Richard Clutterbuck, Drugs, Crime and Corruption: Thinking the Unthinkable. New York: New York University Press, 1995.

Clutterbuck, formedy University of Exeter, in many of his case studies addresses the corruption resulting from drug trafficking. He shows that this is a problem not only in Latin America, where it may be most pronounced, but also in the former Soviet Union, and even in Great Britain. Corruption is not limited to high-level officials who must be coopted to facilitate the drug trafficking. It is also a very serious problem within the judicial systems of many countries. Not only do drug traffick- ers try to corrupt members of the judiciary, but they also attempt to intimidate juries and witnesses. This corruption has consequences that extend far beyond individual drug cases.

Particular attention is paid to the conse- quences of corruption in Peru. According to Clutterbuck, former President Garcia promoted officials who were loyal to his ide- ology. In exchange, he ignored their com- plicity with drug traffickers. High-level government and military officials were im- plicated in this corruption which com- pounded the already significant human rights problems.

Government officials in many poor coun- tries receive such low salaries that officials have trouble resisting large pay-offs from drug traffickers. But as Clutterbuck points out, poor countries have such limited rev- enues that they cannot afford to compen- sate their officials with salaries that would deter corruption. Therefore the poorer a country is the harder it is to clean up.

Andres Oppenheimer, Bordering on Chaos: Guerillas, Stockbrokers, Politicians and Mexico's Road to Prosperity. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1996.

The author, a reporter for The Miami Her- ald, explores where organized crime and corruption meet in Mexico. First, with

Mexican organized crime assuming control over the drug industry, rather than being a subcontractor for the Colombians, the bor- der area has become an important focus of corruption. Drug traffickers in the north, often in tandem with the politicians, have laundered billions of dollars and invested in shopping malls, housing developments, and resort complexes. The corruption of law enforcement was so complete that members of the Federal Judicial Police were serving as protectors of the drug lords. Oppenheimer documents that crime and corruption were the main concerns of the citizenry prior to the recent presidential elections.

R. Andrew Nickson, "Democratisation and Institutionalised Corruption in Paraguay," Political Corruption in Europe and Latin America. Walter Little and Eduardo Posada-Carb6 (eds.). New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

Dr. Nickson, Senior Lecturer in Develop- ment Economics at the University of Bir- mingham, points out that in Paraguay the corruption of the military is tied to many forms of illicit activity. The incumbency of President Alfredo Stroessner from 1954- 1989 and one of the most centralized politi- cal systems in Latin America facilitated this. Controlling corruption is extremely difficult because of a weak judiciary, an antiquated system of administration and personnel, and citizens that no longer expect the law to be enforced.

Since the 1950s, the military has been involved in trafficking in contraband and their activities subsequently expanded to a sizable role in narcotics and arms traffick- ing. This was possible because military personnel were allowed to run private busi- nesses while serving in the armed forces. Specializing in transport, they escalated their trafficking from whisky and cigarettes to more dangerous items. Paraguay's vis- ible role in the international narcotics trade dates back to the early 1970s.

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