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Drug Information Drug Information ResourcesResourcesTertiary ResourcesTertiary Resources

Drug Information Resources

Tertiary Resources Secondary Resources Primary Resources

Tertiary Resources

They include: Textbooks Compendia Review articles Other general information such as may

be found on the internet first-line resources when dealing

with a drug information question.

Tertiary Resources

Advantages: Convenience Ease of use Complete information Familiar to most practitioners.

Tertiary Resources

Drawbacks: Lag time (less current information) Incomplete information due to space

restrictions and incomplete literature search by the author

Possible errors in transcription, human bias, incorrect interpretation of information or lack of expertise by authors

readers must judge the quality of tertiary references

Tertiary Resources

Evaluation of tertiary literature: Does the author have appropriate

expertise to publish in this area? Is the information likely to be timely

based on publication date? Is the information supported by

appropriate citations? Does the resource contain relevant

information and is free of bias?

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

General product General product information information

Major compendia, Major compendia, Handbook of Clinical Handbook of Clinical Drug Data, Drug Data, Handbook of Handbook of Nonprescription Nonprescription Drugs, Clinical Drugs, Clinical Pharmacology Pharmacology

Adverse effects Adverse effects Meyler's Side Effects Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs, Drug of Drugs, Drug Therapy Monitoring Therapy Monitoring System, major System, major compendia compendia

Major compendia: e.g.Major compendia: e.g. Facts and Comparisons, AHFS Drug Information, Physicians' Desk Reference, DRUGDEX®, Drug Information Handbook, and USP DI Volume I.

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

Availability of dosage Availability of dosage forms forms

Red Book, American Red Book, American Drug Index, major Drug Index, major compendia compendia

Compounding Compounding Remington: The Science and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Merck Practice of Pharmacy, Merck Index, A Practical Guide to Index, A Practical Guide to Contemporary Pharmacy Contemporary Pharmacy Practice, USP/NF, Allen's Practice, USP/NF, Allen's Compounded Formulations, Compounded Formulations, Martindale: The Complete Drug Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, Extemporaneous Reference, Extemporaneous Formulations, Ansel's Formulations, Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, The and Drug Delivery Systems, The Art, Science and Technology of Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding Pharmaceutical Compounding

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

Dietary supplement Dietary supplement Natural Medicine Comprehensive Natural Medicine Comprehensive Database, Review of Natural Database, Review of Natural Products, Products,

Professional's Handbook of Professional's Handbook of Complementary and Alternative Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Herbal Medicine: Medicine, Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Expanded Commission E Monographs, PDR for Herbal Monographs, PDR for Herbal Medicine, Herbal Medicines: A Medicine, Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health Care Guide for Health Care Professionals, Herb Professionals, Herb Contraindications and Drug Contraindications and Drug

Interactions, AltMedDexInteractions, AltMedDex

Adverse Dosage Adverse Dosage recommendations recommendations (general and organ (general and organ impairment) impairment)

Major compendia, Major compendia, Drug Prescribing in Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure Renal Failure

Type of Type of Request Request

Useful Tertiary Sources Useful Tertiary Sources

Drug Drug interactions interactions

Hansten and Horn's Drug Hansten and Horn's Drug Interaction Analysis and Interaction Analysis and Management, Drug Management, Drug Interaction Facts, Interaction Facts, Stockley's Drug Stockley's Drug Interactions, DRUG-REAX, Interactions, DRUG-REAX, major compendia major compendia

Drug-Drug-laboratory laboratory interference interference

Basic Skills in Interpreting Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data, Laboratory Laboratory Data, Laboratory Test Handbook, Clinical Guide Test Handbook, Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, Laboratory to Laboratory Tests, Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Tests and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

Drugs in pregnancy Drugs in pregnancy and in lactation and in lactation

Drugs in Pregnancy and Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation, Drugs During Lactation, Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation, Drugs Pregnancy and Lactation, Drugs for Pregnant and Lactating for Pregnant and Lactating Women, Medications and Women, Medications and Mothers' Milk: A Manual of Mothers' Milk: A Manual of Lactational Pharmacology, Lactational Pharmacology, REPRORISK, major compendia REPRORISK, major compendia

Foreign drug Foreign drug identification identification

Martindale: The Martindale: The Complete Drug Complete Drug Reference, Index Reference, Index Nominum, Nominum, DRUGDEX®, DRUGDEX®, European Drug European Drug Index, Internet Index, Internet search engines, search engines, specific country specific country resources resources

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

Geriatric dosage Geriatric dosage recommendations recommendations

Geriatric Dosage Geriatric Dosage Handbook, The Handbook, The Merck Manual of Merck Manual of Geriatrics, major Geriatrics, major compendiacompendia

Identification of Identification of product by product by description of dosage description of dosage form form

IDENTIDEX®, IDENTIDEX®, Clinical Clinical Pharmacology, Ident-Pharmacology, Ident-a-Drug, Clinical a-Drug, Clinical Reference Library, Reference Library, electronic Facts and electronic Facts and ComparisonsComparisons

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

Investigational drug Investigational drug information information

FDA website, FDA website, Clinicaltrials.gov, Clinicaltrials.gov, MedlinePlus, MedlinePlus, manufacturer manufacturer websiteswebsites

Incompatibility/Incompatibility/stability stability

Handbook of Injectable Handbook of Injectable Drugs, King Guide to Drugs, King Guide to Parenteral Admixtures, Parenteral Admixtures, Trissel's Stability of Trissel's Stability of Compounded Compounded Formulations, Extended Formulations, Extended Stability for Parenteral Stability for Parenteral Drugs, Remington: The Drugs, Remington: The Science and Practice of Science and Practice of Pharmacy Pharmacy

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

Method/rate of Method/rate of administration administration

Major compendia Major compendia

Pediatric dosage Pediatric dosage recommendations recommendations

The Harriet Lane The Harriet Lane Handbook, Pediatric Handbook, Pediatric Dosage Handbook, Dosage Handbook, Neofax, major Neofax, major compendiacompendia

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics Clinical Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics, Applied Applied Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Pharmacodynamics: Principles of Therapeutic Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Basic Drug Monitoring, Basic Clinical Clinical Pharmacokinetics, major Pharmacokinetics, major compendia*compendia*

Pharmacology Pharmacology Goodman & Goodman & Gilman's: The Gilman's: The Pharmacological Pharmacological Basis of Basis of Therapeutics, Basic Therapeutics, Basic & Clinical & Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacology, Principles of Principles of Pharmacology Pharmacology

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

Pharmacy law Pharmacy law Pharmacy Practice Pharmacy Practice and the Law, Guide and the Law, Guide to Federal Pharmacy to Federal Pharmacy Law, State Board of Law, State Board of Pharmacy web pagesPharmacy web pages

Price Price Price-Chek PC, Drug Price-Chek PC, Drug Topics Red Book Topics Red Book

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

Serum or urine Serum or urine therapeutic levels therapeutic levels

Pharmacokinetic Pharmacokinetic texts above and texts above and major compendiamajor compendia

Therapy Therapy evaluation/recommenevaluation/recommendations dations

Pharmacotherapy: A Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Pathophysiologic Approach, Applied Approach, Applied Therapeutics, The Merck Therapeutics, The Merck Manual, Harrison's Manual, Harrison's Principles of Internal Principles of Internal Medicine, Cecil's Medicine, Cecil's Textbook of Medicine, Textbook of Medicine, Textbook of Textbook of Therapeutics, Conn's Therapeutics, Conn's Current Therapy Current Therapy

Type of Request Type of Request Useful Tertiary Useful Tertiary Sources Sources

Toxicology Toxicology information information

POISINDEX®, Goldfrank's POISINDEX®, Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, Toxicologic Emergencies, Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, The Basic Science of Poisons, Ellenhorn's Medical Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Treatment of Human Poisoning, Poisoning & Poisoning, Poisoning & Toxicology Handbook, Clinical Toxicology Handbook, Clinical Management of Drug Management of Drug Overdose, TOXNET Overdose, TOXNET

Veterinary medicine Veterinary medicine Veterinary Drug Handbook, Veterinary Drug Handbook, Textbook of Veterinary Internal Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Compendia of Medicine, Compendia of Veterinary Products, FDA Center Veterinary Products, FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine, 5-for Veterinary Medicine, 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline Canine and Feline

Tertiary Resources AHFS Drug Information:

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, http://www.ashp.org

It contains information on both FDA approved and off‐labeled uses of medications

It contains information about dosing in special populations

It contains some information about compatibility and stability of injectables

It is available as paper text, as intranet and PDA version

Tertiary Resources

Drug Information Handbook (DIH): Lexi-Comp, http://www.lexi.com It is organized in brief drug monographs Data includes FDA approved and off‐

labeled use of medications It has several appendixes providing

treatment options and comparing agents in the same class

It is also available through CD‐ROM, PDA and internet

Tertiary Resources

Drug Facts and Comparisons: WolterKluwer Health, Inc.,

http://www.factsandcomparisons.com It contains information organized by

drug class There are comparative monographs of

drug classes to help discern differences between agents of the same class

It is available through CD‐ROM, and internet as well

Tertiary Resources

Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR)Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) It is a compilation of product package

inserts It includes contact information for

manufacturers, a list of poison control centers

and some limited tablet identification It is aslo available through PDA and online http://www.pdrhealth.com/drugs/

drugsindex.aspx

Tertiary ResourcesTertiary Resources Drugdex® SystemDrugdex® System

This electronic resource is a database This electronic resource is a database within the MICROMEDEX system within the MICROMEDEX system

It contains information about FDA-It contains information about FDA-approved indications, off-label uses, approved indications, off-label uses, pharmacokinetic data, safety pharmacokinetic data, safety information, and pharmacology.information, and pharmacology.

This resource is available via CD-ROM, This resource is available via CD-ROM, PDA, and the Internet PDA, and the Internet

Tertiary ResourcesTertiary Resources

USP DI Volumes I, II, and IIIUSP DI Volumes I, II, and III Thomson Healthcare, Thomson Healthcare, http://www.thomsonhc.comhttp://www.thomsonhc.com Information from the United States Pharmacopeia Information from the United States Pharmacopeia

(USP) Drug Information (DI) resources is also (USP) Drug Information (DI) resources is also included in the MICROMEDEX Healthcare Series.included in the MICROMEDEX Healthcare Series.

Volume I contains information for the health care Volume I contains information for the health care professional, organized into monographs based on professional, organized into monographs based on nonproprietary names. Information that is included nonproprietary names. Information that is included is similar to that in other monographs: indications, is similar to that in other monographs: indications, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety issues, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety issues, and patient counseling points.and patient counseling points.

USP DI Volumes I, II, and USP DI Volumes I, II, and III cont.III cont.

Volume II contains advice for the lay person Volume II contains advice for the lay person and includes material intended to and includes material intended to supplement counseling by a health care supplement counseling by a health care professionalprofessional

Volume III includes information about Volume III includes information about therapeutic equivalence and USP/National therapeutic equivalence and USP/National Formulary (NF) requirements for labeling, Formulary (NF) requirements for labeling, storing, and packaging drugs. There is also storing, and packaging drugs. There is also information about regulations and statutes information about regulations and statutes impacting pharmacy. The first portion of this impacting pharmacy. The first portion of this volume of the resource is commonly known volume of the resource is commonly known as the as the Orange BookOrange Book, and contains the same , and contains the same information that is available through the FDA information that is available through the FDA via http://www.fda.gov/cder/ob/default.htm. via http://www.fda.gov/cder/ob/default.htm.

Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs This reference, published every 4 years with This reference, published every 4 years with

annual updatesannual updates provides a critical review of international provides a critical review of international

literature in the area of adverse events literature in the area of adverse events Chapters are organized by drug classification; Chapters are organized by drug classification;

adverse events are organized by drug name and adverse events are organized by drug name and then by organ system within each drug then by organ system within each drug

Allen's Compounded FormulationsAllen's Compounded Formulations American Pharmacists Association, American Pharmacists Association,

http://www.aphanet.org. http://www.aphanet.org. This resource is a collection of This resource is a collection of U.S. U.S.

PharmacistPharmacist columns that have been printed columns that have been printed as a text. as a text.

Each recipe provides method of Each recipe provides method of preparation, stability, and discussion of preparation, stability, and discussion of utility of the dosage form. utility of the dosage form.

Extemporaneous FormulationsExtemporaneous Formulations American Society of Health-System American Society of Health-System

Pharmacists, http://www.ashp.org Pharmacists, http://www.ashp.org This resource is a compilation of published This resource is a compilation of published

recipes with stability data recipes with stability data Most products are oral formulations to Most products are oral formulations to

reflect the unique needs of some pediatric reflect the unique needs of some pediatric patients. patients.

Information is also provided about legal and Information is also provided about legal and technical issues in compounding practices. technical issues in compounding practices.

Merck IndexMerck Index Merck & Co., Merck & Co., http://www.merck.comhttp://www.merck.com This resource provides descriptions of the This resource provides descriptions of the

chemical and pharmacologic information chemical and pharmacologic information about a variety of productsabout a variety of products

Data include CAS number, chemical Data include CAS number, chemical structure, molecular weight, and physical structure, molecular weight, and physical data, including solubility, which may be data, including solubility, which may be especially useful in compounding especially useful in compounding

Remington: The Science and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Practice of Pharmacy

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, http://www.lww.com http://www.lww.com

This classic text contains information about This classic text contains information about all aspectsall aspects of pharmacy practice of pharmacy practice

There is discussion of social issues There is discussion of social issues impacting pharmacy as well as information impacting pharmacy as well as information about the basics of pharmaceutics, about the basics of pharmaceutics, manufacturing, pharmacodynamics, and manufacturing, pharmacodynamics, and medicinal chemistry. medicinal chemistry.

Information is provided regarding common Information is provided regarding common compounding techniques and ingredients compounding techniques and ingredients

Drug Prescribing in Renal FailureDrug Prescribing in Renal Failure American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians,

http://www.acponline.org http://www.acponline.org This resource addresses the changes in This resource addresses the changes in

pharmacokinetics that occur as a result of pharmacokinetics that occur as a result of renal impairment, and provides specific renal impairment, and provides specific recommendations for dosing adjustment for recommendations for dosing adjustment for medications medications

recommendations for dosage modifications recommendations for dosage modifications for patients undergoing hemodialysis, chronic for patients undergoing hemodialysis, chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy continuous renal replacement therapy

Hansten and Horn's Drug Interaction Hansten and Horn's Drug Interaction Analysis and Management Analysis and Management

This resource provides summaries of, mechanism This resource provides summaries of, mechanism of, and management options for reported drug of, and management options for reported drug interactionsinteractions

The authors also provide information regarding The authors also provide information regarding severity of interaction and any risk factors that severity of interaction and any risk factors that might predispose patients to this eventmight predispose patients to this event

This loose-leaf reference, which is updated This loose-leaf reference, which is updated quarterly, provides rapid information regarding quarterly, provides rapid information regarding severity and likelihood of an interaction and severity and likelihood of an interaction and actions needed to minimize this risk based on the actions needed to minimize this risk based on the case studies and primary literature available. case studies and primary literature available.

Drug Interaction FactsDrug Interaction Facts This resource provides information about This resource provides information about

drug-drug or drug-food interactionsdrug-drug or drug-food interactions Discussions of significance of the Discussions of significance of the

interaction as well as suggestions for interaction as well as suggestions for management are included management are included

Drug-REAX Drug-REAX This electronic resource is a database This electronic resource is a database

within the MICROMEDEX system. within the MICROMEDEX system. Information is provided about drug-drug, Information is provided about drug-drug,

drug-food, and drug-supplement drug-food, and drug-supplement interactions interactions

Discussion is provided regarding severity, Discussion is provided regarding severity, management, and literature about the management, and literature about the interaction interaction

Martindale: The Complete Drug ReferenceMartindale: The Complete Drug Reference Pharmaceutical Press, Pharmaceutical Press, http://www.pharmpress.comhttp://www.pharmpress.com This resource includes information on a variety of This resource includes information on a variety of

domestic and international drugs domestic and international drugs Proprietary names and manufacturer contact Proprietary names and manufacturer contact

information are available for a variety of countriesinformation are available for a variety of countries This information is available in hardcopy, CD-This information is available in hardcopy, CD-

ROM, via online subscription, and is also included ROM, via online subscription, and is also included in some MICROMEDEX Healthcare Series in some MICROMEDEX Healthcare Series packages packages

Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,

http://www.lww.com http://www.lww.com focuses exclusively on information focuses exclusively on information

available about the use of available about the use of medications in pregnant or lactating medications in pregnant or lactating women women

Lab sessionLab session

Use Micromedex system to give your Use Micromedex system to give your recommendations concerning these recommendations concerning these questions:questions: Can I drink grapefruit juice if I’m taking Can I drink grapefruit juice if I’m taking

atorvastatin?atorvastatin?

Can Ibuprofen be used for pregnant Can Ibuprofen be used for pregnant women?women?