H& Ir~hfplmf me PizulìMfthzlm Pizulìp

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!87 Ir~hfo tbi pizulìp PizulìMfthzlm oicluizp& _blp lf`cyoip ~yzpylfk

hooltlmfhc ~hztfizpbl~p emz pizulì oicluiz| {ltblf tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì# hfo eyztbizlfk

pizulì oicluiz| ~hztfizpbl~p {ltb ayfl`l~hc hfo eioizhc ciuicp me kmuizfaift&

H `zy`lhc ~hzt me tbi ir~hfplmf me PizulìMfthzlm lp tbi kzm{tb me pizulìp jmtb bmzlwmfthcc|

"l&i&# h`zmpp ~zmulf`lhc alflptzlip, hfo uiztl`hcc| "l&i&# lf `mfgyf`tlmf {ltb eioizhc hfo ayfl`l~hc

pizulìp,& _blp mfi!ptm~ lftizehì lp amzi ~zmoy`tlui emz `cliftp hfo ieel`lift emz kmuizfaift&

_bi ieel`lif`lip khlfio j| lftikzhtlfk bihctb `hzo hfo ozluiz“p clìfì zifi{hc tm mfi {lfom{#

emz irha~ci# `myco ji zi~cl`htio j| alkzhtlfk hooltlmfhc tzhfph`tlmfp py`b hp thr `mcci`tlmf#ia~cm|aift tzhlflfk hfo jifielt hoalflptzhtlmf tm PizulìMfthzlm&

Emz hf irha~ci me tbi p`hci me gypt mfi plti me ~mppljci lftikzhtlmf# lf :>8>‐88 Mfthzlm

~zmuloio `ltlwifp {ltb fihzc| /82 jlcclmf lf jifieltp tbzmykb 0; lf`mai!jhpio ~zmkzhap&

Pmai me tbipi ~zmkzhap {izi ~zmuloio tbzmykb 850 Mfthzlm [mzdp meelìp& PizulìMfthzlm

`myco oicluiz tbipi pizulìp lf h amzi lftikzhtio# pihacipp# tlaic| hfo yctlahtic| amzi `mpt!

ieel`lift ahffiz&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco ~yzpyi hooltlmfhc ~hztfizpbl~p {ltblf tbi M^P# py`b hp tzhfpeizzlfk ltp

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ahfhkio ohthjhpip tm m``y~htlmfhc bihctb hfo pheit| lfp~i`tmzp {myco hcpm ~izalt amzi

ieel`lift ahfhkiaift me ifemzìaift h`tlultlip&



022

Eyztbiz pti~p pbmyco ji thdif tm houhfì ~hztfizlfk {ltb ayfl`l~hc hfo eioizhc pizulìp ‟

ieel`lif`lip `hf ji emyfo j| {mzdlfk `mcchjmzhtluic| {ltb mtbiz ciuicp me kmuizfaift& Emz

irha~ci# PizulìMfthzlm lf Mtth{h `m!cm`htip {ltb tbi @lt| me Mtth{h hfo Pizulì @hfhoh tm

~zmuloi pizulìp ezma mfi cm`htlmf# tbiziemzi la~zmulfk tbi `clift ir~izlifì& Hooltlmfhcc|# tbi

fi{ Jlw^hc h``myft "{bl`b hccm{p Mfthzlm jyplfippip tm ahfhki ayctl~ci kmuizfaift

zixylziaiftp ezma h plfkci h``myft, hccm{p 8:; Mfthzlm ayfl`l~hcltlip "py`b hp Dlfkptmf#

_laalfp# Jzha~tmf hfo Pyojyz|, tm ~hztfiz {ltb PizulìMfthzlm hfo ji`mai amzi ieel`lift lf

lppylfk jyplfipp ~izaltp hfo clìfplfk& _bi `zihtlmf me amzi py`b byjp# {ltb tbilz `zltl`hc

ahpp# {myco ahdi lt ihpliz tm ~zmuloi pizulìp lf jmtb meel`lhc chfkyhkip& Py`b p|fizklip lf

pizulì oicluiz| {lcc la~zmui `yptmaiz ir~izlifì hfo `h~lthclwi mf i`mfmalip me p`hci&

J& La~zmulfk bm{ PizulìMfthzlm Oicluizp ltp Pizulìp

Bm{ PizulìMfthzlm oicluizp ltp pizulìp lp gypt hp la~mzthft hp tbi dlfop me pizulìp lt

oicluizp& _bzii ~zlf`l~cip ‟ h em`yp mf tbi `clift# ieel`lif`| khlfp hfo h``myfthjlclt| ‟pbmyco ozlui PizulìMfthzlm“p oicluiz| aitbmop& _blp pykkiptp h uhzlit| me `bhfkip# zhfklfk

ezma tbi oicluiz| me pizulìp tbzmykb fi{ mz hctizfhti ~chtemzap# hcc tbi {h| tm ~hztfizpbl~p

{ltb tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz# hp cmfk hp h``myfthjlclt| hfo h em`yp mf tbi `clift hzi fmt

`ma~zmalpio j| tbi tzhfpemzahtlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!:7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco olzi`t `cliftp tm amzi `mfuiflift hfo cipp

ir~ifplui `bhfficp# py`b hp mfclfi pizulì oicluiz| emz jlztb ziklptzhtlmf&

@h~lthc lfuiptaift lf fi{ ti`bfmcmk| {lcc ~ch| hf la~mzthft zmci lf tblp tzhfpemzahtlmf& [bizi

~mppljci# pizulìp pbmyco ji pbletio tm tbi cihpt ir~ifplui ~chtemzap huhlchjci# zipyctlfk lfphulfkp emz tbi kmuizfaift# h amzi ieel`lift pizulì ir~izlifì emz tbi `clift hfo h ~mpltlui

ifulzmfaifthc la~h`t tbzmykb olkltlwio pizulìp "l&i&# olklthc zhtbiz tbhf ~h~iz zi`mzop,& Hp h

`mfpixyifì# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco ptm~ oicluizlfk pizulìp lf ~izpmf le lt `hf om pm j|

tici~bmfi mz tbzmykb tbi Lftizfit& Hp cmfk hp tbi amui omip fmt `ma~zmalpi pizulì oicluiz|

‟ py`b hp tbi ~zmulplmf me pizulì lf jmtb meel`lhc chfkyhkip ‟ tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco ypi tbi

cm{ipt!`mpt ~chtemzap&

Hf irha~ci me pbletlfk `mfpyaizp tm{hzop amzi `mfuiflift hfo cipp ir~ifplui `bhfficp lp

tbi ~zmulplmf me Uibl`ci Uhclohtlmf Ptl`dizp "Uhc _hk,& PizulìMfthzlm ~zmìppio hjmyt

5&5 alcclmf uhclohtlmf ptl`dizp lf :>8># ht h `mpt me /82&? alcclmf& Uibl`cip fiio fmt ziìlui hfoolp~ch| h fi{ ptl`diz ih`b |ihz4 lfptiho# tbilz ziklptzhtlmf `myco ji cmkkio lf hf ici`tzmfl`

ohthjhpi& Mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp# py`b hp Xyiji`# bhui py`ìppeycc| amuio h{h| ezma uibl`ci

clìfplfk ptl`dizp hfo emyfo tbht ti`bfmcmk|!jhpio ifemzìaift "cldi clìfì!~chti p`hfflfk,

lp ehz amzi ieei`tlui&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!07 PizulìMfthzlm pbmyco m~tlalwi `yzzift ulztyhc ~zmìppip&




02<

Hp hf irha~ci# Mfthzlm bihctb `hzop hzi fm{ zifi{io iuiz| elui |ihzp& Irtifolfk tbht

zifi{hc `|`ci tm piuif mz 8> |ihzp `myco humlo plkflel`hft `mptp {ltbmyt `ma~zmalplfk

pi`yzlt|& Ir~hfoio ici`tzmfl` lfezhptzy`tyzi alkbt hcpm ciho tm hooltlmfhc ziuifyi tbzmykb jycd

ohth phcip4 lt lp hcpm amzi `ma~htljci {ltb tzhfp~hzif`| kmhcp# py`b hp –m~if kmuizfaift‑

lfltlhtluip& Amulfk ezma ~h~iz tm olklthc zi`mzop `hf phui tlai# lp ifulzmfaifthcc| ezlifoc|# hfo

zipyctp lf blkbiz!xyhclt| pizulìp&

@& Lfuiptaift lf Kzm{tb

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!?7 _bi kmuizfaift fiiop tm lf`zihpi PizulìMfthzlm“p `yzzift hffyhc

/: alcclmf `h~lthc jyokit&

_blp pblet {myco hccm{ PizulìMfthzlm tm ahdi tbi fiìpphz| `bhfkip tm amzi ieei`tluic|

oicluiz ltp pizulì& Hp PizulìMfthzlm ir~hfop# h pahcc `h~lthc jyokit lf`zihplfkc| claltp ltp

hjlclt| tm pi`yzi ieel`lif`| khlfp# ~hztl`ychzc| {bizi lfuiptaift lf fi{ ti`bfmcmk| lpfiìpphz| emz hooltlmfhc phulfkp lf tbi eytyzi& Ampt `h~lthc# lf ~hztl`ychz lfemzahtlmf

ti`bfmcmk|# lp hftlxyhtio hfo oiflip tbi ~mppljlclt| me hytmahtlmf hfo hahckhahtlmfp me

lfemzahtlmf p|ptiap&

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ypio tm kifizhti h elp`hc oluloifo&

PizulìMfthzlm bhp kifizhtio ieel`lif`| khlfp mf h fyajiz me ezmftp# hfo myz ~zm~mpio

zi`maaifohtlmfp hzi oiplkfio tm `zihti amzi& _m ohti# ampt me tbipi ieel`lif`| khlfp bhui

jiif ~yt tm{hzop pizulì la~zmuiaiftp& Lf tbi `yzzift elp`hc `mftirt# phulfkp ezma eyztbiz

ieel`lif`| khlfp pbmyco ji ypio tm kifizhti h elp`hc oluloifo hfo ahdi PizulìMfthzlm hf

la~mzthft `mftzljytmz tm elp`hc pypthlfhjlclt|& Eyztbiz khlfp aypt `mai ezma `h~lthc# jyt tbizi

`myco ‟ hfo cldic| {lcc ‟ ji pi~hzhti pmyzìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!57 [bizi ~mppljci# ~zluhti!pi`tmz ~hztl`l~htlmf pbmyco ji ypio tm amui

PizulìMfthzlm eyztbiz tm{hzop h eycc `mpt zi`muiz| amoic&

H plkflel`hft m~~mztyflt| irlptp emz PizulìMfthzlm tm elfo fi{ `h~lthc hfo ir~hfo pizulìp j|

ciuizhklfk ~zluhti!pi`tmz lfuiptaift hfo ~hztl`l~htlmf tbzmykb `ma~itltlmf& ^hztfizpbl~p {ltb

tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz `hf ~zmuloi jittiz uhcyi emz thr~h|iz amfi|# hp ~zluhti!pi`tmz lfuiptaiftp

hfo ir~iztlpi `hf ozlui ir~hfplmf {blci ptlcc oicluizlfk h elp`hc oluloifo& Lf tbipi `hpip#

~zluhti!pi`tmz oicluiz| aypt aiit tbi pthfohzop ir~i`tio me ~yjcl` pizulì oicluiz|# py`b hp

tbi ~zmulplmf me pizulì lf jmtb meel`lhc chfkyhkip&



0<>

_izhfit“p hkziiaift {ltb tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift lp hf irha~ci me h ~yjcl`!~zluhti

~hztfizpbl~ lf ~yjcl` pizulì oicluiz| tbht amoizflwio tbi {h| `yptmaizp `mfoy`t ici`tzmfl`

tzhfph`tlmfp lf zihc ~zm~izt|# tltci hfo {zlt pihz`bip# hfo ziklptzhtlmfp& Plfì tbi lftzmoy`tlmf me

ici`tzmfl` ziklptzhtlmf lf 8<<<# muiz 89&0 alcclmf om`yaiftp bhui jiif ziklptizio

ici`tzmfl`hcc|& Hooltlmfhc ~zluhti!pi`tmz ~hztfizpbl~p tbht la~zmui ~yjcl` pizulì oicluiz| hfo

xyhclt| fiio tm ji pmykbt hfo htthlfio&

Ziuli{ Irlptlfk Hkif`| Ahfohtip

Mfthzlm bhp hjmyt 50> hkif`lip# oielfio hp iftltlip tm {bl`b tbi kmuizfaift ahdip ht cihpt

mfi h~~mlftaift& Hkif`lip ehcc lftm mfi me t{m jzmho `htikmzlip7 `chpplelio hfo fmf!`chpplelio&

_bizi hzi hjmyt :92 `chpplelio hkif`lip# {bl`b hzi kifizhcc| `mfptltytio j| h pthtyti#

h zikychtlmf yfoiz irlptlfk pthtyti mz hf Mzoiz lf @myf`lc# hfo tm {bl`b tbi kmuizfaift ahdip

tbi ahgmzlt| me h~~mlftaiftp& _bipi lf`cyoi h {loi uhzlit| me jmolip py`b hp `maalpplmfp#

`myf`lcp# hytbmzltlip# emyfohtlmfp# tzyptp hfo jmhzop&9 _bizi hzi hcpm muiz 0>> fmf!`chpplelio

hkif`lip tbht hzi ir`cyoio ezma tbi elfhf`lhc hfo hoalflptzhtlui zixylziaiftp me tbi Mfthzlm

kmuizfaift jyt tm {bl`b tbi kmuizfaift ahdip ht cihpt mfi zi~zipifthtlui h~~mlftaift&

_bi ahfohti me Mfthzlm“p hkif`lip lp oluizpi hfo `ma~cir& Hkif`lip `hf ~izemza h uhzlit| me

zmcip ezma tbi ~zmulplmf me ti`bfl`hc houlì hfo ir~iztlpi tm xyhpl!gyol`lhc oi`lplmfp tbht hzi

lfoi~ifoift me olzi`t ~mcltl`hc lfumcuiaift& Hkif`lip `hf hcpm m~izhti hf iftiz~zlpi yplfk

p~i`lhclwio ir~iztlpi mz `h~hjlcltlip fmt emyfo lf kmuizfaift alflptzlip& M{lfk tm tbilz uiz|

oluizpi zmci# tbi| hcpm uhz| {loic| lf plwi# ezma tbi [mzd~chì Pheit| hfo Lfpyzhfì Jmhzo

"[PLJ, tm tbi Mfthzlm Kimkzh~bl` Fhaip Jmhzo&

_bi zmci me hkif`lip bhp jiif tbi pyjgi`t me piuizhc ziuli{p& _bi kmuizfhfì ezhai{mzd hfo

h``myfthjlclt| ai`bhflpap me `chpplelio m~izhtlmfhc hkif`lip {izi ziuli{io lf tbi Oiìajiz

:>8> –Zi~mzt me tbi P~i`lhc Houlpmz mf Hkif`lip‑ tm tbi Alflptiz me Kmuizfaift Pizulìp&

_bi zi~mzt `mfthlfio h fyajiz me zi`maaifohtlmfp# lf`cyolfk h ~chf tm ìftzhclwi hfo ir~hfo

{ltblf mfi me tbi alflptzlip eycc zip~mfpljlclt| emz hcc hp~i`tp me `mz~mzhti muizplkbt hfo

kmuizfhfì py~~mzt emz hkif`lip&5 Bm{iuiz# tbizi bhp |it tm ji h amzi irtifplui ziuli{ me hcc

hkif`lip tm oitizalfi le tbilz ahfohtip hzi ptlcc ziciuhft hfo {bitbiz muizhcc ieel`lif`lip `hf

ji h`bliuio lf tbi kmuizfaift“p ypi me tbipi iftltlip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!;7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco ziuli{ irlptlfk hkif`| ahfohtip hfo

eyf`tlmfp tm oitizalfi le kzihtiz ieel`lif`lip `myco ji h`bliuio tbzmykb zhtlmfhclwhtlmf mz

`mfpmclohtlmf me ~zmkzhap# oicluiz| tbzmykb irlptlfk alflptz| zipmyzìp# mz tbi mytzlkbt

iclalfhtlmf me eyf`tlmfp&

9 Metif tbi| hzi zieizzio tm hp tbi HJ@p "hkif`lip# jmhzop hfo `maalpplmfp,& @chpplelio hkif`lip hzi pyjgi`t tm tbi Hkif`| hfo

Ipthjclpbaift hfo H``myfthjlclt| Olzi`tlui# {bl`b lp tbi ampt plkflel`hft h``myfthjlclt| lfptzyaift me kmuizfaift&5 Emz amzi lfemzahtlmf# pii ~& 0? me tbi –Zi~mzt me tbi P~i`lhc Houlpmz mf Hkif`lip#‑ j| Zlth Jyzhd&




0<8

Ir~hfo tbi Ypi me Oicikhtio Hoalflptzhtlui Hytbmzltlip tmOicluiz Zikychtmz| Pizulìp

Plalchz tm tbi hkif`lip amoic ypio j| kmuizfaift# Oicikhtio Hoalflptzhtlui Hytbmzltlip

"OHH, bhui jiif ypio tm oicluiz h fyajiz me zikychtmz| pizulìp plfì tbilz lfì~tlmf lf tbialo!8<<>p& Yfoiz tbi OHH amoic# ciklpchtlmf lp ifh`tio tbht ipthjclpbip hf h``myfthjlclt| hfo

kmuizfhfì ezhai{mzd jit{iif h alflptz| hfo h ~zluhti fmt!emz!~zmelt `mz~mzhtlmf# {bl`b tbif

hoalflptizp ciklpchtlmf mf jibhce me tbi kmuizfaift& Yfoiz tbi ezhai{mzd me tbi OHH amoic7

_bi ciklpchtlui hppiajc| zithlfp muizhcc h``myfthjlclt| hfo `mftzmc muiz {bht lp pit myt

lf tbi ifhjclfk ciklpchtlmf# hfo tbi kmuizfaift zithlfp muizhcc h``myfthjlclt| hfo

`mftzmc muiz {bht lp pit myt lf tbi zikychtlmfp4

_bi alflptiz amfltmzp# hfo ziahlfp h``myfthjci tm tbi ciklpchtlui hppiajc| emz#

tbi muizhcc ~izemzahfì me tbi OHH& _bi kmuizfaift h~~zmuip zycip `muizlfk py`b

ahttizp hp tbi `ma~mpltlmf me tbi jmhzo me olzi`tmzp# eii!pittlfk ~zmìpp hfo

`mfecl`t me lftizipt& Lt hcpm h~~mlftp h alfmzlt| me aiajizp tm hf lfoi~ifoift

jmhzo4 hfo

_bi OHH hppyaip zip~mfpljlclt| emz hcc hp~i`tp me oh|!tm!oh| oi`lplmf!ahdlfk hfo

zikychtmz| pizulì oicluiz|# lf`cyolfk hoalflptizlfk clìfìp mz ziklptzhtlmfp4 bhfoclfk

`ma~chlftp4 `mfoy`tlfk lfp~i`tlmfp# lfuiptlkhtlmfp hfo mtbiz ifemzìaift h`tlultlip4

olp`l~clflfk tbi `mfoy`t me clìfpiip mz ziklptzhftp4 ifbhf`lfk lfoyptz| ~zmeipplmfhclpa4

~zmulolfk `mfpyaiz h{hzifipp hfo lfoyptz| ioy`htlmf h`tlultlip4 hfo h~~mlftlfk h

ahgmzlt| me jmhzo aiajizp&



0<:

_bi Oicikhtio Hoalflptzhtlui Hytbmzlt| Ziuli{ emyfo tbht tbi OHHp hzi {mzdlfk ieei`tluic|

hfo ieel`liftc| hp zikychtmzp me ~yjcl` pheit| hfo `mfpyaiz ~zmti`tlmf&; Oicikhtio

Hoalflptzhtlui Hytbmzltlip bho tbi emccm{lfk jifieltp7

Zioyìo `mptp tm kmuizfaift# ji`hypi zikychtmz| pizulìp hzi eyfoio tbzmykb eiip

`mcci`tio ezma lfoyptz|4

Zioyìo plwi me kmuizfaift hp pizulì oicluiz| {hp tzhfpeizzio tm hf irtizfhc#

fmt!emz!~zmelt pizulì ~zmuloiz4

La~zmuio zikychtmz| myt`maip# hp irlptlfk OHHp h`bliuio plkflel`hft khlfp h`zmpp h

fyajiz me aihpyzip# lf`cyolfk lf`zihpip lf ifemzìaift h`tlultlip hfo oi`zihpip lf

lf`loiftp# lfgyzlip hfo ehthcltlip4

La~zmuio ieel`lif`lip& Hp lfoi~ifoift m~izhtlmfp zip~mfpljci emz tbilz m{f zlpd

ahfhkiaift hfo elfhf`lhc oi`lplmfp# OHHp hzi {icc ~mpltlmfio tm ahdi ieel`lift

zlpd!jhpio oi`lplmfp mf zipmyzì hccm`htlmfp4

Kmuizfaift muizplkbt lp zithlfio# hp tbi muizpiilfk alflptz| ypip h fyajiz me

h``myfthjlclt| ai`bhflpap# lf`cyolfk hoalflptzhtlui hkziiaiftp# jyplfipp ~chfp hfo

zikychz zi~mztlfk mf ~izemzahfì4 hfo

Lf`zihpio lfoyptz| ifkhkiaift tbzmykb ~hztl`l~htlmf mf jmhzop hfo houlpmz|

`maalttiip# {bl`b hccm{ zikychtio lfoyptzlip tm olzi`tc| umlì tbilz uli{p&

H OHH lp eyfoio j| lfoyptz|# fmt thr~h|izp& Lt lp pice!elfhf`lfk tbzmykb eiip `mcci`tio ezma

zikychtio jyplfippip hfo# lf pmai lfpthfìp# clìfpio ~zh`tltlmfizp& H OHH lp zip~mfpljci emz

pittlfk ltp eiip# yfoiz h ~zmìpp hkziio tm j| tbi alflptiz&2

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!27 [bizi tbizi lp hf irlptlfk fmf!thr ziuifyi ptziha mz {bizi py`b h

ziuifyi ptziha `hf ji `zihtio# ptzmfk `mfploizhtlmf pbmyco ji kluif tm tzhfpeizzlfk mz

ipthjclpblfk zip~mfpljlclt| emz olzi`t oicluiz| tm hf hza“p!cifktb# fmt!emz!~zmelt `mz~mzhtlmf#

yfoiz tbi Oicikhtio Hoalflptzhtlui Hytbmzltlip mz plalchz amoic&

_bi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift `yzziftc| oicluizp h fyajiz me zikychtmz| ~zmkzhap olzi`tc|# `muizlfk

h jzmho zhfki me pi`tmzp hfo pizulfk h fyajiz me ~yjcl` lftiziptp# lf`cyolfk ~yjcl` pheit|#

{mzdiz pheit|# ifulzmfaifthc ~zmti`tlmf hfo `mfpyaiz ~zmti`tlmf& Lf h tlai me elp`hc `mfptzhlft#

tbizi lp h zlpd me pizulì izmplmf hp zikychtmz| alflptzlip piid tm zioyì `mptp& Lt lp la~mzthft tm

ir~cmzi oleeizift emzap me pizulì oicluiz| tbzmykb hza“p!cifktb jmolip&

; Ichlfi _mozip hfo Hppm`lhtip# –Oicikhtio Hoalflptzhtlui Hytbmzlt| Ziuli{#‑ Ah| :>><&2 @yzziftc|# tbi Alflptz| me @mfpyaiz Pizulìp lp zip~mfpljci emz muizpiilfk ilkbt hytbmzltlip# jmhzop hfo mz~mzhtlmfp tbht m~izhti yfoiz tbi

OHH mz plalchz amoic7 Mfthzlm Amtmz Uibl`ci Lfoyptz| @myf`lc "Amtmz Uibl`ci Oihcizp hfo Phcip~izpmfp,4 Zihc Ipthti @myf`lc me Mfthzlm "Zihc

Ipthti Phcip~izpmfp hfo Jzmdizp,4 _zhuic Lfoyptz| @myf`lc me Mfthzlm "_zhuic Zithlcizp hfo [bmciphcizp,4 _i`bfl`hc Pthfohzop hfo Pheit|

Hytbmzlt| "_i`bfl`hc Pthfohzop hfo Pheit|,4 Ici`tzl`hc Pheit| Hytbmzlt| "Ici`tzl`hc Pheit|,4 Ulftfizp Xyhclt| Hcclhfì me Mfthzlm "Mfthzlm UXH

{lfip,4 Jmhzo me Eyfizhc Pizulìp4 hfo _HZLMF "Fi{ Bmai [hzzhft| zmkzha,& _bi Mfthzlm Piflmzp“ Pi`zithzlht lp yzziftc| la~ciaiftlfk h

fi{ hoalflptzhtlui hytbmzlt|# tbi Zitlziaift Bmaip Zikychtmz| Hytbmzlt|# ipthjclpbio yfoiz tbi Zitlziaift Bmaip H`t&




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Irha~cip me zikychtmz| pizulìp fm{ oicluizio ezma {ltblf kmuizfaift tbht pbmyco ji

irhalfio lf`cyoi7

Amtmz Uibl`ci Lfp~i`tlmf Pthtlmf muizplkbt4

@cihf Hlz @iztlel`htlmf "Ozlui @cihf,4

@maaiz`lhc Uibl`ci Pheit| Ifemzìaift4

^zluhti @hziiz @mccikip<4 hfo

^zluhti P`bmmcp&

Lf `mfploizlfk {bitbiz tm `zihti fi{ fmf!thr ziuifyi ptzihap tm elfhfì hooltlmfhc OHHp#

lt pbmyco ji fmtio tbht# yfoiz Mfthzlm“p fi{ `ma~itltlui `mz~mzhti thr ifulzmfaift#

lfoyptz| ah| fm{ bhui kzihtiz `h~h`lt| tm thdi mf `mptp me pizulì oicluiz| `yzziftc| jmzfi

j| thr~h|izp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!<7 @mfploizhtlmf pbmyco ji kluif tm zhtlmfhclwlfk hfo `mfpmclohtlfk

~zmkzhap tbht zikychti lftiz!zichtio pi`tmzp mz tbht `myco mtbiz{lpi khlf ieel`lif`lip ezma

kzihtiz lftikzhtlmf&

Irha~cip me zikychtmz| ~zmkzhap tbht pbmyco ji irhalfio emz ~mtiftlhc ieel`lif`| hfo

ieei`tluifipp la~zmuiaiftp tbzmykb `mfpmclohtlmf lf`cyoi zikychtmz| ~zmkzhap zichtio tm

ti`bfl`hc hp~i`tp me ziploiftlhc hfo `maaiz`lhc `mfptzy`tlmf hp {icc hp `mfpyaiz

~zmti`tlmf ~zmkzhap&

< Emz eyztbiz olp`ypplmf# pii @bh~tiz ;# ^mpt!Pi`mfohz| Ioy`htlmf&



0<?

Ypi Hctizfhtlui Pizulì Oicluiz| M~tlmfp emz Lfemzahtlmf hfoLfemzahtlmf _i`bfmcmk| Eyf`tlmfp

[blci cipp ulpljci lf tbi ~yjcl`“p i|i tbhf pizulì oicluiz|# lfemzahtlmf hfo lfemzahtlmf

ti`bfmcmk| "L%L_, eyf`tlmfp emza tbi ti`bfmcmkl`hc jh`djmfi me kmuizfaift m~izhtlmfp&_bipi eyf`tlmfp lf`cyoi pizulìp py`b hp h bic~ oipd# cm`hc hfo {loi hzih fit{mzd

ahfhkiaift# ahlfezhai m~izhtlmfp# {ij bmptlfk# hfo tbi oiuicm~aift me h~~cl`htlmfp tbht

`hf houhfì tbi kmuizfaift“p jyplfipp ulplmf hfo ~zmuloi ecirljci pmcytlmfp tm L_ ~zmjciap

ehìo j| hcc mzkhflwhtlmfp&

^ziulmypc|# tbizi {izi pi~hzhti L%L_ lfezhptzy`tyzip oiuicm~io j| muiz :> alflptzlip& Lf tbi

chti 8<<>p# bm{iuiz# tbi kmuizfaift `majlfio tblp bmoki~moki me L_ pmcytlmfp lftm ilkbt

alflptz| `cyptizp hfo mfi `mz~mzhti `cyptiz& Eyztbiz ieel`lif`| hfo jittiz uhcyi emz amfi| `hf

ji emyfo j| iclalfhtlfk zioyfohft pizulìp hfo ìftzhclwlfk `maamf eyf`tlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!8>7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco pblet ltp pizulì oicluiz| me lfemzahtlmf hfo

lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk| "L%L_, ezma lf!bmypi tm irtizfhc pmyzìp# {bizi eihpljci&

_bi kmuizfaift“p irlptlfk L%L_ lfezhptzy`tyzi hcziho| ypip h jcifoio h~~zmh`b me pizulì

oicluiz| ahoi y~ me jmtb lf!bmypi hfo irtizfhc pizulì oicluiz| tbht lf`cyoip jmtb pahcc hfo

chzki hzzhfkiaiftp {ltb uifomzp& _blp jcifoio h~~zmh`b t|~l`hcc| zieci`tio oi`lplmfp tm dii~

ìzthlf eyf`tlmfp lf!bmypi# {bl`b zithlfp tbi L%L_ ir~iztlpi tbht `maip {ltb jilfk h

dfm{ciokihjci m{fiz& Lf h `mfptzhlfio elp`hc ifulzmfaift# bm{iuiz# mytpmyzìo `mftzh`tp

ah| ahdi tbi oleeizifì jit{iif tbi `mftlfyhtlmf hfo tbi ifo me pmai pizulìp&

Jcifoio h~~zmh`bip tm pizulì oicluiz| bhui jiif py`ìppeycc| hom~tio j| Jzltlpb @mcyajlh#

Hcjizth hfo Phpdht`bi{hf& _bi| bhui hcpm jiif ypio jzmhoc| ht tbi fhtlmfhc ciuic lf tbi

Yfltio Dlfkoma& _bi oleeizifì lf mytpmyz`lfk L%L_ pizulìp lp h `bmlì me p`m~i&

Ampt gyzlpol`tlmfp ir~cl`ltc| ifklfiiz h pmcytlmf tm ziahlf h dfm{ciokihjci m{fiz lf pmai

hzihp# pm ~mcl`|# pthfohzop oiuicm~aift hfo ptzhtikl`-m~izhtlmfhc ~chfflfk fmzahcc|

ziahlf lf!bmypi&

Lf tbi `yzzift elp`hc ifulzmfaift# tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbht kmuizfaift L_ pizulì oicluiz|

pbmyco ji ozluif j| `mfploizhtlmfp me zichtlui uhcyi!emz!amfi| hfo ieei`tluifipp `hc`ychtlmfp&

Pla~c| ~yt# kmuizfaiftp `hffmt heemzo tm ziahlf tbi mfc| ìftzip me ir~iztlpi {bif lt `maiptm L_ pizulì oicluiz| le amzi `mpt!ieei`tlui m~tlmfp hzi huhlchjci&




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Jhchfì tbi Zixylziaiftp me H``myfthjlclt| hfo Ieel`lif`| emz Kmuizfaift M~izhtlmfp

H``myfthjlclt| lp hf ippiftlhc hp~i`t me kmuizfaift m~izhtlmfp# jyt {i metif tziht tbht kmhc hp

hf hjpmcyti kmmo& _hr~h|izp ir~i`t irìccift ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ahfhkiaift hp {icc hp m~if hfotzhfp~hzift ~zm`yziaift ~zh`tlìp& Bm{iuiz# hf ir`cyplui em`yp mf zlkmzmyp elfhf`lhc

zi~mztlfk hfo `ma~clhfì hp tbi aihpyzi me py`ìppeyc ahfhkiaift zixylzip plkflel`hft

lfuiptaiftp me tlai# ifizk| hfo zipmyzìp& Ht pmai ~mlft# tblp lfuiptaift lp pyjgi`t tm

olalflpblfk zityzfp&

[blci h`dfm{cioklfk tbi la~mzthfì me tzhfp~hzif`| hfo ~zyoift ypi me thr~h|izp“ amfi|#

tbi la~cl`lt `mptp me h``myfthjlclt| aihpyzip pbmyco ji ziuli{io hp {icc& _bi @maalpplmf bhp

emyfo tbht clttci `mfploizhtlmf bhp jiif kluif tm tbi h~~zm~zlhti jhchfì jit{iif `mfthlflfk

zlpd hfo tbi ieemzt hfo ir~ifpi oluiztio tm `ma~clhfì {ltb zycip hfo zikychtlmfp& _bi la~h`t

me lfieel`lift zycip lf tblp zikhzo km {icc ji|mfo tbi M^P# hfo irtifo tbzmykbmyt tbi J^P tmlf`cyoi bmp~lthcp# ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf# iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| p`bmmcp# hfo

ayfl`l~hcltlip& _bi hooio `mpt tm tbi kmuizfaift ‟ hfo tbyp j| irtifplmf tm tbi ~yjcl`#

~zluhti hfo fmf!~zmelt pi`tmzp lf ifpyzlfk `ma~clhfì ‟ pbmyco ji `mfploizio lf khyklfk tbi

h~~zm~zlhti zip~mfpi tm tbi zlpd me {hpti mz ezhyo lf m~izhtlmfp&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco pblet tm aihpyzlfk myt`maip zhtbiz tbhf lf~ytp hfo ~zmìpp#

hfo pbmyco thdi h zlpd!jhpio h~~zmh`b tm h``myfthjlclt|& Lf tz|lfk tm jhchfì tbi kmhcp me

h``myfthjlclt| hfo ieel`lif`|# tbi kmuizfaift ah| {icc elfo tbht tbizi hzi m~~mztyfltlip jmtb tm

ptzihaclfi hoalflptzhtlmf hfo ifpyzi h``myfthjlclt| lf tbi M^P# J^P# ~zluhti pi`tmz hfo

fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz&8>

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!887 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco hpd tbi Mfthzlm Hyoltmz Kifizhc tm bic~ elfo

hf h~~zm~zlhti jhchfì jit{iif ifpyzlfk h``myfthjlclt| hfo `mftlfylfk muizplkbt me

`ma~clhfì {ltb zycip hfo zikychtlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!8:7 Ht h alflaya# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco hccm{ ~zlf`l~cip me ieel`lif`|

tm ozlui h``myfthjlclt| ~zmkzhap# py`b hp p{lt`blfk ezma lfoluloyhcc| tzh`dio ir~ifpip tm h

~iz olia emz `lulc pizuhftp hfo `mfpycthftp# hp lp omfi j| tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift&

8> _bi fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz lp eyztbiz olp`yppio lf @bh~tiz 2# Pm`lhc zmkzhap&



0<5

Ir~hfolfk Pbhzio Pizulìp tm tbi Jzmhoiz ^yjcl` Pi`tmz

@mpt Ieel`lif`lip tbzmykb tbi Ir~hfplmf me Pbhzio Pizulìp

_m dii~ ~hì {ltb tbi zlplfk ir~i`thtlmfp me `ltlwifp emz blkb!xyhclt| hfo `mpt!ieei`tlui ~yjcl`pizulìp# tbi M^P lftzmoyìo pbhzio jh`d!meelì pizulìp lf tbi chti 8<<>p& Hamfk tbi

pizulìp `mfpmclohtio {izi jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp "py`b hp ~h|zmcc# elfhf`lhc tzhfph`tlmfp#

~zm`yziaift# `mcci`tlmfp hfo lfpyzhfì, hfo `maamf hoalflptzhtlui pizulìp "py`b hp

~zlftlfk# ahlc# tzhfpchtlmf hfo hppit ahfhkiaift, lftm mfi lftikzhtio hfo p~i`lhclwio

mzkhflwhtlmf& [blci tblp lp h kmmo irha~ci me bm{ Mfthzlm bhp tzhfpemzaio tbi m~izhtlmfp me

tbi M^P# lt lp gypt tbi tl~ me tbi lìjizk lf tizap me `mpt!phulfk ~zh`tlìp tbht `myco ji

irtifoio eyztbiz tm tbi J^P&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!807 Pici`tio pbhzio pizulìp pbmyco ji ir~hfoio tm hkif`lip# jmhzop

hfo `maalpplmfp "HJ@p, hfo tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz&

_blp {myco lf`cyoi L%L_ `mfpmclohtlmf# py~~c| `bhlf ahfhkiaift# jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp hfo

ìftzhclwio ahlftifhfì& Kluif tbht tbi lftzmoy`tlmf me pbhzio pizulìp ~zmoyìo muiz

/<>> alcclmf lf phulfkp h`zmpp tbi M^P# tbi ahkfltyoi me ~mtiftlhc phulfkp lf tbi J^P lp

pyjpthftlhc&

_bi @maalpplmf“p zi`maaifohtlmfp hoozipp emyz ahlf hzihp {bizi pbhzio pizulìp `myco ji

ir~hfoio tm tbi J^P7 L%L_ tzhfpemzahtlmf# py~~c| `bhlfp# jh`d!meelì `mfpmclohtlmf hfo

ìftzhclwio ahlftifhfì& Mtbiz `bh~tizp lf tblp zi~mzt hcpm olp`ypp tbi la~mzthfì me pbhzio

pizulìp hfo jh`d!meelì ieel`lif`lip&88

88 Emz amzi mf pi`tmz!p~i`lel` h~~zmh`bip# ~cihpi pii @bh~tiz 9# Bihctb# @bh~tiz 5# Iciaifthz| hfo Pi`mfohz| Ioy`htlmf# hfo @bh~tiz 2#

Pm`lhc zmkzhap&




0<;

L%L_ _zhfpemzahtlmf

Lfemzahtlmf hfo lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk| "L%L_, lp h jyplfipp ifhjciz# hfo lt ozluip pizulì

oicluiz| ~zmoy`tlult|& Lf :>8>‐88# tbi M^P p~ift hjmyt /<2; alcclmf mf L%L_& _blp lf`cyoip L_

lfezhptzy`tyzi py`b hp fit{mzdp# tici`ma# oipdtm~p# ohth ìftzip hfo pizuizp# hp {icc hp

lfemzahtlmf hfo ohth ahfhkiaift# L_ ~mcl`| hfo kmuizfhfì ptzy`tyzip& Plkflel`hft cih~pbhui jiif ahoi lf L%L_ `mfpmclohtlmf# lftikzhtlmf hfo zhtlmfhclwhtlmf lf tbi ~hpt 8> |ihzp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!8?7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco `mfpmclohti lfemzahtlmf hfo lfemzahtlmf

ti`bfmcmk| "L%L_, pizulìp tbzmykbmyt tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz&

Lfezhptzy`tyzi `mfpmclohtlmfp {ltblf tbi M^P zipyctio lf h ~izahfift zioy`tlmf me /8>> alcclmf

lf `mptp hffyhcc|&8: Eyztbiz ieel`lif`lip `hf ji emyfo j| ~ypblfk tbipi ieel`lif`lip myt tm tbi

J^P lf tbi emccm{lfk pizulìp7

@mfpmclohti ohth fit{mzd ifulzmfaiftp j| ciuizhklfk irlptlfk fit{mzd pizulìp tm`zihti mfi ~zmuloiz4

@mfpmclohti iahlc# pizulì oipdp# oipdtm~p hfo ahlfezhaip4

Zioyì ohth ìftzip j| loiftle|lfk `mfpmclohtlmf m~~mztyfltlip4 hfo

@mfpmclohti clìfplfk hkziiaiftp&

8: ^yjcl` H``myftp&



0<2

Py~~c| @bhlfp

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!897 Plkflel`hft phulfkp hfo ieel`lif`lip `hf ji h`bliuio j| eyztbiz

`m!mzolfhtlfk irlptlfk bmzlwmfthc py~~c| `bhlfp h`zmpp tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz&

H emzahc ahfohtio ezhai{mzd {myco bic~& _blp {myco eyztbiz zilfemzì di| ~zlf`l~cip h`zmpptbi J^P py`b hp uhcyi emz amfi|# p~i`lhclwhtlmf hfo oleeiziftlhtlmf# hfo h``myfthjlclt|&

La~ciaifthtlmf me tblp zi`maaifohtlmf pbmyco ji ~bhpio lf muiz tbzii tm elui |ihzp tm klui

tbi ~hztlip tlai tm ir~cmzi ~zmulf`lhc# ziklmfhc hfo pi`tmz!p~i`lel` m~~mztyfltlip&

H pbhzio pizulì oicluiz| amoic tbht lp h~~clio tm `mcchjmzhtlui ~yz`bhplfk# pthfohzolwhtlmf

me ~zmoy`tp hfo ~zmìppip hfo jh`d!meelì `mfpmclohtlmf {myco eyztbiz ir~cmlt i`mfmalip me

p`hci tbzmykbmyt tbi J^P& [ltblf pi`tmzp# lt {myco zioyì hoalflptzhtlui jyzoifp# lf`zihpi

`m!m~izhtlmf hamfk pi`tmz ~hztfizp# hfo if`myzhki jittiz ~izemzahfì ahfhkiaift

hfo aihpyziaift&

Emz irha~ci# h plfkci bmp~lthc pbhzio pizulì mzkhflwhtlmf "PPM, meeizlfk `mfpmclohtio

~zm`yziaift hfo cmklptl`p tm 88 bmp~lthcp lf tbi Kzihtiz _mzmftm Hzih bhp phuio /9: alcclmf

`yaychtluic| muiz elui |ihzp hfo fm{ kifizhtip /8? alcclmf lf hffyhc phulfkp emz ltp

aiajiz bmp~lthcp&

@mcchjmzhtlui ~zm`yziaift ~zh`tlìp h`zmpp tbi J^P hzi fm{ omfi mf h umcyfthz| jhplp&

H pthfohzolwio ezhai{mzd {myco ifhjci tbi J^P tm thdi houhfthki me ltp laaifpi ~yz`bhplfk

~m{iz hfo h`ìcizhti eytyzi phulfkp hfo ieel`lif`lip&

H plkflel`hft py~~c| `bhlf tzhfpemzahtlmf {myco zixylzi aiolya! tm cmfk!tiza ~chfflfk hfo

lfuiptaift lf `bhfki ahfhkiaift& _m kifizhti phulfkp hfo ieel`lif`lip tbzmykb tzhfpemzaio

jyplfipp ~zh`tlìp# J^P mzkhflwhtlmfp {lcc fiio tm ipthjclpb h `yctyzi me `mcchjmzhtlmf#

pthfohzolwhtlmf hfo ~izemzahfì aihpyziaift&




0<<

Jh`d!Meelì @mfpmclohtlmf

Jh`d!meelì `mfpmclohtlmf la~zmuip m~izhtlmfhc ~izemzahfì j| zi~ch`lfk ezhkaiftio hfo

oy~cl`htio p|ptiap {ltb p~i`lhclwio hfo oleeiziftlhtio mfip& Byahf zipmyzì "BZ,

ahfhkiaift lp lfulpljci tm tbi ~yjcl` jyt ippiftlhc tm tbi m~izhtlmf me ~yjcl` iftiz~zlpip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!857 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco thdi h olzi`t cihoizpbl~ zmci lf yplfk `mzi

~zmulf`lhc lfezhptzy`tyzi hfo ir~iztlpi tm emptiz pbhzio pizulìp h`zmpp tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl`

pi`tmz& Plkflel`hft i`mfmalip me p`hci `hf ji `zihtio tbzmykb `maamf pbhzio pizulìp

emyfohtlmfp# h~~cl`htlmfp# zipmyzìp hfo ir~iztlpi&

Jh`d!meelì `mfpmclohtlmf lf tbi J^P pbmyco lf`cyoi tbi ìftzhclwhtlmf me7

BZ tzhfph`tlmfhc pizulìp# py`b hp ~h|zmcc4

Elfhf`lhc tzhfph`tlmfp# py`b hp h``myftp ~h|hjci hfo h``myftp ziìluhjci4

@mcci`tlmfp4

Emzap# ~zlftlfk hfo olptzljytlmf4

Zlpd ahfhkiaift hfo lfpyzhfì pizulìp4

Blkb!umcyai ahlc pizulìp# py`b hp ahlc!mytp4 hfo

@mfth`t ìftzi pizulìp&

@iftzhclwio Ahlftifhfì

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!8;7 Ir~hfo `mfpmclohtlmf me ahlftifhfì hfo ~chft ahfhkiaift

~zh`tlìp hcziho| ipthjclpbio lf tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì lftm tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz tm

`zihti ieel`lif`lip&

Kluif tbi Mfthzlm Zihct| @mz~mzhtlmf“p aizkiz {ltb Lfezhptzy`tyzi Mfthzlm# ir~izlifì lf

~zm~izt| ahfhkiaift `myco ji irtifoio tm tbi J^P&



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@zihti Ieel`lif`lip lf tbi Hoalflptzhtlmf me _zhfpeiz ^h|aifthfo Kzhft ^zmkzhap

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~h|aiftp hfo kzhft p|ptiap py~~mzt h {loi uhzlit| me hkif`lip# ~zmkzhap hfo pthdibmcoizp&

_m clpt gypt h ei{ irha~cip# tbi| py~~mzt kzhftlfk hkif`lip py`b hp tbi Mfthzlm Hztp @myf`lc#

Mfthzlm Aiolh Oiuicm~aift @mz~mzhtlmf hfo Mfthzlm _zlcclya Emyfohtlmf# hp {icc hp blkbc|

p~i`lhclwio ~zmkzhap py`b hp py~~mzt emz tmyzlpa oiuicm~aift4 m~izhtlfk eyfolfk emz ~yjcl`

cljzhzlip# aypiyap hfo bizlthki mzkhflwhtlmfp4 ~zmgi`t eyfolfk emz hztp hfo `yctyzi

mzkhflwhtlmfp4 hfo py~~mzt emz pahcc jyplfippip&

îzbh~p ji`hypi tbipi ~zmkzhap hzi pm p~i`lhclwio# tbizi bhp jiif clttci oiuicm~aift me h

emzahc –`maayflt| me ~zh`tlì‑ tbzmykb bmzlwmfthc lftikzhtlmf me hoalflptzhtlui pizulìp& Hp h

zipyct# tbi kmuizfaift bhp ehlcio tm zih~ ~mtiftlhc ieel`lif`lip lf ~zmkzha hoalflptzhtlmf tbht

`myco hcpm la~zmui `yptmaiz pizulì& @yzziftc|# ahf| mzkhflwhtlmfp hzi eyfoio j| ayctl~ci

alflptzlip# jyt tbi kmuizfaift bhp fm ihp| {h| tm hppipp tbi yfluizpi me eyfoio

mzkhflwhtlmfp hp h {bmci& Cldi{lpi# zi`l~lift mzkhflwhtlmfp bhui ir~zippio ezyptzhtlmf ht

bhulfk tm oihc {ltb ayctl~ci zixylziaiftp&

_m hoozipp tbipi lppyip# tbi @maalpplmf ahdip piuizhc zi`maaifohtlmfp tbht {myco

ìftzhclwi m~izhtlmfp `maamf tm tzhfpeiz ~h|aift hfo kzhft ~zmkzhap hfo# lt lp bm~io#

la~zmui `clift ir~izlifì# uhcyi!emz!amfi| myt`maip hfo ~zmkzha ieel`lif`|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!827 _bi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì pbmyco oiuicm~ hf lftikzhtio tzhfpeiz

~h|aift m~izhtlmf ìftzi hfo hf iftiz~zlpi kzhft ahfhkiaift p|ptia&

H gmlft ~zmgi`t j| tbi Alflptz| me _myzlpa# @yctyzi hfo P~mzt hfo Alflptz| me @ltlwifpbl~ hfo

Laalkzhtlmf zipyctio lf tbi oiuicm~aift me tbi Iftiz~zlpi Kzhftp Ahfhkiaift P|ptia

"IKAP,& Eyztbiz ieel`lif`| hfo uhcyi!emz!amfi| khlfp {myco ji h`bliuio j| ir~hfolfk tblp

~chtemza tm tbi M^P& _bi ir~hfplmf {myco `zihti ieel`lif`lip lf ~zmkzha hoalflptzhtlmf hp

{icc hp cm{iz ~iz yflt alflptz| ahlftifhfì `mptp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!8<7 @mfpmclohti jh`d!meelì m~izhtlmfp emz kzhft ~zmkzhap mz tzhfpeiz

~h|aiftp {ltb loiftl`hc zi`l~liftp&




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Yfoiz tbi lftikzhtlmf me h `maamf ahfhkiaift p|ptia# alflptzlip pbmyco hcpm ji hjci tm

khlf ieel`lif`lip tbzmykb tbi loiftlel`htlmf hfo ipthjclpbaift me `maamf hoalflptzhtlui

kzmy~p# emzap ~zmoy`tlmf hfo tbi oiplkf hfo ypi me tzh`dlfk hfo emzi`hptlfk ohthjhpip&

Emz irha~ci# h fyajiz me ~zmkzhap lf tbi Alflptz| me I`mfmal` Oiuicm~aift hfo Lffmuhtlmf

py~~mzt tbi jyplfipp oiuicm~aift me Mfthzlm“p jzi{iz| hfo ulftfizp pi`tmz4 tblp pi`tmz lp hcpm

zi`l~lift me ~hzhccic ~zmkzhap j| tbi Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Hkzl`yctyzi# Emmo hfo Zyzhc Heehlzp&



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@bh~tiz 8;7 Kmuizfaift Jyplfipp Iftiz~zlpip

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Mfthzlm“p Kmuizfaift Jyplfipp Iftiz~zlpip

_bi kmuizfaift me Mfthzlm m{fp emyz kmuizfaift jyplfipp iftiz~zlpip "KJIp,# hp mytclfio lf

tbi jmr jicm{# ih`b me {bl`b zityzfp plkflel`hft ziuifyip tm tbi ~zmulfì& Kmuizfaift

jyplfipp iftiz~zlpip hzi kmuizfaift mzkhflwhtlmfp tbht78

Hzi pi~hzhti cikhc iftltlip {ltb tbi ~m{iz tm `mftzh`t lf tbilz m{f fhai4

Bhui tbi elfhf`lhc hfo m~izhtlfk hytbmzlt| tm `hzz| mf h jyplfipp4

Hzi ~zlf`l~hcc| em`ypio mf tbi picclfk me kmmop hfo pizulìp tm lfoluloyhcp hfo

fmf!kmuizfaift mzkhflwhtlmfp4 hfo

Hzi hjci tm ahlfthlf tbilz m~izhtlmfp hfo aiit tbilz mjclkhtlmfp tbzmykb ziuifyipkifizhtio mytploi tbi kmuizfaift zi~mztlfk iftlt|&

Kmuizfaift Jyplfipp Iftiz~zlpi Muizuli{

Clxymz @mftzmc Jmhzo me Mfthzlm "C@JM,

_bi C@JM lp h fmf!pbhzi h~lthc @zm{f mz~mzhtlmf yfoiz tbi Clxymz @mftzmc H`t zi~mztlfk tm tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì& _bi C@JM lp

zip~mfpljci emz zikychtlfk tbi la~mzthtlmf olptzljytlmf hfo phci me hc`mbmc lf Mfthzlm& _bi alpplmf me tbi C@JM lp tm ji h –pm`lhcc|

zip~mfpljci ~izemzahfì!ozluif lffmuhtlui hfo ~zmelthjci zithlciz&‑: _bi C@JM lp kmuizfio j| hf 88!aiajiz jmhzo me olzi`tmzp

h~~mlftio j| tbi cliytifhft kmuizfmz!lf!`myf`lc mf tbi zi`maaifohtlmf me tbi zializ hfo Alflptiz me Elfhfì&

Hp ht Ahz& 08 :>88 tbi C@JM bho 588 zithlc ptmzip hfo :85 hkif`| ptmzip0 h`zmpp Mfthzlm&

Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf "MCK,

_bi MCK lp h fmf!pbhzi h~lthc @zm{f mz~mzhtlmf ipthjclpbio mf H~z& 8 :>>> j| tbi Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf H`t&

_bi MCK“p ahfohti lp tm ifbhfì i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift lf Mfthzlm kifizhti ziuifyip emz tbi ~zmulfì hfo ~zmamti zip~mfpljci

khalfk& Lt lp kmuizfio j| h 8:!aiajiz jmhzo tbht zi~mztp tm tbi Alflptiz me Elfhfì&

_bi MCK lp zip~mfpljci emz tbi phcip me cmttiz| ~zmoy`tp ht h~~zmrlahtic| 8>>>> zithlc cm`htlmfp hfo :; khalfk pltip tbht lf`cyoi 8; pcmt

eh`lcltlip ht zhìtzh`dp elui hplfmp hfo tbi Kziht Jcyi Bizmf Pcmt Ah`blfi Eh`lclt| hfo emyz zipmzt hplfmp "lf`cyolfk @hiphzp [lfopmz

@hplfm Zhah @hplfm Flhkhzh hfo Flhkhzh Ehccpuli{ @hplfm Zipmzt, h`zmpp Mfthzlm& _bi MCK bhp m~izhtlfk hkziiaiftp {ltb tbi

~zluhti pi`tmz emz tbi emyz zipmzt hplfmp hfo tbi Kziht Jcyi Bizmf Pcmt Ah`blfi Eh`lclt|&

@mftlfyio

8 Om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&elf&kmu&mf&`h-if-jyokit-~h``tp-:>88-88] ep&btac#fmtip&: Om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&c`jm& ma-hjmytc`jm-lfoir&pbtac&0 Hkif`| ptmzip hzi hytbmzlwio mytcitp lf irlptlfk ~zluhti!pi`tmz ptmzip py`b hp kzmìz| ptmzip tbht picc jiiz hfo hc`mbmc lf `maayfltlip

tbht tbi C@JM bhp oitizalfio `hffmt py~~mzt h zikychz C@JM ptmzi&



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Mfthzlm ^m{iz Kifizhtlmf "M^K,

M^K {hp lf`mz~mzhtio yfoiz tbi Jyplfipp @mz~mzhtlmfp H`t mf Oi`& 8 8<<2 hfo tbi ~zmulfì lp M^K“p pmci pbhzibmcoiz&

M^K zi~mztp tm tbi Alflptiz me Ifizk|& M^K hppyaio tbi kifizhtlfk hppitp me tbi emzaiz Mfthzlm B|ozm hfo lp fm{ tbi chzkipt

ici`tzl`lt| ~zmoyìz lf tbi ~zmulfì& M^K“p kifizhtlfk hppitp bhui h eciit h~h`lt| me hcampt :>>>> aikh{http "A[, hfo

lf`cyoi t{m fy`cihz kifizhtlfk pthtlmfp "55>5 A[, elui tbizahc kifizhtlfk pthtlmfp "5<<5 A[, hfo 59 b|ozmici`tzl` kifizhtlfkpthtlmfp "50:; A[,& Lf hooltlmf M^K m{fp t{m mtbiz fy`cihz kifizhtlfk pthtlmfp tbht hzi cihpio myt mf h cmfk!tiza jhplp tm

Jzyì m{iz C^& _bi mz~mzhtlmf lp kmuizfio j| h 8:!aiajiz jmhzo tbht zi~mztp tm tbi Alflptiz me Ifizk|&

M^K“p chzki b|ozmici`tzl` eh`lcltlip {bl`b lf`cyoi ~chftp cm`htio fihz Flhkhzh Ehccp hfo mf tbi Pt& Ch{zifì Zluiz hp {icc hp ltp

fy`cihz eh`lcltlip hzi zikychtio j| tbi Mfthzlm Ifizk| Jmhzo "MIJ,& M^K“p pahcciz b|ozmici`tzl` eh`lcltlip hzi yfzikychtio hfo

ziìlui ahzdit ~zlìp emz ifizk| ~zmoyìo&

B|ozm Mfi

B|ozm Mfi {hp lf`mz~mzhtio yfoiz tbi Jyplfipp @mz~mzhtlmfp H`t mf Oi`& 8 8<<2 hfo tbi ~zmulfì lp B|ozm Mfi“p

pmci pbhzibmcoiz& B|ozm Mfi zi~mztp tm tbi Alflptiz me Ifizk|& B|ozm Mfi hppyaio hcc me tbi tzhfpalpplmf hppitp hp {icc hp tbi

olptzljytlmf hppitp tbht {izi fmt tzhfpeizzio tm ayfl`l~hcltlip ezma tbi emzaiz Mfthzlm B|ozm& B|ozm Mfi m{fp <; ~iz ift me

tzhfpalpplmf lf Mfthzlm hfo bhp emyz pyjplolhzlip tbht m~izhti lf ici`tzl`lt| tzhfpalpplmf olptzljytlmf hfo tici`maayfl`htlmfp&_bipi emyz pyjplolhzlip lf`cyoi7

• B|ozm Mfi Fit{mzdp {bl`b ~chfp mfptzy`tp m~izhtip hfo ahlfthlfp B|ozm Mfi“p tzhfpalpplmf hfo olptzljytlmf fit{mzd4

• B|ozm Mfi Jzha~tmf {bl`b {hp h`xylzio ezma tbi @lt| me Jzha~tmf lf :>>8 hfo m~izhtip h pi~hzhti yflt4

• B|ozm Mfi Ziamti @maayfltlip {bl`b m~izhtip kifizhtlmf hfo olptzljytlmf hppitp lf 8< mee!kzlo maayfltlip lf fmztbizf

Mfthzlm4 hfo

• B|ozm Mfi _ici`ma {bl`b ~zmuloip tici`maayfl`htlmf pizulìp lf`cyolfk maaiz`lhc hfo zithlc pizulìp&

_bi tzhfpalpplmf hfo olptzljytlmf jyplfippip me B|ozm Mfi hzi zhti!zikychtio j| tbi MIJ&




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Mfthzlm“p emyz KJIp ~ch| h `zltl`hc zmci lf tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc `mfoltlmf& Lf :>8>‐88# tbi emyz

`majlfio tm ~zmoyì fit lf`mai me /?&5 jlcclmf# {ltb C@JM# MCK# M^K hfo B|ozm Mfi

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tbipi emyz mzkhflwhtlmfp bhui ~zmuloio hf huizhki `majlfio fit lf`mai me /?&0 jlcclmf

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Pmyzì7 ^yjcl` H``myftp me Mfthzlm&

_bi `majlfio fit hppitp me tbi emyz KJIp hamyftio tm /8;&5 jlcclmf ht tbi ifo me chpt elp`hc

|ihz# hjmyt 80 ~iz ìft me tbi kmuizfaift“p tmthc hppitp& [ltb /2&5 jlcclmf lf fit hppitp# M^K

ahdip y~ tbi chzkipt pbhzi me hppitp# emccm{io j| B|ozm Mfi "/5&: jlcclmf,# MCK "/:&? jlcclmf,

hfo C@JM "/>&? jlcclmf,&

_bi KJIp hcpm `mftzljyti tm tbi elp`hc ~chf lf mtbiz {h|p& _bi MCK lp zixylzio yfoiz

ciklpchtlmf tm zialt tm tbi ~zmulfì h –{lf `mftzljytlmf‑ me :> ~iz ìft me khalfk ziuifyi ezma

tbi ~zluhtic| m~izhtio Zipmzt @hplfmp hfo Kziht Jcyi Bizmf Pcmt Ah`blfi Eh`lclt|&

Mfthzlm ^m{iz Kifizhtlmf hfo B|ozm Mfi ~zmuloi tbi ~zmulfì {ltb ~h|aiftp lf cliy me thrip

"^LCp, tbht km tm{hzop ~h|lfk om{f tbi ptzhfoio oijt tbht ziahlfp ezma tbi ziptzy`tyzlfk me

tbi emzaiz Mfthzlm B|ozm&



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@zihtlfk Hooltlmfhc Uhcyi ezma Mfthzlm“p KJIp

_bi ahkfltyoi me tbi KJI“p elp`hc la~h`t `ma~icp yp tm lfuiptlkhti aihfp me kifizhtlfk

eyztbiz uhcyi ezma tbia& Lf omlfk pm# {i cmmd ht t{m olptlf`t h~~zmh`bip7 ~hztlhc mz eycc

oluiptltyzi me tbi jyplfipp4 hfo la~zmulfk jyplfipp ieel`lif`lip {blci zithlflfk eycc

kmuizfaift m{fizpbl~&

Hppit _zhfph`tlmfp

Kluif tbilz zichtluic| pthjci fit lf`mai hfo ptzmfk uhcyi# tbi KJIp ah| ji httzh`tlui tm

~mtiftlhc ~zluhti!pi`tmz lfuiptmzp& Bm{iuiz# ji`hypi tbipi hppitp `mftzljyti pyjpthftlhc#

mfkmlfk hfo kzm{lfk ziuifyip tm tbi ~zmulfì# hf| ~mtiftlhc oluiptltyzi {myco fiio tm

`hzieycc| hppipp tbi uhcyi me hf| y~ezmft# mfi!tlai khlfp hkhlfpt cmpp me eytyzi ziuifyip&

_m `ma~hzi mfi!tlai jifieltp hfo mfkmlfk cmppip# {i `mfploiz bm{ ~zmìiop ezma h ~mtiftlhcphci `myco ji oi~cm|io& H eycc oluiptltyzi me hf| mz hcc me tbi KJIp {myco zipyct lf h cya~!pya

~h|aift tm tbi ~zmulfì ht tbi ir~ifpi me eytyzi ziuifyi ptzihap& Le ~zmìiop me h phci {izi

ypio tm ~h| om{f ~zmulf`lhc oijt# Mfthzlm `myco phui mf lftizipt `mptp me y~ tm emyz ~iz ìft#

jhpio mf ziìft jmfo |licop& J| `ma~hzlpmf# KJIp ~zmuloi h zityzf mf hppitp "ZMH, me ht

cihpt ilkbt ~iz ìft& Hf| eycc oluiptltyzi {myco bhui tm muiz`mai tblp p~ziho tm ~zmuloi h elp`hc

jifielt tm Mfthzlm&

H pi`mfo oluiptltyzi amoic lp tm picc h alfmzlt| pthdi lf hf| mz hcc me tbi KJIp hfo pblet tbi

ahfhkiaift zmci tm h ~zluhti ~hztfiz& H ~hztlhc phci# lf tbi zhfki me 8> tm :> ~iz ìft# {myco

~zmuloi tbi kmuizfaift {ltb hf y~ezmft ~h|aift tm zioyì ~zmulf`lhc oijt cmho hp {icc hpmfkmlfk lftiziptp lf tbi KJIp tbzmykb ltp ziahlflfk pthdi& Fmtlmfhcc|# py`b hf hzzhfkiaift

{myco hccm{ tbi jyplfippip tm h`t lf h amzi `maaiz`lhc ahffiz# tbyp lf`zihplfk tbi uhcyi me

tbi ~zmulfì“p ziahlflfk lftizipt& _m ahdi i`mfmal`hc pifpi emz Mfthzlm# tbi ~hztfizpbl~

{myco fiio tm zhlpi tbi muizhcc zityzfp me tbi KJIp pm tbht tbi fit lf`mai mz oluloifop ecm{lfk

tm tbi ~zmulfì# `majlfio {ltb y~ezmft ~h|aiftp# {myco yctlahtic| ~zmuloi amzi uhcyi zichtlui

tm tbi pthtyp xym& Lf py`b h amoic# eyztbiz `chzlt| {myco ji fiioio mf tbi h~~cl`htlmf me eioizhc

lf`mai thr zycip emz fi{ claltio ~hztfizpbl~ amoicp&

Lf hooltlmf tm iltbiz amoic# tzhfph`tlmfp mz ~hztfizpbl~p `myco ji `mftia~chtio tm h`bliui

{loiz ~mcl`| mjgi`tluip hfo-mz ptzy`tyzhc ziemza kmhcp& Zikhzocipp me tbi zhtlmfhci#h tzhfph`tlmf mz fi{ ~hztfizpbl~ amoic pbmyco aiit di| ~zlf`l~cip tbht lf`cyoi7

H~~zm~zlhti zlpd tzhfpeiz4

Ciuizhklfk jyplfipp hfo-mz m~izhtlfk ir~iztlpi tbzmykb ptzhtikl` ~hztfizpbl~4 hfo

Ciuizhklfk hppitp mz mtbiz lfthfkljcip tbzmykb ptzhtikl` ~hztfizpbl~&




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Hp h `mfoltlmf me hf| phci# tbi ~zmulfì {myco ìzthlfc| bhui tm `mfploiz tbi pifpltlui fhtyzi

me tbi clfip me jyplfipp lf {bl`b tbi KJIp m~izhti& _m ifpyzi tbht tbipi jyplfippip

`mftlfyio tm m~izhti lf h ahffiz `mfplptift {ltb mtbiz cikltlahti ~mcl`| kmhcp# py`b hp pm`lhc

zip~mfpljlclt|# tbi kmuizfaift alkbt {lpb tm htth`b ìzthlf `mfoltlmfp mz ia~cm| `hzieyc

zikychtmz| `mfptzhlftp hp ~hzt me hf| oluiptltyzi& Py`b `mfoltlmfp {myco# {i ir~i`t# ji

lf`mz~mzhtio lf tbi ahzdit“p uhcyhtlmf me tbi jyplfipp&

@yzzift `lz`yapthfìp om fmt h~~ihz tm meeiz h `mfulf`lfk uhcyi ~zm~mpltlmf emz tbi ~zmulfì4

iuif pm# tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco fmt lkfmzi tbi m~tlmf me picclfk ltp KJIp& Lfoiio# tbi m~~mplti

h~~clip& Mfthzlm aypt ji ~zi~hzio hfo {lcclfk tm iftizthlf fi{ h~~zmh`bip tbht kifizhti

jittiz uhcyi myt me tbi KJIp& Bm{iuiz# {i `hytlmf tbht hf| h`tlmf aypt fmt ji ozluif j|

loimcmk|& Jiemzi hf| phci lp iri`ytio# tbizi aypt ji muiz{bicalfkc| `cihz iuloifì tbht

Mfthzlm {myco jifielt ezma py`b hf hzzhfkiaift lf tbi cmfk zyf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!87 Om fmt ~hztlhcc| mz eycc| oluipt hf| mz hcc me tbi ~zmulfì“p kmuizfaift

jyplfipp iftiz~zlpip ‟ Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf# Clxymz @mftzmc Jmhzo me

Mfthzlm# Mfthzlm ^m{iz Kifizhtlmf hfo B|ozm Mfi ‟ yfcipp tbi fit# cmfk!tiza jifielt tm

Mfthzlm lp `mfploizhjci hfo `hf ji `cihzc| oiamfptzhtio tbzmykb `ma~zibifplui hfhc|plp&

La~zmulfk KJI M~izhtlmfp

H pi`mfo m~tlmf lp tm zithlf eycc kmuizfaift m{fizpbl~ me tbi KJIp jyt la~zmui tbilz

~izemzahfì& Hp oip`zljio hjmui# tbi KJIp ahdi plkflel`hft `mftzljytlmfp tm tbi ~zmulfì“p

elp`hc ~chf& Bm{iuiz# tbi KJIp ah| fmt ji h`bliulfk tbilz eycc ~mtiftlhc ji`hypi me m~izhtlmfhc

lfieel`lif`lip hfo ji`hypi tbi| hzi ht tlaip zixylzio tm h`t lf {h|p tbht hzi `myftiz tm tbilz olzi`t `maaiz`lhc lftizipt& Lf tblp clkbt# tbizi hzi m~~mztyfltlip tm ifbhfì tbi KJIp“ uhcyi

hfo tbi `mftzljytlmfp tbi| ahdi j| em`yplfk mf ieel`lif`| m~~mztyfltlip hfo hccm{lfk tbia tm

m~izhti amzi `maaiz`lhcc| hfo em`yp mf tbilz `mzi jyplfippip&

Hykaiftlfk hppit ieel`lif`| hfo hccm{lfk KJIp tm m~izhti lf h amzi `maaiz`lhc ahffiz

{myco `mftzljyti tm tbi ~zmulfì“p elp`hc ~mpltlmf& Emz irha~ci# ziamulfk la~cl`lt pyjplolip hfo

mtbiz ~zlì!olptmztlfk ieei`tp {myco lf`zihpi tzhfp~hzif`| emz py~~clizp hfo `yptmaizp hcldi&

Clxymz @mftzmc Jmhzo me Mfthzlm "C@JM,

_bizi ah| ji m~~mztyfltlip tm la~zmui C@JM zityzfp# tbzmykb lf`zihpio ieel`lif`lip hfo fi{

jyplfipp m~~mztyfltlip& _bi Hyoltmz Kifizhc me Mfthzlm“p :>88 Hffyhc Zi~mzt fmtio tbht tbi

C@JM `myco amzi ieei`tluic| ypi ltp ~yz`bhplfk ~m{iz hfo la~zmui tbi `yzzift ahzdy~

ptzy`tyzi ypio tm oitizalfi zithlc ~zlìp&?

? Mfthzlm Hyoltmz Kifizhc –Hyoltmz“p :>88 Zi~mzt7 C@JM Fi{ ^zmoy`t ^zm`yziaift‑ :>88 ~~& 825‐:>8&



?>2

_bi C@JM bhp mtbiz mjclkhtlmfp tbht zioyì ~zmelthjlclt|& Emz irha~ci# lt ~zmuloip olp`myftio

pbl~~lfk hp {icc hp ~zialya pbice p~hì tm py~~mzt hfo ~zmamti Mfthzlm ~zmoyìzp& _bipi

ah| fmt zi~zipift ~zmelt!ahrlalwlfk ptzhtiklip# hfo tbilz ~mcl`| aizltp pbmyco ji jhchfìo

hkhlfpt zioyìo ~zmelthjlclt|&

[ltb zip~i`t tm fi{ jyplfipp clfip# tbi C@JM ah| ji hjci tm kzm{ ltp jmttma clfi tbzmykb

h amzi hkkzipplui ptmzi!ir~hfplmf ~zmkzha {blci `mftlfylfk tm ~zmamti pm`lhcc|

zip~mfpljci `mfpya~tlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!:7 [blci `mftlfylfk tm ~zmamti pm`lhcc| zip~mfpljci `mfpya~tlmf#

yfoizthdi lfltlhtluip tm ifbhfì tbi Clxymz @mftzmc Jmhzo me Mfthzlm“p ~zmeltp# lf`cyolfk7

Olzi`t lt tm ypi ltp ~yz`bhplfk ~m{iz amzi ieei`tluic| hfo la~zmui ltp ahzdy~ ptzy`tyzi emz

pittlfk zithlc ~zlìp4

@mftlfyhcc| `ma~hzi tbi aizltp me ~zmulolfk py~~mztp tm Mfthzlm ~zmoyìzp hkhlfpt oiplzio

~mcl`| myt`maip4 hfo

Amzi hkkzippluic| ~yzpyi ptmzi ir~hfplmf&

Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk "MCK,

_bi MCK ~zmuloip plkflel`hft fit lf`mai tm tbi ~zmulfì# jyt m~izhtlmfhc ieel`lif`lip `myco ji

ir~cmzio tm la~zmui tbi `ma~hf|“p ahzklfp {blci `mftlfylfk tm zip~i`t pm`lhc zip~mfpljlclt|

hfo aiit ltp `mfoy`t hfo ahfhkiaift zixylziaift emz tbi m~izhtlmf me hcc cmttiz| p`biaip&

Emz irha~ci# h fyajiz me xyiptlmfhjci jyplfipp ~zh`tlìp pbmyco# ht h alflaya# ji ziuli{io

ezma h uhcyi!emz!amfi| ~izp~i`tlui&

MCK ahlfthlfp t{m biho meelìp# mfi ih`b lf _mzmftm hfo Phyct Pti& Ahzli4

MCK `mftlfyip tm m~izhti @hplfm Flhkhzh oip~lti tbi m~iflfk me tbi ~izahfift hfo

`mfploizhjc| chzkiz 9 Flhkhzh Ehccpuli{ @hplfm Zipmzt lf :>>?4

_bi Pcmtp ht Zhìtzh`dp Lfltlhtlui# {bl`b hccm{p pcmt ah`blfip tm ji `m!cm`htio ht zhìtzh`d

eh`lcltlip mfc|# ihzahzdp h pbhzi me ziuifyip kifizhtio ezma pcmtp emz zhìtzh`d m{fizp hfo

bmzpi jziioizp& _blp hamyftio tm /00? alcclmf lf :>><‐8>&5 Ayfl`l~hcltlip tbht ~ch| bmpt tm

h zhìtzh`d hcpm ziìlui h pbhzi ‟ elui ~iz ìft me ~zmìiop ezma tbi elzpt ?9> pcmt

ah`blfip ht tbi eh`lclt| hfo t{m ~iz ìft emz ih`b ah`blfi muiz tbht& _blp tmthccio

/;2 alcclmf lf :>><‐8>#; hfo

MCK ~yz`bhpip hfo ~zmuloip cmttiz| tizalfhcp tm ~mlft!me!phci cm`htlmfp&

9 _bi khalfk ecmmz p~hì hfo tmthc `ma~cir p~hì ht Ehccpuli{ hzi t{lì hfo flfi tlaip zip~i`tluic| hp chzki hp tbmpi ht @hplfm Flhkhzh&

om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&ehccpahfhkiaift& ma-_bi]@hplfmp-lfoir&btac5 Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk –:>><‐8> Hffyhc Zi~mzt‑ :>8>&; Mfthzlm Hyoltmz Kifizhc –Hyoltmz“p :>8> Zi~mzt7 @hplfm Khalfk Zikychtlmf‑ :>8> ~~& ?5‐50




?><

Elfhcc|# MCK pbmyco `mftlfyi tm piid fi{ hfo lffmuhtlui {h|p tm oicluiz khalfk lf Mfthzlm tm

lf`zihpi ltp ziuifyip& _bipi lf`cyoi ir~hfolfk irlptlfk jyplfipp clfip# `zihtlfk fi{ jyplfipp

clfip "hp lt lp omlfk emz Lftizfit khajclfk,# hfo ciuizhklfk eyztbiz ~zluhti!pi`tmz lfumcuiaift&

Lf hcc py`b uiftyzip# tbi MCK aypt ziahlf alfoeyc me ltp ahfohti tm ~zmamti

zip~mfpljci khalfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!07 La~zmui tbi Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf“p ieel`lif`|

tbzmykb# ht h alflaya# tbi emccm{lfk aihpyzip7

@cmpi mfi me tbi t{m biho meelìp4

@cmpi mfi me tbi t{m `hplfmp lf Flhkhzh Ehccp4

Hccm{ pcmt ah`blfi m~izhtlmfp ht pltip tbht hzi fmt `m!cm`htio {ltb bmzpi zh`lfk uifyip4

hfo

Ptm~ pyjplolwlfk tbi ~yz`bhpi hfo ~zmulplmf me cmttiz| tizalfhcp tm ~mlft!me!phci cm`htlmfp

hfo jiklf tm lftzmoyì mtbiz ~mlftp me phci emz cmttizlip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!?7 Zi!iuhcyhti# mf h uhcyi!emz!amfi| jhplp# tbi ~zh`tlì me ~zmulolfk h

~mztlmf me fit pcmt ziuifyip tm tbi bmzpi zh`lfk hfo jziiolfk lfoyptz| hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip lf

mzoiz tm pyjpthftlhcc| zioyì hfo jittiz thzkit tbht py~~mzt&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!97 @mfploiz olzi`tlfk tbi Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf tm

ir~hfo ltp irlptlfk jyplfipp clfip# oiuicm~ fi{ khalfk m~~mztyfltlip hfo ahdi ieei`tlui ypi

me ~zluhti!pi`tmz lfumcuiaift&

Mfthzlm ^m{iz Kifizhtlmf "M^K, hfo B|ozm Mfi

Lf hf ieemzt tm zioyì pbmzt!tiza `mpt lf`zihpip tm `mfpyaizp# tbi kmuizfaift bhp

m``hplmfhcc| lftizuifio lf jmtb M^K“p hfo B|ozm Mfi“p zikychtmz| zhti elclfkp& _bi zipyct me

py`b h`tlmf `hf ieei`tluic| oi`my~ci ici`tzl`lt| zhtip ezma `mptp# ~zmulolfk hf la~cl`lt pyjplo|

tm zhti~h|izp& Lt ah| hcpm ~yt ht zlpd tbi fit lf`maip me jmtb `ma~hflip tm tbi ~mtiftlhc elp`hc

oitzlaift me tbi ~zmulfì& [blci pthjci# ieei`tlui zikychtlmf lp zixylzio emz jmtb `ma~hflip

kluif tbilz omalfhft ~mpltlmfp lf tbilz zip~i`tlui pi`tmzp# lftizuiftlmf tbht la~ioip mf

pthfohzo jyplfipp ~zh`tlìp {ltbmyt h `cihz# cikltlahti ~mcl`| mjgi`tlui pbmyco ji humloio&



?8>

Hploi ezma zioy`lfk tblp emza me kmuizfaift lftizuiftlmf# tbizi hzi m~izhtlmfhc ieel`lif`lip

tbht B|ozm Mfi `myco ir~cmzi tm la~zmui ltp fit lf`mai& Mf tbi ziuifyi ploi# B|ozm Mfi bhp

laaiolhti m~~mztyfltlip tm lf`zihpi ltp tm~ clfi& B|ozm Mfi `myco `mfploiz ptzhtikl`

~hztfizpbl~p# py`b hp tbi ziìftc| `zihtio gmlft uiftyzi jit{iif B|ozm Mfi# h ~zluhti ~hztfiz

hfo plr Elzpt Fhtlmfp# tm `ma~iti tm jylco h fi{ tzhfpalpplmf clfi lf fmztb{iptizf Mfthzlm&

@mftlfylfk tm em`yp mf tbipi pmztp me m~~mztyfltlip {myco lf`zihpi ziuifyip hfo hccm{ lt tm

pbhzi elfhf`lhc hfo `mfptzy`tlmf `mptp {ltb h ~zluhti!pi`tmz ~hztfiz# {blci heemzolfk

oiuicm~aift m~~mztyfltlip tm cm`hc `maayfltlip&

Lf @bh~tiz 8:# Lfezhptzy`tyzi# Zihc Ipthti hfo Ici`tzl`lt|# {i zi`maaifo tbht Mfthzlm pbmyco

piid tm `h~lthclwi mf ltp ptzifktbp lf tbi ifizk| pi`tmz tbzmykb oiuicm~lfk hfo ir~hfolfk

ir~mzt m~~mztyfltlip emz ltp kmmop hfo pizulìp& H kziht oihc me ir~iztlpi clip {ltblf M^K hfo

B|ozm Mfi4 ciuizhklfk tbipi elzap“ byahf `h~lthc lf h ptzhtikl` ehpblmf `myco ji jifiel`lhc tm

thr~h|izp hfo zhti ~h|izp hcldi lf tbi cmfk tiza&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!57 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco humlo lftizuiflfk lf Mfthzlm ^m{iz

Kifizhtlmf mz B|ozm Mfi“p zhti elclfkp emz tbi ~yz~mpi me oich|lfk pbmzt!tiza ~zlì lf`zihpip4

tmm metif tblp cihop tm kzihtiz `mptp om{f tbi zmho& [bif zikychtlmfp mz olzi`tluip hzi zixylzio

tbht la~lfki mf fmzahc ytlclt| jyplfipp ~zh`tlìp# tbi ~mcl`| mjgi`tluip jilfk pmykbt aypt

ji tzhfp~hzift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!;7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco piid hfo h`bliui ieel`lif`lip {ltblf

tbi m~izhtlmfp me Mfthzlm ^m{iz Kifizhtlmf hfo B|ozm Mfi tbzmykb aihfp py`b hp

ptzhtikl` ~hztfizpbl~p&

@mf`cyplmf

_bi KJIp pbmyco irhalfi tbilz m~izhtlmfp tm elfo ieel`lif`lip& Jif`bahzdlfk iriz`lpip hfo

m~izhtlmfhc ziuli{p pbmyco py~~mzt tbipi h`tlultlip& M~~mztyfltlip tm lf`zihpi ziuifyip#

hykaift ieel`lif`| hfo la~zmui ahzklfp pbmyco hcpm ji eycc| ir~cmzio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!27 Ih`b kmuizfaift jyplfipp iftiz~zlpi aypt `mftlfyi tm jylco mf ltp

lfoyptz|“p jipt ~zh`tlìp tm la~zmui ltp m~izhtlmfhc ieel`lif`|& Ih`b pbmyco ziulplt

aiamzhfoyap me yfoizpthfolfk hfo mtbiz hkziiaiftp tm ifpyzi tbht tbi| zieci`t `maaiz`lhc

ahfohtip& Hfo ih`b pbmyco yfoizkm ~iiz zhfdlfk hfo jif`bahzdlfk mf tbi jhplp me elfhf`lhchfo mtbiz aitzl`p jmtb tm jittiz yfoizpthfo tbi mzkhflwhtlmf“p zichtlui ~izemzahfì hfo

elfo ieel`lif`lip&




?88


H pla~clelio hfo bhzamflwio thr p|ptia {ltb `ma~itltlui zhtip lp h di| `ma~mfift tm

la~zmulfk tbi lfuiptaift `clahti lf Mfthzlm hfo `zihtlfk gmjp& Bm{iuiz# tbi ~zmulfì hcpmfiiop tm cmmd tm ifbhfìo hoalflptzhtlmf hfo ifemzìaift h`tlultlip hp h {h| tm la~zmui tbi

lftikzlt| me tbi thr p|ptia hfo jylco Mfthzlm“p elp`hc `h~h`lt|&

Mfthzlm jyplfippip tbht ia~cm| hkkzipplui thr ~chfflfk hp tbilz `ma~itltlui houhfthki aypt

ji `bhccifkio& _m om tblp# tbi ~zmulfì aypt ji hp flajci hfo `zihtlui hp tbmpi tbht ypi py`b

ptzhtiklip ‟ tbmpi tbht# lf ieei`t# thdi uhcyhjci thr omcchzp h{h| ezma la~mzthft ~yjcl` pizulìp

py`b hp bihctb `hzi hfo ioy`htlmf&

Ifbhf`lfk tbi lftikzlt| me tbi thr hoalflptzhtlmf p|ptia hcpm zixylzip h em`ypio ~yzpylt me

tbmpi {bm m{i tbi kmuizfaift amfi|& La~zmulfk `mcci`tlmfp tmmcp hfo ~zmìppip {lcc ifpyzitbht amfi| `yzziftc| m{io {lcc ji `mcci`tio hfo huhlchjci emz tbmpi pizulìp {bizi tbi| hzi

ampt fiioio&

_bi muizhcc ptzhtik| pbmyco `yctluhti h jhchfì jit{iif ~zmulolfk h ehlz hfo `ma~itltlui

ifulzmfaift emz jyplfippip# {blci m~tlalwlfk `ma~clhfì {ltb Mfthzlm“p thr ch{p hfo thdlfk

h`tlmf mf mytpthfolfk oijtp&

Lf`zihplfk @ma~clhfì

Ptzifktbiflfk tbi Jyplfipp _hr JhpiLf`zihpio kcmjhclwhtlmf lp `zihtlfk fi{ `ma~cir jyplfipp tzhfph`tlmfp tbht p~hf tbi kcmji&

Hp jyplfippip ji`mai amzi lftizfhtlmfhc hfo tzhfph`tlmfp amzi `ma~cir# thr hytbmzltlip

hzmyfo tbi {mzco fiio tm `mftlfyi tm ifbhfì lftizfhtlmfhc thrhtlmf hkziiaiftp tm humlo

omyjci thrhtlmf hp {icc hp tm humlo thr cihdhki& _bi eioizhc kmuizfaift aypt `mftlfyi tm

ifpyzi tbht @hfhoh hfo Mfthzlm mjthlf tbilz ehlz pbhzi me lftizfhtlmfhc thrhtlmf ziuifyi&

[ltblf @hfhoh# tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift hfo ~zmulf`lhc hfo tizzltmzlhc kmuizfaiftp aypt {mzd

tmkitbiz tm ifpyzi h ehlz hccm`htlmf me thr ziuifyip h`zmpp tbi `myftz|& P~i`lel`hcc|# jmtb ciuicp

me kmuizfaift fiio tm thdi hooltlmfhc pti~p tm ~ziuift hkkzipplui thr ~chfflfk tm humlo thr

cihdhki hfo ifpyzi h ehlz hccm`htlmf me thr ziuifyi h`zmpp @hfhoh& ^hztl`ychz `bhccifkip

tm ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp lf`cyoi7 l, tbi hjlclt| me `mz~mzhtlmfp tm iclalfhti mz oi`zihpi

~h|aift me ~zmulf`lhc `mz~mzhti lf`mai thr tbzmykb `zihtlui ai`bhflpap4 hfo ll, tbi pbletlfk

me cmppip h`zmpp @hfhoh tm humlo mz zioyì thrhtlmf lf tbi ~zmulfì {bizi lf`mai

{hp ihzfio&



?8:

@yzziftc|# `mz~mzhti kzmy~p `hf ypi `ma~cir tzhfph`tlmfp hfo eioizhc hoalflptzhtlui

`mfìpplmfp tm tzhfpeiz cmppip hamfk kzmy~ aiajizp hfo h`zmpp ~zmulf`lhc jmzoizp&

@ma~cir tzhfph`tlmfp `hf hcpm ji ypio j| `mz~mzhti kzmy~p tm pblet lf`mai ezma h blkbiz!thr

gyzlpol`tlmf tm h cm{iz!thr gyzlpol`tlmf iuif tbmykb tbi `mz~mzhtlmf jifieltp ezma ~yjcl` pizulìp

lf tbi blkbiz!thr gyzlpol`tlmf& Lf hooltlmf# `mz~mzhti kzmy~p `hf ypi hkkzipplui lftizfhtlmfhc thr

~chfflfk ptzhtiklip tm pblet ~zmeltp tm emzilkf!jhpio jyplfippip& Hcc me tbipi h`tlultlip `hf

yfoyc| zioyì ~zmulf`lhc thr ziuifyi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!87 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ifpyzi tbht h ehlz pbhzi me h

`ma~hf|“p {mzco{loi lf`mai lp hccm`htio tm @hfhoh hfo tbi ~zmulfìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:7 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm hoozipp hkkzipplui

lftiz~zmulf`lhc hfo lftizfhtlmfhc thr humlohfì h`tlultlip j|7

Yfoizthdlfk hooltlmfhc ohth ziuli{ hfo zipihz`b tm loiftle| h`tlultlip me ~hztl`ychz `mfìzf

tm Mfthzlm4

Iftizlfk lftm hf hkziiaift {ltb tbi @hfhoh Ziuifyi Hkif`| tm lfuipt zipmyzìp

lf hooltlmfhc `ma~clhfì ieemztp4 hfo

La~ciaiftlfk hooltlmfhc zi~mztlfk zixylziaiftp tbht olp`cmpi h`tlultlip tbht `hypi lf`mai

hfo cmppip tm ji hccm`htio tm h ~zmulfì {bizi tbi yfoizc|lfk i`mfmal` h`tlult| {hp

alflahc mz olo fmt m``yz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!07 @mcchjmzhti {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift hfo mtbiz ~zmulfìp tm

lfuiptlkhti m~tlmfp tm thr `mz~mzhtlmfp mf h `mfpmclohtio jhplp# {ltb tbi ~yz~mpi me ifpyzlfk

h ehlz hccm`htlmf me cmppip hfo lf`mai h`zmpp @hfhoh&

J| ~yzpylfk tbipi pti~p# Mfthzlm `myco zhlpi y~ tm /:>> alcclmf ~iz |ihz {bif eycc| ~bhpio lf&

Yfoizkzmyfo I`mfma|

_bi eioizhc hfo Mfthzlm kmuizfaiftp bhui thdif plkflel`hft pti~p tm zioyì tbi thr jyzoif mf

~im~ci hfo jyplfippip& Ht tbi phai tlai# tbizi lp lf`zihplfk ~zippyzi tm eyfo la~mzthft ~yjcl`

pizulìp tbht `ltlwifp jifielt ezma py`b hp bihctb `hzi hfo ioy`htlmf& _bi yfoizkzmyfo

i`mfma| `zihtip hf yfehlz thr jyzoif emz thr~h|izp hfo ahdip lt oleel`yct emz cikltlahti

jyplfippip tm ziahlf `ma~itltlui {ltb tbmpi ~hztl`l~htlfk lf tbi yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma|&

Hoozipplfk tbi yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma| `zihtip h ciuic ~ch|lfk elico emz thr~h|izp hfo

jyplfippip& Lt hcpm bic~p ~zmuloi kzihtiz ~zmti`tlmf tm `mfpyaizp {bm ah| fmt zihclwi tbi

zlpdp me ~hztl`l~htlfk lf tbi `hpb i`mfma|&




?80

Pthtlptl`p @hfhoh iptlahtip tbht tbi yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma| {hp hjmyt :&: ~iz ìft me

@hfhoh“p kzmpp omaiptl` ~zmoy`t lf :>>2# mz hjmyt /05 jlcclmf& [blci tbi ~zmulfì bhp

thdif h`tlmf tm ifbhfì `mcci`tlmfp hfo hyoltp# amzi `hf ji omfi tm hoozipp tbi

yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma|&

Mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp bhui la~ciaiftio h fyajiz me aihpyzip tbht Mfthzlm pbmyco `mfploiz&

Lf ~hztl`ychz# Xyiji` bhp jiif py`ìppeyc lf th`dclfk tbi yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma| hfo thr

iuhplmf tbzmykb h`tlmf lf p~i`lel` pi`tmzp7

Lftzmoy`lfk ziìft ciklpchtlui `bhfkip tm jzmhoif ~ifhctlip emz fmf!`ma~clhfì# {bl`b

lf`cyoi tbi la~mpltlmf me ~zlpmf piftifìp me y~ tm elui |ihzp cipp h oh| emz pizlmyp

thr oiclfxyif`|4

Lftifple|lfk thr hyoltp4

[mzdlfk h`zmpp kmuizfaift hfo {ltb lfoyptz| tm hoozipp di| blkb!zlpd pi`tmzp py`b hp

`mfptzy`tlmf hfo ~zmoy`tp cldi hc`mbmc hfo tmjh``m4

Zhlplfk ~yjcl` h{hzifipp me tbi la~h`t me yfzi~mztio lf`mai4

Zixylzlfk `ma~clhfì ìztlel`htip emz jyplfippip {hftlfk tm mjthlf ~yjcl` `mftzh`tp4 hfo

Zixylzlfk tbht ìzthlf ipthjclpbaiftp ~zmuloi tbilz `yptmaizp {ltb h jlcc ~zmoyìo yplfk

h phcip zi`mzolfk amoyci hytbmzlwio j| Ziuify Xyìji`&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!?7 Ifbhfì Mfthzlm“p hjlclt| tm oiti`t hfo zi`muiz ziuifyip ezma

yfoizkzmyfo i`mfmal` h`tlult| j| clfdlfk amzi ohthjhpip tm zi~mztio tzhfph`tlmfp emz

thr ~yz~mpip&

[mzdlfk {ltb tbi Meelì me tbi Lfemzahtlmf hfo ^zluh`| @maalpplmfiz me Mfthzlm tm ifpyzi

tbi ~zmti`tlmf me ~zluh`|# h`tlmfp {myco lf`cyoi7

La~ciaiftlfk ciklpchtlui `bhfkip tm jittiz ifhjci ohth pbhzlfk "i&k&# ~izalt# clìfplfk

hfo ziklptzhtlmf lfemzahtlmf, hfo ohthjhpi aht`blfk h`zmpp alflptzlip# ayfl`l~hcltlip

hfo eioizhc kmuizfaift oi~hztaiftp4

@zihtlfk h {ihctb lfol`htmz ohthjhpi hp omfi lf Xyiji`4

Ir~hfolfk zi~mztlfk zixylziaiftp emz ìzthlf elfhf`lhc tzhfph`tlmfp48 hfo

Iftizlfk lftm hf yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma| hkziiaift {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm jittiz pbhzi lfemzahtlmf hfo lfuipt amzi zipmyzìp lf `m!mzolfhtlfk hfo ptzifktbiflfk

`ma~clhfì ieemztp tm `majht tbi yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma|&

8 Emz irha~ci# Xyiji` ziìftc| lftzmoyìo h jlcc tm zikychti fmf!jhfd m~izhtmzp me hytmahtl` ticciz ah`blfip# emzilkf!ir`bhfki `myftizphfo amfi| tzhfpeiz meelìp# mjclklfk tbia tm mjthlf h clìfì hfo ahdi zi~mztp tm Xyiji`“p Hytmzltì oip ahz`bìp elfhf`lizp& _bi kmhc me tblp jlcc lp tm `majht ~mppljci thr iuhplmf hfo amfi| chyfoizlfk&



?8?

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!97 Ziuli{ tbi hom~tlmf me kmuizfaift!hytbmzlwio phcip!zi`mzolfk

amoycip lf ìzthlf pi`tmzp "i&k&# emmo pizulìp, tm hoozipp –wh~~iz‑ pmet{hzi "wh~~izp ziamui

h uifomz“p zi`mzo me phci,&

_bi amoyci {myco ~ziuift jyplfippip ezma oicitlfk tzhfph`tlmfp tm zioyì thrip "lfpthccio

{ltb py`ìpp lf Xyiji` hfo ~hztp me Iyzm~i,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!57 Oiuicm~ h `mfì~t me pice!ìztlel`htlmf me ici`tzmfl` ~mlft!me!phcip

"i^MP, pmet{hzi& _bi pice!ìztlel`htlmf lp jhpio mf tbi ~zlf`l~ci me thr hytbmzltlip oiuicm~lfk

hfo ~yjclpblfk h pit me zixylziaiftp emz h``myftlfk pmet{hzi hfo i^MP p|ptiap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!;7 Oiuicm~ h ~yjcl` h{hzifipp `ha~hlkf mf tbi la~h`t me tbi

yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma|& Emz irha~ci# j| yplfk yfziklptizio `mftzh`tmzp mz `mftzh`tmzp {bm om

fmt lppyi ziìl~tp# tbizi hzi zlpdp me fmt mjthlflfk h {hzzhft| emz zi~hlzp# zlpdp me fmt jilfk hjci

tm piid cikhc ziaio| emz ~mmz {mzdahfpbl~# hfo zlpdp me clhjlclt| emz lfgyzlip mz ohahkip tbht

m``yz mf h `yptmaiz“p ~zialpip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!27 @zihti ia~cm|ii oiialfk ~zmulplmfp {bizi jyplfippip pyjptltyti

lfoi~ifoift `mftzh`tmzp emz ia~cm|iip tm humlo ~h|lfk Mfthzlm“p Ia~cm|iz Bihctb _hr&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!<7 Ipthjclpb h emzya tm olp`ypp iaizklfk lppyip hfo tzifop lf

tbi yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma| hp {icc hp lffmuhtlmfp hfo jipt ~zh`tlìp emz hoozipplfk tbia&

_bi emzya pbmyco lf`cyoi zi~zipifthtluip ezma uhzlmyp alflptzlip# hfo eioizhc hfo ayfl`l~hc

kmuizfaiftp hp {icc hp lfoyptz| hppm`lhtlmfp&:

La~ciaiftlfk tbipi hfo mtbiz aihpyzip `myco |lico tbi ~zmulfì amzi tbhf /9>> alcclmf~iz |ihz {bif eycc| ~bhpio lf&

: Lf Oiìajiz :>8># tbi Alflptz| me Chjmyz“p Ir~izt ^hfic mf M``y~htlmfhc Bihctb hfo Pheit| zi`maaifoio h ~zmulfì{loi yfoizkzmyfoi`mfma| ptzhtik|&




?89

Yf`mcci`tio Elfip

Ziìft httiftlmf bhp jiif jzmykbt tm tbi iptlahtio /8 jlcclmf lf yf`mcci`tio elfip zichtio tm tbi

^zmulf`lhc Meeifìp H`t "^MH,&0 @mcci`tlmf ai`bhflpap pbmyco ji la~zmuio pm tbht tbi

iptlahtio /:&9 alcclmf yf~hlo ^MH elfip `hf ji zi`muizio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!8>7 _bi Alflptz| me Elfhfì pbmyco thdi tbi ciho j| ~zmulolfk

hpplpthfì tm ayfl`l~hcltlip lf oiuicm~lfk ~mcl`| emz tbi `mcci`tlmf me yf~hlo ^zmulf`lhc

Meeifìp H`t elfip lf tbi ~zmulfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!887 Ypi clìfì hfo ziklptzhtlmf pyp~ifplmfp hp h tmmc tm eh`lclthti tbi

`mcci`tlmf me ^zmulf`lhc Meeifìp H`t elfip zichtio tm uibl`cip# lf`cyolfk ~hzdlfk# p~iiolfk hfo

hytmamjlci lfpyzhfì ulmchtlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!8:7 Hccm{ elfip tm ji hooio ulh tbi ~zm~izt| thr zmcc j| hoolfk ^zmulf`lhc

Meeifìp H`t elfip tm tbi meeifoiz“p ~zm~izt| thr jlcc# iuif le tbi ~zm~izt| lp gmlftc| m{fio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!807 Meepit thr zieyfop hkhlfpt yf~hlo ^zmulf`lhc Meeifìp H`t elfip&

@iftzhclwio hfo @m!mzolfhtio @mcci`tlmfp

H fyajiz me alflptzlip {ltb h``myftp ziìluhjcip iltbiz m~izhti tbilz m{f lfoi~ifoift

`mcci`tlmf eyf`tlmfp# bhui tbmpi h`tlultlip ~izemzaio-oicluizio j| Mfthzlm Pbhzio Pizulìp#

mz om fmt ~izemza `mcci`tlmfp h`tlult| ji|mfo lftizfhc pit!meep& Hp h zipyct# tbi oicluiz| me

`mcci`tlmfp h`tlultlip lf tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì "M^P, lp `yzziftc| ezhkaiftio hfo `hzzlio

myt j| h fyajiz me alflptzlip yplfk uhzlmyp aitbmop hfo ti`bfmcmk| pmcytlmfp& Ziìft zi~mztp

j| tbi Hyoltmz Kifizhc zichtio tm tbi uhzlmyp `mcci`tlmf eyf`tlmfp h`zmpp tbi M^P emyfom~~mztyfltlip tm la~zmui tbi ieel`lif`| hfo ieei`tluifipp me `mcci`tlmfp h`tlultlip hfo `mftzmcp

muiz h``myftp ziìluhjci hfo muizoyi h``myftp&

Lf tbi :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit # tbi kmuizfaift ~zm~mpio tm amui tm{hzop h amzi `m!mzolfhtio

hfo ìftzhclwio `mcci`tlmfp eyf`tlmf {ltblf tbi Alflptz| me Ziuifyi "fm{ tbi Alflptz| me

Elfhfì,& @mfpmclohtlfk `mcci`tlmfp h`tlultlip h`zmpp tbi M^P {myco zioyì `mptp hfo

oy~cl`htlmf# la~zmui tzh`dlfk hfo amfltmzlfk me muizoyi h``myftp# hfo zioyì h``myftp

ziìluhjci tm jittiz py~~mzt tbi eyfolfk me di| ~yjcl` pizulìp& Mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp bhui

amuio tm{hzop kzihtiz `mfpmclohtlmf me `mcci`tlmf eyf`tlmfp tm thdi houhfthki me i`mfmalip

me p`hci# zioyì `ma~clhfì `mptp emz jyplfippip hfo ifpyzi m~tlahc lfuiptaift lf

ti`bfmcmk| p|ptiap&

0 Mfthzlm Hppm`lhtlmf me ^mclì Pizulìp Jmhzop# –^zmulf`lhc Meeifìp H`t7 Yf~hlo Elfip# H /Jlcclmf ^zmjcia#‑ :>88# ~& 9&



?85

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!8?7 Zixylzi tbht zi`l~liftp me kmuizfaift kzhftp mz zieyfohjci thr

`zioltp# `mftzh`tp# cmhfp hfo cmhf kyhzhftiip hzi elzpt lf kmmo pthfolfk {ltb tbi kmuizfaift lf

tizap me h``myftp ziìluhjci hfo bhui fm mytpthfolfk thrip oyi jiemzi ~zmulolfk hpplpthfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!897 Zixylzi tbht hcc alflptzlip zi`mzo @zm{f oijt ziìluhjcip lf tbi

iftiz~zlpi elfhf`lhc p|ptia pm tbht `mcci`tlmf h`tlmf `hf ji `maaifìo lf h tlaic| ehpblmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!857 ^zmìio {ltb tbi :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit ~zm~mphcp j| amulfk tm

zhtlmfhclwi tbi `mcci`tlmf me fmf!thr ziuifyi jit{iif Mfthzlm Pbhzio Pizulìp hfo tbi Alflptz|

me Elfhfì {ltb tbi lftift tm `mfpmclohti# lf h pthkio ehpblmf# hcc fmf!thr hfo thr `mcci`tlmf

eyf`tlmfp lftm tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!8;7 Oiuicm~ h ciklpchtlui ezhai{mzd tm ~zmuloi tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì

{ltb tbi hytbmzlt| tm `mcci`t hcc ~zmulf`lhc @zm{f oijtp hfo lf`mz~mzhti amzi ieei`tlui

`mcci`tlmfp tmmcp hfo ai`bhflpap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!827 Oiuicm~ pthfohzo ~mcl`lip hfo ~zh`tlìp h`zmpp tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl`

Pizulì emz `mcci`tlmfp tm ifpyzi tbi m~tlaya zityzf emz omcchzp p~ift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!8<7 [mzd {ltb tbi Meelì me tbi Lfemzahtlmf hfo ^zluh`| @maalpplmfiz

me Mfthzlm tm ifpyzi tbi ~zmti`tlmf me ~zluh`| lf tbi la~ciaifthtlmf me tbipi ~zm~mphcp&

Jhpio mf ihzc| iptlahtip# tbi `mfpmclohtlmf me `mcci`tlmfp hfo lf`mz~mzhtlmf me amzi ieei`tlui

`mcci`tlmf tmmcp {myco kifizhti amzi tbhf /:9> alcclmf ~iz |ihz {bif eycc| ~bhpio lf&

La~zmulfk Hyolt Eyf`tlmfpLf hooltlmf tm la~zmulfk tbi muizhcc lftikzlt| hfo ehlzfipp me Mfthzlm“p thr p|ptia# ziptmzlfk

elp`hc jhchfì {lcc zixylzi tbi jipt ypi me hoalflptzhtlui tmmcp lf tbi ampt ieel`lift ahffiz&

_blp aihfp ifpyzlfk tbht tbi kmuizfaift `hf loiftle| h`tlultlip tbht ~mpi tbi kzihtipt

elfhf`lhc zlpd tm em`yp zipmyzìp amzi ieei`tluic| hfo kifizhti jittiz zipyctp& _bi Alflptz| me

Elfhfì bhp oiuicm~io h pm~blptl`htio zlpd hppippaift tmmc tbht ia~cm|p ohth aht`blfk hfo

ohth hfhc|plp tm loiftle| hzihp me kzihtipt zlpd& _blp pm~blptl`htio hyolt zlpd tmmc ~zmuloip

la~mzthft lfemzahtlmf tm hyoltmzp-lfp~i`tmzp mf {bizi tbi| pbmyco em`yp tbilz httiftlmf&

Amzi thzkitio hfo lfemzaio ifemzìaift ptzhtiklip {lcc ciho tm h p|ptia tbht lp amzi ieel`lift

hfo zip~mfplui&




?8;

_bi Alflptz| me Elfhfì“p zlpd hppippaift tmmc {myco ~zmuloi h uhcyhjci zipmyzì emz

lfemzahtlmf pbhzlfk hamfk alflptzlip j| `m!mzolfhtlfk hfo `mfpmclohtlfk kmuizfaift!{loi

hyoltp me `ma~hflip& _bi Alflptz| me Elfhfì lp lf h jittiz ~mpltlmf tm zi`muiz eyfop mf jibhce

me tbi ~zmulfì amzi ieel`liftc| {ltb ltp zlpd hppippaift tmmc& Bhulfk h zlpd!jhpio h~~zmh`b tm

hyoltlfk ah| zioyì tbi fyajiz me tlaip ~iz hffya h jyplfipp lp hyoltio mz lfp~i`tio j|

tbi kmuizfaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:>7 La~zmui aitbmop emz lfemzahtlmf khtbizlfk hfo pbhzlfk h`zmpp

kmuizfaift# lf`cyolfk ahdlfk kzihtiz ypi me tbi Zikychtmz| Amoizflwhtlmf H`t# lf mzoiz tm

loiftle| iaizklfk hfo `yzzift lppyip tm la~zmui zip~mfpluifipp lf h `ma~clhfì ifulzmfaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:87 Ypi tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì“p zlpd hppippaift ti`bfmcmk| tm jittiz

em`yp iftiz~zlpi!{loi hyolt h`tlult| mf hzihp {bizi zhtip me zityzf hzi blkbipt emz tbi ~zmulfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!::7 La~ciaift aihpyzip tm jittiz `m!mzolfhti hfo `mfpmclohti

kmuizfaift hyoltp me `ma~hflip {ltblf tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì tm zi`muiz eyfop mf jibhce me

tbi ~zmulfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:07 Oiuicm~ zlpd hppippaift h~~zmh`bip {ltb mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp tm bic~

hoozipp hyolt lppyip tbht `zmpp ~zmulf`lhc hfo lftizfhtlmfhc jmyfohzlip&

Mfthzlm `myco zhlpi amzi tbhf /9> alcclmf ~iz |ihz {bif eycc| ~bhpio lf j| la~ciaiftlfk

tbipi aihpyzip&

Fmf!_hr Ziuifyi

Ypiz Eiip

Lf :>88‐8:# Mfthzlm alflptzlip ~chf tm `mcci`t hjmyt /8&2 jlcclmf lf ziuifyip `chpplelio hp

ypiz eiip& _bizi hzi muiz ?>> t|~ip me ypiz eiip `bhzkio tm lfoluloyhcp hfo jyplfippip

"i&k&# ozluizp“ clìfìp,&

Ampt ypiz eiip hzi h~~zmuio ht h p~i`lel` zhti tm zi`muiz hcc mz pmai me tbi `mptp me ~zmulolfk

h zichtio pizulì& _bizi lp fm emzahc zi`yzzlfk ~zmìpp emz `bhfklfk eiip tm dii~ tbia y~ tm

ohti& Muiz tlai# tbi eiip om fmt zieci`t lfechtlmf mz tbi `mptp me ~zmulolfk tbi zichtio pizulì&

_blp lp mfi me tbi zihpmfp ziuifyip lf tbi pthtyp xym om fmt tifo tm kzm{ hp zh~loc| hp tbi

"fmalfhc, i`mfma|& Plfì :>>0# tbizi bhui jiif alflahc lf`zihpip tm ahf| me tbi ampt

~zmalfift ypiz eiip&



?82

H oi`lplmf mf {bitbiz tm amui emz{hzo {ltb ypiz!eii `bhfkip tm kifizhti hooltlmfhc ziuifyi

lp zixylzio& _{m m~tlmfp tm `mfploiz hzi eycc `mpt zi`muiz| hfo lfoirhtlmf&

Eycc @mpt Zi`muiz| 7 Muiz /9>> alcclmf lf hooltlmfhc hffyhc ziuifyi lp huhlchjci le tbi

kmuizfaift amuip emz{hzo {ltb eycc `mpt zi`muiz| mf hcc ypiz eiip& @yzziftc|# ampt eiip hzi

fmt pit ht h ciuic tbht zipyctp lf tbi zi`muiz| me hcc `mptp hppm`lhtio {ltb h pizulì ~zmuloio&

Amulfk emz{hzo {ltb eycc `mpt zi`muiz| lp `mfplptift {ltb tbi :>>< Hyoltmz Kifizhc“p Zi~mzt

mf Ypiz Eiip tbht zi`maaifoio tbi kmuizfaift `mfploiz eycc `mpt zi`muiz| emz eiip&

Bm{iuiz# tbizi hzi pmai eiip tbi kmuizfaift ah| fmt {hft tm lf`zihpi emz ~yjcl` ~mcl`|

zihpmfp "i&k&# ypiz“p hjlclt| tm ~h|# tm if`myzhki ìzthlf jibhulmyz# it`&,&

Lfoirhtlmf7 Lfoirlfk irlptlfk ypiz eiip hffyhcc| j| tbi zhti me lfechtlmf me t{m ~iz ìft `myco

zipyct lf hooltlmfhc ziuifyip me hjmyt /05 alcclmf lf :>8:‐80 tm /::; alcclmf j| :>8;‐82&

Lfoirhtlmf {myco hccm{ tbi kmuizfaift tm humlo ~izlmol` ptii~ eii lf`zihpip# hfo jittiz

zieci`tp tbi `mpt me ~zmulolfk pizulìp& Lfoirhtlmf lp `mfplptift {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift“p

h~~zmh`b# {bl`b ziìftc| lftzmoyìo ziemzap tm zikychzc| hogypt eiip# hfo {ltb Xyiji` hfo

Fmuh P`mtlh# {bizi ampt eiip hzi lfoirio tm tbi `mfpyaiz ~zlì lfoir&

Lfoirhtlmf lp hcpm `mfplptift {ltb tbi :>>< Hyoltmz Kifizhc“p Zi~mzt mf Ypiz Eiip "{bl`b

zi`maaifoio tbht tbi kmuizfaift ipthjclpb h ~zmìpp emz tbi zikychz ziuli{ me eiip,&

Me `myzpi# h jcifo me tbi t{m h~~zmh`bip `myco ~zmuloi tbi jipt me jmtb {mzcop&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:?7 Lfptiho me ypiz eiip ziahlflfk lf elrio fmalfhc tizap# tbi| pbmyco

ji y~ohtio yplfk h jcifo me eycc `mpt zi`muiz| hfo lfoirhtlmf hfo ji ~bhpio lf muiz tbi firt

t{m |ihzp&




?8<

_hr Ziuifyi

_bi @maalpplmf“p ahfohti omip fmt hccm{ yp tm zi`maaifo thr lf`zihpip& Bm{iuiz# {i

bhui fmtio tbzmykbmyt tbi zi~mzt tbht ìzthlf hp~i`tp me tbi thr p|ptia {mzd tm ifpyzi tbht

ziuifyip om fmt tifo tm kzm{ lf p|f` {ltb tbi muizhcc i`mfma|# oielfio hp fmalfhc KO^&

Hp py`b# tbi Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm eihtyzip h oi`clfi lf tbi thr jyzoif# oielfio jzmhoc| hp tbi

zhtlm me ziuifyip tm fmalfhc KO^&

_blp# me `myzpi# `ma~myfop tbi oleel`yct| me zityzflfk tm h jhchfìo jyokit& Hccm{lfk tbi

muizhcc thr jyzoif tm oi`clfi ahkflelip tbi piuizlt| me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk ziptzhlft zixylzio&

_blp piuizlt| `myco ji hcciulhtio le thrip jiklf tm dii~ ~hì {ltb i`mfmal` h`tlult|&

@mfplptift {ltb myz ahfohti# {i bhui fmt lf`mz~mzhtio hf| lf`zihpip lf ziuifyip ezma py`b

ziemza lftm myz ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm& [i pla~c| fmti emz `mfploizhtlmf tbi zichtluic|

ptzhlkbtemz{hzo ziemzap tbht `myco ji la~ciaiftio tm ~ziuift tbi muizhcc thr jyzoif ezma

oi`clflfk muiz tlai&

_bi ahlf pmyzìp me tblp om{f{hzo jlhp lf tbi thr jyzoif hzi ioy`htlmf ~zm~izt| thrip#

jyplfipp ioy`htlmf thrip hfo h fyajiz me ir`lpi thrip tbht hzi ciulio mf tbi umcyai me

~zmoy`tp pmco zhtbiz tbhf tbi uhcyi ht {bl`b tbi| hzi pmco&

Ioy`htlmf _hrip

^zmulf`lhc!Ayfl`l~hc Zichtlmfpbl~ hfo ^zm~izt| _hr

H di| eihtyzi me tbi ~zmulf`lhc!ayfl`l~hc elp`hc zichtlmfpbl~ lp tbi eh`t tbht tbi ~zm~izt| thr jhpi

lp ypio tm py~~mzt ayfl`l~hc pizulìp hfo tm eyfo h ~mztlmf me Mfthzlm“p iciaifthz| hfopi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf `mptp& Lf :>8># ~zm~izt| thrip zhlpio muiz /:0 jlcclmf lf Mfthzlm# lf`cyolfk

muiz /5&5 jlcclmf? lf ~zmulf`lhc ioy`htlmf ~zm~izt| thr ziuifyip& _bi ayfl`l~hc ~mztlmf me tbi

thr zhlpip /85&? jlcclmf# hfo lp tbi chzkipt plfkci pmyzì me ziuifyi emz ayfl`l~hcltlip&

? Hcc ioy`htlmf thr ziuifyi fyajizp lf`cyoio lf tblp ~h~iz ir`cyoi tbi ~zm~izt| thr `ma~mfift me tbi Mfthzlm Ifizk| hfo ^zm~izt| _hr@ziolt# {bl`b lp fittio hkhlfpt ioy`htlmf ~zm~izt| thr lf ~zmulf`lhc Jyokit om`yaiftp&



?:>

Ioy`htlmf

^zm~izt| _hr#

/5&5J

Ayfl`l~hc

^zm~izt| _hr#

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@BHZ_ 82&8 ^zm~izt| _hr Ziuifyi# :>8>

/ Jlcclmfp

_bi ~zmulfì bhp ~zmuif tm ji h kmmo ~hztfiz lf pbhzlfk tbi ~zm~izt| thr jhpi& Ht tbi tlai me

Cm`hc Pizulìp Zihclkfaift lf 8<<2# tbi ~zmulfì tzhfpeizzio /:&9 jlcclmf lf ziploiftlhc thr

ziuifyi tm ayfl`l~hcltlip& J| :>88# tbi uhcyi me tbi tzhfpeizzio ziploiftlhc ioy`htlmf thr

ziuifyi bho kzm{f tm hf iptlahtio /0&8 jlcclmf hp h zipyct me fmf!zihppippaift!zichtio

kzm{tb# py`b hp fi{ `mfptzy`tlmf& Lf hooltlmf# tbi ~zmulfì bhp hom~tio h ~mcl`| tm eycc| meepit

zihppippaift la~h`tp {bif zipittlfk ziploiftlhc hfo jyplfipp ioy`htlmf thr zhtip& _blp

~zh`tlì me `yttlfk ioy`htlmf thr zhtip bhp jiif ~mpltlui emz ayfl`l~hcltlip# hp lt bhp meepit tbi

la~h`t me ayfl`l~hc thr lf`zihpip mf thr~h|izp hfo zioyìp ~zippyzi mf ayfl`l~hcltlip tm clalt

thr lf`zihpip& Emz amzi oithlcp mf tbi ~zmulf`lhc!ayfl`l~hc zichtlmfpbl~# pii @bh~tiz :>#

Lftizkmuizfaifthc Zichtlmfp&

^zm~izt| _hr _zifop

Plfì :>>># tbizi bhp jiif plkflel`hft kzm{tb lf ayfl`l~hc ~zm~izt| thrip# {bl`b bhui

lf`zihpio ;> ~iz ìft& Bm{iuiz# tbi kzm{tb lf ioy`htlmf thr ziuifyip bhp jiif zichtluic| echt#

huizhklfk mfc| mfi ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz& _blp m``yzzio muiz h ~izlmo {bif ~zm~izt| uhcyip amzitbhf omyjcio hp h zipyct me ~zm~izt| zihppippaiftp&




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Hppippaift Ayfl`l~hc _hrip Ioy`htlmf _hrip


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@BHZ_ 82&: Hppippaift hfo _hr Kzm{tb# :>>>‐8>

_bi ciuic me ioy`htlmf ~zm~izt| thr ziuifyip plfì :>>> bhp oi`zihpio j| 8> ~iz ìft lf zihc

tizap& Ht tbi phai tlai# eyfolfk emz ioy`htlmf bhp lf`zihpio& _bipi eh`tmzp bhui `mftzljytio

tm h plkflel`hft oi`zihpi lf ioy`htlmf ~zm~izt| thr ziuifyip hp h pbhzi me ioy`htlmf

ir~ifoltyzip# ezma ?? ~iz ìft lf 8<<2‐<< tm 0> ~iz ìft lf :>8>‐88& Le tbi ~zm~izt| thr

`ma~mfift me tbi Mfthzlm Ifizk| hfo ^zm~izt| _hr @ziolt bho jiif lf`cyoio# hp lt lp lf

~zmulf`lhc zi~mztlfk me ioy`htlmf ~zm~izt| thr ziuifyi# tbi pbhzi me ioy`htlmf ir~ifoltyzip

eyfoio j| ioy`htlmf ~zm~izt| thr ziuifyip {myco bhui jiif iuif cm{iz&



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@BHZ_ 82&0 Ioy`htlmf ^zm~izt| _hrip hp h îz @ift me Ioy`htlmf Ir~ifoltyzip

_bi oi`zihpi lf ioy`htlmf eyfolfk py~~mztio j| ~zm~izt| thrip lp ~zlahzlc| tbi zipyct me h

cmfk!pthfolfk ~zmulf`lhc ~mcl`| tm eycc| meepit zihppippaift la~h`tp {bif zipittlfk jyplfipp

hfo ziploiftlhc ioy`htlmf thr zhtip& Emz irha~ci# tbi ziploiftlhc ioy`htlmf thr zhti bhp jiif

`yt lf bhce plfì 8<<2& [blci tblp bhp `mftzljytio tm fmalfhc pthjlclt| lf tbi ~zm~izt| thr jhpi#

lf zihc tizap# tblp ~zh`tlì bhp zioyìo ~zmulf`lhc ioy`htlmf thr ziuifyip huhlchjci tm py~~mztMfthzlm“p ioy`htlmf p|ptia&

Pici`tio Blptmzl`hc Ziploiftlhc Ioy`htlmf _hr Zhtip

8<<2 :>>2 :>88

>&?5>) >&:5?) >&:08)




?:0

_bi `yzzift ioy`htlmf thr zhti!pittlfk ~zh`tlì zhlpip h fyajiz me `mfìzfp# lf`cyolfk tbi

`mftlfyio oi`zihpi lf ioy`htlmf thr ziuifyip lf zihc tizap& Hp ~zm~izt| thr ziuifyip

oi`zihpi hp h pbhzi me ioy`htlmf ir~ifoltyzip# ~zmulf`lhc tzhfpeizp tm p`bmmc jmhzop lf`zihpi

tm meepit tblp oi`clfi& Mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp# py`b hp Jzltlpb @mcyajlh# bhui zi`mkflwio tbi elp`hc

`bhccifkip hppm`lhtio {ltb tblp ~zh`tlì# hfo om fmt eycc| meepit zihppippaift la~h`tp {bif

pittlfk ioy`htlmf thr zhtip& Lf Jzltlpb @mcyajlh# tbi jyplfipp hfo ziploiftlhc ioy`htlmf

~zm~izt| thr zhtip hzi zipit tm lf`zihpi ziuifyip j| hf lfechtlmfhz| eh`tmz& Lf eh`t# thr zhti

zioy`tlmfp tbht hccm{ emz pmai aihpyzi me lfechtlmfhz| ziuifyi lf`zihpi pbmyco ji `mfploizio

lf Mfthzlm tm ahlfthlf h pthjci ciuic me ziuifyi lf zihc tizap&

Jyplfipp Ioy`htlmf _hrip

Hf hooltlmfhc `mfìzf zichtio tm ioy`htlmf ~zm~izt| thrip lf Mfthzlm lp tbi {loi zhfki me

jyplfipp ioy`htlmf thr "JI_, zhtip h`zmpp tbi ~zmulfì& Loihcc|# h ~zmulf`lhc thr zhti {myco

ji tbi phai h`zmpp hcc ziklmfp me tbi ~zmulfì# plalchz tm tbi ~zmulf`lhc yflemza zhti emz

ziploiftlhc ~zm~iztlip&

Bm{iuiz# tbi ~zmulfì `mftlfyip tm pit h zhfki me JI_ zhtip# {bl`b uhz| h`zmpp ayfl`l~hcltlip&

_bizi lp fm ~mcl`| zhtlmfhci emz tbi uhzlhtlmf lf JI_ zhtip mtbiz tbhf lt jilfk h zipyct me

blptmzl`hc hppippaift hfo thr lfixyltlip tbht {izi lf ~chì emz ahf| |ihzp ~zlmz tm tbi ~zmulfì

thdlfk muiz zip~mfpljlclt| emz ioy`htlmf thr zhti pittlfk lf 8<<2&

_bi uhzlhfì lf JI_ zhtip olptmztp ieel`lift jyplfipp cm`htlmf oi`lplmfp hfo ~chìp ahf|

jyplfippip lf tbi ~zmulfì ht h olphouhfthki# tbiziemzi bhulfk h fikhtlui la~h`t mf gmjp hfo

tbi ~zmulf`lhc i`mfma| muizhcc& _bipi olptmztlmfp hzi ~hztl`ychzc| oleel`yct tm gyptle| {bif tbizi

hzi chzki oleeizifìp jit{iif filkbjmyzlfk ayfl`l~hcltlip# py`b hp _mzmftm hfo tbi <>9ziklmfp& [blci tbi thr lfixyltlip `hf ji ir~i`tio tm bhui jiif `h~lthclwio lftm tbi uhcyi me

~zm~iztlip# lt lp ptlcc la~mzthft tm hoozipp tbipi kzhoyhcc| muiz tlai&

Lf eh`t# lf :>>; tbi ~zmulfì hffmyfìo h JI_ zioy`tlmf ~chf tm hoozipp tbipi olptmztlmfp hfo

lfixyltlip& Yfoiz tbi ~chf# blkb JI_ zhtip hzi jilfk zioyìo tm h thzkit zhti j| :>8?# phulfk

jyplfippip /9?> alcclmf hffyhcc|# mfì eycc| la~ciaiftio& _bi ~bhpio!lf h~~zmh`b me tbi JI_

zioy`tlmf ~chf {hp oiplkfio tm alflalwi ~mtiftlhc {lfoehcc khlfp hfo-mz cmppip hppm`lhtio {ltb

tbi `h~lthclwhtlmf me hjzy~t `bhfkip lf thr jyzoifp&



?:?

Plfì lftzmoy`lfk tbi ~chf# tbi ~zmulfì bhp ahoi ahgmz ~zmkzipp lf tbi emccm{lfk hzihp7

Blkb JI_ zhtip bhui oi`zihpio muizhcc# zipyctlfk lf phulfkp tm jyplfippip4

JI_ zhti `ytp bhui jiif h`ìcizhtio hfo eycc| la~ciaiftio emz fmztbizf Mfthzlm

jyplfippip4

Iclkljci fi{c| `mfptzy`tio ~zm~iztlip hzi laaiolhtic| thrio ht h zhti fm blkbiz tbhf tbi

JI_ thzkit zhti# ~hztc| hoozipplfk olptmztlmfp emz fi{ jyplfipp cm`htlmf oi`lplmfp4 hfo

_bi uhzlhfì jit{iif JI_ zhtip bhp fhzzm{io& Emz irha~ci# lf :>>;# tbi blkbipt JI_

zhti {hp amzi tbhf 9> tlaip kzihtiz tbhf tbi cm{ipt zhti& J| :>8:# tblp {lcc ji zioyìo tm

89 tlaip kzihtiz& Oip~lti tbi ~zmkzipp# h `mfploizhjci kh~ ptlcc irlptp&

Ioy`htlmf thr zhti!pittlfk ~mcl`lip hfo tbi JI_ zioy`tlmf ~chf bhui plkflel`hftc| zioyìo tbi

ioy`htlmf thr ziuifyi huhlchjci tm py~~mzt ioy`htlmf ir~ifoltyzip& Eyztbizamzi# tbi `yzzift

JI_ zioy`tlmf ~chf omip fmt hoozipp ayfl`l~hcltlip {ltb cm{ JI_ zhtip& J| fmt hoozipplfk

cm{ zhtip# tbi ~zmulfì {lcc bhui oleel`yct| hoozipplfk olptmztlmfp hfo lfixyltlip lf tbi ioy`htlmf

~zm~izt| thr jhpi& _bipi `myco ji hoozippio j| amulfk tm{hzop h ~mcl`| me h plfkci

~zmulfì{loi JI_ zhti emz hcc ziklmfp me tbi ~zmulfì# {blci hcpm claltlfk tbi `mpt me tbi

JI_ zioy`tlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:97 @mfoy`t h ziuli{ me ioy`htlmf thr zhti!pittlfk ~mcl`lip emz

ziploiftlhc hfo jyplfipp thr zhtip tm ahlfthlf h pthjci ciuic me ioy`htlmf thr ziuifyip lf

zihc tizap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:57 @mftlfyi tm la~ciaift tbi jyplfipp ioy`htlmf thr "JI_, zioy`tlmf

~chf {blci `mfploizlfk m~tlmfp emz hogyptlfk tbi ~chf lf mzoiz tm humlo ~hzt mz hcc me tbi ziuifyi

cmpp hppm`lhtio {ltb zioy`lfk blkb JI_ zhtip j| hcpm lf`zihplfk cm{ JI_ zhtip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:;7 Jylco mf tbi irlptlfk jyplfipp ioy`htlmf thr "JI_, zioy`tlmf ~chf tm

hoozipp blptmzl`hc JI_ zhti lfixyltlip hfo olptmztlmfp j| kzhoyhcc| la~ciaiftlfk h plfkci

yflemza JI_ zhti&

La~ciaiftlfk tbipi ~mcl`lip `myco ifpyzi h amzi ixylthjci jyplfipp thr p|ptia# {blci

~zmulolfk h plkflel`hft lf`zihpi lf ziuifyip# y~ tm gypt muiz /8 jlcclmf j| :>8;‐82&

@mftzhjhfo _mjh``m_bi Alflptz| me Elfhfì lp zip~mfpljci emz hoalflptzhtlmf me tbi ~zmulfì“p thr mf tmjh``m

~zmoy`tp la~mpio yfoiz tbi _mjh``m _hr H`t&




?:9

_bi tmjh``m thr lp h di| `ma~mfift me Mfthzlm“p pamdi!ezii ptzhtik|& Plfì :>>0# h fyajiz

me ~mcl`| hfo ifemzìaift tmmcp lf jmtb tbi _mjh``m _hr H`t hfo tbi Pamdi!Ezii Mfthzlm H`t#

lf`cyolfk tmjh``m thr zhti lf`zihpip# bhui bic~io tm zioyì tmjh``m `mfpya~tlmf j| muiz

:> ~iz ìft&

Bm{iuiz# lf ziìft |ihzp# tmjh``m `mfpya~tlmf bhp –echtclfio‑ hetiz amzi tbhf h oi`hoi me

oi`clfi lf pamdlfk zhtip& _bi huhlchjlclt| me `bih~ lccikhc tmjh``m ~zmoy`tp ahdip lt ihpliz emz

|mytb tm pthzt pamdlfk hfo ziamuip hf lfìftlui emz irlptlfk pamdizp tm xylt& Lccikhc tmjh``m

py~~clip bhui hcpm houizpic| heei`tio ~zmulf`lhc ziuifyip& Lf h :>>2 zi~mzt# tbi Hyoltmz

Kifizhc iptlahtio tbi cmpp me tmjh``m thr ziuifyi emz elp`hc :>>5‐>; hp jilfk lf tbi zhfki

me /9>> alcclmf&

La~zmuio ifemzìaift ieemztp# ip~i`lhcc| tbmpi muiz tbi ~hpt tbzii |ihzp# bhui kifizhtio

zipyctp& Jit{iif H~z& 8# :>>2 hfo Pi~t& 0># :>88# Mfthzlm bhp pilwio amzi tbhf 8;: alcclmf

lccikhc `lkhzittip& Lf :>8>‐88# ~zmulf`lhc tmjh``m thr ziuifyi lf`zihpio j| /;; alcclmf muiz tbi

~ziulmyp elp`hc |ihz tm /8&85 jlcclmf&

Mf Gyfi 8# :>88# tbi Mfthzlm ciklpchtyzi h~~zmuio Jlcc 825 ‟ Py~~mztlfk Pamdi!Ezii Mfthzlm

j| Zioy`lfk @mftzhjhfo _mjh``m H`t ‟ {ltb hcc!~hzt| py~~mzt& Jlcc 825 ~zmuloip tbi

kmuizfaift {ltb la~mzthft fi{ tmmcp tm ifbhfì ifemzìaift {blci hcpm ~zmulolfk ciklpchtlui

hytbmzlt| tm iftiz lftm hkziiaiftp {ltb Elzpt Fhtlmfp `maayfltlip zichtio tm hoalflptzhtlmf hfo

ifemzìaift me tbi _mjh``m _hr H`t mf!zipizui&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:27 Eyztbiz oiuicm~ hfo la~ciaift zipyctp!em`ypio ptzhtiklip tm oitiz

lccikhc tmjh``m# lf`cyolfk ifemz`lfk irlptlfk ch{p hfo oiuicm~lfk fi{ ~hztfizpbl~p hfo

ciklpchtlui hfo zikychtmz| tmmcp&

_bipi ptzhtiklip `myco lfumcui7

Olp`ypplmfp {ltb Elzpt Fhtlmfp `maayfltlip tm gmlftc| la~zmui tbi zikychtlmf me tmjh``m

h`tlultlip mf zipizuip4

@cihz gmlft h`tlmfp {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm jittiz hclkf tbi zikychtlmf me tmjh``m lf

Mfthzlm hfo `cmpi cmm~bmcip4

[mzdlfk {ltb di| ~hztfizp lf`cyolfk ch{ ifemzìaift# Elzpt Fhtlmfp hfo mtbiz kmuizfaiftp

"i&k&# Xyiji`# tbi Y&P& eioizhc kmuizfaift hfo Fi{ \mzd Pthti, tm `m!mzolfhti h`tlmfp4hfo

Chyf`blfk hf ioy`htlmf hfo h{hzifipp ptzhtik| tm lf`zihpi ~yjcl` h{hzifipp hfo

yfoizpthfolfk me `mftzhjhfo tmjh``m# lf`cyolfk tbi `mfpixyifìp me ltp ypi emz Mfthzlhfp

hfo tbilz `maayfltlip&



?:5

Jlcc 825 aihpyzip# lf `majlfhtlmf {ltb hooltlmfhc ifemzìaift tmmcp hfo h~~zmh`bip#

lf`cyolfk ~hztfizpbl~p {ltb di| pthdibmcoizp# `myco zipyct lf lf`zihpio ziuifyi me y~ tm

/::9 alcclmf ~iz |ihz {bif eycc| ~bhpio lf&

_hr Uhcyi# Fmt Umcyai

_hrip mf ahf| pm!`hccio –plf‑ kmmop# py`b hp khpmclfi# olipic# tmjh``m# jiiz hfo {lfi# h~~c|

tm tbi umcyai me tbi ~zmoy`t# fmt tbi uhcyi "tbipi hzi dfm{f hp p~i`lel`# fmt ho uhcmzia#

thrip,& _blp aihfp {bif ~zlìp zlpi# ziuifyip ezma tbi thrip om fmt zip~mfo4 tbi| zlpi mfc| le

tbizi lp hf lf`zihpi lf tbi umcyai me tbi kmmop pmco& _bi umcyai me tmjh``m phcip hfo bifì

tbi ziuifyi bhui jiif tzifolfk om{f& Umcyaip hfo ziuifyip ezma khpmclfi hfo olipic bhui

jiif kzm{lfk uiz| pcm{c|&

Eytyzi ziuifyi ieei`tp me thrlfk uhcyip zhtbiz tbhf umcyaip hzi oleel`yct tm iptlahti ji`hypi

tbi| oi~ifo mf `bhfkip lf tbi p~i`lel` `maamolt| ~zlìp& [i `hf ji zihpmfhjc| ìzthlf tbi

~hì me muizhcc `mfpyaiz ~zlì lfoir "@^L, lfechtlmf {lcc ji hzmyfo tbi Jhfd me @hfhoh“pt{m ~iz ìft thzkit& Jyt ~zlìp emz lfoluloyhc `ma~mfiftp ah| oiulhti pyjpthftlhcc|4 tbi| `myco

iuif oi`clfi&

Zhtbiz tbhf httia~t hf lfiulthjc| la~zi`lpi emzi`hpt# {i {lcc lccyptzhti tbi pifpltlult| me

ziuifyip tm uhcyip zhtbiz tbhf umcyaip j| `hc`ychtlfk tbi la~h`t mf blptmzl`hc ziuifyip bho

tbi thrip jiif ho uhcmzia zhtbiz tbhf p~i`lel`& Bho khpmclfi hfo olipic thrip jiif `mfuiztio

tm ho uhcmzia lf :>>># ziuifyip lf :>8> {myco bhui jiif /8&< jlcclmf blkbiz tbhf h`tyhcc|

zi`mzoio& _bi `yaychtlui lf`ziaifthc khlf lf ziuifyip muiz tbi ~izlmo ‟ hfo bifì#

iuiz|tblfk icpi jilfk ixyhc# tbi oi`clfi lf ~yjcl` oijt ht tbi ifo me :>8> ‟ {myco bhui jiif

/8>&: jlcclmf& Bho tbi tmjh``m thr jiif `mfuiztio tm ho uhcmzia lf :>>5# ziuifyip {myco bhuijiif />&? jlcclmf blkbiz tbhf zi`mzoio# {ltb h `yaychtlui khlf muiz tbi ~izlmo me /8&8 jlcclmf&

_bizi {myco bhui jiif clttci `bhfki lf fit jiiz hfo {lfi ziuifyip& _m tbi irtift tbi blkbiz

thrip lfoyìo cm{iz `mfpya~tlmf# tbi ziuifyi la~h`tp {myco ji pmai{bht cm{iz tbhf

pbm{f hjmui&

_bizi hzi piuizhc {h|p tm `h~tyzi tbi ziuifyi la~h`tp me `bhfkip lf uhcyi7 tbi p~i`lel` thrip

`myco ji `mfuiztio tm ho uhcmzia emza4 tbi p~i`lel` thr zhtip `myco ji lfoirio4 mz tbi p~i`lel`

thr zhtip `myco ji hogyptio ~izlmol`hcc|&

_bi ioy`htlmf ~zm~izt| thr lp ieei`tluic| h p~i`lel` thr hp {icc& J| meepittlfk hf| lf`zihpip lfhppippio ~zm~izt| uhcyi# ziuifyi mfc| zieci`tp `bhfkip lf umcyaip& Bhulfk thrip ji lf pti~

{ltb tbi uhcyi me tbi ~zm~izt| {myco ~zmuloi lf`zihpio ziuifyip emz tbi ~zmulfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:<7 Zi~chì thrip tlio tm h kmmo“p umcyai {ltb thrip tlio tm tbi kmmo“p

uhcyi "l&i&# zi~chì p~i`lel` thrip {ltb ho uhcmzia thrip mz mtbiz{lpi `h~tyzi `bhfkip lf

uhcyip,&




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H~~ifolr 82&87 Ziuifyi Aihpyzip Lf`cyoio hfo Fmt Lf`cyoio lf ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm

/ Alcclmfp :>8:‐80 :>80‐8? :>8?‐89 :>89‐85 :>85‐8; :>8;‐82

Ziuifyi Aihpyzip Lf`cyoio lf tbi ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm

@mftzhjhfo _mjh``m 9> ;9 8>> 89> :>> ::9

@mcci`tlmfp-Hyolt8 ;9 8>> 89> :>> :9> 0>>Yfoizkzmyfo I`mfma| 9> 8>> :>> 0>> ?>> 9>>

Lf`zihplfk @ma~clhfì 9> ;9 8>> 829 :>> :>>

Fmf!_hr Ziuifyi7 Eycc @mpt Zi`muiz| ^hzt 8: 9> ;9 8>> 89> :>> ::9

Kmuizfaift Jyplfipp Iftiz~zlpip7 Zithlf hfoLf`zihpi Ieel`lif`|

:>> 0>> ?>> 9>> 9>> 9>>

_mthc Ziuifyi Aihpyzip ?;9 ;:9 8#>9> 8#?29 8#;9> 8#<9>

Ziuifyi Aihpyzip Olp`yppio Jyt Fmt Lf`cyoio lf tbi^zieizzio Pìfhzlm

Fmf!_hr Ziuifyi7 Eycc @mpt Zi`muiz| ^hzt :: ‐ 825 ?:: 0;: 0:: :<;

Fmf!_hr Ziuifyi7 Lfoirhtlmf me Ypiz Eiip0 05 ;0 88> 8?2 82; ::;

Ziploiftlhc hfo Jyplfipp Ioy`htlmf _hrip?

8:9 0;9 5:9 ;;9 <:9 8#>;9_hrlfk Uhcyi# Fmt Umcyai9 F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H F-H

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ji hp blkb hp /9:: alcclmf "/::9 alcclmf ~cyp /:<; alcclmf,&0 Lfoirhtlmf h~~clio tm tbi iptlahtio ypiz!eii ziuifyi jhpi me /8&2 jlcclmf# yplfk tbi zhti me lfechtlmf "t{m ~iz ìft hffyhcc|,& _bipi hamyftp pbmyco fmt ji

hooio tm tbi iptlahtip emz eycc `mpt zi`muiz| ji`hypi tbht {myco lfumcui hf iciaift me omyjci!`myftlfk&? Zi~zipiftp t{m ~iz ìft lfechtlmf lf`zihpi mf ziploiftlhc hfo jyplfipp ~zm~iztlip hfo lf`zihplfk cm{ JI_ zhtip tm meepit tbi `mpt me tbi JI_ zioy`tlmf

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Lftzmoy`tlmf

Fm elp`hc ~zmgi`tlmf lp h pthtl` ~chf& Emz hf| kmuizfaift# ziuifyi hfo ir~ifpi iptlahtiphzi kifizhcc| jhpio mf i`mfmal` hppya~tlmfp# ~mcl`| oi`lplmfp hfo olzi`tlmf# hfo tbi jipt

huhlchjci lfemzahtlmf ht h kluif ~mlft lf tlai& _bizi lp h cmt me yfìzthlft| tbht pyzzmyfop tbi

iptlahtip lf tbi ~chf& Mfì zicihpio# lt ji`maip pyjgi`t tm h fyajiz me zlpdp tbht `myco

iaizki hfo la~h`t tbi ~ziulmypc| mytclfio elp`hc mjgi`tluip&

Hf| lfemzahtlmf mz iuiftp tbht {izi yfhftl`l~htio oyzlfk tbi ~chfflfk ~zmìpp ~zipift h zlpd

tm tbi elp`hc ~zmgi`tlmf& Zlpdp `hf `mai ezma yfìzthlft| lf elfhf`lhc ahzditp# ~zmgi`t ehlcyzip#

cikhc clhjlcltlip# `ziolt zlpd# h``loiftp# fhtyzhc `hypip hfo olphptizp# mz iuiftp me hf yfìzthlf mz

yf~ziol`thjci fhtyzi& Emz Mfthzlm# hp h pyj!fhtlmfhc gyzlpol`tlmf# tbi zlpd me h ~mcl`| `bhfki j|

tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift `mftlfyhcc| irlptp&

_bipi zlpdp `hf bhui h ~mpltlui mz fikhtlui la~h`t mf tbi ~zmulfì“p h`tyhc elp`hc zipyctp&

Kifizhcc|# ~mpltlui la~h`tp hzi ihpliz emz kmuizfaiftp tm ahfhki& Emz irha~ci# lf `hpip

{bizi i`mfmal` ~izemzahfì tyzfp myt jittiz tbhf ir~i`tio# tbi kmuizfaift bhp hooltlmfhc

ecirljlclt| tm ahfhki irlptlfk ~zlmzltlip hfo aiit ltp elp`hc mjgi`tluip& Bm{iuiz# le tbi i`mfma|

{izi tm ehcc pbmzt me {bht {hp ir~i`tio# tbif tbi ~zmulfì {myco eiic tbi fikhtlui la~h`t

tbzmykb cm{iz kmuizfaift ziuifyi# blkbiz ir~ifpi hfo# lf Mfthzlm“p `yzzift elp`hc pltyhtlmf#

chzkiz oiel`ltp hfo lf`zihplfk oijt&

_m bic~ ifpyzi tbht elp`hc mjgi`tluip hzi ait# tbi Elp`hc _zhfp~hzif`| hfo H``myfthjlclt| H`tzixylzip Mfthzlm“p elp`hc ~chf tm lf`cyoi h zipizui tm ~zmti`t hkhlfpt yfir~i`tio hfo houizpi

`bhfkip lf tbi ziuifyi hfo ir~ifpi mytcmmd& Lf tbi :>88 Jyokit # tbi kmuizfaift lf`cyoio h

zipizui me />&; jlcclmf lf :>88‐8: hfo /8&> jlcclmf lf ih`b emccm{lfk |ihz tbzmykb tm :>8;‐82&

Bm{iuiz# tbi zipizui lf ltp `yzzift pthti omip fmt ~zmuloi ifmykb ecirljlclt| emz uhzlhfìp

tbht ah| iaizki muiz tblp tlai# ip~i`lhcc| `ma~myfolfk izzmzp zipyctlfk ezma emzi`hptio

kzm{tb zhtip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!87 Kifizhc zlpdp `hf hfo pbmyco ji bhfocio tbzmykb tbi `mftlfkif`|

zipizui# {bl`b pbmyco ji pit blkbiz tbhf lf ziìft jyokitp hfo pbmyco kzm{ muiz tlai tm

hoozipp tbi ~mppljlclt| me kzm{tb zhti jlhpip lf tbi ziuifyi ~zmgi`tlmf& Amoipt lftizfhc zlpdp

pbmyco ji hoozippio tbzmykb hf m~izhtlfk zipizui& _bi `mftlfkif`| zipizui pbmyco ji

lf`zihpio tm `muiz h >&: ~izìfthki ~mlft hffyhc muiziptlahti me ziuifyi kzm{tb&



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_bi `mftlfkif`| zipizui pbmyco ji pit ht hf hoixyhti hamyft tm ~zmti`t hkhlfpt emzi`hpt

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tbi ~mppljlclt| me hf| kzm{tb!zhti jlhp& Myz zi`maaifohtlmf lp tbht tbi `mftlfkif`| zipizui

ji lf`zihpio tm `muiz h >&: ~izìfthki ~mlft hffyhc muiziptlahti me ziuifyi kzm{tb&

Myz cmfkiz!tiza ~zmgi`tlmf lp la~cl`ltc| jhpio mf h ~zmgi`tlmf me hffyhc ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb me

8&: ~iz ìft "l&i&# lf`zihpi lf Mfthzlm zihc myt~yt ~iz bmyz {mzdio,& Hp olp`yppio lf @bh~tiz 8#

_bi Fiio emz Ptzmfk Elp`hc H`tlmf# {i jicliui tblp lp hf h~~zm~zlhti hppya~tlmf& Bm{iuiz#

{i hzi {icc h{hzi tbht tbi elkyzi lp `mfploizhjc| ptzmfkiz tbhf tbi h`tyhc ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb

zhti zi`mzoio muiz tbi ~hpt oi`hoi& _biziemzi# lt aypt ji `mfploizio tm ji ht zlpd& Lt `myco

ihplc| ji pmai{bht {ihdiz# ph| 8&> ~iz ìft& _bht {myco zmykbc| tzhfpchti lftm h >&:

~izìfthki ~mlft {ihdiz kzm{tb zhti lf ziuifyip muiz tbi iftlzi ~zmgi`tlmf ~izlmo& _blp lp

~zi`lpic| tbi pmzt me zlpd {i ifulplmf {bif {i zi`maaifo tbi `mftlfkif`| zipizui ji pit tm

`muiz h >&: ~izìfthki ~mlft zlpd tm ziuifyi kzm{tb lf tbi elzpt |ihz me tblp iriz`lpi ":>8>‐88,

hfo tbht lt zlpi j| >&: ~izìfthki ~mlftp hffyhcc| tm 8&? ~iz ìft lf tbi thzkit |ihz& _blp

zixylzip tbi `mftlfkif`| zipizui tm ji /8&< jlcclmf lf :>8;‐82# `ma~hzio tm /8&> jlcclmf lftbi :>88 Jyokit &

Zikhzocipp me bm{ ~zyoift hfo zlkmzmyp tbi kmuizfaift lp lf ltp hffyhc ~chfflfk me ziuifyi

hfo ir~ifpi# tbizi hzi hc{h|p zlpdp tbht tbi kmuizfaift `hffmt h``myft emz& Ahf| me tbipi

zlpdp hzi yfdfm{f tm tbi kmuizfaift ht tbi tlai me jyokitlfk& Lf ~ziulmyp |ihzp# tbipi zlpdp

bhui zipyctio lf ahgmz mfi!tlai `mptp# py`b hp tbi kmuizfaift“p zip~mfpi tm PHZP hfo

B8F8# mz ltp py~~mzt emz tbi hytm pi`tmz& Mtbiz zlpdp hzi dfm{f ht tbi tlai me jyokitlfk# jyt

tbi p`m~i# irtift mz hamyft me tbi clhjlclt| hzi yfdfm{f& H ziìft irha~ci me tblp t|~i me zlpd

lp tbi hooltlmfhc emzipt elzielkbtlfk zipmyzìp tbi ~zmulfì bhp zixylzio& [blci tbi kmuizfaift

hftl`l~htio h `mpt emz tblp zlpd# tbi hamyft hfo piuizlt| {izi yfdfm{f& Elfhcc|# tbi ~zmulfì

pbmyco ~chf emz zlpdp {ltb hf yfdfm{f ~zmjhjlclt| me m``yzzifì hfo `mpt& Lt lp tbi yfdfm{f

iciaift me hcc tbipi zlpdp tbht ahdip tbia bhzo tm ~chf emz&

Lf tbi ~hpt# Mfthzlm bhp ypio tbi m~izhtlfk hfo `h~lthc `mftlfkif`| eyfop ‟ mz tbi zipizui

lf irtziai `hpip ‟ tm altlkhti zlpdp lf!|ihz tbht {myco mtbiz{lpi bhui bho h fikhtlui la~h`t

mf ltp elfhf`lhc zipyctp& [blci tblp ptzhtik| bhp jiif ieei`tlui# lf h ~izlmo me piuizi elp`hc hfo

i`mfmal` `bhccifkip# {bmcc| hjpmzjlfk tbi `mpt me tbipi zlpdp {ltbmyt h altlkhtlmf ~chf {lcc

~zmui lf`zihplfkc| oleel`yct le tbi kmuizfaift lp `maalttio tm zityzflfk tm jhchfìo jyokitp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!:7 P~i`lel` zlpdp pbmyco ji hoozippio tbzmykb hf ir~cl`lt ptzhtik|&@hzi pbmyco ji thdif lf jyokit!pittlfk ~zmìppip tm olclkiftc| loiftle| hf| dfm{f zlpdp me

plkflel`hft elp`hc ahkfltyoi# hfo h ptzhtik| oiuicm~io tm altlkhti tbmpi zlpdp&




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_m lf`zihpi tbi ~zmjhjlclt| me pi`yzlfk tbi :>8;‐82 thzkit# zlpdp hfo clhjlcltlip pbmyco ji

loiftlelio hp ihzc| hp ~mppljci lf tbi ~chfflfk ~zmìpp& Alflptzlip aypt ji ulklchft lf

hftl`l~htlfk {bht `myco km {zmfk {ltb hcc ~zmgi`tp& Ptzhtiklip {lcc fiio tm ji oiuicm~io tm

loiftle| hfo zioyì p~i`lel` zlpdp tm tbi elp`hc ~chf# py`b hp eioizhc kmuizfaift h`tlmf hfo

~ifplmf clhjlcltlip& _bi emccm{lfk pi`tlmf loiftlelip clhjlclt| zlpdp tbht zixylzi tbi ~zmulfì tm

oiuicm~ ahfhkiaift ~chfp emz amulfk emz{hzo& _blp lp lftifoio tm ji hf lccyptzhtlui clpt me

zlpdp tbht pbmyco ji `yzziftc| dfm{f hfo pyjgi`t tm altlkhtlmf ptzhtiklip& _bizi hzi# fm omyjt#

ahf| amzi `yzzift zlpdp# hfo amzi {lcc yfomyjtioc| pyzehì hp {i amui tbzmykb tbi

~zmgi`tlmf ~izlmo& Hp py`b# tbi clhjlclt| ahfhkiaift ptzhtik| aypt ji uiz| ecylo&

Y~`malfk Clhjlclt| Zlpdp

îfplmf Jifieltp Kyhzhftii Eyfo

Mfthzlm“p îfplmf Jifieltp Kyhzhftii Eyfo "^JKE, {hp `zihtio lf 8<2> hfo {hp lftifoiotm hpplpt ~ifplmfizp hfo ~chf aiajizp {bif m``y~htlmfhc ~ifplmf ~chfp hzi {myfo y~ {ltb

lfpyeel`lift eyfop tm `muiz ~zmalpio jifieltp# hfo tbi ia~cm|iz lp yfhjci tm ahdi tbi zixylzio

~h|aiftp& _bi ^JKE lp hoalflptizio j| tbi Py~izlftifoift me Elfhf`lhc Pizulìp hfo

kifizhcc| `muizp plfkci!ia~cm|iz oielfio jifielt ~ifplmf ~chfp lf tbi ~zluhti hfo jzmhoiz

~yjcl` pi`tmzp& Mfthzlm lp tbi mfc| gyzlpol`tlmf lf @hfhoh tm ~zmuloi py`b `muizhki&

Lf :>><# tbi kmuizfaift zithlfio hf lfoi~ifoift h`tyhzlhc elza tm `mfoy`t tbi elzpt h`tyhzlhc

ptyo| me tbi ^JKE# lf`cyolfk ziuifyip hfo `chlap# tm lfemza tbi oiuicm~aift me cmfk!tiza

~mcl`|& _bi ptyo|# zicihpio lf :>8># `mf`cyoio tbht tbi ^JKE {hp fmt pypthlfhjci lf ltp

`yzzift emza hfo fmtio tbht muizhcc hppippaiftp {myco bhui tm lf`zihpi j| hp ay`b hp8#>>> ~iz ìft le `muizhki {izi lf`zihpio tm /:#9>> h amftb hp bho jiif ~ziulmypc|

zi`maaifoio j| tbi Hztbyzp @maalpplmf&8

Mf piuizhc m``hplmfp muiz tbi chpt 0> |ihzp# tbizi bhp fmt jiif ifmykb `hpb lf tbi Eyfo

tm `muiz chzki hftl`l~htio ^JKE `chlap& Lf tbmpi lfpthfìp# piuizhc cmhfp {izi ahoi ezma

tbi @mfpmclohtio Ziuifyi Eyfo tm `muiz `chlap& _bi mfc| cmhf hamyft ptlcc mytpthfolfk lp

/:?: alcclmf me h /00> alcclmf cmhf ahoi lf :>>? tm `muiz h plkflel`hft `chla& Lf :>8># tbi

kmuizfaift ahoi h /9>> alcclmf kzhft tm tbi ^JKE tm lfltlhti tbi ^JKE ziemza ~zmìpp hfo

pthjlclwi tbi Eyfo lf tbi fihz tiza& Lf Ah| :>88# /02? alcclmf {hp ~hlo myt me tbi Eyfo lf

~hztlhc pittciaift me hfmtbiz plkflel`hft `chla&

8 _blp iptlahti olo fmt thdi lftm h``myft tbi /9>> alcclmf kzhft ahoi lf :>8>&



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Mfthzlm lp tbi mfc| pyj!fhtlmfhc gyzlpol`tlmf lf tbi {mzco {ltb h ~ifplmf jifieltp kyhzhftii

eyfo& [ltb ei{iz tbhf 8#5>> `muizio ~chfp# hfo ^JKE ir~mpyzi `mfìftzhtio lf ìzthlf

lfoyptzlip# zlpd lp fmt p~ziho h``mzolfk tm lfpyzhfì ~zlf`l~cip& _m eycc| lfpychti tbi ^JKE ezma

`hthptzm~bl` `chlap hfo y~ohti `muizhki ciuicp# plkflel`hftc| blkbiz hppippaiftp hfo chzkiz

zipizuip {myco ji zixylzio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!07 [i zi`maaifo tbht tbi ~zmulfì iltbiz tizalfhti tbi îfplmf

Jifieltp Kyhzhftii Eyfo mz ir~cmzi tbi ~mppljlclt| me tzhfpeizzlfk lt tm h ~zluhti lfpyziz&

_bi Eyfo lp fm cmfkiz pypthlfhjci lf ltp `yzzift emza hp lt ~zipiftp h chzki elp`hc zlpd emz

tbi ~zmulfì lf tbi iuift me hfmtbiz i`mfmal` om{ftyzf&

Clhjlclt| ezma îfplmf Eyfop lf tbi Jzmhoiz ^yjcl` Pi`tmz

Lftzmoy`tlmf

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aiajizp& _bi ~zmulfì ~zmuloip eyfolfk tm tbipi ~chfp tbzmykb jmtb olzi`t hfo

lfolzi`t ai`bhflpap&

_bi tm~l` me ~ifplmfp lp ayctl!ehìtio hfo ti`bfl`hc# {ltb uhz|lfk kmuizfhfì ptzy`tyzip hfo

zlpd!pbhzlfk hzzhfkiaiftp# hp {icc hp olptlf`t eyfolfk hfo h``myftlfk `mfploizhtlmfp& Ahf|

hp~i`tp me tbi ~chfp `myco ji ziuli{io& \it tbi @maalpplmf“p ahfohti pykkiptp myz em`yp

ji mf tbi elp`hc olaifplmfp hfo bifì myz h~~zmh`b bhp jiif zhtbiz fhzzm{& [i irhalfi tbi

~yjcl` `mpt me tbi ~chfp# tbi zlpdp tbi| zi~zipift tm tbi ^zmulfì“p elp`hc ~chf hfo ptzhtiklip tm

ahfhki tbipi zlpdp&

Kluif tbi kmuizfaift“p plkflel`hft ir~mpyzi tm clhjlcltlip hppm`lhtio {ltb pmai me tbipi ~chfp#

{i jicliui tbht pti~p pbmyco ji thdif tm la~zmui tzhfp~hzif`| hfo ptzhtikl` ~chfflfk {ltb

zip~i`t tm ~ifplmf ir~ifpi lf hf ieemzt tm jittiz ahfhki tblp zlpd&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!?7 _bi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift pbmyco `mfoy`t hfo ~yjclpb ltp m{f clhjlclt|

ahfhkiaift hppippaift me tbi ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmf ~chfp hfo oiuicm~ ~chfp tm `mfthlf hf|

elp`hc zlpdp loiftlelio&

Oip`zl~tlmf me J^P îfplmf ^chfp_bizi hzi `yzziftc| elui ~chfp `mfpmclohtio lf tbi ~zmulfì“p elfhf`lhc pthtiaiftp7 ^yjcl`

Pizulì îfplmf ^chf "^P^^,4 M^PIY îfplmf ^chf "M^PIY^^,4 Mfthzlm _ih`bizp“ îfplmf

^chf "_^^,4 Bihctb`hzi me Mfthzlm îfplmf ^chf "BMM^^,4 hfo @mccikip me H~~clio Hztp hfo

_i`bfmcmk| "@HH_, îfplmf ^chf&




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_bi ^P^^ lp pmcic| p~mfpmzio j| tbi ~zmulfì# hfo tbi ziahlflfk emyz ~chfp hzi Gmlftc|

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{bmcc| zip~mfpljci emz eyfolfk hf| pbmztehcc& Lf `mftzhpt# GP^^p zixylzi tbht jmtb ia~cm|iz

p~mfpmzp hfo ia~cm|iip pbhzi zip~mfpljlclt| emz ahdlfk y~ hf| pbmztehcc j| fikmtlhtlfk pmai

`majlfhtlmf me `mftzljytlmf lf`zihpip hfo ~zmp~i`tlui jifielt zioy`tlmfp& _bipi mjclkhtlmfp

hzi pit myt lf tbi îfplmf Jifieltp H`t# ltp Zikychtlmfp hfo lfoluloyhc ~chf om`yaiftp&

_HJCI 8<&8 ^yjcl`!Pi`tmz îfplmf ^chfp Zieci`tio lf tbi ^zmulfì“p Elfhf`lhc Pthtiaiftp

@mftzljytlmf Zhtip "),îfplmf ^chf Hppitp"/ Jlcclmfp,

H`tluiAiajizp

Ia~cm|iip Ia~cm|izp

ZitlziaiftEh`tmzp'

^P^^ 8;&? ?8#>>> <&9 <&9 Eh`tmz <> mz

Hki 5> $ :> \ihzp

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09 \ihzp

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Hki 5> $ :> \ihzp

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lf :>8?& _bi @HH_ `mftzljytlmf zhti lp p`bioycio tm lf`zihpi tm 80&; ~iz ìft j| :>8?& –\ihzp‑ lfol`htip \ihzp me Pizulì& ^yjcl` pheit| {mzdizp "i&k&# elzi#

~mclì# ~hzhaiol`p, bhui h fmzahc zitlziaift hki me 5> hfo `hf kifizhcc| zitlzi ihzcliz&

Yctlahti Xyiptlmf

Mfi me tbi jlkkipt xyiptlmfp ezma h clhjlclt| ahfhkiaift ~izp~i`tlui lp {bm lp yctlahtic|

zip~mfpljci pbmyco h ~chf mz ~chfp kit lftm pizlmyp elfhf`lhc oleel`yct|& _bi hfp{iz lp oleeizift

emz oleeizift t|~ip me ~ifplmf ~chfp& Ampt me tbi ahgmz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~chfp hzi gmlftc|

p~mfpmzio# {bl`b aihfp ia~cm|iz p~mfpmzp hfo aiajizp pbhzi tblp zip~mfpljlclt|&

_bi kmuizfaift# hfo bifì tbi thr~h|iz# jihzp plkflel`hft zlpd hp gmlft p~mfpmz me tbi _^^

hfo tbi M^PIY^^# hfo pmci p~mfpmz me tbi ^P^^& _blp lp h pizlmyp ~mtiftlhc clhjlclt|& Emz tbi

mtbiz ahgmz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~chfp# BMM^^ hfo @HH_# ia~cm|izp pbhzi cikhc clhjlclt| emz eyfolfk

pbmztehccp {ltb aiajizp&

Ji`hypi me tbi plkflel`hfì me tblp zlpd# lt lp `zltl`hc tm ifpyzi kzihtiz ~yjcl` `chzlt| hfo hoozipp

elp`hc hfo clhjlclt| lppyip hppm`lhtio {ltb tbipi ~chfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!97 @chzle| {bm jihzp tbi yctlahti elfhf`lhc zip~mfpljlclt| emz eyfolfk

oiel`ltp me tbi ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmf ~chfp hp tbi @maalpplmf if`myftizio `mfploizhjci

`mfeyplmf mf tblp lppyi&



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Bihctb me tbi ^chfp

_bizi hzi t{m t|~ip me h`tyhzlhc uhcyhtlmfp tbht ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~chf p~mfpmzp hzi zixylzio tm

~zi~hzi7 h eyfolfk uhcyhtlmf hfo hf h``myftlfk uhcyhtlmf& Ih`b uhcyhtlmf ia~cm|p oleeizift

aitbmop hfo hppya~tlmfp&

_bi eyfolfk uhcyhtlmf lp ~zi~hzio lf h``mzohfì {ltb tbi îfplmf Jifieltp H`t hfo h`tyhzlhc

pthfohzop# hfo lp lftifoio tm pi`yzi tbi jifieltp ~zmuloio j| tbi ~ifplmf ~chf& _bi eyfolfk

uhcyhtlmf hcpm oitizalfip tbi `mftzljytlmfp fiìpphz| tm eyfo tbi jifieltp jilfk ihzfio&

_bi eyfolfk uhcyhtlmf lp ypio tm oitizalfi {bitbiz h ~ifplmf ~chf lp h`tyhzlhcc| pmyfo&

Bm{iuiz# tbi `mftzljytlmfp oitizalfio j| eyfolfk uhcyhtlmfp om fmt zi~zipift tbi ~zmulfì“p

~ifplmf ir~ifpi emz jyokithz| ~yz~mpip& îfplmf ir~ifpi lp jhpio mf h`tyhzlhc uhcyhtlmfp

tbht hzi ~zi~hzio mf hf h``myftlfk jhplp& _bipi uhcyhtlmfp hzi ~zi~hzio lf h``mzohfì {ltb

zi`maaifohtlmfp me tbi ^yjcl` Pi`tmz H``myftlfk Jmhzo "^PHJ,# hfo hzi jhpio ahlfc| mf

tbi ~zipift uhcyi me jifieltp ihzfio j| ~chf aiajizp# fmt tbi `hpb `mftzljytlmfp&

_bzii me Mfthzlm“p chzkipt ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmf ~chfp `yzziftc| bhui eyfolfk pbmztehccp& _bipi

lf`cyoi tbi tbzii ~ifplmf ~chfp tbht hzi olzi`tc| p~mfpmzio mz `m!p~mfpmzio j| tbi ~zmulfì

"l&i&# ^P^^# M^PIY^^ hfo _^^,& _bipi pbmztehccp hzi chzkic| tbi zipyct me lfuiptaift cmppip

oyzlfk tbi elfhf`lhc `zlplp lf :>>2 hp {icc hp tbi cm{ ciuic me cmfk!tiza lftizipt zhtip&

_bi emccm{lfk pyaahzlwip tbi `yzzift eyfoio pthtyp me tbi tbzii ~chfp tbht hzi olzi`tc|

p~mfpmzio mz `m!p~mfpmzio j| tbi ~zmulfì7

_bi _^^ lp h gmlftc| p~mfpmzio# oielfio jifielt ~ifplmf ~chf# {ltb hppitp me hjmyt

/8>;&9 jlcclmf hp ht Ghf& 8# :>88& _bi _^^“p ~ziclalfhz| Ghf& 8# :>88# eyfolfk uhcyhtlmf

ziuihcio hf yfeyfoio clhjlclt| me /8;&: jlcclmf& H jhchfìo Ghf& 8# :>88 uhcyhtlmf {hp

elcio {ltb tbi Elfhf`lhc Pizulìp @maalpplmf me Mfthzlm "EP@M, lf Gyfi :>88# {bl`b

"8, zioyìo jifielt lfoirhtlmf emz eytyzi pizulì tm 5> ~iz ìft me tbi hffyhc `bhfkip lf

tbi `mfpyaiz ~zlì lfoir4 hfo ":, lf`zihpio tbi `mftzljytlmf zhti emz jmtb tbi ~zmulfì hfo

~chf aiajizp j| 8&8 ~izìfthki ~mlftp emz tbi firt 89 |ihzp&

_bi ^P^^ lp h oielfio jifielt ~ifplmf ~chf pmcic| p~mfpmzio j| tbi ~zmulfì& Lt bho

hppitp me hjmyt /8;&? jlcclmf hp ht Oi`& 08# :>8>& _bi ^P^^“p Oi`& 08# :>8># eyfolfk

uhcyhtlmf bho h /8&8< jlcclmf yfeyfoio clhjlclt|# {bl`b tbi ~zmulfì lp iclalfhtlfk muiz

89 |ihzp&

_bi M^PIY^^ lp h gmlftc| p~mfpmzio oielfio jifielt ~ifplmf ~chf {ltb hppitp me hjmyt

/80&0 jlcclmf hp ht Oi`& 08# :>8>& _bi ~chf bho hf yfeyfoio clhjlclt| me hjmyt /925 alcclmf

lf tbi Oi`& 08# :>8># eyfolfk uhcyhtlmf& Zitlziaift me tbi M^PIY^^ pbmztehcc lp jilfk

pbhzio ixyhcc| jit{iif tbi kmuizfaift hfo tbi ~chf aiajizp& _bilz zip~i`tlui Zhti

Pthjlclwhtlmf Eyfop# `ma~mpio me zipizuip tbht {izi pit hploi oyzlfk |ihzp me pyz~cypip

hfo hzi fm{ jilfk ozh{f om{f tm elfhfì pbmztehccp# hzi pyeel`lift tm `muiz tblp oiel`lif`|&




?09

Jmtb BMM^^ hfo @HH_ hzi fmt olzi`tc| p~mfpmzio j| tbi ~zmulfì# jyt hzi `mfpmclohtio

lf tbi ~zmulfì“p elfhf`lhc pthtiaiftp& BMM^^# {bl`b bho hppitp me hjmyt /09&; jlcclmf#

{hp eycc| eyfoio hp ht tbi chpt uhcyhtlmf ohti me Oi`& 08# :>8># {blci @HH_ bho hppitp me

hjmyt /9&9 jlcclmf hfo h pahcc pyz~cyp&

Ahf| me tbipi ~chfp zip~mfoio tm tbi pbmztehccp `zihtio j| tbi elfhf`lhc `zlplp j| lf`zihplfk

ia~cm|iz hfo ia~cm|ii `mftzljytlmf zhtip& Emz irha~ci# lf tbi `hpi me tbi _^^# tih`bizp hfo

tbi ~zmulfì ih`b `mftzljytio 2&< ~iz ìft hjmui tbi \ihz“p Ahrlaya îfplmfhjci Ihzflfkp

"\AÎ, lf :>>5& _bht zhti bhp lf`zihpio plfì tbif tm 8:&? ~iz ìft lf :>8: hfo {lcc zlpi tm

80&8 ~iz ìft lf :>8?& _bi @HH_ pyz~cyp lp chzkic| httzljythjci tm tbi eh`t tbht tbi `mftzljytlmf

zhti emz ia~cm|izp hfo ~chf aiajizp lp pit tm lf`zihpi ezma 8:&< ~iz ìft lf :>8: tm

80&; ~iz ìft j| :>8?&

_bzii ~chfp "BMM^^# @HH_ hfo _^^, bhui thdif pti~p tm zioyì mz iclalfhti tbi ciuic me

kyhzhftiio lfechtlmf ~zmti`tlmf mf h ~zmp~i`tlui jhplp& _blp h`tlmf bhp altlkhtio tbi ~zippyzi

emz eyztbiz `mftzljytlmf zhti lf`zihpip&

Zhtip me Zityzf

Lf h``mzohfì {ltb ^PHJ zycip# tbi ~zmulfì uhcyip tbi clhjlcltlip me tbi ~ifplmf ~chfp

`mfpmclohtio lf ltp elfhf`lhc pthtiaiftp yplfk cmfk!tiza fmalfhc zhtip me zityzf uhz|lfk ezma

5&:9 tm 5&;9 ~iz ìft& _blp zieci`tp ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~mztemclmp# {bl`b lf`cyoi ixylt| lfuiptaiftp&

Pmai hzkyi tbht tbi h`tyhzlhc ~mpltlmfp pbmyco hcpm ji uhcyio yplfk amzi `mfpizuhtlui "cm{iz,

zhtip me zityzf jhpio mf h ~mztemclm me elrio lf`mai pi`yzltlip# hp lp tbi `hpi lf ~zluhti!pi`tmz

h``myftlfk pthfohzop& _blp lp filtbiz tbi `yzzift h``myftlfk `mfuiftlmf yfoiz tbi ^PHJ zycip#fmz `mfplptift {ltb ir~i`tio cmfk!tiza zhtip me zityzf mf h oluizplelio lfuiptaift ~mztemclm#

lf`cyolfk jmtb ixyltlip hfo jmfop&

Fiuiztbicipp# lt {myco ji ypieyc emz tbi kmuizfaift tm `mfoy`t h pifpltlult| hfhc|plp me tbi

bihctb me tbipi ~ifplmf ~chfp& _blp tipt `myco ji hp pla~ci hp hppyalfk h pthtl` `bhfki lf

tbi cmfk!tiza zhti me zityzf# mz `myco zic| mf h ~zmjhjlclt| olptzljytlmf me ir~i`tio lfuiptaift

zityzfp& _blp t|~i me hfhc|plp lp `mfplptift {ltb `yzzift @hfholhf Lfptltyti me H`tyhzlip“

pthfohzop me ~zh`tlì emz lfoluloyhc ~ifplmf ~chfp&

Lf tbi `hpi me amzi `mfpizuhtlui iptlahtip# tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tblp hfhc|plp `mycoziuihc plkflel`hft eyfolfk oiel`lif`lip h`zmpp ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~chfp& [blci tblp zipyct {myco fmt

pykkipt hf| laaiolhti h`tlmf fiioio tm ji thdif# lt {myco py~~mzt tbi oiuicm~aift me h

clhjlclt| ahfhkiaift ~chf tm hoozipp tbi umchtlclt| me ixylt| lfuiptaiftp&



?05

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!57 Lf tbi ~zm~mpio clhjlclt| ahfhkiaift hppippaift zi~mzt# tbi

kmuizfaift pbmyco ahdi ~yjcl` tbi `yzzift hfo ~zmp~i`tlui elfhf`lhc bihctb me ~yjcl`!pi`tmz

~ifplmf ~chfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!;7 Lf tbi clhjlclt| ahfhkiaift hppippaift zi~mzt# tbi kmuizfaift

pbmyco tipt tbi elp`hc bihctb me tbi ~chfp hkhlfpt tbi ~mppljlclt| me zhtip me zityzf jilfk blkbiz

mz cm{iz tbhf hppyaio& _blp `myco ji omfi yplfk h blkbiz mz cm{iz olp`myft zhti# mz `myco

zic| mf h ~zmjhjlclt| olptzljytlmf&

La~h`t me tbi ^chfp mf tbi Elp`hc Ezhai{mzd

^zlmz tm 8<<0‐<?# tbi kmuizfaift h``myftio emz ltp ~ifplmf ir~ifoltyzip mf h `hpb jhplp#

hfo tbi hamyft `mftzljytio tm tbi ~chfp tbht lt p~mfpmzio zi~zipiftio tbi ~ifplmf ir~ifpi&

Bm{iuiz# tbi ~zmulfì bhp `bhfkio ltp aitbmo me h``myftlfk emz ~ifplmf ir~ifpi# hp

zi`maaifoio j| ^PHJ& Yfoiz tbipi zycip# `hpb `mftzljytlmfp om fmt zi~zipift tbi ~zmulfì“p

~ifplmf ir~ifpi emz elfhf`lhc pthtiaift ~yz~mpip&

Mfthzlm“p ~ifplmf ir~ifpi lp fm{ `hc`ychtio yplfk h``myftlfk uhcyhtlmfp# {bl`b aihpyzi

tbi ~zipift uhcyi me ~ifplmf jifieltp ihzfio lf h kluif |ihz# ~iz tbi ^PHJ zycip& _bipi zycip

zixylzi i`mfmal` hppya~tlmfp tm ji ahfhkiaift“p jipt iptlahtip# lf`cyolfk tbi ir~i`tio

zhti me zityzf mf tbi lfuiptaiftp me tbi ~ifplmf eyfo& _bipi h``myftlfk uhcyhtlmfp hzi ypio

tm oitizalfi tbi ~ifplmf ir~ifpi elkyzip yfoizc|lfk tbi elp`hc ~chf& _bi ~ifplmf ir~ifpi

lp hogyptio jhpio mf lftizipt lf`mai mz ir~ifpi# hp {icc hp hamztlwio h`tyhzlhc khlfp

hfo cmppip&

[blci ~ifplmf ir~ifpi lp ir~i`tio tm amoizhti muiz tbi cmfk tiza "9> |ihzp,# tbi ziìft zlpilp chzkic| oyi tm ~hpt lfuiptaift ir~izlifì& Ampt ~ifplmf ~chfp zi`mkflwi lfuiptaift khlfp

hfo cmppip kzhoyhcc| muiz elui |ihzp hfo tbipi zi`mkflwio hamyftp hzi hamztlwio muiz tbi

ir~i`tio huizhki ziahlflfk pizulì clei me ~chf aiajizp& Hp h zipyct# ir~ifpi lf hf| kluif

|ihz zieci`tp tbi khlfp hfo cmppip ezma h oi`hoi hkm mz amzi&

@yzzift ~ifplmf ir~ifpi lf`cyoip tbi ieei`tp me pmai me tbi chzki lfuiptaift khlfp ezma

tbi chti 8<<>p hfo cmppip ezma ziìft ahzdit cmppip& _bipi khlfp bho tbi ieei`t me zioy`lfk

~ifplmf ir~ifpi oyzlfk tbi ihzc| tm alo!:>>>p& Hp tbi chzki khlfp hzi ~bhpio myt# ~ifplmf

ir~ifpi bhp zlpif# irhìzjhtio j| tbi hamztlwhtlmf me amzi ziìft ahzdit cmppip&




?0;

_HJCI 8<&: Blptmzl`hc hfo ^zmgi`tio îfplmf Ir~ifpi j| ^chf

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Hp fmtio icpi{bizi lf tblp zi~mzt# kzm{tb lf tmthc ~zmkzha ir~ifpi aypt ji bico tm

>&2 ~iz ìft le tbi ~zmulfì {lpbip tm jhchfì ltp jyokit j| :>8;‐82& _mthc ~ifplmf ir~ifpi#

lf`cyolfk BMM^^ hfo @HH_#: kzi{ ht hf huizhki zhti me amzi tbhf 80 ~iz ìft ezma

:>>9‐>5 tm :>8>‐88& Hp oiamfptzhtio hjmui# ~ifplmf ir~ifpi lp ir~i`tio tm `mftlfyi tm

kzm{ ht h zhti {icc lf irìpp me >&2 ~iz ìft tbzmykb :>8;‐82& Pbmyco tbipi blkb zhtip me

kzm{tb ~izplpt# tmthc :>>9‐>5 ~ifplmf ir~ifpi {lcc bhui amzi tbhf tzl~cio j| :>8;‐82&

@yzziftc|# ~ifplmf ir~ifpi lp hjmyt t{m ~iz ìft me tmthc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk kzm{tb hfo

lp zip~mfpljci emz ay`b me tbi tmthc lf`zihpi lf ~zmkzha p~ifolfk yfoiz tbi >&2 ~iz ìft

kzm{tb `h~& _mthc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk `hf zlpi /5&0 jlcclmf ezma :>8>‐88 tm :>8;‐82& _blp

~zmkzha ~ifplmf ir~ifpi {lcc# yfoiz tbi ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm# thdi y~ /8&2 jlcclmf mz hcampt

0> ~iz ìft me tbi tmthc lf`zihpi& Lt {lcc km ezma :&8 ~iz ìft me tmthc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk lf

:>8>‐88 tm 0&5 ~iz ìft lf :>8;‐82 lf myz ^zieizzio Pìfhzlm&

: [blci lf`cyoio lf _hjci 8<&: emz tbi phdi me `ma~citifipp# ~ifplmf ir~ifpip zichtio tm BMM^^ hfo @HH_ hzi `mfthlfio lf tbi bihctbhfo ~mpt!pi`mfohz| pi`tmz ir~ifpip# zip~i`tluic|& Hp py`b# tbi| om fmt `mfptltyti ~hzt me tbi ziployhc ir~ifoltyzi&



?02

^chf!p~i`lel` `mptp hzi p~ziho h`zmpp uhzlmyp p`bioycip hfo ir~chfhtmz| fmtip# hfo tbi tmthc

~ifplmf ir~ifpi lp fmt loiftlelio lf hf| plfkci ~chì lf tbi ~zmulfì“p elfhf`lhc pthtiaiftp&

_bi @maalpplmf lp mfc| h{hzi me tbi ~zmulfì ~yjclpblfk ~ifplmf ir~ifpi elkyzip mfì lf

ziìft blptmz| ‟ tbi :>>< Mfthzlm Jyokit & Lf tbi @maalpplmf“p ezhai{mzd# ~ifplmf ir~ifpi

httzljytio tm ^P^^# M^PIY^^ hfo _^^ lp iajiooio lf tbi ziployhc p~ifolfk `htikmz|

"l&i&# ir`cyolfk bihctb# ~zlahz| hfo pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf# ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf hfo

pm`lhc ~zmkzhap,& îfplmf ir~ifpi httzljytio tm BMM^^ hfo @HH_ lp emyfo lf bihctb hfo

~mpt!pi`mfohz| ir~ifoltyzip zip~i`tluic|&

Hctbmykb tbi umchtlclt| lf tbi lfuiptaift zityzfp ~ch|p h chzki zmci lf oitizalflfk tbi ir~ifpi

lf tbi myt!|ihzp# hf hogyptaift tm ~zmp~i`tlui jifieltp {myco ji zi`mkflwio lf tbi |ihz tbi

`bhfki lp ahoi& _blp {myco bhui tbi ieei`t me cm{izlfk tbi eytyzi ir~ifpi hp pmmf hp tbi

~chf lp haifoio&

@mftzljytlmf ZhtipHp fmtio ihzcliz# `mftzljytlmf zhtip bhui jiif tzifolfk y~{hzo lf ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~chfp lf

ziìft |ihzp hfo tbipi zhtip hzi fm{ blkb zichtlui tm ~hpt ir~izlifì hfo tm tbmpi lf tbi

~zluhti pi`tmz& Hjmyt bhce me ~zluhti!pi`tmz ~chfp zixylzi `mftzljytlmfp ezma ~chf aiajizp

hfo# {bizi `mftzljytlmfp j| ~chf aiajizp hzi ahoi# tbmpi `mftzljytlmfp tifo tm ji cm{iz

tbhf tbmpi emyfo lf ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~chfp& _blp ahdip lt oleel`yct tm ahdi `ma~hzlpmfp jit{iif

jifielt ciuicp lf tbi t{m pi`tmzp&

Kluif tbi blkb ciuicp me ia~cm|ii `mftzljytlmfp tm tbipi ~chfp# ~chf aiajizp ah| {icc ji

yf{lcclfk tm hkzii tm eyztbiz lf`zihpip& Emz irha~ci# @HH_ hfo _^^ aiajizp fm{ ~h| amzi

tbhf 8: ~iz ìft lf ia~cm|ii `mftzljytlmfp& Blkbiz `mftzljytlmf zhtip aihf cm{iz olp~mphjci

lf`mai emz ~chf aiajizp# ~hztl`ychzc| emz tbmpi ht tbi mytpit me tbilz `hziizp&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco pblet ltp em`yp ezma `mftzljytlmf zhti lf`zihpip tm `bhfkip lf eytyzi

jifielt ciuicp {bif ehìo {ltb eytyzi pbmztehccp& Aihpyzip pbmyco ji thdif tm zioyì

~zmp~i`tlui jifieltp tm clalt tbi fiio emz eyztbiz `mftzljytlmf zhti lf`zihpip&

Hp fmtio hjmui# ahf| ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ia~cm|iip hzi aiajizp me GP^^p# {bl`b zixylzi tbht

jmtb p~mfpmzp hkzii tm hf| ~zmp~i`tlui jifielt `bhfkip& Ia~cm|iz ~chf p~mfpmzp# lf`cyolfk

tbi kmuizfaift# `mccikip hfo bmp~lthcp# pbmyco {mzd {ltb ia~cm|ii p~mfpmzp tm oiuicm~

pmcytlmfp tbht clalt `mftzljytlmf lf`zihpip& _bi kmuizfaift ah| fiio tm `mfploiz ciklpchtluim~tlmfp pbmyco tbi ~hztlip ji yfhjci tm zih`b hkziiaiftp tm hoozipp tbipi lppyip&




?0<

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!27 _bi kmuizfaift“p mjgi`tlui# {bif ehìo {ltb ~ifplmf eyfolfk

oiel`ltp# pbmyco ji tm zioyì ~zmp~i`tlui jifieltp zhtbiz tbhf lf`zihpi tbi `mftzljytlmf zhti

ji|mfo `yzzift ciuicp& _blp {myco bic~ tm `cmpi tbi eyfolfk kh~ hfo zioyì tbi h``zyhc

me ~ifplmf jifieltp mf h ~zmp~i`tlui jhplp# altlkhtlfk tbi la~h`t mf tbi elp`hc ~chf&

_bi kmuizfaift ah| fiio tm `mfploiz ciklpchtlui m~tlmfp# pbmyco fikmtlhtlmfp {ltb ~chf

p~mfpmzp ji yfpy`ìppeyc&

Jifieltp

Iuif le tbi kmuizfaift“p pbhzi me `mftzljytlmfp emz eytyzi pizulì {izi claltio# tblp {myco

fmt lf ltpice zioyì tbi zhti me kzm{tb me ~ifplmf ir~ifpi emz elfhf`lhc pthtiaift ~yz~mpip&

_bizi hzi t{m {h|p tblp kmhc `myco ji h`bliuio7

8& Zioyì tbi jifieltp ihzfio j| ~chf aiajizp lf tbi eytyzi4 hfo-mz

:& Lf`zihpi tbi pbhzi tbht ~chf aiajizp ~h| tm{hzop elfhf`lfk fi{ oiel`ltp&

Le ia~cm|iip hzi {lcclfk tm ahlfthlf `yzzift jifielt ciuicp tbzmykb hf lf`zihpio ia~cm|ii

pbhzi me tmthc `mftzljytlmfp# tblp {myco zixylzi ciklpchtlui `bhfkip tm tbi Mfthzlm îfplmf

Jifieltp H`t hfo tbi eioizhc Lf`mai _hr H`t# le ia~cm|iip {myco ji `mftzljytlfk amzi

tbhf 9> ~iz ìft&

Lf tbi hjpifì me h chzkiz pbhzi me tmthc `mftzljytlmfp ~hlo j| ia~cm|iip# tbi kmuizfaift

`myco yfoizthdi fikmtlhtlmfp tm zioyì jifieltp mf h ~zmp~i`tlui jhplp# py`b hp `bhfkip tm

lfoirhtlmf mz ihzc| zitlziaift ~zmulplmfp "i&k&# j| lf`zihplfk tbi ihzc| zitlziaift eh`tmzp fmtio

lf _hjci 8<&8,& _bipi t|~ip me h`tlmfp {myco zioyì eytyzi jifielt h``zyhcp hfo tbyp kzm{tb lf

~ifplmf ir~ifpi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!<7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco h`ìcizhti {mzd mf tbi oiplkf me

~yjcl`!pi`tmz jifieltp hfo ahdi `mfthlflfk tbi kzm{tb lf tbi `mpt me jifieltp ~hzt me tbi

jzmhoiz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz `ma~ifphtlmf fikmtlhtlmf ptzhtik|&

J^P Ieel`lif`lip

Ampt bmp~lthcp# `mccikip# ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo p`bmmc jmhzop m~izhti hp pi~hzhti ia~cm|izp jyt

~hztl`l~hti lf h plfkci ~ifplmf ~chf& Lf `ma~hzlpmf# ay`b me tbi zipt me tbi J^P# lf`cyolfk tbi

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_bipi ~chfp uhz| {loic| lf plwi hfo tbi jifieltp tbi| ~zmuloi# hp {icc hp tbi `mftzljytlmfp

ahoi j| ia~cm|izp hfo ~chf aiajizp&



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_blp ezhkaiftio hzzhfkiaift pykkiptp tbht# oyi tm tbilz plwi# pmai lfptltytlmfp ah| fmt ji

zihclwlfk tbi i`mfmalip me p`hci tbht {myco zipyct le tblp eyf`tlmf {izi amzi ìftzhclwio&

_bi `mfpmclohtlmf me hoalflptzhtlui ~zmìppip hfo ~zh`tlìp# lf`cyolfk tbi ~mmclfk me hppitp emz

lfuiptaift ~yz~mpip# ah| kifizhti phulfkp& [ltb h `mfpmclohtio h~~zmh`b# tbi hoalflptzhtlui

eyf`tlmfp emz ~chf hoalflptzhtlmf hfo lfuiptaift ahfhkiaift {myco ji `hzzlio myt j| hfmtbiz

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ltp eloy`lhz| zip~mfpljlcltlip hfo oitizalfi ~chf jifieltp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!8>7 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco irhalfi m~~mztyfltlip tm h`bliui phulfkp

hfo jittiz lfuiptaift zityzfp tbzmykb tbi `mfpmclohtlmf me tbi hoalflptzhtlui eyf`tlmfp hfo

lfuiptaift ~mmclfk me ~ifplmf ~chfp h`zmpp tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz&

_zhfp~hzif`|

îfplmfp hzi oieizzio `ma~ifphtlmf# hfo hzi tmm metif uli{io pi~hzhtic| ezma {hkip hfo

mtbiz# amzi laaiolhti jifieltp& Lf @bh~tiz 89# Chjmyz Zichtlmfp hfo @ma~ifphtlmf# {iolp`ypp tbi fiio tm jzmhoif tbi ~izp~i`tlui mf ~yjcl`!pi`tmz `ma~ifphtlmf tm ahdi lt amzi

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tbi `mpt me ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmfp tm thr~h|izp aypt ji amzi tzhfp~hzift&

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pi`tmzp# lf`cyolfk tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz&

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hfo mtbiz elfhf`lhc pthtiaiftp# lf`cyolfk tbi Jyokit &

Ifulzmfaifthc Zlpdp

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`cihfy~ hfo tbi hppm`lhtio `mptp&




??8

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!8:7 _m jittiz ~zmti`t tbi ~zmulfì hkhlfpt tbi `mptp me ifulzmfaifthc

`cihfy~# hogypt tbi `yzzift ciklpchtlui ezhai{mzd pm tbht amzi em`yp lp ~chìo mf tbi

~mccytiz!~h|p ~zlf`l~ci&

Mtbiz m~tlmfp lf`cyoi tbi lftzmoy`tlmf me h ~zmkzha cldi Py~izeyfo# `yzziftc| lf ~chì lf tbi

Yfltio Pthtip# tbht bhp eioizhc hytbmzlt| tm `cihf y~ tbi fhtlmf“p yf`mftzmccio bhwhzomyp

{hpti pltip&

Zlpdp tm Mfthzlm ^mpio j| tbi Eioizhc Kmuizfaift

Lf pmai hzihp me zip~mfpljlclt|# tbi eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp {mzd tmkitbiz tm

bic~ ~zmuloi pizulìp tm Mfthzlhfp# jyt hp h pyj!fhtlmfhc gyzlpol`tlmf Mfthzlm lp hc{h|p pyjgi`t

tm tbi zlpd me h ~mcl`| `bhfki j| tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift& Py`b ~mcl`| `bhfkip `hf `hypi

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aypt ji thdif tm h``myft emz yf~chffio `bhfkip&

Fikmtlhtlmfp emz h `ma~zibifplui ezii tzhoi hkziiaift {ltb tbi Iyzm~ihf Yflmf "IY, hzi

yfoiz{h| hfo tbi myt`mai me tbipi fikmtlhtlmfp `myco bhui plkflel`hft la~h`t mf tbi `mpt me

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tbzii me tbi IY ~bhzahìytl`hc lfticci`tyhc ~zm~izt| ~zm~mphcp hzi hom~tio# iptlahtip pykkipt

lt `myco `mpt Mfthzlhfp y~ tm /8&: jlcclmf hffyhcc| "/998 alcclmf emz tbi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift#

hfo /5;: alcclmf emz tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz,#0 {bl`b {myco amzi tbhf {l~i myt tbi phulfkp h`bliuio

tbzmykb tbi kmuizfaift“p ziìft ozyk ziemzap& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco {mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift tm ifpyzi tbht h @hfhoh‐Iyzm~ihf Yflmf Ezii _zhoi Hkziiaift "@I_H,

omip fmt yfoizalfi Mfthzlm“p lftizipt lf ir~hfolfk tbi ypi me kifizl` ozykp&

Mfthzlm hfo tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift pbhzi h `maamf ~izpmfhc lf`mai thr jhpi tm bic~

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tm tbi ir~hfplmf me lf`mai!p~clttlfk hfo omyjclfk tbi `yzzift hffyhc clalt mf `mftzljytlmfp tm

_hr!Ezii Phulfkp H``myftp& _bipi t{m ~zm~mphcp hcmfi `myco zipyct lf /8&0 jlcclmf cipp lf

ziuifyi hffyhcc| emz Mfthzlm&

0 ^hyc Kzmmtifomzpt hfo Hlohf Bmcclp# –_bi @hfhoh!Iyzm~ihf Yflmf @ma~zibifplui I`mfmal` hfo _zhoi Hkziiaift7 Hf I`mfmal`La~h`t Hppippaift me ^zm~mpio ^bhzahìytl`hc Lfticci`tyhc ^zm~izt| ^zmulplmfp#‑ :>>8# @hfholhf Kifizl` ^bhzahìytl`hc Hppm`lhtlmf&



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Olp`yppio lf kzihtiz oithlc lf tbi eioizhc!~zmulf`lhc zichtlmfp ~mztlmf me @bh~tiz :>#

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:>8;‐82 pthfo tm `mpt Mfthzlm hjmyt /:0< alcclmf ~iz hffya jhpio mf `yzzift emzi`hptp# jyt

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cm{iz tbhf yfoiz tbi `yzzift emzaych& Hp olp`yppio lf @bh~tiz 9# Bihctb# muiz tbi cmfk zyf#

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emz bihctb tm KO^ kzm{tb# lt lp hcampt lfiulthjci tbht# muiz tlai# tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift“p

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Lf @hfhoh# zip~mfpljlclt| emz tbi @zlalfhc @moi ziptp {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift {blci

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Gyptlì Pi`tmz# hfo @bh~tiz :># Lftizkmuizfaifthc Zichtlmfp# ziìft `zlai ciklpchtlmf {lcc

~chì eyztbiz oiahfop mf tbi ~zmulf`lhc `myzt hfo `mzzi`tlmfp p|ptiap# mfc| hoolfk tm tbi

elp`hc jyzoif me tbi ~zmulfìp hp tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp fmt |it zi`mkflwio mz hoozippiotbi hooltlmfhc `mpt& _bi ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaift bhp ~zmgi`tio Mfthzlm“p lfahti `myft tm

lf`zihpi j| 8#:59 tm 8#90> lfahtip lf :>89‐85 hp h zipyct me Jlcc @!8>& _bi cm{ipt `mpt

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jyokitp me /:: alcclmf tm /:5 alcclmf ~iz |ihz ht ahtyzlt|& Lf tbi {mzpt!`hpi pìfhzlm# tbi

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_bi iptlahtio `h~lthc `mpt me h fi{ eh`lclt| lp /<>> alcclmf# {ltb mfkmlfk m~izhtlfk `mptp me

/5> alcclmf ~iz |ihz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!807 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm altlkhti zlpdp tm tbi

Mfthzlm elp`hc ezhai{mzd ezma eioizhc ~mcl`| `bhfkip& Dfm{f zlpdp ht tbi tlai lf`cyoi tbi@hfhoh‐Iyzm~ihf Yflmf Ezii _zhoi Hkziiaift "@I_H, jilfk fikmtlhtio# ~zm~mpio

`bhfkip tm ~izpmfhc lf`mai thrip hfo tbi eioizhc mafljyp `zlai jlcc "Jlcc @!8>,&




??0

Pm`lhc Bmyplfk

Pm`lhc hfo heemzohjci bmyplfk? lp ~zmuloio j| Mfthzlm“p ayfl`l~hcltlip& Bm{iuiz# Mfthzlm lp

zip~mfpljci emz pittlfk zycip hfo pthfohzop# ecm{lfk eioizhc omcchzp tm ayfl`l~hcltlip# hfo

olzi`tc| eyfolfk uhzlmyp bmyplfk hfo zichtio py~~mzt ~zmkzhap& Ay`b me Mfthzlm“p pm`lhc

bmyplfk {hp `mfptzy`tio muiz 0> |ihzp hkm# zipyctlfk lf h fiio tm lfuipt lf zi~hlz hfozibhjlclthtlmf {mzd& Ht tbi phai tlai# Mfthzlm“p ~m~ychtlmf `mftlfyip tm kzm{ hfo tm hki#

{bl`b zixylzip p~i`lhclwio heemzohjci bmyplfk& Lf Gyc| :>88# tbi ~zmulfì plkfio h tbzii!|ihz

jlchtizhc hkziiaift {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift emz lfuiptaift lf heemzohjci bmyplfk&

_bi hkziiaift {lcc ~zmuloi /?2>&5 alcclmf# `mpt!pbhzio 9>-9> jit{iif tbi eioizhc hfo

~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp# tm eyfo tbi `zihtlmf mz zi~hlz me hjmyt 5#>>> heemzohjci bmyplfk yfltp&

_bizi lp `yzziftc| fm eioizhc eyfolfk `maaltaift ji|mfo tbi ifo me tbi `yzzift hkziiaift&

_bi hjpifì me hf hkziiaift {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift emz heemzohjci bmyplfk {myco

la~h`t jmtb `h~lthc ~zmkzhap "zi~hlz hfo `mfptzy`tlmf, hp {icc hp m~izhtlfk ~zmkzhap

"zifthc py~~ciaiftp,&

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h bmyplfk ezhai{mzd emz @hfhoh tbht lf`cyoip hoixyhti# pthjci# cmfk!tiza eioizhc eyfolfk hfo

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{ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm pi`yzi tblp `maaltaift&

Zlpdp tm Mfthzlm ^mpio j| tbi Ayfl`l~hc Pi`tmz

Plalchz tm tbi pbhzio zip~mfpljlclt| me pizulì oicluiz| jit{iif tbi eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc

kmuizfaiftp# tbi ~zmulfì {mzdp {ltb tbi ayfl`l~hc pi`tmz tm ~zmuloi pizulìp tm Mfthzlhfp&Hp olp`yppio tbzmykbmyt tblp zi~mzt# tbizi hzi lfpthfìp lf {bl`b hcc tbzii ciuicp

me kmuizfaift hzi zip~mfpljci emz ~yjcl` pizulì oicluiz|& [blci tbi ~zmulfì hfo ltp

ayfl`l~hcltlip pbmyco `mftlfyi tm oiuicm~ tbilz ~hztfizpbl~p lf tbi eyfolfk hfo la~ciaifthtlmf

me pizulì oicluiz|# lf pmai `hpip tbi ~zmulfì ah| yctlahtic| ji `mfploizio clhjci lf tbi

iuift me h oiehyct j| hf Mfthzlm ayfl`l~hclt|&

Ayfl`l~hc Lfezhptzy`tyzi

Hjmyt ?> ~iz ìft me ~yjcl` lfezhptzy`tyzi lf Mfthzlm lp m{fio j| tbi ~zmulfì“p

??? ayfl`l~hcltlip& Hppitp lf`cyoi zmhop hfo jzlokip# {htiz hfo {hpti{htiz lfezhptzy`tyzi#

tzhfplt p|ptiap# heemzohjci-pm`lhc bmyplfk# pmclo {hpti eh`lcltlip# ~yjcl` jylcolfkp# @mfpizuhtlmf

Hytbmzlt| lfezhptzy`tyzi# hfo chfo& Plfì tbi 8<9>p# ayfl`l~hcltlip“ pbhzi me ~yjcl` lfezhptzy`tyzi

bhp kzm{f plkflel`hftc|&

? Pm`lhc bmyplfk lp hcpm dfm{f hp –hpplptio bmyplfk#‑ aihflfk bmyplfk {bizi tifhftp iltbiz ~h| cm{iz ifo me ahzdit zift mz zift!kihzio!tm!lf`mai "ZKL, hfo ziìlui kmuizfaift hpplpthfì& Heemzohjci bmyplfk kifizhcc| zieizp tm zifthc ptm`d emz cm{!lf`mai ehalclip {bm hzi fmtziìlulfk pyjplolip jyt ~h| cm{iz tbhf ahzdit zift&



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Ayfl`l~hcltlip hzi zip~mfpljci emz ahlfthlflfk tbilz lfezhptzy`tyzi ‟ h zip~mfpljlclt| `cihzc|

oielfio tbzmykb ~mcl`lip tbht kmuizf ayfl`l~hcltlip& _bi ~zmulfì hcpm bhp hf mfkmlfk

mjclkhtlmf tm bic~ ifpyzi tbi pheit| hfo pypthlfhjlclt| me ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi& _bi ~zmulfì

h``ma~clpbip tblp tbzmykb h uhzlit| me ~mcl`| lfptzyaiftp "i&k&# pthfohzop hfo lfp~i`tlmfp, hp

{icc hp eyfolfk ~zmkzhap tbht py~~mzt ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi ~zlmzltlip& Oip~lti tbipi ieemztp#

tbizi hzi `mftlfyhc `hccp mf piflmz kmuizfaiftp tm ifpyzi hoixyhti lfuiptaift lf

ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi&

Lf ziìft |ihzp# tbizi bhui jiif fyaizmyp ieemztp tm xyhftle| tbi fiio emz lfuiptaift lf

ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi hfo oiuicm~ ~zmulf`lhc ~mcl`lip hfo eyfolfk ~zmkzhap lf zip~mfpi&

[blci ~mcl`lip bhui zlkbtc| em`ypio mf p~i`lel` lppyip "py`b hp ozlfdlfk {htiz pheit|,# tbizi lp

h fiio emz h amzi `ma~zibifplui ~chf tbht ~mlftp tbi ~zmulfì# ayfl`l~hcltlip hfo tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift lf tbi phai olzi`tlmf hp ieemztp hzi ahoi tm hoozipp tbi mfkmlfk `bhccifki me

yfoizlfuiptaift lf tbi pi`tmz& [blci ~zmjhjc| ~hzt me tbi pmcytlmf# tblp `bhccifki `hffmt ji

zipmcuio tbzmykb eyfolfk hcmfi& Amzi eyfohaifthc ziemzap hzi fiioio emz tbi pi`tmz tm jimf h pypthlfhjci emmtlfk&

Hppit ahfhkiaift ~chfflfk emz ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi pbmyco ji `ma~zibifplui hfo

h`bliuio tbzmykb h mfi!{lfom{ zixylziaift me tbi ~zmulfì& ^mmzc| ahlfthlfio lfezhptzy`tyzi

oicluizp h cm{iz xyhclt| me pizulì# `mptp amzi tm zi~hlz hfo zi~chì# hfo `hf lf`zihpi zlpdp tm

bihctb hfo pheit| ezma ~mtiftlhc ehlcyzip& Hppit ahfhkiaift ~zmuloip tbi lfemzahtlmf fiioio

tm ahdi ptzhtikl` oi`lplmfp hjmyt lfuiptlfk lf tbi ahlftifhfì# zibhjlclthtlmf hfo zi~chìaift

me hppitp& _blp tmmc bic~p m~tlalwi pizulì oicluiz|# alflalwi zlpd hfo ~zmuloi pizulìp amzi

ieel`liftc|& [blci ahf| ayfl`l~hcltlip hzi ~zh`tlplfk hppit ahfhkiaift# tbizi hzi fm pit

pthfohzop emz bm{ tblp pbmyco ji omfi& Pmai ayfl`l~hcltlip bhui oithlcio hppit ahfhkiaift~chfp {blci mtbizp om fmt& Lf @bh~tiz 8:# Lfezhptzy`tyzi# Zihc Ipthti hfo Ici`tzl`lt|# {i

zi`maaifo tbht amzi ia~bhplp ji ~chìo mf h`bliulfk kzihtiz uhcyi ezma irlptlfk hppitp lf

hppit ahfhkiaift ~chf zi~mztlfk zixylziaiftp tbhf lp `yzziftc| ~zm~mpio lf tbi Cmfk!_iza

Lfezhptzy`tyzi ^chf "C_L^,&

Hp h pthztlfk ~mlft# hf ieei`tlui ~chf {myco lf`cyoi h pit me ~zlf`l~cip tm kyloi eytyzi

lfuiptaiftp hfo ~mcl`lip& Irha~cip me ~zlf`l~cip lf`cyoi7

Zi`mkfltlmf tbht phei hfo pypthlfhjci ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi lp h pbhzio ~zlmzlt| emz

hcc mzoizp me kmuizfaift4 Ayfl`l~hcltlip hzi tbi pti{hzop me tbilz m{f lfezhptzy`tyzi4

@ma~zibifplui hppit ahfhkiaift ~chfp pbmyco kyloi lfuiptaift oi`lplmfp4

Bihctb hfo pheit| lppyip hzi tm~ ~zlmzltlip4 hfo

Pahcc `maayfltlip ehì yflxyi `bhccifkip tbht zixylzi thlcmzio pmcytlmfp&




??9

Emz tblp {mzd tm ji aihflfkeyc# h zhfki me tmykb lppyip fiiop tm ji thjcio# oijhtio

hfo zipmcuio tbzmykb fi{ mz haifoio ~mcl`lip hfo ~zmkzhap& Irha~cip lf`cyoi ir~cmzlfk7

Le ayfl`l~hcltlip hzi yplfk tbi zhfki me ziuifyi# elfhf`lfk hfo mzkhflwhtlmfhc tmmcp

huhlchjci tm tbia ieei`tluic|4

Bm{ h mfi!{lfom{ h~~zmh`b tm hppit ahfhkiaift "{bizi mfi ~chf phtlpelip h zhfki

me ~zmulf`lhc zixylziaiftp, `myco ji la~ciaiftio4

Le tbi {h| tbi ~zmulfì bhp jiif eyfolfk ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi lp |licolfk tbi jipt

~mppljci myt`maip4

Le –pthjci hfo ~ziol`thjci‑ eyfolfk "hp tbi ayfl`l~hc pi`tmz `hccp emz, lp h kmmo pmcytlmf

mz le lt {lcc ~iz~ityhti tbi ~zmjcia4

[bht zmci tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz pbmyco ~ch| lf hcc hp~i`tp me ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi

"{ltb –fm zmci‑ fmt jilfk h ulhjci h~~zmh`b,4

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emz lfezhptzy`tyzi&

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me la~ciaifthtlmf {bif tbi tlai `maip emz fi{ zmyfop me lfezhptzy`tyzi eyfolfk ~zmkzhap&

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ampt `zltl`hc fiiop hzi jilfk hoozippio

^hf-^hzh~hf Haizl`hf "^hf Ha, Khaip

Lf tbi pyaaiz me :>89# _mzmftm hfo tbi Kmcoif Bmzpipbmi ziklmf {lcc bmpt tbi :>89

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hfo tbi ~zmulfì lp ~zmulolfk /9>> alcclmf&



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ir~ifoltyzip# tbi ~zmulfì aypt hcpm ji ulklchft lf bmcolfk tbi ~hztlip lfumcuio tm h``myft

emz hf| muizzyf lf ir~ifoltyzip&

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~mtiftlhc muizzyfp lf ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi hfo tbi ^hf Ha Khaip&

Yfdfm{f Zlpdp

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tbi yfir~i`tio hfo aypt ~zmuloi `mftlfkif`lip hfo altlkhtlmf ~chfp emz hf| yfdfm{f

zlpdp hp {icc&

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jyokit ~zmgi`tlmf lp ~ypbio eyztbiz myt lftm tbi eytyzi# tm ~zmuloi tbi kmuizfaift {ltb h

oikzii me chtltyoi emz bhfoclfk kifizhc zlpdp tbht iaizki&

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tm hoozipp `hpip {bizi bihctb hfo pheit| alkbt ji `ma~zmalpio mz pizulìp tm tbi ampt

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yfdfm{f zlpdp tbht ahtizlhclwi&




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j| tbi kmuizfaift&

_hr~h|iz ^zmti`tlmf H`t

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tm ziahlf lf jhchfì ji|mfo tbht tlai& Bm{iuiz# {i bhui fmtio h fyajiz me zlpdp tm tbi

i`mfmal` hfo elp`hc ifulzmfaift tbht `myco tbzm{ h elp`hc ~chf mee tzh`d& _bi ~zmulfì {myco

{hft hp ay`b ecirljlclt| hp ~mppljci tm ji hjci tm zip~mfo& _bht zip~mfpi alkbt ji p~i`lel`

tm tbi ~hztl`ychz zlpd tbht ahfleiptp# mz lt `myco zixylzi eyztbiz hogyptaiftp tm p~ifolfk hfo

ziuifyip& _bizi hzi fm pyjpthftlhc `mfptzhlftp mf tbi kmuizfaift“p hjlclt| tm ahfhki

ir~ifoltyzip& Bm{iuiz# {i jicliui ampt {lcc hkzii tbht lt {myco ji irìiolfkc| oleel`yct tm

ozlui ~zmkzha p~ifolfk kzm{tb jicm{ tbi >&2 ~iz ìft hffyhc lf`zihpip {i bhui chlo myt bizi&

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ziuifyip oyi tm ltp ziptzl`tlfk `mfoltlmfp mf lf`zihplfk thr zhtip mz lftzmoy`lfk h fi{ thr&

_blp lp fmt tm pykkipt tbht thr lf`zihpip pbmyco ji thdif clkbtc|& [ltb mz {ltbmyt tbi _^H#

lt lp yfcldic| hf| kmuizfaift {myco ~yzpyi tbht m~tlmf clkbtc|# kluif ~zippyzi ezma thr~h|izp&

Eyztbiz# la~ciaifthtlmf me tbi ~zlf`l~cip me tzhfp~hzif`|# ieel`lif`| hfo ixylt| {i olp`ypp lf

tblp zi~mzt {myco pbhz~if tbi tiptp tbi ~yjcl` {myco ~yt tm kmuizfaiftp {lpblfk tm zhlpi thriplf tbi eytyzi& Lf jzlie# lt pbmyco ji ~mppljci tm ahlfthlf jmtb p~ifolfk hfo thrip hp tmmcp tm

hoozipp elp`hc ~zippyzip {ltbmyt `hyplfk tbi ~yjcl` tm cmpi `mfeloifì tbht thrip {lcc fmt ji

zhlpio emz yfgyptlelhjci zihpmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!857 Amole| mz iclalfhti tbi _hr~h|iz ^zmti`tlmf H`t pm tbht jmtb

p~ifolfk hfo thrip `hf ji ypio hp zixylzio tm hoozipp tbzihtp tm elp`hc pypthlfhjlclt|&



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@bh~tiz :>7 Lftizkmuizfaifthc Zichtlmfp

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_bi @hfholhf @mfptltytlmf ~zmuloip h zmykb olulplmf me ~m{izp h`zmpp tbi t{m

ciuicp me kmuizfaift7 eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc& Ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaift {hp jmzf myt me

~zmulf`lhc-tizzltmzlhc ciklpchtlmf& _moh|# hcc tbzii ciuicp me kmuizfaift pbhzi zip~mfpljlclt| emz pizulì oicluiz| tm Mfthzlhfp& Lf ~zh`tlì# bm{iuiz# tbi clfip bhui ~zmuif tm ji zhtbiz eyww|

hfo bhui pbletio ahf| tlaip lf ahf| hzihp& Lf myz ptyo| me fyaizmyp ~mcl`| hfo pizulì

oicluiz| hzihp# {i emyfo t{m# hfo metif tbzii# ciuicp me kmuizfaift lfumcuio& [i metif fmtio

lf`mfplptift mjgi`tluip hfo yf`m!mzolfhtio h`tlultlip hamfk tbipi kmuizfaiftp& _bi zipyct

lp cipp!tbhf!m~tlahc muizhcc ~yjcl` pizulì tm tbi ~im~ci me Mfthzlm& Lf pmai `hpip# {i `hf

loiftle| ehlzc| ptzhlkbtemz{hzo {h|p lf {bl`b hcc kmuizfaiftp `hf jittiz `m!mzolfhti tbilz

h`tlultlip& Lf mtbiz `hpip# {i xyiptlmf {bitbiz tbi hooltlmfhc ieemzt hfo ir~ifpi me

`m!mzolfhtlmf lp fmt pi`mfo jipt tm h `cihziz hfo pmaitlaip oleeizift oiclfihtlmf me

zip~mfpljlcltlip& Lf ahf| lfpthfìp# ieemztp ht `m!mzolfhtlmf `hf tbiapicuip ji h

oiho{ilkbt cmpp&

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kmuizfaift& Ltp jmttma clfi lp jilfk pxyiiwio ezma jmtb ifop& _bi fit zipyct me eioizhc thr

hfo p~ifolfk ~mcl`lip lp h chzki# ~izplptift ozh{ me zipmyzìp ezma tbi Mfthzlm i`mfma|&

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ayfl`l~hcltlip bhui jiif mfi me tbi ehptipt!kzm{lfk p~ifolfk ltiap hfo# iuif hp tbht kzm{tb

amoizhtip lf myz Pthtyp Xym Pìfhzlm# lt {lcc `mftlfyi tm kzm{ ehptiz tbhf myz muizhcc thzkit

emz ~zmkzha p~ifolfk&

[ltblf tblp `bh~tiz# {i oluloi myz olp`ypplmf me Mfthzlm“p lftizkmuizfaifthc zichtlmfp lftm

t{m pyjpi`tlmfp7 eioizhc!~zmulf`lhc zichtlmfp hfo ~zmulf`lhc!ayfl`l~hc zichtlmfp&



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Eioizhc!^zmulf`lhc Zichtlmfp

Lftzmoy`tlmf7 Eioizhc!^zmulf`lhc @mftirt

_bi I`mfmal` @bhccifkiOip~lti tbi byzt `hypio j| tbi ziìft kcmjhc ziìpplmf# Mfthzlm `mftlfyip ltp tzholtlmf

me ~yf`blfk hjmui ltp {ilkbt lf tbi eioizhtlmf& Mf h fit jhplp# tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift

~izplptiftc| tzhfpeizp chzki zipmyzìp myt me tbi ~zmulfì emz ziolptzljytlmf icpi{bizi lf

tbi `myftz|& Lt {myco ji ifmykb me h `bhccifki emz Mfthzlm tm ~zmp~iz lf hf lf`zihplfkc|

`ma~itltlui kcmjhc i`mfma| {ltb hcc ltp zipmyzìp ht ltp olp~mphc&

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ziuifyip hfo ir~ifoltyzip lf Mfthzlm tm tbi ~zmulfì“p ~m~ychtlmf pbhzi& Lf :>><‐8>#

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tbi cmpp me Mfthzlm“p i`mfmal` houhfthki&

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tbi ~zmulfì&

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Mfthzlm“p ^m~ychtlmf Pbhzi

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mfc| 0? ~iz ìft me eioizhc ir~ifoltyzip# {i mjpizui tbht Mfthzlm ziìluio mfc| /<&: jlcclmf me

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mz ?&> ~iz ìft me Mfthzlm“p KO^&

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tbi ~izuizpi ptzy`tyzi me @hfholhf elp`hc eioizhclpa&0

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Mfthzlm“p Elp`hc Kh~ {ltb tbi Eioizhc Kmuizfaift THQ

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Mfthzlm“p muiz-"yfoiz, `mftzljytlmf uizpyp hf ixyhc ~iz `h~lth pbhzi TH‐JQ

@BHZ_ :>&0 Mfthzlm“p Elp`hc Kh~8

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olptzljytio mf h ~iz h~lth jhplp&

Pmyzìp7 Fhtlmfhc H``myftp hfo Mfthzlm I`mfmal` H``myftp&

/ Jlcclmfp

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Eioizhc!^zmulf`lhc _zhfpeizp

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:>88‐8:# @bzlptm~biz Ptmfi| hfo K& Jzyì Omizf# iop&# :>88&

Ioy`htlmf emz Elzpt Fhtlmfp Mf!Zipizui

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hfo tbi fmf!Hjmzlklfhc ~m~ychtlmf& La~zmulfk ioy`htlmfhc myt`maip mf zipizuip lp `zy`lhc tm

la~zmulfk tbi pm`lhc hfo i`mfmal` myt`maip me Elzpt Fhtlmfp ~im~cip& H pizlmyp lfuiptaift

lf mf!zipizui ioy`htlmf bhp tbi ~mtiftlhc tm lf`zihpi tbilz i`mfmal` lf`cyplmf hfo zioyì tbi

cmfk!zyf ptzhlf mf ~yjcl` zipmyzìp j| zioy`lfk hjmui!huizhki oiahfo emz kmuizfaift

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_bi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbizi lp hf yzkift fiio tm plkflel`hftc| ziemza tbi ~zmulplmf me

mf!zipizui Elzpt Fhtlmfp ioy`htlmf& _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ~yt ptzmfk ~zippyzi mf tbi eioizhc


~hzlt| {ltb ~iz!ptyoift ~zmulf`lhc eyfolfk emz iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf& Jhzzlfk

tbi h`tlmf tbht lp `cihzc| gyptlelio hfo oip~izhtic| fiioio# tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco pti~ y~ hfo

elcc tblp kh~&

Pii @bh~tiz 5# Iciaifthz| hfo Pi`mfohz| Ioy`htlmf# emz tbi eycc zi`maaifohtlmf&




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Kziif Ifizk|

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ampt bhp jiif olzi`tio tm empplc eyicp hfo ~zmgi`tp tbht om fmt jylco mf Mfthzlm“p ptzifktbp&

Mfthzlm fiiop ehlz hfo ixylthjci py~~mzt emz ltp `cihf ifizk| lfltlhtluip&

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ehlz hfo ixylthjci py~~mzt emz Mfthzlm“p `cihf ifizk| lfltlhtluip&

[mzdlfk _mkitbiz tm Zhtlmfhclwi ^yjcl` Pizulìp

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me lftizoi~ifoif`| lf tbi @hfholhf eioizhtlmf# Mfthzlm `hffmt piid tbipi ieel`lif`lip hcmfi&

Pizulìp muizch~ hfo hzi lfieel`liftc| hccm`htio jit{iif tbi t{m mzoizp me kmuizfaift&

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tbizi lp muizch~ hfo oy~cl`htlmf hfo ipthjclpb h amzi ieel`lift i`mfmal` hfo elp`hc zichtlmfpbl~

tbht phuip amfi| hfo ~zmuloip jittiz pizulìp tm `ltlwifp&

_bizi hzi m~~mztyfltlip tm zipbh~i zmcip hfo zip~mfpljlcltlip tm `h~tyzi ieel`lif`lip hfo

la~zmui ieei`tluifipp& _blp olp`ypplmf `myco pthzt j| irhalflfk7

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_bi ieei`tluifipp me eioizhc laalkzhtlmf pittciaift ~zmkzhap4

_bi khlfp ezma ih`b kmuizfaift p~i`lhclwlfk lf `mzzi`tlmfp pizulìp4

_bi `mcchjmzhtlmf lf olzi`t `ltlwif tzhfph`tlmfhc pizulìp4

_bi jifielt me h fhtlmfhc tzhfplt ptzhtik|4 hfo

_bi zhtlmfhclwhtlmf me ifulzmfaifthc ~zmti`tlmf h`tlultlip hfo zikychtlmfp&

80 Oi~hztaift me Fhtyzhc Zipmyzìp @hfhoh# om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&fz`hf&k`&`h-ifizk|-p`lifì-~zmkzhap!eyfolfk-8?;; hfobtt~7--{{{&fz`hf&k`&`h-ifizk|-p`lifì-8009&

8? A& Jzhaci|# –Iuhcyhtlmf me tbi Kmuizfaift me @hfhoh“p Kziifbmypi Khp Zioy`tlmf ^mcl`lip#‑ ~zi~hzio emz tbi @clahti @bhfkiîzemzahfì Lfoir :>88# îajlfh Lfptltyti# ~& :# om{fcmhoio ezma btt~7--{{{&~iajlfh&mzk-~yj-:8:<&



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–Oyi tm chzki jyokit oiel`ltp# ~hztl`ychzc| ht tbi ~zmulf`lhc ciuic# tbizi lp mfploizhjci ~yjcl` mfìzf muiz tbi pypthlfhjlclt| me irlptlfk

kmuizfaift pizulìp& _bipi ~zippyzip hzi fmt tia~mzhz|& Hf hklfk ~m~ychtlmf aihfp tbht ~yjcl` pizulìp {lcc ji yfoiz lf`zihplfk

ptzhlf# ahdlfk zhtlmfhclwhtlmf me ~zmkzha oicluiz| fiìpphz|&‑


Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk Pizulìp

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fiiop me ltp chjmyz ahzdit# hfo elt `mbiziftc| lftm ltp chzkiz byahf `h~lthc hkifoh tbht

lf`mz~mzhtip mtbiz ~zmkzhap py`b hp ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf&

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ahzdit tzhlflfk hzi oicluizio j| `maayflt| mccikip# ~hzt me tbi blkbiz ioy`htlmf pi`tmz& Oiumcytlmf bhp ~zmuloio ~zmulf`lhc

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cm`hc chjmyz ahzdit mfoltlmfp hfo ~mcltl`hc olzi`tlmfp&‑

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ahzdit ~zmkzhaalfk tm tbmpi {bm fiio lt‥j| zi`mkflwlfk tbht ~zmulfìp hfo tizzltmzlip hzi jipt ~chìo tm oiplkf hfo oicluiz tblp

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`hf ji thlcmzio tm tbilz p~i`lel` fiiop&‑

:>>; Eioizhc Jyokit&

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kmuizfaift oiumcuio zip~mfpljlclt| emz tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap hppm`lhtio {ltb IL tm Mfthzlm lf

:>>;& _blp oiumcytlmf# eyfoio tbzmykb hf hccm`htlmf yfoiz tbi Ia~cm|aift Lfpyzhfì H`t#

zixylzip tbht `mzzip~mfolfk ~zmulf`lhcc| oicluizio ~zmkzhap fiio tm ji plalchz tm tbi mzlklfhc

eioizhc tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap hfo tbht `cliftp aypt ji iclkljci emz IL&

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pizulìp emz mfc| mcoiz {mzdizp& Emz gmj piidizp# tblp ezhkaifthtlmf ~zipiftp h `mfeyplfk

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?;8

Hp olp`yppio lf @bh~tiz <# Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk Pizulìp# tbi ezhkaiftio fhtyzi me

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eycc| lftikzhtio pizulìp hfo ptzihaclfio zi~mztlfk zixylziaiftp {myco ~zmuloi# hfo zipyctp

lf ezhkaiftio hfo olptmztio ~mcl`|!ahdlfk&

_HJCI :>&? Chjmyz!Ahzdit _zhfpeizp

Hkziiaiftp Iclkljlclt|

Chjmyz AhzditOiuicm~aift Hkziiaift

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Ia~cm|io lfoluloyhcp {bm hzi cm{ pdlccio "fm blkb p`bmmc ol~cmah mz zi`mkflwio iztlel`htlmf,&

_hzkitio Lfltlhtlui emz Mcoiz [mzdizp

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Chjmyz Ahzdit Hkziiaiftemz îzpmfp {ltbOlphjlcltlip

Ia~cm|aift!zichtio ~zmkzhaalfk emz ~izpmfp {ltb olphjlcltlip&


_bi oiumcytlmf lp fmt `ma~citi& Lf ltp :>>; jyokit# tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift `maalttio

tm ir~cmzlfk tbi tzhfpeiz me hzmyfo /9>> alcclmf hffyhcc| tm hccm{ ~zmulfìp tm oicluiz tbi

ziahlflfk eioizhc tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap& _bipi ~zmkzhap lf`cyoi pizulìp emz |mytb hfo ~izpmfp

{ltb olphjlcltlip# {bl`b muizch~ {ltb irlptlfk ~zmulf`lhc ~zmkzhaalfk& Oip~lti tblp `maaltaift#

tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp fmt |it `mfpyctio tbi ~zmulfìp mf eyztbiz oiumcytlmf&

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tbht jmtb ~hztl`l~hftp hfo ia~cm|izp hzi phtlpelio {ltb ~zmkzhap& _bi tzhfpeiz me zip~mfpljlclt|

emz tbi tzhlflfk me tbipi kzmy~p {myco hccm{ tbi ~zmulfì tm lftikzhti ziahlflfk eioizhc

~zmkzhap lftm tbi irlptlfk pylti me ieei`tlui ~zmulf`lhc pizulìp& _blp {myco la~zmui tbi xyhclt|

me ~zmkzhaalfk hfo myt`maip emz gmj piidizp# {blci h`bliulfk ieel`lif`lip tbzmykb

hoalflptzhtlui phulfkp&

_HJCI :>&9 Myt`maip ezma Pici`t Pyaaiz Gmjp Pizulìp@clift Phtlpeh`tlmf \ihz Fyajiz me

^chìaiftp^hztl`l~hft Ia~cm|iz

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:>8>‐88 9<#858 <5) <<)




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Piuizhc chjmyz!ahzdit hkziiaiftp ir~lzi hetiz :>80‐8?# ~zipiftlfk hf m~~mztyflt| emz ziemza&

_bi `yzzift ~ht`b{mzd me chjmyz!ahzdit hkziiaiftp emz ~izpmfp {ltb olphjlcltlip# mcoiz

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{bmcc| eyfoio mytploi me tbi IL ~zmkzha# {ltb ptzihaclfio zi~mztlfk zixylziaiftp hfo tbht

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eycc pylti me chjmyz!ahzdit ~zmkzhap tm dii~ ~hì {ltb tbi `bhfklfk fiiop me ltp chjmyz emzì&

Pii @bh~tiz <# Ia~cm|aift hfo _zhlflfk Pizulìp# emz tbi eycc zi`maaifohtlmf&

Laalkzhtlmf Pittciaift hfo Lftikzhtlmf Pizulìp

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lt lp `zy`lhc tbht fi{`maizp hzi ieei`tluic| lftikzhtio lftm tbi `maayflt| hfo tbi chjmyz

emzì pm tbi| `hf eycc| zihclwi tbilz ~mtiftlhc&

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pizulìp hfo hoalflptzhtlmf irlptp# {bl`b `zihtip lfieel`lif`lip hfo zioyìp `m!mzolfhtlmf&

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`lz`yapthfìp hfo tbi fiiop hfo uli{p me tbi pittciaift pi`tmz&‑

E& Cipcli Piloci# –_bi @hfhoh!Mfthzlm Laalkzhtlmf Hkziiaift&‑

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oiumcytlmfhz|# oiìftzhclwio hzzhfkiaiftp&‑

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Ir~iztp hkzii tbht zip~mfpljlclt| emz lftikzhtlfk fi{`maizp pbmyco cli {ltb ziklmfhc mz

cm`hc hytbmzltlip# {bl`b `hf oiplkf ~zmkzhap tbht jipt aiit ziklmfhc fiiop& Mfthzlm `myco

hcpm lftikzhti eioizhc pittciaift pizulìp lftm ltp irlptlfk pylti me pittciaift ~zmkzhap

"pii _hjci :>&5,# lf hooltlmf tm ~zmkzhap emz ioy`htlmf# tzhlflfk hfo pm`lhc pizulìp&

Pittciaift ~zmkzhap bhui jiif oiumcuio tm ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp lf Jzltlpb @mcyajlh#Ahfltmjh hfo Xyiji`# jyt tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift bhp fmt hkziio tm om tbi phai emz Mfthzlm&




?;0

_HJCI :>&5 Irha~cip me ^zmulf`lhc ^zmkzhap tm Pittci hfo Lftikzhti Fi{`maizp

^zmkzha H`bliuiaiftp

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Fi{`maiz Pittciaift^zmkzha

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[ltb tbi ir~lzhtlmf me tbi @MLH# hftl`l~htio zioy`tlmfp lf eioizhc laalkzhtlmf pittciaift

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fi{`maizp j| oiumculfk pittciaift pizulìp tm Mfthzlm# {ltb eyfolfk& Oiumcytlmf {myco

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Pii @bh~tiz 8># Laalkzhtlmf# emz tbi eycc zi`maaifohtlmf&

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ir~ifpip& Jyt tbi `yzzift hzzhfkiaift emz hccm`htlfk zip~mfpljlcltlip emz lfahtip ~ziuiftp

@hfhoh“p `mzzi`tlmfhc pi`tmz ezma ahrlalwlfk tbi jifieltp me tbipi pizulìp& Meeifoizp

piftifìo tm t{m |ihzp mz cipp pizui tbilz tizap lf ~zmulf`lhc ~zlpmfp {blci tbi ziahlfoiz

pizui lf eioizhc ~ifltiftlhzlip& Ieei`tlui zibhjlclthtlmf pizulìp `hf ji ~zmuloio emz lfahtip

pizulfk cmfkiz tbhf plr amftbp& Bm{iuiz# ~zmulf`lhc lfahtip pizulfk piftifìp cmfkiz tbhf plr

amftbp "hfo yfoiz t{m |ihzp, om fmt `mfptltyti h `zltl`hc ahpp emz ~zmulfìp tm ~zmuloi

zibhjlclthtlmf pizulìp ht p`hci&



?;?

Eyztbizamzi# ziìft eioizhc `bhfkip tm tbi @zlalfhc @moi ~yt elp`hc ~zippyzip mf ~zmulf`lhc

`myzt hfo `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp& _bi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop tbht tbi Alflptz| me @maayflt|

Pheit| hfo @mzzi`tlmfhc Pizulìp ir~cmzi tbi ~mppljlclt| me y~cmholfk zip~mfpljlclt| emz lfahtip

pizulfk plr amftbp hfo cmfkiz tm tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift# {bl`b {myco jittiz hclkf elp`hc

lfìftluip emz `mzzi`tlmfp# hfo {myco klui tbipi lfahtip h`ìpp tm eioizhc zibhjlclthtlmf

pizulìp& Lf hooltlmf# tbi y~cmholfk me tbipi zip~mfpljlcltlip {myco hccm{ kmuizfaiftp tm

p~i`lhclwi hfo ifbhfì tbilz pizulìp tm zioyì zi`lolulpa# {bl`b `myco zioyì cmfk!zyf

`mptp {blci ahdlfk `maayfltlip pheiz&

Pii @bh~tiz 8?# Gyptlì Pi`tmz# emz tbi eycc zi`maaifohtlmf&

@ltlwif _zhfph`tlmfhc Pizulìp

_bi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift bhp tzhfpemzaio tbi {h| ezmft!clfi ~yjcl` pizulìp hzi oicluizio {ltb

tbi `zihtlmf me PizulìMfthzlm# {bl`b lftikzhtip tbi pizulìp oicluizio j| uhzlmyp alflptzlip

lftm mfi ihp|!tm!h`ìpp cm`htlmf& PizulìMfthzlm bhp zioyìo {hlt tlaip# la~zmuio

h`ìppljlclt| hfo h`bliuio ieel`lif`lip&

_bi ~zmulfì bhp {mzdio {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm oicluiz lftikzhtio pizulìp py`b hp

tbi Fi{jmzf Ziklptzhtlmf Pizulì# Jlw^hC hfo h plfkci 8!222 fyajiz emz jyplfipp# lf hooltlmf

tm `m!cm`htlfk emyz pbhzio meelìp& _bi eioizhc# ~zmulf`lhc hfo ayfl`l~hc kmuizfaiftp pbmyco

`mftlfyi tm ir~cmzi mtbiz m~~mztyfltlip tm {mzd tmkitbiz hfo oicluiz lftikzhtio# pihacipp hfo

tlaic| pmcytlmfp emz `ltlwifp&

Pii @bh~tiz 85# M~izhtlfk hfo Jh`d!Meelì Ir~ifoltyzip# emz tbi eycc zi`maaifohtlmf&

Fhtlmfhc _zhfplt Ptzhtik|Oip~lti @hfhoh“p ifmzamyp kimkzh~bl`hc plwi# lt lp mfi me tbi {mzco“p ampt yzjhflwio

`myftzlip& Ilkbt| ~iz ìft me @hfholhfp clui lf yzjhf ìftzip& Yfpyz~zlplfkc|# tzheel` `mfkiptlmf

lp fmt claltio tm tbi Kzihtiz _mzmftm hfo Bhalctmf Hzih mz Mfthzlm& Lt lp h p|ptial` lppyi ezma

`mhpt tm `mhpt# gyptle|lfk h fhtlmfhc h~~zmh`b& Lfoiio# tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift lp heei`tio j|

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cmpt tlai# lf`zihpio eyic `mfpya~tlmf# hfo lf`zihpio kziifbmypi!khp ialpplmfp&89 Hfo tbi

@hfholhf @bhajiz me @maaizì bhp fmtio tbht oip~lti @hfhoh“p yzjhf fhtyzi# lt lp tbi pmci

aiajiz fhtlmf me tbi Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal` @m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift tbht ch`dp h

fhtlmfhc tzhfplt ptzhtik|&85

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?;9

Ifulzmfaifthc ^zmti`tlmf hfo Zikychtlmf

Ifulzmfaifthc ahfhkiaift lp h zip~mfpljlclt| pbhzio j| jmtb mzoizp me kmuizfaift& Pmai

ahgmz ~zmgi`tp hzi pyjgi`t tm tbi hppippaift hfo zikychtlmf me jmtb gyzlpol`tlmfp# {bl`b

`zihtip `ma~cirlt| hfo yfìzthlft| emz ~zm~mfiftp&

_m zioyì oy~cl`htlmf hfo ptzihaclfi ifulzmfaifthc hppippaift# Mfthzlm plkfio tbi

@hfhoh‐Mfthzlm Hkziiaift mf Ifulzmfaifthc Hppippaift @m!m~izhtlmf lf :>>?# {bl`b

`maaltp jmtb kmuizfaiftp tm `mfoy`t h `m!m~izhtlui hppippaift {blci zithlflfk tbilz

zip~i`tlui oi`lplmf!ahdlfk ~m{izp&

Bm{iuiz# amzi ziahlfp tm ji omfi tm ptzihaclfi ifulzmfaifthc hppippaiftp hfo bhzamflwi

zikychtlmfp& Hp olp`yppio lf @bh~tiz 89# Chjmyz Zichtlmfp hfo @ma~ifphtlmf# tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift lp `yzziftc| ziuli{lfk ltp ciklpchtlmf kmuizflfk eioizhc ifulzmfaifthc hppippaiftp#

tbi @hfholhf Ifulzmfaifthc Hppippaift H`t# hfo bhp ir~zippio lftizipt lf tbi ziamuhc me

oy~cl`htlmf jit{iif h~~zmuhcp ~zmìppip& _bi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop tbht tbi eioizhc hfo~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp `mftlfyi tm ~zipp hbiho lf tbilz ieemztp tm `zihti h –mfi ~zmgi`t‐mfi

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pthfohzop&

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Pyaahz|

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fmt fiìpphzlc| aihf oicluizlfk tbi phai pizulìp& Zhtbiz# `mcchjmzhtlmf aihfp bhulfk h

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tm{hzop `maamf mjgi`tluip&

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me tbi eioizhtlmf aypt dii~ ~hì {ltb h zh~loc| `bhfklfk {mzco&



?;5

^zmulf`lhc!Ayfl`l~hc Zichtlmfp

_bi ~zmulf`lhc!ayfl`l~hc zichtlmfpbl~ lf Mfthzlm lp `ma~cir hfo lftizt{lfio& _bizi hzi

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tm ei{iz tbhf elui ~izahfift ziploiftp lf tbi _m{fpbl~ me @m`djyzf Lpchfo& Ayfl`l~hcltlip

bhui pbhzio zip~mfpljlclt| emz ahf| la~mzthft hzihp me ~yjcl` ~mcl`| hfo ~zmuloi ahf| me tbilz

pizulìp jhpio mf ~zmulf`lhc ciklpchtlmf# zixylziaiftp hfo pthfohzop& Irha~cip me ayfl`l~hc

pizulì oicluiz| lf`cyoi pm`lhc bmyplfk# pm`lhc hpplpthfì# ozlfdlfk {htiz xyhclt|# ~yjcl`

tzhfp~mzthtlmf# chfo ypi ~chfflfk hfo {hpti ahfhkiaift&

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la~mzthft tbht tbi ~zmulfì hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip `mftlfyi tm bhui olhcmkyi mf la~zmulfk

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hfo pizulìp# hfo lf pmai `hpip# h emyztb ch|iz lp hooio tbzmykb tbi lfumcuiaift me fmf!~zmelt

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lfuiptaiftp zipyct lf thfkljci myt`maip emz Mfthzlhfp&

_bi Elp`hc Zichtlmfpbl~

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?;2

Ayfl`l~hcltlip hzkyio tbht CPZ {hp fmt ziuifyi fiytzhc hfo tbht lt la~mpio hooltlmfhc

`mptp mf tbi ~zm~izt| thr jhpi# {bl`b ~ziuiftio fiioio lfuiptaiftp lf cm`hc ~zlmzltlip py`b

hp lfezhptzy`tyzi& Ayfl`l~hcltlip ahlfthlfio tbht tbi jyzoif me ~h|lfk emz pm`lhc hpplpthfì

jifieltp# lf ~hztl`ychz# `mfptzhlfio tbilz hjlclt| tm lfuipt lf la~mzthft ~zlmzltlip&

_bi MAÊ zi~chìo tbi @ZE lf :>>9 hfo lp tbi ~zmulfì“p ahlf tzhfpeiz tm ayfl`l~hcltlip&

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hp {icc hp hoozipp `bhccifkip ehìo j| fmztbizf hfo zyzhc `maayfltlip& _bi ~zmkzha

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~zmuloi /920 alcclmf lf MAÊ kzhftp tm 0;0 ayfl`l~hcltlip&82

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`bh~tizp emz jzmhoiz olp`ypplmf me tbi zi`maaifohtlmfp&

Pm`lhc ^zmkzhap# @bh~tiz 2




hfo tbi Mfthzlm Olphjlclt| Py~~mzt ^zmkzha hfo bhulfk tbi `majlfio ~zmkzha oicluizio ht tbi

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82 Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Elfhfì&




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lf zihc tizap&




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tbilz jyokitp&




?20

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myt`maip emz Mfthzlhfp&

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hp h zipyct me tbi y~cmhop&

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oithlcio h``myftlfk me bm{ tbi phulfkp hppm`lhtio {ltb tbi y~cmhop hzi jilfk lfuiptio#

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lf tblp hzih&



?2?

_bi ^zmulfì hfo Ayfl`l~hcltlip Pbhzi tbi ^zm~izt| _hr Jhpi

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hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip pbhzi tbi ~zm~izt| thr jhpi&

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{bif zipittlfk ziploiftlhc hfo JI_ zhtip&

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lp emyfo lf @bh~tiz 82# Ziuifyi Lftikzlt|&




?29

Ifbhf`lfk Ieel`lif`| lf tbi Pizulì Oicluiz| Zichtlmfpbl~

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eioizhc!~zmulf`lhc zichtlmfp pi`tlmf me tblp `bh~tiz# ~im~ci ir~i`t ~yjcl` pizulìp tm ji ihp|

tm ypi# tlaic| hfo ptheeio j| dfm{ciokihjci ~im~ci& Oleeizift ciuicp me kmuizfaift {lcc fiio tm

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?25



H~~ifolr7 @maalpplmf Zi`maaifohtlmfp

?2;

H~~ifolr 87 @maalpplmf Zi`maaifohtlmfp

_hjci me @mftiftp

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?22




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gmj zixylziaiftp&

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phci& Lfptiho# pla~c| zi`mzo hf| phci lf tbi h~~zm~zlhti ahffiz le hfo {bif lt lp `ma~citio&




?<8

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~yz~mpi me h mfi!tlai `hpb lfgi`tlmf4 eziiwip tm {hkip mz ahfhkizp“ jmfypip4 hfo oieizzhcp me

`h~lthc lfuiptaiftp hfo mtbiz fiìpphz| p~ifolfk& Dl`dlfk tbi `hf om{f tbi zmho lp fm

pmcytlmf& P~ifolfk ziptzhlft aypt ji tbmzmykbc| hfo `mfplptiftc| tlio tm ~izahfift ziemzap lf

bm{ kmuizfaift m~izhtip pm tbi zipyctp me tbi ziptzhlft iriz`lpi `hf ji pypthlfio muiz h

cmfk ~izlmo&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!;7 Mfì lt bhp oi`loio bm{ tm zip~mfo tm tblp zi~mzt# tbi kmuizfaift

pbmyco jiklf {ltb h kmmo zmho ah~ ‐‐ h emzahc om`yaift me ltp ulplmf hfo tbi ~htb tm tbi kmhc&

_bizi hzi ~ziìoiftp emz py`b h tmmc& Lf 8<2?# tbi Ayczmfi| kmuizfaift ~yjclpbio ltp Hkifoh

emz I`mfmal` Zifi{hc # hf irtifplui ~h~iz tbht chlo myt lf mfi ~chì hcc tbi kmuizfaift“p

~chfp& _bi @bzitlif kmuizfaift olo tbi phai lf 8<<? {ltb t{m om`yaiftp zi`hccio amzi emz

tbilz `mcmyz ‟ tbi ^yz~ci Jmmd hfo tbi Kzi| Jmmd ‟ tbhf tbilz tltcip& Ih`b me tbipiom`yaiftp fmt mfc| lfemzaio tbi ~yjcl` hjmyt tbi `bhfkip tbht ch| hbiho# jyt hcpm ji`hai h

p`zl~t emz hcc jyzihy`zhtp# {bm ph{ bm{ tbilz m{f ~zmkzhap hfo h`tlultlip elt lftm tbi

jzmhoiz ~l`tyzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!27 Blkbiz ~zlmzlt| pbmyco ji hpplkfio tm ~zmkzhap hfo h`tlultlip tbht

lfuipt lf tbi eytyzi hp m~~mpio tm tbmpi tbht pizui tbi `yzzift pthtyp xym& _blp lp fiuiz ihp|7

tbi pthtyp xym bhp ~cift| me houm`htip4 tbi eytyzi omip fmt& Lt lp y~ tm kmuizfaift tm elcc tblp

jzih`b& Hp Ahpph`bypittp Lfptltyti me _i`bfmcmk| i`mfmalpt Ciptiz _byzm{ mfì pykkiptio#

–_bi ~zm~iz zmci me kmuizfaift lf `h~lthclpt pm`litlip lp tm zi~zipift tbi eytyzi tm tbi ~zipift&‑

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!<7 ^mcl`| oiuicm~aift hfo tbi ~yjcl` pizulì lf kifizhc pbmyco ji amzi

iuloifì!jhpio& _blp zixylzip pittlfk `cihz mjgi`tluip jhpio mf pmyfo zipihz`b hfo iuloifì&

_bi kmuizfaift pbmyco `mcci`t ohth hfo ypi lt tm iuhcyhti {bitbiz mjgi`tluip hzi jilfk ait

hfo bm{ ieel`liftc|& Ahfhkizp pbmyco ji h``myfthjci emz h`bliulfk tbipi mjgi`tluip& [bizi

mjgi`tluip hzi fmt jilfk ait# ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp pbmyco ji hogyptio& Zi~mztlfk pbmyco ji

tzhfp~hzift hfo hyoltp `mfoy`tio& _bi iuloifì!jhpio amoic pbmyco ji h~~clio tm tbi

py`ìpp me lfoluloyhcp hfo oi~hztaiftp lf aiitlfk mjgi`tluip& Ht tbi phai tlai# alflptzlip#

hp {icc hp hkif`lip hfo iftltlip h``myfthjci tm tbi kmuizfaift# pbmyco ji kluif pmai chtltyoi

tm `mfoy`t tbilz heehlzp lf hf ieel`lift ahffiz&



?<:

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!8>7 _blp zhlpip h tzl`d| lppyi tbht ehìp hcc kmuizfaiftp& Mf tbi mfi

bhfo# tbi| fiio tm alflalwi tbi `mpt me m~izhtlmfp4 mf tbi mtbiz# tbi| fiio zycip hfo zi~mztlfk

tm ifpyzi tbht thr~h|izp“ amfi| lp fmt jilfk hjypio& Hcc kmuizfaiftp aypt ptzldi h jhchfì

jit{iif tbipi `ma~itlfk mjclkhtlmfp& [i jicliui tbi ~ifoycya bhp fm{ p{yfk tmm ehz

tm{hzop irìpplui zycip& Kmuizfaift m~izhtlmfp bhui tzmyjci zip~mfolfk xyl`dc| hfo

`mfplptiftc|# metif ji`hypi lt thdip pm ay`b tlai# emz irha~ci# tm ~zmìpp alfmz zixyiptp emz

~zm~mphcp "ZE^p, mz tm kit `mfplptift py~~clip {bif iuiz|tblfk lp jzmdif lftm olp`ziti ZE^p&

[bif tbizi hzi tmm ahf| zycip# hp tbizi hzi fm{# kmuizfaift ia~cm|iip hfo ~zluhti

py~~clizp hzi emzìo tm oluizt ~im~ci ‟ mz iuif hoo fi{ pthee ‟ tm ifpyzi tbht `ma~clhfì

hfo zi~mztlfk zixylziaiftp hzi ait& _blp lp tbi `hpi iuif tbmykb tbi lfemzahtlmf zi~mztio lp

metif fmt ypio ht tbi mtbiz ifo tm lfecyifì `bhfkip lf ~mcl`| mz pizulì oicluiz|& Hctbmykb lt lp

la~mppljci tm kit h eycc h``myftlfk me tbi `mptp me amfltmzlfk `ma~clhfì zichtlui tm tbi jifieltp

khlfio# {i jicliui tbizi hzi pla~c| tmm ahf| ch|izp me {ht`bizp ht tbi ir~ifpi me ~im~ci {bm

h`tyhcc| kit tblfkp omfi& _bi kmuizfaift aypt elfo h fi{ alooci kzmyfo&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!887 Jmyfohzlip jit{iif ~yjcl`! hfo ~zluhti!pi`tmz h`tlultlip pbmyco ji

pbletio hfo# lf ahf| `hpip# ziamuio& Emz tbi ampt ~hzt# ~mcl`| oiuicm~aift fiiop tm ziahlf

lf tbi zihca me tbi kmuizfaift# tbmykb uhzlmyp pthdibmcoizp hfo `maayflt| kzmy~p `myco hfo

pbmyco ji amzi lfumcuio& Irtizfhc kzmy~p pbmyco iuif ji lfumcuio lf houlplfk tbi ampt piflmz

kmuizfaift oi`lplmf!ahdlfk jmolip# lf`cyolfk tbi @hjlfit&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!8:7 [ltblf tbilz m~izhtlmfp# ~yjcl`!pi`tmz pizulì ~zmuloizp pbmyco

hpplkf ~im~ci tm gmjp {bizi tbi| hzi ampt ieei`tlui# ieel`lift hfo heemzohjci& ^b|pl`lhfp

pbmyco fmt ~izemza thpdp tbht `myco ji omfi amzi ieel`liftc| hfo ht h cm{iz `mpt j| ~b|pl`lhf

hpplpthftp# ziklptizio fyzpip# fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp mz ~bhzah`lptp& @hpi {mzdizp fiio fmt oihc{ltb hcc hp~i`tp me pm`lhc hpplpthfì# ia~cm|aift mz tzhlflfk ahttizp {bif pmai `cliftp hzi

{lcclfk hfo hjci tm ziìlui pizulìp j| tici~bmfi mz tbzmykb tbi Lftizfit& Lf tbi ~mcl`lfk pi`tmz#

fmf!`mzi pizulìp py`b hp ohth iftz| `myco ji omfi j| `cizl`hc pthee zhtbiz tbhf meelìzp {bmpi

tlai hfo tzhlflfk hzi jittiz oi~cm|io icpi{bizi&




?<0

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!807 Piid `maamf tbiaip h`zmpp tbi ziemzap tm h`bliui i`mfmalip me

p`hci lf h`tlmf hfo pla~cle| `maayfl`htlmfp& @maamf tbiaip {myco lf`cyoi h pblet tm{hzop

iuloifì!jhpio ~mcl`| oiuicm~aift hfo pizulì oicluiz|4 amzi ieel`lift pizulì oicluiz|

amoicp emz hcc hzihp lftizh`tlfk {ltb tbi ~yjcl`4 tbi ieel`lift ypi me hfo h~~zm~zlhti zhtip me

zityzf mf @zm{f hppitp4 hfo `mfpmclohtlmf me py`b jh`dzmma m~izhtlmfp hp lfemzahtlmf

ti`bfmcmk| hfo byahf zipmyzìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 0!8?7 Ziemza aypt ji ~izuhplui hfo p~iio|& _bizi lp hf yfoizpthfohjci

tifoif`| tm h~~zmh`b hf| pit me ziemzap ~liìaihc hfo muiz hf irtifoio ~izlmo& _blp

tifoif`| aypt ji ziplptio# lf ~hzt ji`hypi tbi zi`mzo lp fmt dlfo tm py`b hf h~~zmh`b hfo

amzi la~mzthftc|# ji`hypi lt zyfp `mftzhz| tm myz elp`hc ahfohti tm jhchfì tbi jyokit j|

:>8;‐82& Elzpt# tbi kmuizfaift {lcc fiio tm la~ciaift hcc tbi ziemzap {i zi`maaifo ‟ mz ht

cihpt pmai zihpmfhjci eh`plalci lf elp`hc tizap ‟ tm ziptzhlf tbi kzm{tb me ~zmkzha p~ifolfk

ifmykb tm h`bliui jhchfì j| :>8;‐82& _blp lp fmt h pamzkhpjmzo ezma {bl`b tbi kmuizfaift

`hf `bmmpi mfc| tbi thptlipt amzpicp hfo lkfmzi tbi cipp ~hchthjci& Pi`mfo# tbi ziptzhlft~zmìpp {lcc py`ìio mfc| le tbi ~yjcl` jicliuip tbi ziemzap hzi ehlz& Jzmhoiz h`tlmf ehumyzp

py`b h ~izì~tlmf hp m~~mpio tm h uli{ tbht h bhfoeyc me ~zmkzhap {izi yfehlzc| thzkitio&

_blzo# {i `hf hcc hkzii tbht `bhfki lp olpzy~tlui# jyt tbi aiol`lfi omip fmt km om{f amzi

ihplc| le lt lp ozhkkio myt muiz h cmfk ~izlmo& Lfoiio# py`b oich| aizic| olp`myzhkip ~im~ci ‟

~yjcl` pizuhftp hfo tbmpi ziìlulfk kmuizfaift pizulìp ‟ hfo ~mpt~mfip tbi oh| {bif h

fi{ p|ptia lp m~izhtlfk ieel`liftc|& Hctbmykb tbizi ah| ji claltp tm tbi `h~h`lt| me tbi ~yjcl`

pizulì tm lfptlkhti# iri`yti hfo amfltmz `bhfki# mfì tbi elfhf`lhc ~hzhaitizp hzi pit# elzpt

emz alflptzlip hfo tbif emz ~zmkzhap# ahf| me tbi ziemzap {lcc ji bhfocio j| ~im~ci eyztbiz

om{f tbi `bhlf&



?<?

@bh~tiz 97 Bihctb

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!87 Oiuicm~ hfo ~yjclpb h `ma~zibifplui ~chf tm hoozipp bihctb `hzi

`bhccifkip muiz tbi firt :> |ihzp& _bi ~chf pbmyco pit mjgi`tluip hfo ozlui pmcytlmfp tbht hzi

jylct hzmyfo tbi emccm{lfk ~zlf`l~cip7

_bi p|ptia pbmyco ji ìftzio mf tbi ~htlift# fmt mf tbi lfptltytlmfp hfo ~zh`tltlmfizp lf tbi

bihctb `hzi p|ptia4

_bi ~chf pbmyco em`yp mf tbi `m!mzolfhtlmf me pizulìp emz ~htliftp lf h eycc| lftikzhtio

p|ptia!{loi h~~zmh`b4

Ziemzap pbmyco zi`mkflwi `bhfkip hfo `bhccifkip lf jmtb oiamkzh~bl`p hfo cleipt|cip j|

~yttlfk amzi ia~bhplp mf `bzmfl` tbhf h`yti `hzi4

Ht tbi ~zmulf`lhc ciuic# tbi p|ptia aypt ji hjci tm `hzz| myt bihctb `hzi `h~h`lt| ~chfflfk4

lt aypt cmmd ht tbi bihctb fiiop me tbi ~m~ychtlmf hfo ~zmgi`t eytyzi fiiop emz eh`lcltlip#

pizulìp# eyfolfk hfo byahf zipmyzìp4

^mcl`lip pbmyco ji jhpio mf iuloifì tbht ~zmuloip kylohfì mf {bht pizulìp#

~zmìoyzip# oiulìp hfo ozykp hzi ieei`tlui# ieel`lift hfo iclkljci emz ~yjcl` eyfolfk4

_bizi pbmyco ji h bilkbtifio em`yp mf ~ziuiftlfk bihctb ~zmjciap# lf`cyolfk tbi zmci me

~yjcl` bihctb lf aiitlfk tblp kmhc4

Lt pbmyco ifpyzi tbht bihctb ohth hzi `mcci`tio ieel`liftc| hfo pbhzio4

Eyfolfk tm ~zmuloizp pbmyco ji jhpio ~zlahzlc| mf aiitlfk tbi fiiop me ~htliftp hp tbi|

amui tbzmykb tbi bihctb `hzi `mftlfyya4 hfo

_bi xyhclt| me `hzi `hf hfo pbmyco ji ifbhfìo oip~lti tbi fiio tm ziptzhlf lf`zihpio

p~ifolfk4 tbi mjgi`tluip me xyhclt| `hzi hfo `mpt ziptzhlft aypt km bhfo lf bhfo&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:7 Iuhcyhti hcc ~zm~mphcp emz `bhfki tbht lf`cyoi ieel`lif`lip hfo

`mpt phulfkp {ltblf tbi ulplmf hfo ~chf oiuicm~io hjmui&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!07 Oluizt hcc ~htliftp fmt zixylzlfk h`yti `hzi ezma bmp~lthcp hfo lftm h

amzi h~~zm~zlhti emza me `hzi tbht {lcc ji cipp ir~ifplui# la~zmui tbi ~htlift ir~izlifì hfo

zioyì tbi ~htlift“p ir~mpyzi tm fi{ bihctb zlpdp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?7 Lf`zihpi tbi ypi me bmai!jhpio `hzi {bizi h~~zm~zlhti tm zioyì`mptp {ltbmyt `ma~zmalplfk irìccift `hzi& Emz irha~ci# bmai!jhpio `hzi pbmyco ji ypio

amzi irtifpluic| emz zi`muiz| ezma ~zmìoyzip py`b hp bl~ hfo dfii pyzkiz|&




?<9

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!97 _m la~zmui tbi `m!mzolfhtlmf me ~htlift `hzi# hcc bihctb pizulìp lf h

ziklmf aypt ji lftikzhtio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!57 @h~ tbi kmuizfaift“p bihctb jyokit ht :&9 ~iz ìft mz cipp hffyhc

kzm{tb tbzmykb :>8;‐82& Hetiz :>8;‐82# hffyhc bihctb `mpt lf`zihpip aypt ji ziptzhlfio tm

fm amzi tbhf elui ~iz ìft# h ciuic fiìpphz| tm dii~ tbi ~zmulf`lhc jyokit jhchfìo {ltbmyt

zic|lfk mf thr lf`zihpip mz hf yfh`ì~thjci pxyiiwlfk!myt me mtbiz ~yjcl` pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;7 Py~~mzt h kzhoyhc pblet tm ai`bhflpap tbht ifpyzi h `mftlfyya me

`hzi hfo `hzi tbht lp `maayflt|!jhpio& Eyfolfk emz `maayflt|!jhpio `hzi ah| fiio tm kzm{

ht h blkbiz zhti lf tbi pbmzt tm aiolya tiza lf mzoiz tm jylco `h~h`lt| tm thdi ~zippyzi mee h`yti

`hzi eh`lcltlip4 mf tbi mtbiz bhfo# {ltb h pblet h{h| ezma h bmp~lthc em`yp# bmp~lthc jyokitp

`myco kzm{ cipp zh~loc| tbhf tbi huizhki&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!27 H`bliui p~ifolfk ziptzhlft j| amulfk tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia tm{hzop

h amzi ieel`lift muizhcc oiplkf hfo elfolfk ieel`lif`| khlfp {ltblf ltp `mfptltyift ~hztp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<7 Om fmt h~~c| tbi phai oikzii me elp`hc ziptzhlft tm hcc ~hztp me bihctb

`hzi& Pmai hzihp ‟ lf`cyolfk `maayflt| `hzi hfo aifthc bihctb ‟ {lcc fiio tm kzm{ amzi

zh~loc| tbhf tbi huizhki&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>7 Pit tbi muizhcc ~zlf`l~cip emz ~zmulfì{loi bihctb `hzi# jyt `mftlfyi

tm mzkhflwi tbi oicluiz| me bihctb `hzi mf h ziklmfhc jhplp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!887 H ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzlt| pbmyco ji `cihzc| loiftlelio hp tbi

di| ~mlft emz lftikzhtlfk pizulìp hfo lfptltytlmfp h`zmpp tbi eycc `mftlfyya me `hzi emz hkimkzh~bl` hzih&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8:7 Zioyì tbi fyajiz me mzkhflwhtlmfp {ltb {bl`b tbi Cm`hc Bihtb

Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp aypt oihc mf h oh|!tm!oh| jhplp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!807 @mfpmclohtlmf me bihctb pizulì hkif`lip hfo-mz tbilz jmhzop pbmyco

m``yz {bizi h~~zm~zlhti# {blci ipthjclpblfk hf| fi{ `mfpmclohtio hkif`lip hp pi~hzhti cikhc

iftltlip tm clalt ahgmz chjmyz bhzamflwhtlmf hfo hogyptaift `mptp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8?7

Ipthjclpb hf houlpmz| ~hfic lf ih`b Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzd{ltb h~~zm~zlhti zi~zipifthtlmf me tbi ziklmfhc bihctb `hzi pthdibmcoizp# lf`cyolfk `maayflt|

bmp~lthcp# ~b|pl`lhfp# `maayflt| `hzi hfo cmfk!tiza `hzi bmaip&



?<5

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!897 _bi Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp aypt lftikzhti `hzi h`zmpp

tbi p|ptia j| pbhzlfk lfemzahtlmf mf ~htliftp hamfk bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp# `m!mzolfhtlfk

oi`lplmfp hfo hccm`htlfk eyfop tm jipt zieci`t ziklmfhc fiiop&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!857 Ypi ohth hfo lfemzahtlmf pbhzlfk tm jittiz yfoizpthfo hfo hoozipp

tbi elp`hc la~h`tp me `bzmfl` hfo `ma~cir `mfoltlmfp hfo ht!zlpd ~htliftp {ltb aifthc bihctb

hfo hool`tlmf lppyip "pii Zi`maaifohtlmfp 9!0; tm 9!?8 emz amzi mf ahfhklfk tbilz `hzi,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8;7 Ypi lfemzahtlmf ezma eyfolfk amoicp py`b hp tbi Bihctb!Jhpio

Hccm`htlmf Amoic "BJHA, tm irhalfi {bizi pizulìp ah| fmt ji ~zmuloio ixyhcc| h`zmpp

bihctb ziklmfp hfo `mfoy`t mfkmlfk iuhcyhtlmfp me ih`b Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzd“p

~zmkzipp lf ahfhklfk blkb!ypi ~m~ychtlmfp& "Pii Zi`maaifohtlmfp 9!9> hfo 9!;0 emz

amzi oithlcp mf BJHA&,

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!827 [bizi eihpljci# pizulìp pbmyco ji pbletio tm cm{iz!`mpt `hzikluizp&

H`zmpp tbi p~i`tzya me `hzikluizp# eycc p`m~i me ~zh`tlì fiiop tm ji iriz`lpio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8<7 H jzmhoiz ~izp~i`tlui pbmyco ji h~~clio tm oi`lplmfp tbht hzi ahoi

mf tbi p`m~i me ~zh`tlì me bihctb ~zmeipplmfhcp& Kmuizfaift pbmyco ~ch| h amzi h`tlui zmci lf

{mzdlfk {ltb tbi ~zmeipplmfhc `mccikip tm h~~c| h p|ptia!{loi h~~zmh`b zhtbiz tbhf oihclfk

{ltb lfoluloyhc ~zmeipplmfp lf lpmchtlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:>7 Ahrlalwi m~~mztyfltlip tm ypi fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp {ltb tbi hla me

ieel`lif`|# {blci ahlfthlflfk irìccift `hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:87 Zi`mkflwi tbi lf`zihpio oiahfo emz fyzpip lf tbi `h~h`lt| me fyzplfk ~zmkzhap ht `mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip hfo tbilz hjlclt| tm tzhlf amzi fyzpip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!::7 Lf`zihpi tbi ypi me ~izpmfhc py~~mzt {mzdizp hfo lftikzhti tbia lftm

tihap {ltb fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp# ziklptizio fyzpip hfo mtbiz pthee aiajizp {bizi h~~zm~zlhti

tm m~tlalwi ~htlift `hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:07 Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp fiio tm ypi eyfolfk hp h ciuiz

tm if`myzhki bmp~lthcp hfo mtbiz bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp tm ypi tbi eycc p`m~i me ~zh`tlì me

tbilz pthee&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:?7 Ahdi `bhfkip tm tbi ^bhzah`| H`t tm ifhjci hf ir~hfoio p`m~i

me ~bhzah`| ~zh`tlì& _blp {myco lfumcui oiuicm~lfk py~~mztlfk zikychtlmfp tm ~izalt

~bhzah`lptp tm hoalflptiz zmytlfi lfgi`tlmfp hfo lfbhchtlmfp# lf`cyolfk laayflwhtlmf&




?<;

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:97 Bmp~lthc `h~lthc ~chfp tbht irtifo myt!me!bmp~lthc pizulìp py`b

hp tbmpi emz myt~htliftp pbmyco fmt ji iftizthlfio j| Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp&

Bmp~lthcp pbmyco `mfoy`t heehlzp chzkic| {ltblf bmp~lthcp# hfo mtbizp# py`b hp @maayflt|

@hzi H`ìpp @iftzip "@@H@p, hfo ~zluhti bihctb `hzi m~izhtmzp# pbmyco ji zip~mfpljci

emz ~zmulolfk myt!me!bmp~lthc pizulìp& _bi @@H@p hfo ~zluhti bihctb `hzi m~izhtmzp bhui

oiamfptzhtio tbht tbi| hzi `h~hjci me omlfk tblp {mzd emz cipp tbhf bmp~lthcp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:57 Ziplpt tbi fhtyzhc tia~thtlmf tm jylco ahf| amzi cmfk!tiza `hzi

eh`lcltlip emz hf hklfk ~m~ychtlmf yftlc tbi kmuizfaift `hf hppipp {bht `hf ji omfi j|

ia~bhplwlfk tm h kzihtiz irtift tbi ypi me bmai!jhpio `hzi tbht lp py~~mztio j| `maayflt|

pizulìp& Bmai!jhpio `hzi lp cipp ir~ifplui hfo pbmyco kifizhti kzihtiz ~m~ychtlmf

phtlpeh`tlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:;7 Kzhft Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp tbi hytbmzlt|#

h``myfthjlcltlip hfo zipmyzìp fiìpphz| tm muizpii bihctb {ltblf tbi ziklmf# lf`cyolfk

hccm`htlfk jyokitp# bmcolfk pthdibmcoizp h``myfthjci hfo pittlfk lfìftlui p|ptiap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:27 _li `ma~ifphtlmf emz @IMp hfo piflmz iri`ytluip lf hcc ~hztp me tbi

bihctb `hzi p|ptia tm ptzhtikl`hcc| thzkitio bihctb myt`maip# fmt tbi fyajiz me lftizuiftlmfp

~izemzaio# tbzmykb h ~izemzahfì ~h| ezhai{mzd& Alzzmz tblp ~izemzahfì ~h| h~~zmh`b

tbzmykbmyt ih`b bmp~lthc# @maayflt| @hzi H`ìpp @iftzi# cmfk!tiza `hzi eh`lclt|# it`&# ht tbi

~b|pl`lhf hfo bihctb `hzi {mzdiz ciuicp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!:<7 Py~~mzt tzhfp~hzif`| lf piflmz iri`ytlui hfo @IM phchzlip

tbzmykbmyt tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia j| ~yjcl`c| ~mptlfk `ma~zibifplui `ma~ifphtlmf

lfemzahtlmf lf h tlaic| ehpblmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!0>7 Hccm`hti eyfolfk jhpio mf aiitlfk tbi fiiop me tbi ~htlift hp tbi|

amui tbzmykb tbi `mftlfyya me `hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!087 Pmai ziklmfp bhui oiuicm~io zmcip emz –`cizl`hc p|ptia fhulkhtmzp‑

tbht `m!mzolfhti h~~mlftaiftp hfo hpplpt ~htliftp {ltb zixylzio emzap hfo ~h~iz{mzd&

Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp pbmyco ifpyzi tbht h pyeel`lift fyajiz me ~im~ci lf tblp

zmci hzi ~yt lf ~chì h`zmpp tbi iftlzi bihctb `hzi p|ptia&



?<2

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!0:7 Ia~m{iz ~zlahz| `hzikluizp hfo ~b|pl`lhfp lf tbi Ehalc| Bihctb

_ihap "EB_p, mz p~i`lhclwio `clfl`p tm ~ch| tbi zmci me –xyhztizjh`d#‑ tzh`dlfk ~htliftp hp tbi|

amui tbzmykb tbi lftikzhtio bihctb p|ptia& Hcc EB_p pbmyco {mzd lf thfoia {ltb `cizl`hc

p|ptia fhulkhtmzp hfo bmp~lthclpt ~b|pl`lhfp tm tzh`d tbilz ~htliftp {bm hzi lf bmp~lthcp# ezma

hoalpplmf tm olp`bhzki "pii Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!99 mf bmp~lthclptp emz amzi oithlcp,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!007 _lkbtc| lftikzhti @maayflt| @hzi H`ìpp @iftzip "@@H@p, {ltb

Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp "CBLFp, tm la~zmui ~htlift `hpi ahfhkiaift& _bizi hzi

m~tlmfp tbht pbmyco ji ir~cmzio hjmyt tbi fhtyzi me tblp lftikzhtlmf& Lt `myco ji iltbiz tbzmykb

`m!m~izhtlmf me t{m iftltlip mz h amzi emzahc hfo `ma~citi aizkiz me @@H@p lftm tblp mfi di|

hp~i`t me tbi {mzd me CBLFp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!0?7 Zixylzi bmp~lthcp tm ahdi olp`bhzki pyaahzlip huhlchjci

ici`tzmfl`hcc| tm mtbiz `hzi ~zmuloizp "i&k&# kifizhc ~zh`tltlmfizp# bmai `hzi, laaiolhtic|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!097 P{lt`b tm ici`tzmfl` oicluiz| me chjmzhtmz| tipt zipyctp tm la~zmui

tlaiclfipp hfo ieel`lif`|# hp {icc hp py~~mzt ~htlift ~zluh`|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!057 Zioyì hjpiftiilpa emz Mfthzlhfp hfo meelì ulpltp# {blci la~zmulfk

~htlift phtlpeh`tlmf# tbzmykb pi`yzi aipphklfk jit{iif ~htliftp hfo ~zmuloizp# mfclfi

h~~mlftaift p`bioyclfk# h`ìpp tm tipt zipyctp emz ~htliftp# hfo mfclfi zixyiptp emz ~zip`zl~tlmf

zielccp hfo zifi{hc&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!0;7 @ma~cir `hzi ~htliftp pbmyco ji ahfhkio tbzmykb lftiz~zmeipplmfhc#

tiha!jhpio h~~zmh`bip tm ahrlalwi `m!mzolfhtlmf {ltb Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap hfo mtbiz

`maayflt| `hzi ~zmuloizp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!027 @bzmfl` lppyip pbmyco ji bhfocio j| `maayflt| hfo bmai!jhpio


Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!0<7 Zih`b myt tm ~htliftp {bm fiio ~ziuiftlui `hzi# ~hztl`ychzc| `bzmfl`

olpihpi hfo aiol`htlmf ahfhkiaift# zhtbiz tbhf {hltlfk emz tbia tm `mai tm kit pizulìp&

Ciuizhki ici`tzmfl` aiol`hc zi`mzop# oi`lplmf py~~mzt hfo pi`yzi aipphklfk {ltb Mfthzlhfp

tm h`bliui tbipi kmhcp&




?<<

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?>7 Zioyì amzthclt|# bmp~lthclwhtlmfp hfo `mptp {blci la~zmulfk

~htlift phtlpeh`tlmf j| `mffi`tlfk Mfthzlhfp {bm bhui pizlmyp `bzmfl` bihctb ~zmjciap

"i&k&# `mfkiptlui bihzt ehlcyzi, {ltb mfkmlfk amfltmzlfk hfo py~~mzt tbzmykb ir~hfoio

ypi me ticibmai`hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?87 @iftzhclwi cihoizpbl~ me `bzmfl` olpihpi ahfhkiaift j| oiuicm~lfk

`m!mzolfhtlfk jmolip emz `bzmfl` `mfoltlmfp lf`cyolfk aifthc bihctb# bihzt hfo ptzmdi hfo zifhc

olpihpi# jhpio mf tbi @hfìz @hzi Mfthzlm amoic&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?:7 Zipmyzì tbi Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp hoixyhtic| tm

~izemza tbilz ir~hfoio eyf`tlmfp& Hooltlmfhc zipmyzìp pbmyco `mai lf chzki ~hzt ezma tbi

Alflptz| me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi4 tblp {myco ifthlc h plkflel`hft tzhfpeiz me ia~cm|iip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?07 ^yt lf ~chì `cihz ptzy`tyzip tm `chzle| tbi clfip me h``myfthjlclt| y~ tm

tbi Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp "CBLFp, hfo tbi h``myfthjlclt| me CBLFp tm tbi Alflptz|

me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!??7 Amui `zltl`hc bihctb ~mcl`| oi`lplmfp myt me tbi `mftirt me fikmtlhtlmfp

{ltb tbi Mfthzlm Aiol`hc Hppm`lhtlmf hfo lftm h emzya tbht lf`cyoip jzmho pthdibmcoiz

`mfpycthtlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?97 _bi Lfptltyti emz @clfl`hc Iuhcyhtlui P`lifìp hfo Bihctb Xyhclt|

Mfthzlm aypt {mzd lf thfoia# lftikzhtlfk tbilz zip~i`tlui ir~iztlpi lftm ~zh`tl`hc

zi`maaifohtlmfp emz bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?57 Hp h jmo| me ~zh`tlì lp ipthjclpbio# ir~hfo tbi ahfohti me BihctbXyhclt| Mfthzlm tm ji`mai h zikychtmz| jmo| tm ifemzì iuloifì!jhpio olzi`tluip tm kyloi

tzihtaift oi`lplmfp hfo MBL^ `muizhki&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?;7 Ahdi hcc Bihctb Xyhclt| Mfthzlm {mzd ~yjcl`& Ypi tbi iuloifì emyfo

tm lfemza olzi`tluip mf ~zh`tlìp hfo {bht {lcc ji `muizio j| MBL^&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?27 Amzi {mzd aypt ji omfi mf tbi ieel`lif`| ezmft emz tbi Lfptltyti emz

@clfl`hc Iuhcyhtlui P`lifìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!?<7

Ir~cmzi tbi ~mtiftlhc emz h fhtlmfhc Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal`@m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift!t|~i iftlt| tbht `mcchtip hfo ifbhfìp iuloifì!jhpio ~mcl`|

olzi`tlmfp hfo ~zmuloip ifbhfìo `mcchjmzhtlmf mf lppyip h`zmpp gyzlpol`tlmfp& Lt `myco ~zmuloi

h khtbizlfk ~chì emz olhcmkyi hfo h pi`zithzlht {ltb h `h~h`lt| emz hfhc|plp& Py`b hf

mzkhflwhtlmf `myco ji bmypio {ltb tbi @myf`lc me Bihctb Alflptizp mz Oi~yt| Alflptizp&

_bi eioizhc kmuizfaift pbmyco ji lfumcuio&



9>>

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9>7 Ypi ohth ezma tbi Bihctb!Jhpio Hccm`htlmf Amoic "BJHA, p|ptia tm

pit h~~zm~zlhti `ma~ifphtlmf emz ~zmìoyzip hfo ìhpi tbi ypi me huizhki `mptp tm pit

bmp~lthc ~h|aiftp "pii Zi`maaifohtlmfp 9!8; hfo 9!;0 emz amzi oithlcp mf BJHA,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!987 @zihti h jcifo me h`tlult|!jhpio eyfolfk "l&i&# eyfolfk zichtio tm

lftizuiftlmfp mz myt`maip, hfo jhpi eyfolfk ahfhkio tbzmykb h``myfthjlclt| hkziiaiftp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9:7 @zihti ~mcl`lip tm amui ~im~ci h{h| ezma lf~htlift h`yti `hzi

pittlfkp j| pbletlfk h`ìpp tm tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia h{h| ezma iaizkif`| zmmap hfo

tm{hzop `maayflt| `hzi "l&i&# {hcd!lf `clfl`p hfo Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap,# bmai `hzi hfo#

lf pmai `hpip# cmfk!tiza `hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!907 If`myzhki bmp~lthcp tm p~i`lhclwi pm hcc hzi fmt tz|lfk tm ~zmuloi hcc

pizulìp zikhzocipp me tbilz `ma~hzhtlui houhfthkip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9?7 Kluif tbi jyzoif me hctizfhti ciuic me `hzi "HC@, ~htliftp mf bmp~lthc`h~h`lt|# bmp~lthcp aypt ji`mai amzi ieei`tlui lf m~tlalwlfk tblp `h~h`lt| {blci h~~c|lfk jipt

~zh`tlìp lf ~chfflfk ~htlift olp`bhzkip& Eyztbiz# pahcc bmp~lthcp {ltb chzki HC@ ~m~ychtlmfp

aypt ji hppippio {ltb h kmhc me zioielflfk tbilz zmci lf `hzi emz tbi icoizc|& Hkhlf# eyfolfk

pbmyco ji hclkfio h~~zm~zlhtic|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!997 Ypi bmp~lthclpt ~b|pl`lhfp tm `m!mzolfhti lf~htlift `hzi ezma

hoalpplmf tm olp`bhzki& Bmp~lthclptp pbmyco {mzd {ltb Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap tm jittiz

`m!mzolfhti h ~htlift“p amuip tbzmykb tbi bihctb `hzi `mftlfyya "h`yti `hzi# zibhjlclthtlmf#

cmfk!tiza `hzi# `maayflt| `hzi hfo bmai `hzi,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!957 Ahdi ~zlahz| `hzi h em`hc ~mlft lf h fi{# lftikzhtio bihctb amoic&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9;7 Ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzltlip aypt lftikzhti ~b|pl`lhfp lftm h zmptizio

bihctb p|ptia hfo hom~t tbi h~~zm~zlhti aihpyzip tm hoozipp `ma~ifphtlmf lppyip h`zmpp

olp`l~clfip4 tbht lp# tbi ~zm~iz jcifo me phchz|-`h~lthtlmf hfo eii!emz!pizulì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!927 Zioyì tbi pmci ~zm~zlitmzpbl~ fhtyzi me tbi meelìp me ahf| ~zlahz|

`hzi ~b|pl`lhfp hfo if`myzhki amzi lftizolp`l~clfhz| lftikzhtlmf tbzmykb ~izemzahfì

lfìftluip hfo h``myfthjlclt|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!9<7 @ma~ifphti ~b|pl`lhfp yplfk h jcifoio amoic me phchz|-`h~lthtlmf

hfo eii!emz!pizulì4 tbi zlkbt jhchfì lp ~zmjhjc| lf tbi hzih me ;> ~iz ìft phchz|-`h~lthtlmf

hfo 0> ~iz ìft eii!emz!pizulì&




9>8

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!5>7 Hkkzippluic| fikmtlhti {ltb tbi Mfthzlm Aiol`hc Hppm`lhtlmf emz tbi

firt hkziiaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!587 Hogypt eii p`bioycip lf h tlaic| ahffiz tm zieci`t ti`bfmcmkl`hc

la~zmuiaiftp# {ltb tbi phulfkp kmlfk tm tbi jmttma clfi me cipp ir~ifoltyzi mf bihctb `hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!5:7 Ahdi Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap "EB_p, tbi fmza emz ~zlahz| `hzi hfo

oiplkf tbi lfìftlui ptzy`tyzi me ~b|pl`lhfp“ `ma~ifphtlmf tm if`myzhki tblp oiuicm~aift&

Hamfk tbi di| `bhzh`tizlptl`p me EB_p hzi tbi emccm{lfk7

_bi ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzlt| pbmyco ~ch| h di| zmci lf oitizalflfk tbilz zichtlmfpbl~ {ltb

tbi zipt me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia hfo pittlfk kzmyfo zycip emz tbilz m~izhtlmf4

Ahdi myt`maip tbi em`yp me EB_p# fmt bihctb lftizuiftlmfp& _bilz m~izhtlmf pbmyco ji

tlkbtifio tbzmykb mjgi`tluip# h``myfthjlclt| hfo h ohth `mcci`tlmf p|ptia4

@mfoy`t zipihz`b tm oitizalfi tbi m~tlahc plwi me EB_p# thdlfk lftm h``myft eh`tmzp py`bhp kimkzh~b| hfo ~htlift oiamkzh~b|& Jhchf`lfk i`mfmalip me p`hci {blci ahlfthlflfk

~izpmfhc `mffi`tlmfp jit{iif bihctb `hzi ~zmuloizp hfo ~htliftp lp `zy`lhc7 EB_p fiio tbi

p`hci tm py~~mzt h {loi zhfki me `hzi ~zmuloizp hfo ji hjci tm py~~mzt tbi hoalflptzhtlmf

fiìpphz|# lf`cyolfk tbi zip~mfpljlclt| me tzh`dlfk ~im~ci tbzmykb tbi p|ptia& Lt bhp jiif

pykkiptio tm tbi @maalpplmf tbht tbi m~tlahc plwi# emz chzkiz `maayfltlip# ah| ji lf tbi

zhfki me 2 tm 89 ~b|pl`lhfp# hfo lf`cyoi ~zh`tltlmfizp {ltb h {loiz zhfki me p~i`lhctlip tbhf

lp fm{ tbi `hpi& _bi| fm{ t|~l`hcc| bhui mfc| tbzii tm ilkbt ~b|pl`lhfp4 hfo

_m ~zmuloi h zhfki me pizulìp ht h cm{iz `mpt# lf`cyoi mtbiz bihctb ~zmeipplmfhcp lf tbi

EB_p "fyzpi ~zh`tltlmfizp# ziklptizio fyzpip# olitltlhfp hfo alo{luip# emz irha~ci,&

Yfclptio ~zh`tltlmfizp py`b hp ~b|plmtbizh~lptp hfo ahpphki tbizh~lptp {myco hcpm ji ~hzt

me EB_p4 bm{iuiz# tbilz pizulìp {myco ji ~zmuloio mf h `mpt!zi`muiz| jhplp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!507 Zixylzi Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap "EB_p, tm h`ì~t ~htliftp {bm `bmmpi

tbia# hfo tbi EB_p pbmyco {mzd {ltb ih`b ~htlift tm `mffi`t tbia {ltb tbi ampt h~~zm~zlhti

`mfpticchtlmf me `hzi ~zmuloizp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!5?7 _bi ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzlt| pbmyco ipthjclpb lfìftluip tm

olp`myzhki Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap ezma zieizzlfk ~htliftp tm h`yti `hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!597 Ziklmfhc hytbmzltlip pbmyco hcpm ji zip~mfpljci emz hpplkflfk bihu|ypizp me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia tm tbi h~~zm~zlhti Ehalc| Bihctb _iha "EB_,& Le# emz irha~ci#

tbizi hzi 0>> bihu| ypizp {ltblf h ziklmf hfo tbzii EB_p# tbi ziklmfhc bihctb hytbmzlt| {myco

tz| tm ptiiz 8>> tm ih`b# pm tbht fm EB_ lp muizjyzoifio&



9>:

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!557 Ji`hypi Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap "EB_p, {lcc ji zip~mfpljci emz ~htlift

tzh`dlfk# tbi| {lcc fiio tm jylco h `zltl`hc ahpp me hf hoalflptzhtlui hza tm `hzz| myt tblp thpd&

_blp hoalflptzhtlui hza pbmyco ji pbhzio hamfk h fyajiz me EB_p&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!5;7 Jittiz hetiz!bmyzp `hzi aypt ji meeizio hfo tici~bmfi-Lftizfit

pizulìp pbmyco olzi`t ~htliftp tm tbi ampt h~~zm~zlhti hfo `mfuiflift `hzi ~zmuloiz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!527 Hcc Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap aypt ji if`myzhkio tm hoo amzi

p~i`lhclptp tm tbilz tihap# {bl`b {lcc zioyì zieizzhcp hfo ihpi pmai me tbi `ma~cirltlip

me ~htlift tzh`dlfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!5<7 _bi Alflptz| me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi pbmyco hccm{ tbi

ecirljlclt| fiìpphz| emz Ehalc| Bihctb _ihap tm pbhzi p~i`lhclptp j| ~izalttlfk ~hzt!tlai

`mftzh`tp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;>7 Hcc Ehalc| Bihctb _iha ~b|pl`lhfp aypt jiklf ifkhklfk lfolp`ypplmfp {ltb tbilz alooci!hkio ~htliftp hjmyt ifo!me!clei bihctb `hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;87 La~zmui h`ìpp tm `hzi "i&k&# lf ziamti `maayfltlip, hfo

~zmoy`tlult| emz p~i`lhclptp j| tzlhklfk h~~zm~zlhti ~htliftp emz ticiaiol`lfi pizulìp

"i&k&# ticioizahtmcmk|# ticim~btbhcamcmk|,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;:7 Ziamui ~izuizpi lfìftluip tbht yfoizalfi tbi xyhclt| hfo

ieel`lif`| me `hzi& Emz irha~ci# ~b|pl`lhfp hzi ~ifhclwio {bif mfi me tbilz ~htliftp kmip tm

hfmtbiz {hcd!lf `clfl`# jyt fmt {bif tbi ~htlift kmip tm tbi iaizkif`| oi~hztaift me h

bmp~lthc& Amzi kifizhcc|# tbi eii!emz!pizulì `ma~ifphtlmf amoic kluip hf lfìftlui emz aiol`hc lftizuiftlmfp {ltbmyt oyi `mfploizhtlmf tm xyhclt| hfo ieel`lif`| me `hzi&

Py`b lfìftlui lppyip aypt ji hoozippio j| em`yplfk tbi Mfthzlm Aiol`hc Hppm`lhtlmf“p

fikmtlhtlmfp amzi mf xyhclt| me `hzi hfo haifolfk ~h|aift p|ptiap emz ~b|pl`lhfp hfo

tbzmykbmyt tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;07 _bi amoic oip`zljio lf tbi hjmui zi`maaifohtlmfp aypt ji

py~~mztio j| h zmjypt ohth `mcci`tlmf hfo pbhzlfk p|ptia tbht hccm{p tbi `zihtlmf me tbi

fiìpphz| zi`mzop& Emz irha~ci# tbi amoic {mzdp mfc| le {i dfm{ bm{ ahf| ~htliftp hzi

fmt ulpltlfk iaizkif`| oi~hztaiftp mz bm{ ahf| olhjitip ~htliftp hzi fmt ir~izlif`lfk

`ma~cl`htlmfp "pii Zi`maaifohtlmfp 9!8; hfo 9!9> mf Bihctb!Jhpio Hccm`htlmf Amoic ohthemz amzi oithlcp,&




9>0

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;?7 Lf`zihpi tbi em`yp mf bmai `hzi# py~~mztio j| zixylzio zipmyzìp#

~hztl`ychzc| ht tbi `maayflt| ciuic&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;97 Aht`b piflmzp tm tbi pizulìp tbht tbi| fiio ezma tbi ihzclipt

huhlchjci `hzi ~zmuloiz# zioyì hctizfhti ciuic me `hzi oh|p# hfo la~zmui `m!mzolfhtlmf me

`hzi tbzmykb tbi ypi me zieizzhc ahfhkiaift tmmcp emz cmfk!tiza `hzi# bmai `hzi hfo

`maayflt| pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;57 La~ciaift tbi zi`maaifohtlmfp `mfthlfio lf –@hzlfk emz Myz Hklfk

^m~ychtlmf hfo Hoozipplfk Hctizfhti Ciuic me @hzi#‑ h zi~mzt ~zi~hzio j| Oz& Ohulo [hcdiz

hfo zicihpio lf Hykypt :>88&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;;7 Lf hooltlmf tm zi`maaifohtlmfp `mfthlfio lf –@hzlfk emz Myz Hklfk

^m~ychtlmf hfo Hoozipplfk Hctizfhti Ciuic me @hzi#‑ h zi~mzt ~zi~hzio j| Oz& Ohulo [hcdiz

hfo zicihpio lf Hykypt :>88# tbizi lp h fiio emz amzi hfo uhzlio ~hcclhtlui `hzi4 ht bmai hfo

lf ziploiftlhc bmp~lìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;27 Lftikzhti tbi ~yjcl` bihctb p|ptia lftm tbi mtbiz ~hztp me tbi bihctb

p|ptia "l&i&# Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzdp,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!;<7 Ziuli{ tbi `yzzift eyfolfk amoic tbht zixylzip h :9 ~iz ìft aht`b

ezma ayfl`l~hcltlip emz ~yjcl` bihctb p~ifolfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!2>7 @mfploiz eycc| y~cmholfk ~yjcl` bihctb tm tbi ~zmulf`lhc ciuic tm

ifpyzi jittiz lftikzhtlmf {ltb tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia hfo humlo irlptlfk eyfolfk ~zippyzip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!287 La~zmui `m!mzolfhtlmf h`zmpp tbi ~yjcl` bihctb p|ptia# fmt mfc|

hamfk ~yjcl` bihctb yfltp# jyt hcpm hamfk bmp~lthcp# `maayflt| `hzi ~zmuloizp hfo ~zlahz|

`hzi ~b|pl`lhfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!2:7 Zi~cl`hti Jzltlpb @mcyajlh“p H`t Fm{ lfltlhtlui# {bl`b bhp jiif

loiftlelio j| tbi [mzco Bihctb Mzkhflwhtlmf hp h jipt ~zh`tlì emz bihctb ~zmamtlmf hfo `bzmfl`

olpihpi ~ziuiftlmf# lf Mfthzlm&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!207 Bhui om`tmzp hoozipp olit hfo iriz`lpi lppyip jiemzi zih`blfk emz

tbi ~zip`zl~tlmf ~ho {bif oihclfk {ltb bihctb lppyip py`b hp `hzolmuhp`ychz olpihpi hfochti!mfpit _|~i : olhjitip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!2?7 Om amzi tm ~zmamti ~m~ychtlmf bihctb hfo bihctb| cleipt|cip hfo tm

ziuizpi tbi tzifo me `blcobmmo mjiplt|# ip~i`lhcc| tbzmykb p`bmmcp&



9>?

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!297 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift mf fytzltlmf lfemzahtlmf hfo#

{bizi h~~zm~zlhti# zikychtlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!257 Aiol`hc p`bmmcp pbmyco ioy`hti ptyoiftp mf –p|ptia lppyip#‑ pm

tbi| jittiz yfoizpthfo bm{ ~b|pl`lhfp elt lftm tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia4 emz irha~ci# bm{ tm oihc

{ltb ~htlift fiiop ieel`liftc| hfo ieei`tluic|# jyt yplfk ei{iz zipmyzìp j| `mffi`tlfk oleeizift

~hztp me tbi bihctb `hzi p|ptia&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!2;7 Om h jittiz gmj me echkklfk bihctb ~zmeipplmfp hfo cm`htlmfp tbht hzi

`yzziftc| lf pbmzt py~~c| mz {bizi pbmzthkip `hf ji ir~i`tio lf tbi eytyzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!227 Clfd tbi Mfthzlm Ozyk Jifielt ~zmkzha amzi olzi`tc| tm lf`mai&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!2<7 Bic~ zioyì aiol`htlmf izzmzp tbzmykb tbi ypi me ici`tzmfl` py~~mztp

tm `zmpp!zieizifì ayctl~ci ~zip`zl~tlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<>7 Zioyì ezhyoycift ~zip`zl~tlmf aiol`htlmf ypi tbzmykb tbi ypi me

ozyk lfemzahtlmf p|ptiap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<87 ^yzpyi ‟ {ltb mtbiz ~zmulfìp ‟ tbi ~mppljlclt| me ipthjclpblfk h

fhtlmfhc iftlt| tbht {myco pit h `maamf ~zlì emz ~bhzahìytl`hcp emz tbi iftlzi `myftz|

"mz ht cihpt gyzlpol`tlmfp m~tlfk lf,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<:7 @mfoy`t ozyk!tm!ozyk `ma~hzlpmfp tm oitizalfi {bl`b ozyk lp tbi

ampt ieel`lift ht hoozipplfk h kluif hlcaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<07 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ifpyzi tbht Mfthzlm“p lftiziptp

lf ir~hfolfk ypi me kifizl` ozykp hzi fmt yfoizalfio j| h @hfhoh!Iyzm~ihf Yflmf Ezii

_zhoi Hkziiaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<?7 Ypi ~bhzah`lptp tm tbilz eycc p`m~i me ~zh`tlì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<97 @iftzhclwi hcc jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp py`b hp lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk|#

byahf zipmyzìp# elfhfì hfo ~zm`yziaift h`zmpp tbi bihctb p|ptia&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<57 Ipthjclpb h ìftzhc ai`bhflpa tm muizpii tbi `zihtlmf me h –p~mt

ahzdit‑ emz kmmop hfo olp`zitlmfhz| pizulìp# py`b hp olhkfmptl`p# lfeyplmfp hfo p~i`lhclpt`mfpycthtlmf pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<;7 ^yt h {loiz hzzh| me p~i`lhclpt pizulìp tm tifoiz jhpio mf ~zlì hfo

xyhclt|# {blci ziahlflfk yfoiz tbi plfkci!~h|iz amoic&




9>9

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<27 ^yt tm tifoiz amzi pizulì oicluiz|# jyt {ltb tbi `zltizlh emz pici`tlmf

jhpio mf xyhclt|!hogyptio aitzl`p zhtbiz tbhf gypt ~zlì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!<<7 H`ìcizhti tbi hom~tlmf me ici`tzmfl` zi`mzop# {mzdlfk lf h

jmttma!y~ ehpblmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>>7 Hom~t tbi Fmuh P`mtlh amoic lf {bl`b iaizkif`| aiol`hc

ti`bfl`lhfp ~zmuloi bmai `hzi {bif fmt mf iaizkif`| `hccp4 tblp zixylzip lftikzhtlfk

ayfl`l~hc hfo ~zmulf`lhc eyfolfk ptzy`tyzip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>87 ^zmuloi jittiz lfemzahtlmf tm lfoluloyhcp hfo ehalclip tm eh`lclthti

pice!`hzi# emz ~im~ci {ltb `mfoltlmfp py`b hp olhjitip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>:7 Jiklf h olhcmkyi {ltb Mfthzlhfp mf tbi lppyi me ir~hfolfk tbi

`muizhki me tbi bihctb p|ptia tm lf`cyoi# emz irha~ci# ~bhzahìytl`hcp# cmfk!tiza `hzi hfo

hp~i`tp me aifthc bihctb `hzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>07 Lfumcui hcc pthdibmcoizp lf h ahtyzi `mfuizphtlmf mf tbi eytyzi me

bihctb `hzi hfo tbi :>!|ihz ~chf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>?7 Ipthjclpb h @maalpplmf tm kyloi tbi bihctb ziemzap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 9!8>97 Om fmt cit `mfìzfp hjmyt py`ìppmz zlkbtp ptm~ hahckhahtlmfp

tbht ahdi pifpi hfo hzi `zltl`hc tm py`ìppeyc ziemza&



9>5


Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!87 _m aiit myz muizhcc elp`hc mjgi`tluip# tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbht

tbi kzm{tb zhti lf tbi ioy`htlmf jyokit muiz tbi tiza ezma :>8>‐88 tm :>8;‐82 aypt ji

`mfptzhlfio tm mfi ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!:7 _bi jyokit `mfptzhlft aypt ji h~~clio ptzhtikl`hcc| pm hp fmt tm

gim~hzolwi tbi la~zmuiaiftp lf zipyctp h`bliuio# py`b hp mf ~zmulf`lhc hppippaiftp hfo {ltb

kzhoyhtlmf zhtip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!07 _bi iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf pi`tmz pbmyco pth| tbi

`myzpi {ltb ltp `yzzift hkifoh# {bl`b `mfplptp me tbzii di| kmhcp7 la~zmulfk ptyoift

h`bliuiaift# `cmplfk kh~p lf ptyoift myt`maip hfo lf`zihplfk `mfeloifì lf tbi ~yjcl`c|

eyfoio p`bmmc p|ptia& _bi ~zmulfì hfo tbi pi`tmz aypt pypthlf tbi `yzzift hclkfaift

jit{iif ~zmulf`lhc# p`bmmc jmhzo hfo p`bmmc!ciuic ieemztp# hfo pypthlf tbi –~zippyzi hfo

py~~mzt‑ h~~zmh`b hom~tio lf ziìft |ihzp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!?7 Ziemzap lf tbi iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| pi`tmz pbmyco ji lftzmoyìo

pm tbht hcc pthdibmcoizp bhui tbilz zmci tm ~ch| lf ifpyzlfk tbi p|ptia“p cmfk!tiza pypthlfhjlclt|

hfo pm tbht yffiìpphz| pmyzìp me olptzh`tlmf hzi humloio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!97 _m ifpyzi tzhfp~hzif`| hfo ieei`tluifipp# tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco

`mfelza ayctl!|ihz hccm`htlmfp tm p`bmmc jmhzop emz tbi :>8:‐80 tm :>8;‐82 ~izlmo pm tbht tbi|

`hf ~chf h``mzolfkc|# bhui ifmykb tlai tm elfo tbi zixylzio ieel`lif`lip hfo iftiz fikmtlhtlmfp

emz zifi{hc me tbi pi`tmz“p `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp tbht {lcc ir~lzi mf Hyk& 08# :>8:# {ltb `cihz

dfm{cioki me tbilz jyokithz| ~mpltlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!57 _bi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift pbmyco ~yt ptzmfk ~zippyzi mf tbi eioizhc


~hzlt| {ltb ~iz!ptyoift ~zmulf`lhc eyfolfk emz iciaifthz| hfo pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!;7 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco fikmtlhti {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift hfo Elzpt

Fhtlmfp tm ifpyzi tbi ipthjclpbaift me fi{ ayctl!|ihz# ptzhtikl` tm~!y~ eyfolfk hkziiaiftp emz

mf!zipizui p`bmmcp& _bipi hkziiaiftp# umcyfthz| emz lftiziptio Elzpt Fhtlmfp# {myco ifpyzi

tbht ~iz!ptyoift eyfolfk emz mf!zipizui p`bmmcp lp ht cihpt ixyluhcift tm tbht ~zmuloio tm

hoghìft Ifkclpb!chfkyhki ~yjcl` olptzl`t p`bmmc jmhzop&




9>;

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!27 Hkziiaiftp {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift pbmyco eh`lclthti tbi

emzahtlmf me ioy`htlmf iftltlip hamfk ~hztl`l~htlfk Elzpt Fhtlmfp {ltb ~m{izp plalchz tm

~zmulf`lhcc| eyfoio olptzl`t p`bmmc jmhzop& _m ipthjclpb h p|ptia me py~~mzt pizulìp emz

mf!zipizui p`bmmcp# `blie iri`ytlui meelìzp me tbi fi{ ioy`htlmf iftltlip pbmyco gmlf tbi

@myf`lc me Mfthzlm Olzi`tmzp me Ioy`htlmf hp {icc hp tbi ziklmfhc ioy`htlmf `myf`lcp&

Hooltlmfhcc|# tbi fi{ ioy`htlmf iftltlip pbmyco fikmtlhti {ltb tbi ~zmulfì ayctl!|ihz thzkitp

emz tbi ~zm~mztlmf me py~izulpmz| meelìzp# ~zlf`l~hcp hfo tih`bizp {bm {lcc ji oiiaio xyhclelio

j| tbi Mfthzlm @mcciki me _ih`bizp& Py`b xyhclel`htlmfp `hf ji ihzfio ezma irlptlfk ~zmuloizp

mz ezma fi{c| h``zioltio Hjmzlklfhc pizulì ~zmuloizp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!<7 [bif fikmtlhtlfk eyfolfk hkziiaiftp# tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco ~zippyzi

tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm lf`zihpi eyfolfk emz `h~lthc emz mf!zipizui p`bmmcp hfo `mfploiz

tzhfpeizzlfk tblp eyfolfk tm tbi ~zmulfì# {bl`b lp jittiz ixyl~~io tm ~zmuloi ir~iztlpi emz

D‐8: `h~lthc zifi{hc hfo `mfptzy`tlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!8>7 Ehlclfk tm `mai tm hf hkziiaift {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift#

tbi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop tbht tbi ~zmulfì pti~ y~ tm ~zmuloi eyfolfk tm ifpyzi tbht

mf!zipizui p`bmmcp hzi eyfoio ht ~hzlt| {ltb hoghìft Ifkclpb!chfkyhki ~yjcl` olptzl`t

p`bmmc jmhzop&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!887 Kluif tbi oleel`yctlip {ltb py`b hf h~~zmh`b# hfo tbi ~zmbljltlui `mpt

me tbi ~zmkzha muizhcc ht tblp tlai# tbi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop `hfìcchtlmf me tbi eycc!oh|

dlfoizkhztif "EOD, ~zmkzha# {ltbmyt ~zigyolì tm p`bmmcp tbht hcziho| bho EOD jiemzi tbi

lftzmoy`tlmf me tblp kmuizfaift ptzhtik|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!8:7 Le tbi kmuizfaift oi`loip tm `mftlfyi tbi la~ciaifthtlmf me tbi

eycc!oh| dlfoizkhztif ~zmkzha# tbif tbi @maalpplmf zi`maaifop oich|lfk eycc la~ciaifthtlmf

ezma :>8?‐89 tm :>8;‐82 hfo zioy`lfk ~zmkzha `mptp j| hom~tlfk h amzi heemzohjci ptheelfk

amoic# lfumculfk mfi tih`biz emz hjmyt :> ptyoiftp# zhtbiz tbhf h tih`biz hfo hf ihzc|

`blcobmmo ioy`htmz emz :5 ptyoiftp# tm bic~ amoizhti phchz| ir~ifoltyzip emz tbi ~zmkzha

j| hjmyt /:>> alcclmf& _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco fmt `mfelza eycc la~ciaifthtlmf me tbi ~zmkzha

{ltbmyt hppyzhfìp ezma p`bmmc jmhzop# tih`biz eioizhtlmfp hfo py~~mzt!pthee yflmfp tbht

fikmtlhtio hffyhc {hki lf`zihpip j| :>8;‐82 {lcc fmt ji blkbiz tbhf tbi `yzzift tzifop lf tbi

jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz# hfo tbht tbi `chpp!plwi lf`zihpip hfo zioy`tlmfp lf fmf!tih`blfk pthee

`mftia~chtio j| tbi @maalpplmf j| :>8;‐82 {lcc ji h`bliuio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!807 Pit tbi `h~ lf `chpp plwi emz ~zlahz| kzhoip ht :0 hfo iclalfhti tbi

mtbiz zixylziaift tbht <> ~iz ìft me `chppip aypt ji ht :> mz ei{iz# hfo lf`zihpi tbi

huizhkip lf gyflmz-lftizaiolhti `chpp plwip ezma :?&9 tm :5 hfo pi`mfohz| `chpp plwip ezma

:: tm :?&



9>2

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!8?7 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco `h~ tbi eyfolfk me blkb p`bmmc `zioltp tm

0: py`ìppeyc `zioltp ~iz ptyoift# hfo haifo tbi Ioy`htlmf H`t tm klui tbi ~m{iz tm p`bmmc

jmhzop tm `bhzki h amoipt eii# pit j| tbi ~zmulfì# emz ih`b hooltlmfhc `ziolt hjmui tbi

0: py`ìppeycc| `ma~citio `ziolt tbzipbmco&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!897 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco laaiolhtic| clet tbi amzhtmzlya mf tbi

`ma~itltlui ~zm`yziaift zixylziaift emz ptyoift tzhfp~mzthtlmf# pm tbht `ma~itltlui jlop hzi

ypio emz tbi :>8:‐80 p`bmmc |ihz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!857 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco haifo tbi Ioy`htlmf H`t tm klui p`bmmc jmhzop

tbi ~m{iz tm `bhzki h amoipt tzhfp~mzthtlmf ypiz eii pit j| tbi ~zmulfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!8;7 Ioy`htlmf pthdibmcoizp pbmyco jylco mf tbi `clahti me tzypt hfo

iuloifì!jhpio oi`lplmf!ahdlfk emptizio plfì :>>0 tm jiklf h `mfptzy`tlui olhcmkyi mf bm{

jipt tm elfo tbi phulfkp fiioio tm aiit ptyoift h`bliuiaift mjgi`tluip {blci bmcolfk hffyhc

p~ifolfk kzm{tb tm mfi ~iz ìft& _m bic~ pthdibmcoizp# tbi @maalpplmf jicliuip tbi emccm{lfk

aihpyzip pbmyco ji ~bhpio lf ~zmkzippluic| muiz tbi firt plr |ihzp# lf tblp ~zlmzlt| pixyifì7

Zioyì j| :9 ~iz ìft tbi ~iz!~y~lc eyfolfk emz tirtjmmdp hfo cihzflfk ahtizlhcp#

`chppzmma py~~clip hfo `ma~ytizp4

Lf`zihpi tbi huizhki `chpp plwi ezma :: tm :? lf Kzhoip < tm 8:4

Pit tbi `h~ lf `chpp plwi ht :0 lf ~zlahz| kzhoip hfo iclalfhti tbi mtbiz zixylziaift tbht

<> ~iz ìft me `chppip aypt ji ht :> mz ei{iz4

Lf`zihpi tbi huizhki `chpp plwi ezma :?&9 tm :5 lf Kzhoip ? tm 2 j| :>8;‐824

Iclalfhti ;> ~iz ìft me tbi 80#2>> hooltlmfhc fmf!tih`blfk ~mpltlmfp `zihtio lf p`bmmc

jmhzop plfì :>>:‐>04 hfo

Zioyì j| :9 ~iz ìft tbi eyfolfk emz `h~lthc zifi{hc hfo ptyoift tzhfp~mzthtlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!827 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ziuli{ ltp p~i`lhc ioy`htlmf ~zmkzhap hfo tbi

zipyctp tbi| bhui h`bliuio# lf`cyolfk jmtb –pi`tlmf‑ ~zmkzhap emz ptyoiftp lf `hzi# `yptmo| mz

tzihtaift# hfo bmp~lthc jmhzop# {ltb tbi hla me ifpyzlfk tbht eyfolfk lp jilfk ypio ieei`tluic|

tm la~zmui ptyoift myt`maip&




9><

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!8<7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco `cmpi tbi Oiamfptzhtlmf P`bmmcp hfo

zilfuipt phulfkp tm ir~hfo hctizfhtlui pi`mfohz| p`bmmc ~zmkzhap lf p`bmmc jmhzop&

_bi tbzii P`bmmcp emz tbi Oihe lf Jicciulcci# Cmfomf hfo Alctmf pbmyco ji `mfpmclohtio lftm

mfi plti tm h`bliui h kzihtiz `zltl`hc ahpp me ptyoiftp ezma ~zlahz| kzhoip tbzmykb pi`mfohz|

p`bmmc& Phulfkp pbmyco ji zilfuiptio lf tbi `mfpmclohtio p`bmmc emz tbi oihe hfo lf ifbhfìo

m~~mztyfltlip emz oihe cihzfizp lf p`bmmc jmhzop# `mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip& _bi Alflptz| me

Ioy`htlmf pbmyco tzhfpeiz tbi muizplkbt hfo ahfhkiaift me tbi Jzhftemzo plti hfo me tbi

fi{c| `mfpmclohtio p`bmmc emz tbi oihe tm mfi mz t{m Ifkclpb!chfkyhki p`bmmc jmhzop# hfo

tzhfpeiz tbi muizplkbt hfo ahfhkiaift me tbi @iftzi Gycip!Cìkiz "P`bmmc emz tbi Oihe, tm h

Ezif`b!chfkyhki p`bmmc jmhzo&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!:>7 _bi hooio uhcyi me tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap ciholfk tm hooltlmfhc

xyhclel`htlmf pbmyco ji ziuli{io# hfo oi`lplmfp zikhzolfk tbi kzhftlfk me xyhclel`htlmfp hfo

ir~izlifì pbmyco ji ahoi j| h jmo| tbht lp lfoi~ifoift me tih`biz eioizhtlmfp hfo

p`bmmc jmhzop&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!:87 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco ji hjci tm iriz`lpi ciklpchtlui hfo zikychtmz|

hytbmzlt| tm zixylzi tbht tih`bizp bhui h alflaya fyajiz me |ihzp me eycc!tlai tih`blfk

ir~izlifì jiemzi tbi| hzi hccm{io tm httia~t hf hooltlmfhc xyhclel`htlmf& [blci tbi| `myco

oi`loi tm ahdi `mftzh`tyhc hzzhfkiaiftp {ltb eh`yctlip me ioy`htlmf mz mtbiz pizulì

~zmuloizp# p`bmmc jmhzop pbmyco yctlahtic| bhui olzi`t muizplkbt me tbi `mftift me hooltlmfhc

xyhclel`htlmf `myzpip& _bi oiplkf me py`b `myzpip pbmyco ji ziuli{io lf thfoia {ltb tbi fi{

`yzzl`ycya emz tbi t{m!|ihz tih`biz ioy`htlmf ~zmkzha lf Mfthzlm& Jmtb pbmyco ji amzi

zlkmzmyp hfo iuloifì!jhpio# hfo em`ypio mf tbmpi hp~i`tp me tbilz {mzd tbht ciho tm

la~zmuio ptyoift myt`maip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!::7 Lf tbi y~`malfk zifi{hc me `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp# p`bmmc jmhzop

pbmyco fikmtlhti tbi ziamuhc me iftltciaiftp hppm`lhtio {ltb zitlziaift kzhtyltlip tm bic~ meepit

tbi `mptp me eytyzi i`mfmal` hogyptaiftp& P`bmmc jmhzop“ ~m{iz lf tbi Ioy`htlmf H`t tm meeiz

zitlziaift kzhtyltlip pbmyco ji ziamuio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!:07 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco {mzd {ltb p`bmmc jmhzop# tih`biz eioizhtlmfp

hfo py~~mzt!pthee yflmfp tm lfuiptlkhti ai`bhflpap lfumculfk pbhzio m{fizpbl~ hfo

hoalflptzhtlmf me jifielt ~zmkzhap lf tbi ioy`htlmf pi`tmz&



98>

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!:?7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco haifo tbi Ioy`htlmf H`t tm klui ~m{iz tm

tbi alflptiz tm mzoiz tbi phci me `cmpio p`bmmcp mz mtbiz yfypio ~zm~iztlip# ip~i`lhcc| {bif

py`b olp~mpltlmfp `myco aiit mtbiz fiiop lf tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!:97 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco fm cmfkiz ~zmuloi tm~!y~ eyfolfk tm

yfoizytlclwio pi`mfohz| p`bmmcp le tbipi p`bmmcp `myco lfptiho h``maamohti pmai mz hcc me

tbi Kzhoi ; hfo 2 ptyoiftp lf tbilz `ht`baift hzih&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!:57 _m altlkhti eyztbiz lf`zihpip# tbi ~zmulfì pbmyco# lf eytyzi

olp`ypplmfp {ltb tbi Mfthzlm _ih`bizp“ Eioizhtlmf# zigi`t eyztbiz ia~cm|iz zhti lf`zihpip tm

tbi _ih`bizp“ îfplmf ^chf ji|mfo tbi `yzzift zhti# hfo lfptiho irhalfi {bl`b jifieltp

`myco ji zioyìo ~zmp~i`tluic| tm ahdi tbi ^chf amzi heemzohjci hfo jif`bahzd hf|

`bhfkip tm tbi ~zmulplmfp `mfthlfio lf mtbiz ~chfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 5!:;7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco {mzd lf h `m!mzolfhtio ehpblmf tm olp`ypp

py~~c| ~chfflfk hfo# lf ~hztl`ychz# tbi muiz~zmoy`tlmf me tih`bizp# {ltb Mfthzlm“p

80 yfluizpltlip meeizlfk tih`biz ioy`htlmf ~zmkzhap& Httia~tp pbmyco ji ahoi tm olzi`t

tih`biz ioy`htlmf p~hìp tm hzihp me kzihtiz fiio# ip~i`lhcc| lf clkbt me tbi ptheelfk `bhfkip

`mftia~chtio j| tbi @maalpplmf jit{iif fm{ hfo :>8;‐82&




988


Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!87 Kzm{ kmuizfaift eyfolfk emz tbi ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf pi`tmz j|

8&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz yftlc :>8;‐82&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:7 [mzd {ltb ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp tm zioyì jhzkhlfio

`ma~ifphtlmf lf`zihpip# {bizi tbi| irlpt# hfo lfptiho hclkf tbia {ltb tzifop lf amzi ziìft

pittciaiftp lf tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz4 h zlkmzmyp ~izemzahfì p|ptia pbmyco hcpm ji

lftzmoyìo tm kyloi `ma~ifphtlmf# {bizi mfi lp fmt hcziho| lf ~chì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!07 Le `h~lthc jyokitp hzi `mfptzhlfio# ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp pbmyco

`mfploiz yplfk hctizfhtlui elfhf`lfk hfo ~zm`yziaift# ip~i`lhcc| emz jylcolfkp tbht om fmt

xyhcle| emz kmuizfaift eyfolfk# py`b hp ziploifìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!?7 J| :>8:‐80# ipthjclpb ayctl!|ihz ahfohti hkziiaiftp {ltb

yfluizpltlip hfo `mccikip tbht ~zmuloi amzi oleeiziftlhtlmf hfo alflalwi oy~cl`htlmf4 tbipi

pbmyco ji la~ciaiftio jiklfflfk lf :>80‐8?&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!97 Lfptltyti h ~zmìpp emz ipthjclpblfk ahfohti hkziiaiftp yplfk h

ziuli{ j| iltbiz h jcyi!zljjmf ~hfic mz tbi Blkbiz Ioy`htlmf Xyhclt| @myf`lc me Mfthzlm tm

ifpyzi tbi blkbipt!xyhclt| ~zmkzhap hzi eyfoio tm kzm{ hfo ir~hfo& _blp pbmyco ji

`ma~citio lf tbi :>8:‐80 elp`hc |ihz hfo aypt ji tzhfp~hzift emz tbi lfptltytlmfp hfo

tbi ~yjcl`&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!57 Ipthjclpb hfo la~ciaift h zhtlmfhc hfo ptzhtikl` olulplmf me zmcip

jit{iif tbi `mcciki hfo yfluizplt| p|ptiap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!;7 @zihti h `ma~zibifplui# ifemzìhjci `ziolt zi`mkfltlmf p|ptia

jit{iif hfo hamfk yfluizpltlip hfo `mccikip& _blp lp hf hjpmcytic| ippiftlhc eihtyzi

me oleeiziftlhtlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!27 ^mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp fiio tm oiumti amzi zipmyzìp tm

ir~izliftlhc cihzflfk py`b hp lftizfpbl~p4 hccm{ emz amzi lfoi~ifoift mz pice!hpplkfio ptyo|4

oiuicm~ ~zmjcia!jhpio cihzflfk amoycip4 hfo lf`zihpi ptyo| hjzmho hfo lftizfhtlmfhc

ir~izlifìp& Ahf| lfptltytlmfp hcziho| lf`mz~mzhti tbipi eihtyzip lftm tbilz ~zmkzhap# eyfolfk

tbia ezma {ltblf irlptlfk ~mztemclmp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!<7 If`myzhki yfluizpltlip tbht om fmt ~zipiftc| bhui ecirljci ~zmulplmfp

zikhzolfk tih`blfk hfo zipihz`b {mzdcmhop lf tbilz `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp {ltb eh`yct| tm

`mfploiz py`b ~zmulplmfp lf eytyzi jhzkhlflfk& [blci ih`b yfluizplt| aypt `mfoy`t tih`blfk

hfo zipihz`b# tm~!~izemzalfk tih`bizp hfo zipihz`bizp pbmyco ji zi`mkflwio {ltb tbi

h~~zm~zlhti {mzdcmhop hfo zi{hzop&



98:

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!8>7 Bhui ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp zioiplkf lfìftlui p|ptiap tm

zi{hzo irìccift tih`bizp# hp lp `yzziftc| omfi emz zipihz`bizp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!887 Clfd eyztbiz ~zmulf`lhc eyfolfk hccm`htlmfp tm xyhclt| mjgi`tluip# {bl`b

{lcc if`myzhki ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp tm ji amzi zip~mfplui& Lf hooltlmf# tbi ~zmulfì

pbmyco hctiz tbi eyfolfk amoic tm hcpm zi{hzo oikziip h{hzoio# zhtbiz tbhf gypt

ifzmcaift ciuicp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!8:7 Kmuizfaift hfo ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp aypt aihpyzi cihzflfk

myt`maip4 tbht lp# tbi uhcyi hooio tbzmykb ioy`htlmf# fmt gypt {bitbiz h ~izpmf kzhoyhtip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!807 Ifbhfì ~izemzahfì aihpyzip lf ayctl!|ihz h``myfthjlclt|

hkziiaiftp {ltb ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp tbzmykb tbi ypi me tih`biz ~izemzahfì p`mzip

hfo ptyoift phtlpeh`tlmf zhtlfkp {bizi tbi ~zlahz| zihpmfp emz olpphtlpeh`tlmf hzi hoixyhtic|

`h~tyzio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!8?7 [mzd {ltb ~zluhti `hziiz `mccikip tm `mcci`t hfo ~yjclpb tbi phai

~izemzahfì lfol`htmzp hp ~yjcl` `mccikip hfo yfluizpltlip& ^zluhti `hziiz `mccikip pbmyco jihz

tbi `mpt me py`b zi~mztlfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!897 Hp h ~hzt me tbi ahfohti hkziiaiftp {ltb ~mpt!pi`mfohz|

lfptltytlmfp# tli myt`mai xyhclt| lfol`htmzp tm eyfolfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!857 Iuhcyhti tbi zipihz`b eyfolfk p|ptia me ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp

hfo zipihz`b bmp~lthcp hp h {bmci# lf`cyolfk bm{ lt lp heei`tlfk yfluizplt| hfo bmp~lthc

jyokitlfk ~zh`tlìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!8;7 H{hzo ~zmulf`lhc zipihz`b eyfolfk amzi ptzhtikl`hcc| hfo ahfhki lt

amzi ieel`liftc|& @mfpmclohtlfk hfo meeizlfk h plfkci!{lfom{ h~~zmh`b emz h`ìpp hfo zi~mztlfk

tbzmykb hf mfclfi ~mzthc {lcc kzihtc| la~zmui ieel`lif`| hfo zioyì ~h~iz{mzd# jmtb emz

kmuizfaift hfo emz ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!827 Ahlfthlf tbi irlptlfk tyltlmf ezhai{mzd# {bl`b hccm{p hffyhc tyltlmf

lf`zihpip me elui ~iz ìft& Bm{iuiz# pla~cle| tbi oiplkf tm ahlfthlf tbi muizhcc ìlclfk jyt hccm{

lfptltytlmfp kzihtiz ecirljlclt| tm hogypt tyltlmf eiip ht tbi ~zmkzha ciuic# {ltblf tbi ìlclfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!8<7 Ahlfthlf tbi Mfthzlm Ptyoift H`ìpp Kyhzhftii# {bl`b zi~zipiftp

8> ~iz ìft me hooltlmfhc tyltlmf ziuifyi tbht lfptltytlmfp hzi zixylzio tm pit hploi tm eyfo

jyzphzlip hfo mtbiz ptyoift hpplpthfì ~zmkzhap&




980

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:>7 Zipbh~i ptyoift elfhf`lhc hpplpthfì ~zmuloio j| jmtb tbi eioizhc

hfo ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp# lf`cyolfk tbi fi{c| hffmyfìo 0>) Mee Mfthzlm _yltlmf kzhft# tm

thzkit amzi me tbi hpplpthfì tm cm{!lf`mai ptyoiftp {bmpi h`ìpp lp ampt cldic| tm ji

`ma~zmalpio j| elfhf`lhc mjpth`cip hfo jzmhoif tbi h~~zmh`b tm la~zmulfk h`ìpp tm

~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:87 Ir~cmzi ~bhplfk myt ~zmulf`lhc tyltlmf hfo ioy`htlmf thr `zioltp tm

lfuipt lf y~ezmft kzhftp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!::7 Ptzihaclfi ptyoift elfhf`lhc hpplpthfì j| oi`my~clfk cmhfp hfo

kzhftp& Iclkljlclt| emz kzhftp pbmyco fmt ji `mftlfkift mf cmhf h~~cl`htlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:07 Bhzamflwi tbi uhzlit| me p`bmchzpbl~p# kzhftp hfo mtbiz hpplpthfì

~zmkzhap tbht tbi kmuizfaift meeizp# lftm hcziho|!irlptlfk ~zmkzhap me h plalchz fhtyzi# h`zmpp


Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:?7 Cm{iz tbi `yzzift :9 ~iz ìft Mfthzlm Ptyoift Hpplpthfì ^zmkzha

oiehyct!zhti tbzipbmco emz tzlkkizlfk `mpt!pbhzlfk tm :> ~iz ìft emz hcc ~mpt!pi`mfohz|

lfptltytlmfp lf Mfthzlm hfo {mzd {ltb lfptltytlmfp tm{hzop tbi mjgi`tlui me pittlfk h ptlcc!cm{iz

tbzipbmco lf eytyzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:97 Irtifo tbi ziuli{ ~izlmo emz Mfthzlm Ptyoift Hpplpthfì ^zmkzha

oiehyct zhtip# {bl`b hzi fm{ aihpyzio zmykbc| t{m |ihzp hetiz jmzzm{izp pthzt zi~h|lfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:57 Bhui tbi ~mpt!pi`mfohz| pi`tmz ciuizhki ltp irlptlfk `mcci`tlui

~yz`bhplfk `h~h`lt| tbzmykb tbi Mfthzlm Ioy`htlmf @mcchjmzhtlui Ahzdit~chì hfo ziklmfhcjy|lfk kzmy~p&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:;7 Ipthjclpb h plfkci ~ifplmf eyfo hoalflptzhtmz emz hcc yfluizplt| hfo

`mcciki ~ifplmfp# {blci zi`mkflwlfk oleeizifìp lf ~ifplmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:27 Jiemzi fi{ `h~lthc p~hìp hzi h~~zmuio# zixylzi yfluizpltlip hfo

`mccikip tm oiamfptzhti lf`zihpio ypi me p~hì hfo `mfploiz |ihz!zmyfo m~tlalwhtlmf me

irlptlfk p~hìp& ^zlmzlt| pbmyco ji kluif tm tbi oieizzio ahlftifhfì lf tbi `yzzift `h~lthc

ptm`d jiemzi fi{ `h~lthc ~zmgi`tp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!:<7 @ma~ic ~mpt!pi`mfohz| lfptltytlmfp tm irhalfi {bitbiz tbi| `hf

`ma~zipp pmai emyz!|ihz oikziip lftm tbzii |ihzp j| `mftlfylfk tbzmykbmyt tbi pyaaiz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf ;!0>7 @ihpi eyfolfk emz lftizfhtlmfhc ahzditlfk me Mfthzlm“p yfluizpltlip

hfo lftikzhti lt lftm irlptlfk tzhoi alpplmf h`tlultlip& Yfluizpltlip# `mccikip hfo tbi eioizhc

kmuizfaift hcziho| lfuipt lf tbipi h`tlultlip&



98?


Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!87 Bmco kzm{tb lf pm`lhc ~zmkzhap p~ifolfk tm >&9 ~iz ìft ~iz |ihz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!:7 Amui hkkzippluic| tm{hzop h eycc| lftikzhtio jifieltp p|ptia tbht

pla~clelip `clift h`ìpp# la~zmuip `clift myt`maip hfo la~zmuip elp`hc pypthlfhjlclt| tbzmykb

kzihtiz ~zmkzha ieei`tluifipp hfo zioyìo hoalflptzhtlui `mptp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!07 H eycc| lftikzhtio jifieltp p|ptia pbmyco piid ieel`lif`lip j|# ht h

alflaya# ìftzhclwlfk lf`mai tiptlfk hfo ~h|aift oicluiz|4 hytmahtlfk tbi ~zmìpplfk me

h~~cl`htlmfp# iclkljlclt| hfo ~h|aiftp4 hytmahtlfk lf`mai uizlel`htlmf4 `mfpmclohtlfk ~zmkzha

oicluiz|4 hfo pthfohzolwlfk iclkljlclt| `zltizlh&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!?7 @mcci`t tbi lfemzahtlmf fiìpphz| tm oicluiz hfo iuhcyhti h eycc|

lftikzhtio jifieltp p|ptia& Lf omlfk pm# `mftlfyi tm zip~i`t hfo ~zmti`t ~izpmfhc lfemzahtlmf

hfo ~zluh`|&




hfo tbi Mfthzlm Olphjlclt| Py~~mzt ^zmkzha# hfo bhulfk tbi `majlfio ~zmkzha oicluizio ht

tbi cm`hc ciuic& Lt pbmyco hcpm hoozipp tbi eyztbiz lftikzhtlmf me ia~cm|aift pizulìp huhlchjci


Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!57 Yfoizthdi h tbmzmykb lfltlhc hppippaift me fi{ iftzhftp lftm pm`lhc

hpplpthfì tm loiftle| tbi oikzii me lftizuiftlmf zixylzio tm bic~ tbia zityzf tm tbi chjmyz

ahzdit& _zlhki fi{ iftzhftp tm h~~zm~zlhti py~~mztp h``mzolfk tm tblp hppippaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!;7 Ptzihaclfi hfo lftikzhti mtbiz ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp {ltb

Ia~cm|aift Mfthzlm# lf`cyolfk tbi jycd me tbi ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulì `ma~mfift

me pm`lhc hpplpthfì# lf h `hzieycc| pixyifìo ahffiz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!27 ^zi~hzi hfo py~~mzt ~im~ci {ltb olphjlcltlip {bm hzi iftizlfk tbi

{mzd~chì& [mzd {ltb ia~cm|izp hfo eiccm{ ia~cm|iip tm ~zm~izc| yfoizpthfo hfo

h``maamohti tbi p~i`lel` fiiop me tbi lfoluloyhc lf tbi {mzd~chì&




989

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!<7 Houm`hti emz eioizhc ziemzap lf t{m di| hzihp7

[mzd {ltb mtbiz ~zmulfìp hfo tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ipthjclpb h fhtlmfhc lf`mai!

py~~mzt ~zmkzha emz ~im~ci {ltb olphjlcltlip {bm hzi yfcldic| tm zi!iftiz tbi {mzdemzì&

La~ciaift tbi elfhc zi`maaifohtlmfp me tbi Am{ht @iftzi Ia~cm|aift Lfpyzhfì

_hpd Emzì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!8>7 Le kzm{tb lf ir~ifoltyzip emz pm`lhc ~zmkzhap lp `mfthlfio jicm{

tbi >&9 ~iz ìft hffyhc kzm{tb zhti# zilfuipt phulfkp lftm pm`lhc hpplpthfì# {ltb ~zlmzlt|

kluif tm7

Lf`zihplfk hppit claltp emz pm`lhc hpplpthfì xyhclel`htlmf4

_|lfk p~i`lel` jifieltp "jiklfflfk {ltb tbi Mfthzlm Ozyk Jifielt ~zmkzha, tm lf`mai ciuicp

zhtbiz tbhf tm pm`lhc hpplpthfì pthtyp tm bic~ tihz om{f tbi –{icehzi {hcc‑4 hfo

Le eyfop ziahlf# zhlplfk jhpl` fiiop hfo pbictiz hamyftp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!887 @mftlfyi la~ciaiftlfk ziemzap tm `blco {icehzi ~zm~mpio j| tbi

@maalpplmf tm ^zmamti Pypthlfhjci @blco [icehzi& _blp aypt lf`cyoi jylcolfk mf ziemzap tm

@blcozif“p Hlo Pm`litlip# la~ciaiftlfk hf myt`mai!jhpio h``myfthjlclt| ptzy`tyzi hfo

ptzifktbiflfk clfdp jit{iif tbi `blco {icehzi pi`tmz hfo pizulìp lf mtbiz pi`tmzp# py`b hp

ioy`htlmf# ~mpt!pi`mfohz| ioy`htlmf# hfo ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!8:7 Lf clkbt me tbi @maalpplmf“p zi`maaifohtlmf tm zilfuipt phulfkp

h`bliuio j| bmcolfk tbi lf`zihpi me pm`lhc ~zmkzha p~ifolfk jicm{ tbi zi`maaifoio

>&9 ~iz ìft hffyhc kzm{tb zhti lftm p~i`lel` pm`lhc hpplpthfì ziemzap# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco

zithlf tbi `yzzift ahrlaya ciuic me tbi Mfthzlm @blco Jifielt&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!807 Zi`mfelkyzi `blco hfo |mytb aifthc bihctb pizulìp tm `mfpmclohti

hkif`lip hfo la~zmui pizulì oicluiz| hfo lftikzhtlmf jmtb {ltblf tbi pi`tmz ltpice hfo {ltb

mtbiz pi`tmzp py`b hp `blcozif“p pizulìp# bihctb# ioy`htlmf hfo |mytb gyptlì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!8?7 Lftikzhti `blcozif“p pizulìp tm ifbhfì ihzc| loiftlel`htlmf

hfo lftizuiftlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!897 Amui tm{hzop `mfpmclohtlfk oiuicm~aifthc pizulìp eyfolfk emz

`maayflt|!jhpio py~~mzt ~zmkzhap lftm h plfkci olzi`t eyfolfk ~zmkzha&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!857 Zioyì irìpp `h~h`lt| lf tbi |mytb gyptlì p|ptia tbzmykb

ptzhtikl` `cmpyzip me eh`lcltlip&



985

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!8;7 Ziemza eyfolfk ~zh`tlìp lf tbi fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz tm lf`zihpi ecirljlclt|

hfo zioyì hoalflptzhtlui `mptp j| em`yplfk mf aihpyzlfk myt`maip zhtbiz tbhf lf~ytp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!827 ^zmuloi h plfkci ~mlft me h`ìpp {ltblf kmuizfaift emz tbi fmf!~zmelt

pi`tmz tm la~zmui hfo jzmhoif zichtlmfpbl~p h`zmpp alflptzlip tbht iftiz lftm `mftzh`tp {ltb tbi

fmf!~zmelt pi`tmz# yplfk h amoic py`b hp tbi M~if emz Jyplfipp lfltlhtlui&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 2!8<7 Yfoizthdi ~lcmt ~zmgi`tp yplfk pm`lhc la~h`t jmfop h`zmpp h zhfki me

h~~cl`htlmfp&




98;


Zi`maaifohtlmf <!87 Em`yp tbi ieemztp me Ia~cm|aift Mfthzlm mf `cliftp {bm fiio `ma~cir

lftizuiftlmfp& Ptzihaclfi `cliftp zixylzlfk amoipt lftizuiftlmf tm cm{!`mpt# pice!pizui

zipmyzìp hp ieel`liftc| hp ~mppljci&

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!:7 Ptzihaclfi hfo lftikzhti mtbiz ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp {ltb

Ia~cm|aift Mfthzlm# lf`cyolfk tbi jycd me tbi ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulì `ma~mfift me

pm`lhc hpplpthfì hfo lftikzhtlmf hfo pittciaift pizulìp emz fi{`maizp# lf h `hzieycc|

pixyifìo ahffiz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!07 Houm`hti emz h `ma~zibifplui tzhlflfk hkziiaift tm zi~chì tbi

~ht`b{mzd me eioizhc!~zmulf`lhc ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk eyfolfk hkziiaiftp `yzziftc| lf

~chì# ahf| me {bl`b hzi hjmyt tm ir~lzi# {ltb h plfkci hzzhfkiaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!?7 _li ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk ~zmkzhap amzi ir~cl`ltc| tm aihpyzio

myt`maip& Ohth `mcci`tlmf aypt lf tyzf ji la~zmuio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!97 Houm`hti emz tbi `mcci`tlmf me pyj!~zmulf`lhc ohth lf hcc eytyzi eioizhc

pyzui|p mf chjmyz uh`hf`lip& Ciuizhki chjmyz uh`hf`| ohth tm lfemza ia~cm|aift hfo

tzhlflfk ~zmkzha oiplkf hfo oicluiz|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!57 _zhfpeiz zip~mfpljlclt| emz [mzdemzì ^chfflfk Jmhzop tm tbi Alflptz|

me _zhlflfk# @mccikip hfo Yfluizpltlip“ ziklmfhc meelìp tm oiuicm~ ptzmfkiz cm`hc clfdhkip hfo

jzmhoif `maayflt| hfo ziklmfhc ~chfflfk emz i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!;7 Olzi`t [mzdemzì ^chfflfk Jmhzop tm if`myzhki ia~cm|izp tm

lf`zihpi lfuiptaiftp lf {mzd~chì!jhpio tzhlflfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!27 Oiuicm~ h chjmyz!ahzdit ~mcl`| ezhai{mzd tm clfd ~chfflfk emz

ia~cm|aift hfo tzhlflfk pizulìp amzi ptzmfkc| tm i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift lfltlhtluip cio

j| alflptzlip py`b hp I`mfmal` Oiuicm~aift hfo Lffmuhtlmf4 Hkzl`yctyzi# Emmo hfo Zyzhc

Heehlzp4 hfo Fmztbizf Oiuicm~aift hfo Alfip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf <!<7 Pblet tbi zip~mfpljlclt| emz hcc h~~ziftlìpbl~ hoalflptzhtlmf tm mtbiz

h`tmzp lf tbi pi`tmz& Eyf`tlmfp zichtio tm tbi hoalflptzhtlmf me h~~ziftlìpbl~ `chppzmmatzhlflfk pbmyco ji kluif tm `mccikip hfo yflmf tzhlflfk ìftzip& Hcc mtbiz hoalflptzhtlui

zip~mfpljlcltlip emz h~~ziftlìpbl~p pbmyco ji tzhfpeizzio tm tbi @mcciki me _zhoip muiz tlai&



982


Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!87 Oiuicm~ h ~mpltlmf mf laalkzhtlmf ~mcl`lip tbht lp lf tbi ~zmulfì“p

jipt i`mfmal` hfo pm`lhc lftiziptp& ^zipift tblp ~mpltlmf tm tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift {ltb tbi

ir~i`thtlmf tbht# hp tbi chzkipt zi`l~lift me laalkzhftp lf @hfhoh# Mfthzlm“p lftizipt {lcc ji

kluif `mfploizhjci {ilkbt lf eioizhc ~mcl`| oiuicm~aift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!:7 @hthc|wi fhtlmfhc olp`ypplmfp mf laalkzhtlmf ~mcl`| hp tbi

py`ìppeyc lftikzhtlmf me laalkzhftp lp `zltl`hc emz @hfhoh“p hfo Mfthzlm“p i`mfmal` eytyzip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!07 Houm`hti tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift emz h kzihtiz ~zmulf`lhc zmci lf

laalkzhft pici`tlmf tm ifpyzi tbht tbi ciuic hfo alr me laalkzhftp `malfk tm Mfthzlm lp

m~tlalwio tm py~~mzt i`mfmal` ~zmp~izlt| hfo la~zmui myt`maip emz laalkzhftp& Jhzzlfk

py`ìpp# houm`hti emz hf ir~hfoio ^zmulf`lhc Fmalfii ^zmkzha&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!?7 ^zipp tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ji amzi tzhfp~hzift lf ltp zieykii

~mcl`lip hfo ~zh`tlìp hfo tm `ma~ifphti Mfthzlm emz tbi `mptp me ~zmulolfk hooltlmfhc pm`lhc

py~~mztp tm zieykiip hfo zieykii `chlahftp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!97 Houm`hti emz tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm yfoizthdi h ~lcmt ~zmkzha

ixyluhcift tm Hyptzhclh“p ~zi!h~~cl`htlmf pdlccp hppippaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!57 Ptzihaclfi hfo lftikzhti ~zmulf`lhcc| oicluizio lftikzhtlmf hfo

pittciaift pizulìp emz ziìft laalkzhftp {ltb Ia~cm|aift Mfthzlm&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8>!;7 Houm`hti emz oiumculfk eioizhc laalkzhft pittciaift hfo tzhlflfk~zmkzhap tm tbi ~zmulfì {ltb hf h~~zm~zlhti eyfolfk ai`bhflpa# plalchz tm tbmpi ipthjclpbio

lf Jzltlpb @mcyajlh hfo Ahfltmjh&




98<


Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!87 Kmuizfaift fiiop tm ~yjclpb hf –i`mfmal` ulplmf‑ emz Mfthzlm&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!:7 Ir~hfo kmuizfaift ziuli{p me olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap

hfo thr ir~ifoltyzip tm lf`cyoi py~~mztp py`b hp jyplfipp pizulìp# ~zm`yziaift# hfo ~yjcl`c|

eyfoio zipihz`b hfo oiuicm~aift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!07 Ziem`yp tbi ahfohti me jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap ezma gmj

`zihtlmf tm ~zmoy`tlult| kzm{tb lf tbi ~zluhti pi`tmz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!?7 Pthztlfk lf :>8:‐80# ahdi alflptzlip zip~mfpljci hfo h``myfthjci

emz thr ir~ifoltyzip tbht hclkf {ltb tbilz zip~i`tlui ~zmkzha hzihp& Alflptzlip pbmyco lfltlhcc|

ji ~zmuloio {ltb tbi aihfp tm eyfo tbi thr ir~ifoltyzip "l&i&# h fit wizm la~h`t emz tbi

alflptzlip,# jyt hetiz tbht tbi| {lcc bhui tm ahfhki tbi ~mmcio ifuicm~i me thr ir~ifoltyzip

hfo olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap tm aiit jyokithz| thzkitp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!97 Lftzmoyì h fi{ eyfolfk amoic tbht if`myzhkip ieel`lif`| hfo

bhzamflwip ieemztp h`zmpp alflptzlip& [i ~zm~mpi tbht amfi| emz jmtb olzi`t hfo lfolzi`t

jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap# lf`cyolfk zieyfohjci thr `zioltp# pbmyco ji ~mmcio lftm h plfkci

eyfolfk ifuicm~i&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!57 Pyfpit hcc `yzzift olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap lf :>8:‐80&

Hetiz h``myftlfk emz cikhc `maaltaiftp hfo cikh`| ~zmgi`tp# hp {icc hp tbi :>8;‐82 oiel`lt

zioy`tlmf thzkit# ~mmc tbi ziahlflfk eyfop hfo thr ir~ifoltyzip lftm h plfkci ifuicm~i ypio

tm eyfo jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap pyjalttio j| alflptzlip& _bipi ~zmkzhap aypt hclkf {ltb

tbi ~zmoy`tlult| em`yp me tbi kmuizfaift i`mfmal` oiuicm~aift ~mcl`| hfo aiit zlkmzmyp

oiplkf `zltizlh&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!;7 Emccm{ tbi ^yjcl` Pi`tmz H``myftlfk Jmhzo "^PHJ, zi`maaifohtlmf

tm zi~mzt tzhfpeizp tbzmykb tbi thr p|ptia hp ir~ifpip# hfo hom~t tbi ^PHJ pthfohzo emz thr

ziuifyi jiklfflfk {ltb tbi :>8: Mfthzlm Jyokit & Lf :>88# Mfthzlm ~zmuloio zieyfohjci

jyplfipp thr `zioltp "thr `zioltp tbht hzi –zieyfoio‑ mz ~hlo myt# iuif le fm thr lp ~h|hjci,

tmthcclfk /;:0 alcclmf tm tbzii ahlf hzihp7 aiolh lfoyptzlip# zipihz`b hfo oiuicm~aift# hfo

h~~ziftlìpbl~ hfo `m!m~ ptyoift tzhlflfk& Ahf| me tbipi thr `zioltp muizch~ {ltb tbi

mjgi`tluip me olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap# hfo hcc pbmyco ji pyjgi`tio tm tbi phai

oikzii me p`zytlf| hp ~zmkzha p~ifolfk& Eyztbiz khlfp `myco ji h`bliuio j| ahdlfk tbi thr

p|ptia amzi fiytzhc# ziamulfk p~i`lhc ~zieizifìp tbht ehumyz pmai jyplfipp h`tlultlip muiz

mtbizp# hfo jittiz hclkflfk zieyfohjci `mz~mzhti lf`mai thr `zioltp {ltb olzi`t jyplfipp

py~~mzt ~zmkzhap&



9:>

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!27 Lftzmoyì ciklpchtlmf tm pyfpit hcc `yzzift zieyfohjci `mz~mzhti

lf`mai thr "@L_, `zioltp lf :>8:‐80 hp ~hzt me tbi kmuizfaift“p thr ir~ifoltyzi ziuli{&

Hoo zieyfohjci @L_ `zioltp tbht oiamfptzhti ieei`tluifipp hfo hoalflptzhtlui ieel`lif`| lftm

tbi plfkci ifuicm~i ypio tm eyfo jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap# hfo lf`cyoi ziuifyi emzkmfi

ezma tbmpi thr `zioltp lf tbi eyfolfk hccm`htlmf me hf h~~zm~zlhti alflptz|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!<7 Ziptzl`t tbi Mfthzlm pahcc jyplfipp oioy`tlmf "PJO, emz chzki

@hfholhf!`mftzmccio ~zluhti `mz~mzhtlmfp j| ~hzhcciclfk tbi eioizhc jyplfipp clalt zioy`tlmf#

hfo lf`cyoi tbi Mfthzlm PJO lf tbi ziuli{ me thr ir~ifoltyzip emz ieei`tluifipp hfo

hoalflptzhtlui ieel`lif`|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!8>7 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ifpyzi tbht thr ir~ifoltyzip

mytploi me Mfthzlm“p `mftzmc ahrlalwi uhcyi emz amfi| hfo olzi`tc| py~~mzt i`mfmal` kzm{tb

lf Mfthzlm&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!887 Ziuli{ hfo zhtlmfhclwi tbi `yzzift ~zmulf`lhc elfhf`lhc py~~mzt

~zmuloio tm tbi bmzpi zh`lfk lfoyptz| pm tbht tbi lfoyptz| lp amzi h~~zm~zlhtic| pypthlfio j|

tbi {hkizlfk ziuifyip lt kifizhtip zhtbiz tbhf tbzmykb pyjplolip mz tbilz ~zieiziftlhc

tzihtaiftp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!8:7 Iclalfhti tbi Mfthzlm zipmyzì thr `ziolt hfo ziuli{ tbi alflfk thr

p|ptia tm ifpyzi tbht tbi ~zmulfì lp py~~mztlfk tbi ir~cmzhtlmf hfo ~zmoy`tlmf me alfizhcp lf

Mfthzlm {blci ziìlulfk h ehlz zityzf mf ltp fhtyzhc zipmyzìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!807 Ipthjclpb h amzi ypiz!ezlifoc|# –mfi!{lfom{‑ ~mzthc {bizi `cliftp

`hf bhui pihacipp h`ìpp tm lfemzahtlmf hjmyt hcc jyplfipp py~~mzt hfo mtbiz i`mfmal`

oiuicm~aift ~zmkzhap ~zmuloio j| hcc alflptzlip# hfo ji hjci tm ahdi mfclfi tzhfph`tlmfp

py`b hp h~~cl`htlmfp# h~~zmuhcp# hfo elfhf`lhc hfo mtbiz t|~ip me zi~mztp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!8?7 Ipthjclpb plfkci# pbhzio –jh`d!meelì‑ py~~mzt emz hcc alflptzlip lf

tbi oicluiz| me tbilz jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap# lf`cyolfk `mftzh`t hoalflptzhtlmf# ~h|aift

~zmìpplfk# ir~ifoltyzi tzh`dlfk# `clift `mfth`tp# ~zmgi`t alciptmfip hfo myt`maip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!897 Ipthjclpb h emyz!|ihz pyfpit zyci emz hcc eytyzi jyplfipp py~~mzt

~zmkzhap& Irtifo mfc| ~zmkzhap tbht bhui oiamfptzhtio tbilz aizlt tbzmykb h ahfohtmz|#

`ma~zibifplui iuhcyhtlmf lf tbi tblzo |ihz me m~izhtlmf ‟ hfo ifo hcc mtbizp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 88!857 ^yjclpb hf hffyhc clpt me olzi`t jyplfipp py~~mzt ~zmkzhap# thr

ir~ifoltyzip hfo zichtio hffyhc p~ifolfk& Lf hooltlmf# h clpt me `ma~hflip ziìlulfk olzi`t

elfhf`lhc py~~mzt ezma tbi kmuizfaift# lf`cyolfk tmthc hamyft ziìluio# pbmyco ji ~yjclpbio&




9:8






Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!07 [bizi kh~p lf lfemzahtlmf hfo iuloifì irlpt# ziuli{ tbi zmcip hfo

m~izhtlmfp me ~yjcl` hfo ~zluhti ahpp tzhfplt pizulì ~zmuloizp lf tbi Kzihtiz _mzmftm hfo

Bhalctmf Hzih hfo pizulìp ~zmuloio j| Mfthzlm Fmztbchfo _zhfp~mzthtlmf @maalpplmf lf tbi

fmztb tm elfo ieel`lif`lip lf tbmpi ziklmfp“ tzhfp~mzthtlmf fit{mzdp& H`t mf tbht iuloifì tm

la~zmui tbi ieel`lif`| me tbmpi pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!?7 Emccm{lfk tbi ~ziìoift pit j| tbi _mzmftm _zhfplt @maalpplmf#

jiklf `bhzklfk emz ~hzdlfk ht KM _zhfplt ~hzdlfk cmtp&



Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!57 Ifkhki `ltlwifp lf hf m~if# ~yjcl` olhcmkyi mf bm{ jipt tm `zihti

fi{ ziuifyi pmyzìp emz eytyzi tzhfp~mzthtlmf `h~lthc fiiop&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!;7 Pyjgi`t alflptzlip tm ahzdit ~zlìp emz tbi ypi me kmuizfaift

zihc ipthti&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!27 @mfpmclohti tbi zihc ipthti hfo h``maamohtlmf eyf`tlmf fm{ ziptlfk

lf clfi alflptzlip hfo cm`hti lt ìftzhcc| ht tbi Alflptz| me Lfezhptzy`tyzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!<7 Oiuicm~ h ptzhtikl` ~chf emz tbi ~zmulfì“p zihc ipthti ~mztemclm tbht

hom~tp ahzdit ~zlf`l~cip emz tbi h`xylpltlmf# olp~mpltlmf# ypi hfo lfuiptaift lf zihc ipthti&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!8>7 Iclalfhti tbi Mfthzlm @cihf Ifizk| Jifielt hp xyl`dc| hp ~mppljci&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!887 Ziuli{ hcc mtbiz ifizk| pyjplo| ~zmkzhap hkhlfpt aihpyzip me

uhcyi emz amfi| hfo h`bliuiaift me p~i`lel` ~mcl`| kmhcp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!8:7 ^zmoyì hf Lftikzhtio ^m{iz P|ptia ^chf jylct mf tbi emyfohtlmf

me tbi ~zmulfì“p Cmfk!_iza Ifizk| ^chf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!807 @mfpmclohti Mfthzlm“p 2> cm`hc olptzljytlmf `ma~hflip hcmfk




9::

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!8?7 Hp ~hzt me tbi ziuli{ me tbi eiio!lf thzlee "EL_, ~zmkzha# thdi pti~p

tm altlkhti ltp la~h`t mf ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp j|7

Cm{izlfk tbi lfltlhc ~zlìp meeizio lf tbi EL_ `mftzh`t hfo lftzmoy`lfk oikzipplmf zhtip

tbht zioyì tbi thzlee muiz tlai tm if`myzhki lffmuhtlmf hfo olp`myzhki hf| ziclhfì mf

~yjcl` pyjplolip4 hfo

Ahdlfk jittiz ypi me –mee!zha~p‑ jylct lftm irlptlfk `mftzh`tp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!897 ^zm`yzi chzkiz kifizhtlmf eh`lcltlip tbzmykb h zixyipt emz

~zm~mphc ~zmìpp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!857 Ziuli{ tbi zmcip me uhzlmyp ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz hkif`lip tm loiftle|

hzihp emz i`mfmalip lf hoalflptzhtlmf& _blp `myco lf`cyoi lfuiptlkhtlfk tbi ~mtiftlhc tm

`m!mzolfhti jh`d!meelì eyf`tlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!8;7 Ahdi {bmciphci ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp lf`cyplui me tzhfpalpplmf `mptp

py`b hp `h~h`lt| clalthtlmfp hfo `mfkiptlmf hp ~hzt me h `ma~zibifplui ziptzy`tyzlfk me tbi

{bmciphci ici`tzl`lt| ahzdit&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!827 Ahdi zikychtio ~zlìp amzi zieci`tlui me {bmciphci ~zlìp j|

lf`zihplfk tbi mf!~ihd tm mee!~ihd ~zlì zhtlm me tlai!me!ypi ~zl`lfk hfo j| ahdlfk `zltl`hc ~ihd

~zl`lfk huhlchjci mf hf m~t!lf jhplp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!8<7 @m!mzolfhti h `ma~zibifplui# ~zmh`tlui ici`tzl`lt| ioy`htlmf

ptzhtik| h`zmpp pi`tmz ~hztl`l~hftp tbht ht h alflaya `muizp7

Mfthzlm“p ici`tzl`lt| zipmyzìp lf`cyolfk fy`cihz# b|ozmici`tzl`# tbizahc hfo zifi{hjci

kifizhtlmf4

_bi zmci hfo uhcyi me ici`tzl`lt| la~mzt hfo ir~mzt ahzditp4

Zmcip hfo zip~mfpljlcltlip me tbi uhzlmyp iftltlip m~izhtlfk lf tbi ici`tzl`lt| pi`tmz4

_bi iumculfk zmci me tbi ici`tzl`lt| zhti~h|iz lf tbi pahzt kzlo ~hzholka4 hfo

Ici`tzl`lt| ~zlìp ‟ {bht ozluip tbia# bm{ tbi| hzi `maayfl`htio hfo bm{ tbi| hzi jipt

zip~mfoio tm&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8:!:>7 Ptzhtikl`hcc| ~zmamti Mfthzlm“p ptzifktbp lf tbi ifizk| pi`tmz#`h~lthclwlfk mf ir~mzt m~~mztyfltlip emz omaiptl` kmmop hfo pizulìp&




9:0


Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!87 Amui tm{hzop eycc `mpt zi`muiz| hfo ypiz!~h| amoicp emz

ifulzmfaifthc ~zmkzhap hfo pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!:7 Zhtlmfhclwi zmcip hfo zip~mfpljlcltlip emz ifulzmfaifthc ~zmti`tlmfp

tbht hzi `yzziftc| pbhzio h`zmpp ciuicp me kmuizfaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!07 Ia~cm| h zlpd!jhpio h~~zmh`b emz ifulzmfaifthc h~~zmuhcp tbht

em`ypip mf la~zmulfk myt`maip hfo ~ziuiftlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!?7 Ziuli{ m~~mztyfltlip tm eyztbiz ptzihaclfi tbi ifulzmfaifthc

hppippaift ~zmìpp# py`b hp `m!mzolfhtlfk eyztbiz {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift“p ~zmìpp mz

lftikzhtlfk lt {ltb ìzthlf h~~zmuhcp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!97 ^chì kzihtiz ia~bhplp mf ~ziuiftlmf hfo tbi ~mccytiz!~h| ~zlf`l~ciemz `mfthalfhtio pltip yplfk h~~zm~zlhti elfhf`lhc tmmcp# py`b hp elfhf`lhc hppyzhfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!57 Ziuli{ tbi ieei`tluifipp me tbi `yzzift kmuizfhfì ptzy`tyzi

me tbi Mfthzlm @cihf [htiz Hkif`| tm iuhcyhti tbi aizltp me ziptzy`tyzlfk lt hp h emz!~zmelt#

{bmcc| m{fio kmuizfaift iftlt|&



Zi`maaifohtlmf 80!27Ifpyzi tbht tbi kmuizfaift“p h~~zmh`b tm tbi Zlfk me Elzi

ahrlalwip m~~mztyfltlip emz Hjmzlklfhc îm~cip hfo hcc Mfthzlhfp&



9:?


Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!87 La~zmui iuloifì!jhpio ohth `mcci`tlmf lf tbi gyptlì pi`tmz tm

h`bliui jittiz myt`maip lf pi`tmz ~zmkzhap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!:7 Lf`zihpi ypi me tbi Gyptlì Mf _hzkit ~zmkzha tm hpplpt {ltb tbi

zioy`tlmf me `yptmo| ziahfo# hfo la~ciaift iuloifì!jhpio h~~zmh`bip tm lf`zihpi

ieel`lif`| lf tbi elico me ehalc| ch{ hfo ehalc| `myztp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!07 Ir~hfo oluizplmf ~zmkzhap emz cm{!zlpd# fmf!ulmcift meeifoizp {ltb

aifthc lccfipp hp hf hctizfhtlui tm lf`hzìzhtlmf& Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!?7 Ziuli{ tbi `mzi zip~mfpljlcltlip me ~mclì tm iclalfhti tbilz ypi

emz fmf!`mzi oytlip& _blp ziuli{ {myco lf`cyoi hf irhalfhtlmf me hctizfhtlui amoicp me ~mclì

pizulì oicluiz|& @zltizlh emz tbi ziuli{ {myco lf`cyoi oitizalflfk tbi zichtlui `mptp me tbi

uhzlmyp pi`yzlt| ~zmuloizp hfo hf iuhcyhtlmf me tbilz zip~i`tlui `ma~hzhtlui houhfthkip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!97 Ypi hctizfhtlui pizulì oicluiz| emz tbi oicluiz| me fmf!`mzi pizulìp

{ltblf `mzzi`tlmfhc eh`lcltlip# {bizi lt lp eihpljci&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!57 @mftlfyi tbi ~zmìpp me `cyptizlfk hogyol`htlui tzljyfhcp h`zmpp

tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!;7 Irhalfi lftikzhtlmf m~~mztyfltlip hfo `mfpmclohti {bizi ~mppljci

~yjcl` pheit| tzhlflfk lf ~mcl`lfk# elzi pizulìp hfo `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp# {bl`b hzi `yzziftc|

oicluizio lfoluloyhcc| tbzmykb tbilz zip~i`tlui `mccikip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!27 Bhui tbi gyptlì pi`tmz `mftlfyi tm {mzd {ltb Lfezhptzy`tyzi Mfthzlm

tm ypi hctizfhtlui elfhf`lfk hfo ~zm`yziaift tm hpplpt lf zi~ciflpblfk ltp `h~lthc lfezhptzy`tyzi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!<7 La~zmui `m!mzolfhtlmf jit{iif eioizhc hfo ~zmulf`lhc kmuizfaiftp

lf hzihp py`b hp gyptlì ~mcl`| hfo ciklpchtlmf# ch{ ifemzìaift hfo `mzzi`tlmfhc pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8?!8>7 Fikmtlhti tbi tzhfpeiz me zip~mfpljlclt| emz lf`hzìzhtlmf emz

piftifìp cmfkiz tbhf plr amftbp tm tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift&




9:9


Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!87 Ipthjclpb hf lfoi~ifoift {mzdlfk kzmy~ tm `mfploiz hfo oitizalfi

{bl`b jzmhoiz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz m``y~htlmfp hfo lfoyptzlip pbmyco ji oiiaio hp ~zmulolfk

ippiftlhc pizulìp# tbi h~~zm~zlhti ippiftlhc!{mzdiz oiplkfhtlmf ~zmìpp# hfo tbi h~~zm~zlhti

emza me olp~yti zipmcytlmf ai`bhflpa emz jzmhoiz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz lfoyptzlip hfo m``y~htlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!:7 Ipthjclpb tbi muizhcc ~zlf`l~cip-myt`maip fiìpphz| emz ziemza tm tbi

lftizipt hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp kmlfk emz{hzo&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!07 _bi fmzahc `myzpi me hf hzjltzhtlmf ~zmìpp pbmyco jiklf {ltb

aiolhtlmf# ~zlmz tm hzjltzhtlmf# tm httia~t tm hzzlui ht h fikmtlhtio pittciaift jit{iif

tbi ~hztlip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!?7 _bi hzjltzhtlmf p|ptia fiiop tm ji pbletio lf ehumyz me amzi

mjgi`tlui hfhc|plp# jhpio mf mjgi`tlui `zltizlh# hfo py~~mztio j| p|ptiahtl` ohth

hfo zipihz`b&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!97 ^zmuloi wizm jyokit lf`zihpi emz {hki `mptp lf tbi Mfthzlm

kmuizfaift pm hf| lf`zihpip aypt ji h``myftio emz {ltblf tbi zip~i`tlui kzm{tb zhtip

zi`maaifoio lf tblp zi~mzt&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!57 Jya~lfk ~zmulplmfp "l&i&# piflmzlt|, lf `mcci`tlui hkziiaiftp hzi

yfoyc| la~iolfk tbi amui tm{hzop h ~zmkzipplui hfo ieel`lift ~yjcl` pizulì& _bi kmuizfaift

fiiop tm {mzd {ltb jhzkhlflfk hkiftp hfo ia~cm|izp tm ir~cmzi m~tlmfp emz amole|lfk tbipi

~zmulplmfp hfo amfltmz ~zmkzipp tm{hzop elrlfk tblp ~zmjcia& Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!;7 Om fmt cit `mfìzfp hjmyt py`ìppmz zlkbtp lf tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl`

pi`tmz ptm~ ~zluhtlwhtlmfp mz hahckhahtlmfp tbht ahdi pifpi hfo hzi `zltl`hc tm py`ìppeyc

ziemza& Lfbizltio hkziiaiftp om fmt clui emziuiz4 ~zmulplmfp `hf ji h`ì~tio lfltlhcc| hfo

jhzkhlfio oleeiziftc| {bif tbi| `mai y~ emz zifi{hc&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!27 @mfploiz ir~hfolfk tbi hytbmzlt| me tbi Mfthzlm Chjmyz Zichtlmfp

Jmhzo tm eh`lclthti tbi ipthjclpbaift me ieei`tlui hfo zhtlmfhclwio jhzkhlflfk ptzy`tyzip tbht

py~~mzt tbi oicluiz| me xyhclt| hfo ieei`tlui ~yjcl` pizulìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!<7 Eyztbiz zhtlmfhclwi jhzkhlflfk# {blci zi`mkflwlfk tbht ayctl~ci amoicp

me zhtlmfhclwio jhzkhlflfk irlpt "i&k&# ìftzhclwio# `m!mzolfhtio# ciklpchtio# umcyfthz|,& [mzd

`mcchjmzhtluic| {ltb jzmhoiz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ia~cm|izp hfo jhzkhlflfk hkiftp tm oitizalfi tbi

ampt h~~zm~zlhti amoic mf h pi`tmz!j|!pi`tmz jhplp&



9:5



jhzkhlflfk&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!887 Ipthjclpb h Chjmyz Zichtlmfp Lfemzahtlmf Jyzihy tm `mcci`t hfo

olppialfhti tbi zhfki me ohth hfo lfemzahtlmf ziciuhft tm ia~cm|izp hfo yflmfp lf tbi jzmhoiz

~yjcl` pi`tmz lf tbilz fikmtlhtlmfp# hfo loiftle| ohth hfo mtbiz lfemzahtlmf-dfm{cioki kh~p&

Me ~hztl`ychz la~mzthfì lp oiuicm~lfk ohth hfo aihpyzip me ~zmoy`tlult|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!8:7 Lftzmoyì h `ma~zibifplui hfo tzhfp~hzift jif`bahzdlfk p|ptia

emz Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì hfo jzmhoiz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz `ma~ifphtlmf# {bl`b {myco lf`cyoi h

`mptlfk me tbi eycc `ma~ifphtlmf ~h`dhki# lf`cyolfk jifieltp# ~ifplmfp hfo amulfk tbzmykb

–kzlop‑ {ltb piflmzlt|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!807 Ifpyzi tbht cihoizp lf tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì hfo jzmhoiz

~yjcl` pi`tmz hzi bico tm h``myft hfo tbht tbi| hzi hoixyhtic| `ma~ifphtio hfo if`myzhkio

tbzmykb lfìftluip tm ciho hfo irìc&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!8?7 Ifpyzi tbht tbi gmj oip`zl~tlmfp hfo `mcci`tlui hkziiaift

~zmulplmfp oielflfk ahfhkiaift“p hjlclt| tm mzkhflwi {mzd hzi ecirljci ifmykb tm hccm{ emz tbi

amuiaift me ~im~ci tm ifpyzi tbht tbi jipt ~im~ci hzi lf tbi zlkbt ~chìp ht tbi zlkbt tlai&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 89!897 ^zmuloi h jittiz pifpi me ir~i`thtlmfp hfo mjgi`tluip emz ih`b

~zmkzha# bm{ tbmpi elt lftm tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` ~mcl`| tbzypt# hfo `maayfl`hti tbmpi

ir~i`thtlmfp tm tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz&




9:;


Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!87 Ir~hfo tbi pizulìp PizulìMfthzlm oicluizp& _blp lf`cyoip ~yzpylfk

hooltlmfhc ~hztfizpbl~p emz pizulì oicluiz| {ltblf tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì# hfo eyztbizlfk

pizulì oicluiz| ~hztfizpbl~p {ltb ayfl`l~hc hfo eioizhc ciuicp me kmuizfaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!:7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco olzi`t `cliftp tm amzi `mfuiflift hfo cipp

ir~ifplui `bhfficp# py`b hp mfclfi pizulì oicluiz| emz jlztb ziklptzhtlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!07 PizulìMfthzlm pbmyco m~tlalwi `yzzift ulztyhc ~zmìppip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!?7 _bi kmuizfaift fiiop tm lf`zihpi PizulìMfthzlm“p `yzzift hffyhc

/: alcclmf `h~lthc jyokit&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!97 Phulfkp ezma ieel`lif`| khlfp lf PizulìMfthzlm m~izhtlmfp pbmyco ji

ypio tm kifizhti h elp`hc oluloifo&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!57 [bizi ~mppljci# ~zluhti!pi`tmz ~hztl`l~htlmf pbmyco ji ypio tm amui

PizulìMfthzlm eyztbiz tm{hzop h eycc `mpt zi`muiz| amoic&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!;7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco ziuli{ irlptlfk hkif`| ahfohtip hfo

eyf`tlmfp tm oitizalfi le kzihtiz ieel`lif`lip `myco ji h`bliuio tbzmykb zhtlmfhclwhtlmf mz

`mfpmclohtlmf me ~zmkzhap# oicluiz| tbzmykb irlptlfk alflptz| zipmyzìp# mz tbi mytzlkbt

iclalfhtlmf me eyf`tlmfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!27[bizi tbizi lp hf irlptlfk fmf!thr ziuifyi ptziha mz {bizi py`b h

ziuifyi ptziha `hf ji `zihtio# ptzmfk `mfploizhtlmf pbmyco ji kluif tm tzhfpeizzlfk mz

ipthjclpblfk zip~mfpljlclt| emz olzi`t oicluiz| tm hf hza“p!cifktb# fmt!emz!~zmelt `mz~mzhtlmf#

yfoiz tbi Oicikhtio Hoalflptzhtlui Hytbmzltlip mz plalchz amoic&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!<7 @mfploizhtlmf pbmyco ji kluif tm zhtlmfhclwlfk hfo `mfpmclohtlfk

~zmkzhap tbht zikychti lftiz!zichtio pi`tmzp mz tbht `myco mtbiz{lpi khlf ieel`lif`lip ezma

kzihtiz lftikzhtlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!8>7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco pblet ltp pizulì oicluiz| me lfemzahtlmf hfo

lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk| "L%L_, ezma lf!bmypi tm irtizfhc pmyzìp# {bizi eihpljci&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!887 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco hpd tbi Mfthzlm Hyoltmz Kifizhc tm bic~ elfo

hf h~~zm~zlhti jhchfì jit{iif ifpyzlfk h``myfthjlclt| hfo `mftlfylfk muizplkbt me

`ma~clhfì {ltb zycip hfo zikychtlmfp&



9:2

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!8:7 Ht h alflaya# tbi kmuizfaift pbmyco hccm{ ~zlf`l~cip me ieel`lif`|

tm ozlui h``myfthjlclt| ~zmkzhap# py`b hp p{lt`blfk ezma lfoluloyhcc| tzh`dio ir~ifpip tm h ~iz

olia emz `lulc pizuhftp hfo `mfpycthftp# hp lp omfi j| tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!807 Pici`tio pbhzio pizulìp pbmyco ji ir~hfoio tm hkif`lip# jmhzop

hfo `maalpplmfp hfo tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz&





Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!857 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco thdi h olzi`t cihoizpbl~ zmci lf yplfk `mzi

~zmulf`lhc lfezhptzy`tyzi hfo ir~iztlpi tm emptiz pbhzio pizulìp h`zmpp tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl`

pi`tmz& Plkflel`hft i`mfmalip me p`hci `hf ji `zihtio tbzmykb `maamf pbhzio pizulìpemyfohtlmfp# h~~cl`htlmfp# zipmyzìp hfo ir~iztlpi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!8;7 Ir~hfo `mfpmclohtlmf me ahlftifhfì hfo ~chft ahfhkiaift

~zh`tlìp hcziho| ipthjclpbio lf tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì lftm tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz tm

`zihti ieel`lif`lip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!827 _bi Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì pbmyco oiuicm~ hf lftikzhtio tzhfpeiz

~h|aift m~izhtlmf ìftzi hfo hf iftiz~zlpi kzhft ahfhkiaift p|ptia&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 85!8<7@mfpmclohti jh`d!meelì m~izhtlmfp emz kzhft ~zmkzhap mz tzhfpeiz

~h|aiftp {ltb loiftl`hc zi`l~liftp&




9:<


Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!87 Om fmt ~hztlhcc| mz eycc| oluipt hf| mz hcc me tbi ~zmulfì“p kmuizfaift

jyplfipp iftiz~zlpip ‟ Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf# Clxymz @mftzmc Jmhzo me

Mfthzlm# Mfthzlm ^m{iz Kifizhtlmf hfo B|ozm Mfi ‟ yfcipp tbi fit# cmfk!tiza jifielt tm

Mfthzlm lp `mfploizhjci hfo `hf ji `cihzc| oiamfptzhtio tbzmykb `ma~zibifplui hfhc|plp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!:7 [blci `mftlfylfk tm ~zmamti pm`lhcc| zip~mfpljci `mfpya~tlmf#

yfoizthdi lfltlhtluip tm ifbhfì tbi Clxymz @mftzmc Jmhzo me Mfthzlm“p ~zmeltp# lf`cyolfk7

Olzi`t lt tm ypi ltp ~yz`bhplfk ~m{iz amzi ieei`tluic| hfo la~zmui ltp ahzdy~ ptzy`tyzi emz

pittlfk zithlc ~zlìp4

@mftlfyhcc| `ma~hzi tbi aizltp me ~zmulolfk py~~mztp tm Mfthzlm ~zmoyìzp hkhlfpt oiplzio

~mcl`| myt`maip4 hfo

Amzi hkkzippluic| ~yzpyi ptmzi ir~hfplmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!07 La~zmui tbi Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf“p ieel`lif`|

tbzmykb# ht h alflaya# tbi emccm{lfk aihpyzip7

@cmpi mfi me tbi t{m biho meelìp4

@cmpi mfi me tbi t{m `hplfmp lf Flhkhzh Ehccp4

Hccm{ pcmt ah`blfi m~izhtlmfp ht pltip tbht hzi fmt `m!cm`htio {ltb bmzpi zh`lfk uifyip4

hfo

Ptm~ pyjplolwlfk tbi ~yz`bhpi hfo ~zmulplmf me cmttiz| tizalfhcp tm ~mlft!me!phci cm`htlmfphfo jiklf tm lftzmoyì mtbiz ~mlftp me phci emz cmttizlip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!?7 Zi!iuhcyhti# mf h uhcyi!emz!amfi| jhplp# tbi ~zh`tlì me ~zmulolfk h

~mztlmf me fit pcmt ziuifyip tm tbi bmzpi zh`lfk hfo jziiolfk lfoyptz| hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip lf

mzoiz tm pyjpthftlhcc| zioyì hfo jittiz thzkit tbht py~~mzt&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!97 @mfploiz olzi`tlfk tbi Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf tm

ir~hfo ltp irlptlfk jyplfipp clfip# oiuicm~ fi{ khalfk m~~mztyfltlip hfo ahdi ieei`tlui ypi

me ~zluhti!pi`tmz lfumcuiaift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!57 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco humlo lftizuiflfk lf Mfthzlm ^m{iz

Kifizhtlmf mz B|ozm Mfi“p zhti elclfkp emz tbi ~yz~mpi me oich|lfk pbmzt!tiza ~zlì lf`zihpip4

tmm metif tblp cihop tm kzihtiz `mptp om{f tbi zmho& [bif zikychtlmfp mz olzi`tluip hzi zixylzio

tbht la~lfki mf fmzahc ytlclt| jyplfipp ~zh`tlìp# tbi ~mcl`| mjgi`tluip jilfk pmykbt aypt

ji tzhfp~hzift&



90>

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!;7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco piid hfo h`bliui ieel`lif`lip {ltblf

tbi m~izhtlmfp me Mfthzlm ^m{iz Kifizhtlmf hfo B|ozm Mfi tbzmykb aihfp py`b hp

ptzhtikl` ~hztfizpbl~p&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8;!27 Ih`b kmuizfaift jyplfipp iftiz~zlpi aypt `mftlfyi tm jylco mf ltp

lfoyptz|“p jipt ~zh`tl`ip tm la~zmui ltp m~izhtlmfhc ieel`lif`|& Ih`b pbmyco ziulplt

aiamzhfoyap me yfoizpthfolfk hfo mtbiz hkziiaiftp tm ifpyzi tbht tbi| zieci`t `maaiz`lhc

ahfohtip& Hfo ih`b pbmyco yfoizkm ~iiz zhfdlfk hfo jif`bahzdlfk mf tbi jhplp me elfhf`lhc

hfo mtbiz aitzl`p jmtb tm jittiz yfoizpthfo tbi mzkhflwhtlmf“p zichtlui ~izemzahf`i hfo

elfo ieel`lif`lip&




908


Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!87 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm ifpyzi tbht h ehlz pbhzi me h

`ma~hf|“p {mzco{loi lf`mai lp hccm`htio tm @hfhoh hfo tbi ~zmulfìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:7 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm hoozipp hkkzipplui

lftiz~zmulf`lhc hfo lftizfhtlmfhc thr humlohfì h`tlultlip j|7

Yfoizthdlfk hooltlmfhc ohth ziuli{ hfo zipihz`b tm loiftle| h`tlultlip me ~hztl`ychz `mfìzf

tm Mfthzlm4

Iftizlfk lftm hf hkziiaift {ltb tbi @hfhoh Ziuifyi Hkif`| tm lfuipt zipmyzìp

lf hooltlmfhc `ma~clhfì ieemztp4 hfo

La~ciaiftlfk hooltlmfhc zi~mztlfk zixylziaiftp tbht olp`cmpi h`tlultlip tbht `hypi lf`mai

hfo cmppip tm ji hccm`htio tm h ~zmulfì {bizi tbi yfoizc|lfk i`mfmal` h`tlult| {hp

alflahc mz olo fmt m``yz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!07 @mcchjmzhti {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift hfo mtbiz ~zmulfìp tm

lfuiptlkhti m~tlmfp tm thr `mz~mzhtlmfp mf h `mfpmclohtio jhplp# {ltb tbi ~yz~mpi me ifpyzlfk

h ehlz hccm`htlmf me cmppip hfo lf`mai h`zmpp @hfhoh&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!?7 Ifbhfì Mfthzlm“p hjlclt| tm oiti`t hfo zi`muiz ziuifyip ezma

yfoizkzmyfo i`mfmal` h`tlult| j| clfdlfk amzi ohthjhpip tm zi~mztio tzhfph`tlmfp emz

thr ~yz~mpip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!97Ziuli{ tbi hom~tlmf me kmuizfaift!hytbmzlwio phcip!zi`mzolfk

amoycip lf ìzthlf pi`tmzp "i&k&# emmo pizulìp, tm hoozipp –wh~~iz‑ pmet{hzi "wh~~izp ziamui

h uifomz“p zi`mzo me phci,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!57 Oiuicm~ h `mfì~t me pice!ìztlel`htlmf me ici`tzmfl` ~mlft!me!phcip

"i^MP, pmet{hzi& _bi pice!ìztlel`htlmf lp jhpio mf tbi ~zlf`l~ci me thr hytbmzltlip oiuicm~lfk

hfo ~yjclpblfk h pit me zixylziaiftp emz h``myftlfk pmet{hzi hfo i^MP p|ptiap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!;7 Oiuicm~ h ~yjcl` h{hzifipp `ha~hlkf mf tbi la~h`t me tbi

yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma|& Emz irha~ci# j| yplfk yfziklptizio `mftzh`tmzp mz `mftzh`tmzp {bm om

fmt lppyi ziìl~tp# tbizi hzi zlpdp me fmt mjthlflfk h {hzzhft| emz zi~hlzp# zlpdp me fmt jilfk hjcitm piid cikhc ziaio| emz ~mmz {mzdahfpbl~# hfo zlpdp me clhjlclt| emz lfgyzlip mz ohahkip tbht

m``yz mf h `yptmaiz“p ~zialpip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!27 @zihti ia~cm|ii oiialfk ~zmulplmfp {bizi jyplfippip pyjptltyti

lfoi~ifoift `mftzh`tmzp emz ia~cm|iip tm humlo ~h|lfk Mfthzlm“p Ia~cm|iz Bihctb _hr&



90:

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!<7 Ipthjclpb h emzya tm olp`ypp iaizklfk lppyip hfo tzifop lf tbi

yfoizkzmyfo i`mfma| hp {icc hp lffmuhtlmfp hfo jipt ~zh`tlìp emz hoozipplfk tbia&

_bi emzya pbmyco lf`cyoi zi~zipifthtluip ezma uhzlmyp alflptzlip# hfo eioizhc hfo ayfl`l~hc

kmuizfaiftp hp {icc hp lfoyptz| hppm`lhtlmfp&


hpplpthfì tm ayfl`l~hcltlip lf oiuicm~lfk ~mcl`| emz tbi `mcci`tlmf me yf~hlo ^zmulf`lhc

Meeifìp H`t elfip lf tbi ~zmulfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!887 Ypi clìfì hfo ziklptzhtlmf pyp~ifplmfp hp h tmmc tm eh`lclthti tbi

`mcci`tlmf me ^zmulf`lhc Meeifìp H`t elfip zichtio tm uibl`cip# lf`cyolfk ~hzdlfk# p~iiolfk hfo

hytmamjlci lfpyzhfì ulmchtlmfp&



Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!807 Meepit thr zieyfop hkhlfpt yf~hlo ^zmulf`lhc Meeifìp H`t elfip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!8?7 Zixylzi tbht zi`l~liftp me kmuizfaift kzhftp mz zieyfohjci thr

`zioltp# `mftzh`tp# cmhfp hfo cmhf kyhzhftiip hzi elzpt lf kmmo pthfolfk {ltb tbi kmuizfaift lf

tizap me h``myftp ziìluhjci hfo bhui fm mytpthfolfk thrip oyi jiemzi ~zmulolfk hpplpthfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!897 Zixylzi tbht hcc alflptzlip zi`mzo @zm{f oijt ziìluhjcip lf tbi

iftiz~zlpi elfhf`lhc p|ptia pm tbht `mcci`tlmf h`tlmf `hf ji `maaifìo lf h tlaic| ehpblmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!857^zmìio {ltb tbi :>88 Mfthzlm Jyokit ~zm~mphcp j| amulfk tm

zhtlmfhclwi tbi `mcci`tlmf me fmf!thr ziuifyi jit{iif Mfthzlm Pbhzio Pizulìp hfo tbi Alflptz|

me Elfhfì {ltb tbi lftift tm `mfpmclohti# lf h pthkio ehpblmf# hcc fmf!thr hfo thr `mcci`tlmf

eyf`tlmfp lftm tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!8;7 Oiuicm~ h ciklpchtlui ezhai{mzd tm ~zmuloi tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì

{ltb tbi hytbmzlt| tm `mcci`t hcc ~zmulf`lhc @zm{f oijtp hfo lf`mz~mzhti amzi ieei`tlui

`mcci`tlmfp tmmcp hfo ai`bhflpap&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!827 Oiuicm~ pthfohzo ~mcl`lip hfo ~zh`tlìp h`zmpp tbi Mfthzlm ^yjcl`

Pizulì emz `mcci`tlmfp tm ifpyzi tbi m~tlaya zityzf emz omcchzp p~ift&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!8<7 [mzd {ltb tbi Meelì me tbi Lfemzahtlmf hfo ^zluh`| @maalpplmfiz

me Mfthzlm tm ifpyzi tbi ~zmti`tlmf me ~zluh`| lf tbi la~ciaifthtlmf me tbipi ~zm~mphcp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:>7 La~zmui aitbmop emz lfemzahtlmf khtbizlfk hfo pbhzlfk h`zmpp

kmuizfaift# lf`cyolfk ahdlfk kzihtiz ypi me tbi Zikychtmz| Amoizflwhtlmf H`t# lf mzoiz tm

loiftle| iaizklfk hfo `yzzift lppyip tm la~zmui zip~mfpluifipp lf h `ma~clhfì ifulzmfaift&




900

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:87 Ypi tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì“p zlpd hppippaift ti`bfmcmk| tm jittiz

em`yp iftiz~zlpi!{loi hyolt h`tlult| mf hzihp {bizi zhtip me zityzf hzi blkbipt emz tbi ~zmulfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!::7 La~ciaift aihpyzip tm jittiz `m!mzolfhti hfo `mfpmclohti

kmuizfaift hyoltp me `ma~hflip {ltblf tbi Alflptz| me Elfhfì tm zi`muiz eyfop mf jibhce me

tbi ~zmulfì&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:07 Oiuicm~ zlpd hppippaift h~~zmh`bip {ltb mtbiz gyzlpol`tlmfp tm bic~

hoozipp hyolt lppyip tbht `zmpp ~zmulf`lhc hfo lftizfhtlmfhc jmyfohzlip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:?7 Lfptiho me ypiz eiip ziahlflfk lf elrio fmalfhc tizap# tbi| pbmyco

ji y~ohtio yplfk h jcifo me eycc `mpt zi`muiz| hfo lfoirhtlmf hfo ji ~bhpio lf muiz tbi firt

t{m |ihzp&


ziploiftlhc hfo jyplfipp thr zhtip tm ahlfthlf h pthjci ciuic me ioy`htlmf thr ziuifyip lfzihc tizap&




Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:;7 Jylco mf tbi irlptlfk jyplfipp ioy`htlmf thr "JI_, zioy`tlmf ~chf tm

hoozipp blptmzl`hc JI_ zhti lfixyltlip hfo olptmztlmfp j| kzhoyhcc| la~ciaiftlfk h plfkci

yflemza JI_ zhti&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:27 Eyztbiz oiuicm~ hfo la~ciaift zipyctp!em`ypio ptzhtiklip tm oitiz

lccikhc tmjh``m# lf`cyolfk ifemz`lfk irlptlfk ch{p hfo oiuicm~lfk fi{ ~hztfizpbl~p hfo

ciklpchtlui hfo zikychtmz| tmmcp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 82!:<7 Zi~chì thrip tlio tm h kmmo“p umcyai {ltb thrip tlio tm tbi kmmo“p

uhcyi "l&i&# zi~chì p~i`lel` thrip {ltb ho uhcmzia thrip mz mtbiz{lpi `h~tyzi `bhfkip lf

uhcyip,&



90?


Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!87 Kifizhc zlpdp `hf hfo pbmyco ji bhfocio tbzmykb tbi `mftlfkif`|

zipizui# {bl`b pbmyco ji pit blkbiz tbhf lf ziìft jyokitp hfo pbmyco kzm{ muiz tlai tm

hoozipp tbi ~mppljlclt| me kzm{tb zhti jlhpip lf tbi ziuifyi ~zmgi`tlmf& Amoipt lftizfhc zlpdppbmyco ji hoozippio tbzmykb hf m~izhtlfk zipizui& _bi `mftlfkif`| zipizui pbmyco ji

lf`zihpio tm `muiz h >&: ~izìfthki ~mlft hffyhc muiziptlahti me ziuifyi kzm{tb&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!:7 P~i`lel` zlpdp pbmyco ji hoozippio tbzmykb hf ir~cl`lt ptzhtik|&

@hzi pbmyco ji thdif lf jyokit!pittlfk ~zmìppip tm olclkiftc| loiftle| hf| dfm{f zlpdp me

plkflel`hft elp`hc ahkfltyoi# hfo h ptzhtik| oiuicm~io tm altlkhti tbmpi zlpdp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!07 [i zi`maaifo tbht tbi ~zmulfì iltbiz tizalfhti tbi îfplmf

Jifieltp Kyhzhftii Eyfo mz ir~cmzi tbi ~mppljlclt| me tzhfpeizzlfk lt tm h ~zluhti lfpyziz&

_bi Eyfo lp fm cmfkiz pypthlfhjci lf ltp `yzzift emza hp lt ~zipiftp h chzki elp`hc zlpd emz tbi ~zmulfì lf tbi iuift me hfmtbiz i`mfmal` om{ftyzf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!?7 _bi Mfthzlm kmuizfaift pbmyco `mfoy`t hfo ~yjclpb ltp m{f clhjlclt|

ahfhkiaift hppippaift me tbi ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmf ~chfp hfo oiuicm~ ~chfp tm `mfthlf hf|

elp`hc zlpdp loiftlelio&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!97 @chzle| {bm jihzp tbi yctlahti elfhf`lhc zip~mfpljlclt| emz eyfolfk

oiel`ltp me tbi ~yjcl`!pi`tmz ~ifplmf ~chfp hp tbi @maalpplmf if`myftizio `mfploizhjci

`mfeyplmf mf tblp lppyi&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!57 Lf tbi ~zm~mpio clhjlclt| ahfhkiaift hppippaift zi~mzt# tbi

kmuizfaift pbmyco ahdi ~yjcl` tbi `yzzift hfo ~zmp~i`tlui elfhf`lhc bihctb me ~yjcl`!pi`tmz

~ifplmf ~chfp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!;7 Lf tbi clhjlclt| ahfhkiaift hppippaift zi~mzt# tbi kmuizfaift

pbmyco tipt tbi elp`hc bihctb me tbi ~chfp hkhlfpt tbi ~mppljlclt| me zhtip me zityzf jilfk blkbiz

mz cm{iz tbhf hppyaio& _blp `myco ji omfi yplfk h blkbiz mz cm{iz olp`myft zhti# mz `myco

zic| mf h ~zmjhjlclt| olptzljytlmf&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!27_bi kmuizfaift“p mjgi`tlui# {bif ehìo {ltb ~ifplmf eyfolfk

oiel`ltp# pbmyco ji tm zioyì ~zmp~i`tlui jifieltp zhtbiz tbhf lf`zihpi tbi `mftzljytlmf zhti

ji|mfo `yzzift ciuicp& _blp {myco bic~ tm `cmpi tbi eyfolfk kh~ hfo zioyì tbi h``zyhc

me ~ifplmf jifieltp mf h ~zmp~i`tlui jhplp# altlkhtlfk tbi la~h`t mf tbi elp`hc ~chf&

_bi kmuizfaift ah| fiio tm `mfploiz ciklpchtlui m~tlmfp# pbmyco fikmtlhtlmfp {ltb ~chf

p~mfpmzp ji yfpy`ìppeyc&




909

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!<7 _bi kmuizfaift pbmyco h`ìcizhti {mzd mf tbi oiplkf me

~yjcl`!pi`tmz jifieltp hfo ahdi `mfthlflfk tbi kzm{tb lf tbi `mpt me jifieltp ~hzt me tbi

jzmhoiz ~yjcl`!pi`tmz `ma~ifphtlmf fikmtlhtlmf ptzhtik|&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!8>7 _bi ~zmulfì pbmyco irhalfi m~~mztyfltlip tm h`bliui phulfkp

hfo jittiz lfuiptaift zityzfp tbzmykb tbi `mfpmclohtlmf me tbi hoalflptzhtlui eyf`tlmfp hfo

lfuiptaift ~mmclfk me ~ifplmf ~chfp h`zmpp tbi jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!887 _bi ~zmulfì aypt ahdi tbi kmuizfaift“p `mpt me tbi ~yjcl`!pi`tmz

~ifplmf ~chfp ‟ jmtb lf `mfì~t hfo lf ahkfltyoi ‟ ay`b `cihziz lf tbi ^yjcl` H``myftp

hfo mtbiz elfhf`lhc pthtiaiftp# lf`cyolfk tbi Jyokit &

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!8:7 _m jittiz ~zmti`t tbi ~zmulfì hkhlfpt tbi `mptp me ifulzmfaifthc

`cihfy~# hogypt tbi `yzzift ciklpchtlui ezhai{mzd pm tbht amzi em`yp lp ~chìo mf tbi

~mccytiz!~h|p ~zlf`l~ci&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!807 [mzd {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tm altlkhti zlpdp tm tbi

Mfthzlm elp`hc ezhai{mzd ezma eioizhc ~mcl`| `bhfkip& Dfm{f zlpdp ht tbi tlai lf`cyoi tbi

@hfhoh‐Iyzm~ihf Yflmf Ezii _zhoi Hkziiaift jilfk fikmtlhtio# ~zm~mpio `bhfkip tm

~izpmfhc lf`mai thrip hfo tbi eioizhc mafljyp `zlai jlcc "Jlcc @!8>,&


h bmyplfk ezhai{mzd emz @hfhoh tbht lf`cyoip hoixyhti# pthjci# cmfk!tiza eioizhc eyfolfk hfo



Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!897 [mzd {ltb tbi ayfl`l~hc pi`tmz tm altlkhti zlpdp tm tbi Mfthzlm elp`hc

ezhai{mzd j| ifpyzlfk tbht `maaltaiftp hzi hobizio tm& Dfm{f zlpdp ht tblp tlai lf`cyoi

~mtiftlhc muizzyfp lf ayfl`l~hc lfezhptzy`tyzi hfo tbi ^hf Ha Khaip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf 8<!857 Amole| mz iclalfhti tbi _hr~h|iz ^zmti`tlmf H`t pm tbht jmtb

p~ifolfk hfo thrip `hf ji ypio hp zixylzio tm hoozipp tbzihtp tm elp`hc pypthlfhjlclt|&



905


Zi`maaifohtlmf :>!87 Ipthjclpb hf yfoizpthfolfk {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift tbht h`tlmfp

thdif ht tbi eioizhc ciuic ~mpi elp`hc zlpdp tm Mfthzlm&

Zi`maaifohtlmf :>!:7 Houm`hti ptzmfkc| emz ziemzalfk eioizhc ~zmkzhap tbht hzi fmt

{mzdlfk ieei`tluic| lf Mfthzlm“p lftiziptp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf :>!07 Houm`hti emz ziemzap tm Ixyhclwhtlmf j|# ht h alflaya# eycc|

`h~tyzlfk zipmyzì ziuifyip hfo h``maamohtlfk oleeizlfk ~zlì ciuicp jit{iif ~zmulfìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf :>!?7 Playcthfimypc| iclalfhti tbi @hfhoh Pm`lhc _zhfpeiz hfo tzhfpeiz

tbi ixyluhcift thr ~mlftp tm tbi ~zmulfìp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf :>!97 Houm`hti emz eioizhc kziifbmypi khp altlkhtlmf ~zmkzhap tm ~zmuloi

ehlz hfo ixylthjci py~~mzt emz Mfthzlm“p `cihf ifizk| lfltlhtluip&

Zi`maaifohtlmf :>!57 Pmzt myt hzihp me zip~mfpljlclt| {ltb tbi eioizhc kmuizfaift {bizi

tbizi lp muizch~ hfo oy~cl`htlmf hfo ipthjclpb h amzi ieel`lift i`mfmal` hfo elp`hc zichtlmfpbl~

tbht phuip amfi| hfo ~zmuloip jittiz pizulìp tm `ltlwifp&

Zi`maaifohtlmf :>!;7 Irtifo tbi ~izlmo me tbi elfhc /9>> alcclmf me y~cmho j| hfmtbiz t{m

|ihzp# pm lt lp fmt `ma~citi yftlc :>:>& Emz lccyptzhtlmf# le {i zih`b :>89“p /:0: alcclmf j| :>8;#

tbht {myco phui /859 alcclmf "/0<; alcclmf alfyp /:0: alcclmf,&

Zi`maaifohtlmf :>!27Ifpyzi tbht# jiklfflfk lf :>80# tbi Mfthzlm Ayfl`l~hc ^hztfizpbl~

Eyfo "MAÊ, oi`clfip tm tbi ~chffio /9>> alcclmf j| :>85& H zihpmfhjci hppya~tlmf {myco

ji h /:9 alcclmf oi`zihpi lf ih`b me tbi firt emyz |ihzp jiklfflfk lf :>80# zipyctlfk lf h

/9>> alcclmf MAÊ ifuicm~i lf :>85&

Zi`maaifohtlmf :>!<7 _bi ~zmulfì hfo ayfl`l~hcltlip aypt {mzd tmkitbiz tm ipthjclpb hf

h``myfthjlclt| ezhai{mzd tbht {myco tzh`d bm{ ayfl`l~hcltlip hzi lfuiptlfk tbi jifieltp zihclwio

hp h zipyct me tbi y~cmhop&



H~~ifolr7 Clpt me H`zmf|ap

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H~~ifolr :7 Clpt me H`zmf|ap

HJ@p hkif`lip# jmhzop hfo `maalpplmfp

HE^ hctizfhtlui elfhf`lfk hfo ~zm`yziaift

HC@ hctizfhti ciuic me `hzi

HAH^@IM Hppm`lhtlmf me Ahfhkiaift# Hoalflptzhtlui hfo ^zmeipplmfhc @zm{f

Ia~cm|iip me Mfthzlm

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HPO Hctizfhtlui Pizulì Oicluiz|

H__@ H~~ziftlìpbl~ _zhlflfk _hr @ziolt

JI_ jyplfipp ioy`htlmf thr

J^P jzmhoiz ~yjcl` pi`tmz

@HH_ @mccikip me H~~clio Hztp hfo _i`bfmcmk| îfplmf ^chf

@@H@ @maayflt| @hzi H`ìpp @iftzi

@IHH @hfholhf Ifulzmfaifthc Hppippaift H`t-Hkif`|

@I_H @hfhoh‐Iyzm~ihf Yflmf Ezii _zhoi Hkziiaift

@I_@ @m!m~izhtlui Ioy`htlmf _hr @ziolt

@BPZE @hfholhf Bihctb Pizulìp Zipihz`b Emyfohtlmf

@BPZK @hfholhf Bihctb Pizulìp Zipihz`b Kzmy~

@B_ @hfhoh Bihctb _zhfpeiz

@LBL @hfholhf Lfptltyti emz Bihctb Lfemzahtlmf

@MLH @hfhoh‐Mfthzlm Laalkzhtlmf Hkziiaift

@^L `mfpyaiz ~zlì lfoir

@^^ @hfhoh îfplmf ^chf




90<

EL_ eiio!lf thzlee

EP@M Elfhf`lhc Pizulìp @maalpplmf me Mfthzlm

EP[ Eioizhc Pdlccio [mzdiz

E_I eycc!tlai ixyluhcift

KJI kmuizfaift jyplfipp iftiz~zlpi

KIM Kcmjhc Ir~izlifì Mfthzlm

KO^ kzmpp omaiptl` ~zmoy`t

K_H Kzihtiz _mzmftm Hzih

K_BH Kzihtiz _mzmftm hfo Bhalctmf Hzih

BJHA Bihctb!Jhpio Hccm`htlmf Amoic

BMM^^ Bihctb`hzi me Mfthzlm îfplmf ^chf

BM_ blkb!m``y~hf`|-tmcc chfi

BXM Bihctb Xyhclt| Mfthzlm

BP_ bhzamflwio phcip thr

L%L_ lfemzahtlmf hfo lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk|

L@IP Lfptltyti emz @clfl`hc Iuhcyhtlui P`lifìp

L@_ lfemzahtlmf hfo `maayfl`htlmfp ti`bfmcmk|

LIPM Lfoi~ifoift Ici`tzl`lt| P|ptia M~izhtmz

LFH@ Lfolhf hfo Fmztbizf Heehlzp @hfhoh

LM Lfezhptzy`tyzi Mfthzlm

L^ lfticci`tyhc ~zm~izt|

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L^P^ Lftikzhtio ^m{iz P|ptia ^chf



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L_ lfemzahtlmf ti`bfmcmk|

GM_ Gyptlì Mf _hzkit

GP^^ Gmlftc| P~mfpmzio îfplmf ^chf

CHM Cikhc Hlo Mfthzlm

C@JM Clxymz @mftzmc Jmhzo me Mfthzlm

CO@ cm`hc olptzljytlmf `ma~hflip

CBLF Cm`hc Bihctb Lftikzhtlmf Fit{mzd

CAH Chjmyz Ahzdit Hkziiaift

CAOH Chjmyz Ahzdit Oiuicm~aift Hkziiaift

CPZ Cm`hc Pizulìp Zihclkfaift

C_@ cmfk!tiza `hzi

C_I^ Cmfk!_iza Ifizk| ^chf

C_L^ Cmfk!_iza Lfezhptzy`tyzi ^chf

AHK Alflptz| me tbi Httmzfi| Kifizhc

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AIY ayfl`l~hc ici`tzl`hc ytlclt|

AKP Alflptz| me Kmuizfaift Pizulìp

AFOA Alflptz| me Fmztbizf Oiuicm~aift hfo Alfip

AFZ Alflptz| me Fhtyzhc Zipmyzìp

AMI Alflptz| me tbi Ifulzmfaift

AMBC_@ Alflptz| me Bihctb hfo Cmfk!_iza @hzi




9?8

A_@Y Alflptz| me _zhlflfk# @mccikip hfo Yfluizpltlip

FHE_H Fmztb Haizl`hf Ezii _zhoi Hkziiaift

F^C@ Fyzpi ^zh`tltlmfiz!Cio @clfl`

MH@^ Mfthzlm Hppm`lhtlmf me @bliep me ^mclì

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M@J Mfthzlm @blco Jifielt

M@IJ Mfthzlm @cihf Ifizk| Jifielt

M@_ Mfthzlm @mcciki me _ih`bizp

M@[H Mfthzlm @cihf [htiz Hkif`|

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MOP^ Mfthzlm Olphjlclt| Py~~mzt ^zmkzha

MI@O Mzkhflwhtlmf emz I`mfmal` @m!m~izhtlmf hfo Oiuicm~aift

MI@A Mfthzlm Ioy`htlmf @mcchjmzhtlui Ahzdit~chì

MI@_H Mfthzlm Ifkclpb @htbmcl` _ih`bizp Hppm`lhtlmf

MIE@ Mfthzlm Ici`tzl`lt| Elfhf`lhc @mz~mzhtlmf

MI^_@ Mfthzlm Ifizk| hfo ^zm~izt| _hr @ziolt

MBL^ Mfthzlm Bihctb Lfpyzhfì ^chf

MCK Mfthzlm Cmttiz| hfo Khalfk @mz~mzhtlmf

MCZJ Mfthzlm Chjmyz Zichtlmfp Jmhzo

MAH Mfthzlm Aiol`hc Hppm`lhtlmf

MAHEZH Mfthzlm Alflptz| me Hkzl`yctyzi# Emmo hfo Zyzhc Heehlzp

MAÊ Mfthzlm Ayfl`l~hc ^hztfizpbl~ Eyfo

MF_@ Mfthzlm Fmztbchfo _zhfp~mzthtlmf @maalpplmf



9?:

M^H Mfthzlm ^m{iz Hytbmzlt|

M^K Mfthzlm ^m{iz Kifizhtlmf

M^^ Mfthzlm ^zmulf`lhc ^mclì

M^P Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì

M^PIY Mfthzlm ^yjcl` Pizulì Ia~cm|iip Yflmf

M^PIY^^ M^PIY îfplmf ^chf

MPP_E Mfthzlm Pi`mfohz| P`bmmc _ih`bizp+ Eioizhtlmf

M_E Mfthzlm _ih`bizp+ Eioizhtlmf

M[ Mfthzlm [mzdp

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^P^^ ^yjcl` Pizulì îfplmf ^chf

X%I _ih`biz Xyhclel`htlmf % Ir~izlifì

XI@M Xyhclel`htlmfp Iuhcyhtlmf @myf`lc me Mfthzlm

Z%O zipihz`b hfo oiuicm~aift




ZIH Zifi{hjci Ifizk| H~~zmuhc

ZE^ zixyipt emz ~zm~mphc

ZA^ Zlpd Ahfhkiaift ^zmkzha

PJO pahcc jyplfipp oioy`tlmf

PLJ Pm`lhc La~h`t Jmfo

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