drugs used for congestive heart failure
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Drugs used for Congestive Heart Failure. Drug List. Vasodilators: Nitrates that act to directly relax vascular muscle tone and cause decrease in blood pressure with pooling of blood in the veins. The preload and afterload will be decreased - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Drugs used for Congestive Heart Failure
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Drug List
InotropicDrugs
Drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone systemDiuretics Beta-blockers Vasodilators
DigoxinDobutamineDopamineMilrinone
CaptoprilEnalaprilatLosartanSpironolactone
FurosemideThiazides
MetoprololCarvedilol
NitratesHydralazineNesiritide
More drugs have been mentioned in the following slides
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• Vasodilators: Nitrates that act to directly relax vascular muscle tone and cause decrease in blood pressure with pooling of blood in the veins. The preload and afterload will be decreased
• ACE inhibitors: are agents that block the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2. These drugs causes vasodilatation and decreased blood volume. The afterload will be decreased.
• Diuretics: are employed to decrease the blood volume, which decreased the venous return and blood pressure. The results are decreased preload and decreased afterload.
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• Beta agonists: will stimulate the beta receptors in the heart, increasing the myocardial contraction – called positive inotropic effect
• Cardio-tonic drugs: These agents effect the intracellular Ca++ levels in the heart muscle cells leading to increased contractility. The result is increased cardiac output, increased renal blood flow, increased perfusion and increased urine formation. Cardiotonic drugs are:
• Cardiac Glycosides• Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
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Cardiac glycosides - Digoxin
• They increase the level of calcium inside the cardiac myocyte by inhibiting the Na+/K+ pump.
• More Ca++ accumulates in the cytoplasm during depolarization and the myocardium will contract forcefully. This is known as positive inotropic effect
• Increased cardiac output• Increased blood flow to the body organs like the kidney
and liver
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Effects of Cardiac Glycosides
• Negative chronotropic effect: The heart rate is slowed due to decreased rate of cellular repolarization
• Decreased conduction velocity through AV node
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Contraindications and Precautions
• Allergy• Ventricular dysrhythmias• Heart block• Sick sinus syndrome• Acute myocardial infarction• Aortic stenosis• Electrolyte imbalances: Hypokalemia,
Hypomagnesemia, hypercalcemia• Renal failure may cause accumulation of drug
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Adverse effects of digoxin
• Headache, weakness, seizures and drowsiness
• Arrhythmias• Signs of digitalis toxicity: anorexia, nausea
and vomiting, visual changes – yellow halo around objects, palpitations or slow heart rate
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