drug research and development (r&d) karol godwin dvm
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Drug Research and Drug Research and Development Development (R&D)(R&D)Karol Godwin DVMKarol Godwin DVM
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Cost and time to get drug Cost and time to get drug to market?to market?
250 million dollars – 5 years250 million dollars – 5 years
500 million dollars – 7 years500 million dollars – 7 years
800 million dollars – 10 years800 million dollars – 10 years
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Cost and time to get drug Cost and time to get drug to market?to market?
Fewer than 1 in 10 drugs tested in man will be Fewer than 1 in 10 drugs tested in man will be marketed marketed Estimated $200-300 million dollars on compounds Estimated $200-300 million dollars on compounds
that will never be soldthat will never be sold Fewer than 1 in 10-100 drugs tested in animals Fewer than 1 in 10-100 drugs tested in animals
will be tested in manwill be tested in man Another unknown hundreds of millions in research Another unknown hundreds of millions in research
dollars dollars For every drug that is marketed, the industry For every drug that is marketed, the industry
must invest $2 must invest $2 billionbillion dollars dollars
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Animals Used in Research Animals Used in Research in the USin the US
10-15 Million/year10-15 Million/year
20-25 Million/year20-25 Million/year
30-35 Million/year30-35 Million/year
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Animals Used in ResearchAnimals Used in Research
US and international requirements for US and international requirements for drug testing results in extensive animal drug testing results in extensive animal testingtesting
One recently approved drug required One recently approved drug required over 3000 animals (and that drug had a over 3000 animals (and that drug had a shorter than normal development time)shorter than normal development time)
Safe and efficacious drugs require Safe and efficacious drugs require extensive and judicious use of animalsextensive and judicious use of animals
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Drug Research and Drug Research and Development (R&D)Development (R&D)
Overview of processOverview of process RegulationsRegulations Drug DiscoveryDrug Discovery Preclinical developmentPreclinical development Clinical TrialsClinical Trials Drug ApprovalDrug Approval
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Drug Research & Drug Research & DevelopmentDevelopment
DiscoveryDiscovery NonclinicalNonclinical INDIND ClinicalClinical NDANDA ApprovalApproval
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RegulationsRegulations
Food and Drug Administration – is an agency within the US Food and Drug Administration – is an agency within the US Department of Health and Human Services that regulates new Department of Health and Human Services that regulates new drugs, vaccines, biologics, and devicesdrugs, vaccines, biologics, and devices The Food and Drug Act of 1908 established the agency, and it has The Food and Drug Act of 1908 established the agency, and it has
been strengthened many times, usually in response to a clinical safety been strengthened many times, usually in response to a clinical safety problem, such as thalidomide-related birth defectsproblem, such as thalidomide-related birth defects
The Act was amended to require testing in animals prior to any The Act was amended to require testing in animals prior to any studies in man to protect people in research studiesstudies in man to protect people in research studies
The International Commission on Harmonisation (ICH) has The International Commission on Harmonisation (ICH) has established agreement among the international community for established agreement among the international community for required testing in animals prior to study and marketing of new required testing in animals prior to study and marketing of new drugs (ICH M3 outlines the basic testing required)drugs (ICH M3 outlines the basic testing required) The result of this act led to some decreased testing as many countries The result of this act led to some decreased testing as many countries
required a duplication of testing prior to market approval in their required a duplication of testing prior to market approval in their country—a key refinement for animal welfarecountry—a key refinement for animal welfare
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RegulationsRegulations
In the US, the researcher or company submits an “Investigational In the US, the researcher or company submits an “Investigational New Drug” (IND) application with required testing prior to starting New Drug” (IND) application with required testing prior to starting any clinical studyany clinical study
Prior to marketing a drug, a companyPrior to marketing a drug, a company must submit a New Drug Application (NDA) must submit a New Drug Application (NDA) Safety and efficacy of drugSafety and efficacy of drug Manufacturing specsManufacturing specs Drug stabilityDrug stability BioavailabilityBioavailability Packaging and labeling informationPackaging and labeling information
Approval (can market), approvable (more studies needed) or non-Approval (can market), approvable (more studies needed) or non-approval (start over)approval (start over)
Post-marketing requires reporting of safety in people as well as Post-marketing requires reporting of safety in people as well as anything found in other studies in people or animalsanything found in other studies in people or animals
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Drug DiscoveryDrug Discovery
The process by which drugs are The process by which drugs are discovered or designed, then improved discovered or designed, then improved
IdentifyIdentify Target Target High throughput High throughput screeningscreening (HTS) (HTS)
typically done in vitro typically done in vitro Drug Drug design design to improve the quality of the to improve the quality of the
drug, often employs tests such as drug, often employs tests such as pharmacokinetics (PK) in animalspharmacokinetics (PK) in animals
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Nonclinical DevelopmentNonclinical Development
Stage in development to assess safety Stage in development to assess safety and pharmacology before and during and pharmacology before and during clinical trialsclinical trials
Pharmacodynamics (PD)Pharmacodynamics (PD) Pharmacokinetics (PK)Pharmacokinetics (PK) Safety PharmacologySafety Pharmacology ToxicologyToxicology
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PharmacodynamicsPharmacodynamics
Studies performed both in vitroStudies performed both in vitro and in animals models to determine and in animals models to determine if a potential drug may work if a potential drug may work
Typically use disease models (tumor Typically use disease models (tumor xenograft), transgenic models (ob/ob mice), or xenograft), transgenic models (ob/ob mice), or biomarker studies in normal animals (red blood biomarker studies in normal animals (red blood cell counts, glucose, etc.)cell counts, glucose, etc.)
Vast majority of this work is in rodents, but can Vast majority of this work is in rodents, but can run from zebra fish to baboonsrun from zebra fish to baboons
Most animal use in drug development is in this Most animal use in drug development is in this areaarea
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
Absorption—in vivo studies to Absorption—in vivo studies to determine how well the body determine how well the body absorbs drugsabsorbs drugs
Distribution—in vivo studies to determine Distribution—in vivo studies to determine where a drug goes in the body and for how where a drug goes in the body and for how longlong
Metabolism—in vitro and in vivo studies to Metabolism—in vitro and in vivo studies to determine how the body breaks down drugsdetermine how the body breaks down drugs
Elimination—in vivo studies on how does a Elimination—in vivo studies on how does a drug and its by-products get eliminated from drug and its by-products get eliminated from the bodythe body
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Safety PharmacologySafety Pharmacology
These are in vitro and in vivo studies that help predict These are in vitro and in vivo studies that help predict how a drug might affect patients in the short time after how a drug might affect patients in the short time after taking a drugtaking a drug Cardiovascular—effects on heart and vascular functionCardiovascular—effects on heart and vascular function Pulmonary—effects on lung performancePulmonary—effects on lung performance Nervous system—effects on reflexes, perception, behaviorNervous system—effects on reflexes, perception, behavior Renal system—effects on how the body processes wasteRenal system—effects on how the body processes waste Digestive system—effects on how the body digests and Digestive system—effects on how the body digests and
absorbs nutrientsabsorbs nutrients Endocrine system—effects on howEndocrine system—effects on how
hormones function hormones function
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ToxicologyToxicology
In vitro and in vivo studies to help predict long In vitro and in vivo studies to help predict long term effects of drugsterm effects of drugs Requires testing in at least two species to try a Requires testing in at least two species to try a
capture the most effects possiblecapture the most effects possible Requires rodent (mouse or rat) and nonrodent) Requires rodent (mouse or rat) and nonrodent)
Dogs common for small molecule and primates often Dogs common for small molecule and primates often needed for antibodies and proteinsneeded for antibodies and proteins
Requires high doses to help predict effects on the Requires high doses to help predict effects on the most sensitive peoplemost sensitive people
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Toxicology Study TypesToxicology Study Types
General toxicologyGeneral toxicology Effects in two species on general health and well beingEffects in two species on general health and well being
Genotoxicity and carcinogenicityGenotoxicity and carcinogenicity The potential for a compound to cause or promote cancer or The potential for a compound to cause or promote cancer or
birth defect when given over a life timebirth defect when given over a life time 2-year studies in mice and rats2-year studies in mice and rats
Reproductive and DevelopmentalReproductive and Developmental The ability to reproduce and have a full safe pregnancy with a The ability to reproduce and have a full safe pregnancy with a
healthy babyhealthy baby Studied in rodents and rabbits from pre-conception to the Studied in rodents and rabbits from pre-conception to the
effect on second generationseffect on second generations Special studies are also often needed to understand Special studies are also often needed to understand
the effects observed in nonclinical and clinical studiesthe effects observed in nonclinical and clinical studies
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Clinical TrialsClinical Trials
Phase IPhase I – Small group of healthy volunteers or – Small group of healthy volunteers or well controlled patients (20-80)well controlled patients (20-80)
AssessAssess SafetySafety TolerabilityTolerability PKPK Sometimes predict efficacy as wellSometimes predict efficacy as well
Dose- rangingDose- ranging Determine the limits of how much drug can be Determine the limits of how much drug can be
safety administeredsafety administered
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Clinical Trails cont.Clinical Trails cont.
Phase IIPhase II - Larger group of volunteers and - Larger group of volunteers and patients (20-300)patients (20-300) Assess clinical efficacy of the therapy and to Assess clinical efficacy of the therapy and to
continue safety assessmentscontinue safety assessments Provide the proof to companies and regulators that Provide the proof to companies and regulators that
a drug should be advanced to full developmenta drug should be advanced to full development Phase IIIPhase III - Large groups of volunteers and - Large groups of volunteers and
patients (100’s to 1000’s)patients (100’s to 1000’s) Assess clinical efficacy of the therapy and to Assess clinical efficacy of the therapy and to
continue safety assessmentscontinue safety assessments Provide proof that a drug is safe and efficacious per Provide proof that a drug is safe and efficacious per
the Food and Drug Actthe Food and Drug Act
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Adverse EventsAdverse Events
Compound A:Compound A: GI – emesis, GI – emesis,
hemorrhagehemorrhage Hematology – Hematology –
thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglycemia, hyperglycemia, elevated PTelevated PT
CNS – convulsions, CNS – convulsions, seizuresseizures
Respiration – rate Respiration – rate increasedincreased
Compound B:Compound B: GI – emesis, loss of GI – emesis, loss of
appetiteappetite CNS – tremors, CNS – tremors,
convulsions, chills, convulsions, chills, flushingflushing
Reproduction – Reproduction – teratogenicteratogenic
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Risk ManagementRisk Management
Compound A = AspirinCompound A = Aspirin
Compound B = CaffeineCompound B = Caffeine
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Submit NDA to FDASubmit NDA to FDA
Approval—permission to marketApproval—permission to market for agreed uses for agreed uses
Approvable—more data is neededApprovable—more data is neededto approve for market to approve for market (1-2 year delay but can be many years)(1-2 year delay but can be many years)
Non-Approval—start overNon-Approval—start over
Post Approval—extensive monitoring of how a Post Approval—extensive monitoring of how a drug performs out in the real world where drug performs out in the real world where patients don’t always do what they are patients don’t always do what they are supposed to dosupposed to do
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Questions????Questions????