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Drug & Alcohol Testing Facts and Best Practice for the Maritime Industry

28th June 2015 – Gdansk

Philip Nielsen, Alere Toxicology

What / Who is Alere Toxicology?

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Alere Toxicology provides products and services that are used to identify whether

individuals have been using drugs and/or alcohol:

Drug Treatment – testing people in treatment and rehabilitation

Criminal justice – testing on arrest, in prison, on probation

Child protection – testing parents / guardians to protect children

Roadside – developing tools for roadside drug testing

Workplace – using testing to deter inappropriate drug / alcohol use

Over 10 million Drug and Alcohol tests each year for customers in over 75 countries

Maritime just one of six sectors, (approximately 7.000 vessels & 140.000 samples per year)

You may know us better as MEDSCREEN

Our own, fully validated laboratory methods accredited to ISO/IEC 17025:2005.

Fully trained & responsive international network of Collecting Officers.

Independent interpretations of results by Medical Review Officers

‘Behind every test is a life’

Oxford / Abingdon

(Oral Fluid Testing)

Snapshot of some of our Customers

Proud of our Accreditations:

Why test?

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• Health and Safety

• Minimize risk of accident

• Create awareness

• Stop misuse

• Help and provide treatment & support

• Demonstrate to your customers you work against

Drugs and Alcohol

• Be a responsible & quality oriented company

• Comply with International Regulations & Guidelines

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Predictions for the future

• World is getting smaller as we communicate more

• Internet / social media means information is widely available

• Internet means drugs (including medicines) are available

• Age demographics / urbanisation / gender tolerance means

world drug use will probably increase

• Alcohol and Cannabis will remain dominant

• Illicit chemists will remain active

• Toxicologists will remain vigilant

Psychoactive drug

• alcohol

• illegal drugs

• some medicines

• caffeine / nicotine

A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behaviour.

Dr Michael Gossop: Living with Drugs

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Use of legal alcohol is 8 times that of illicit drugs

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USS Nimitz May 1981

• Flight deck crew tested positive for marijuana

• President Reagan Order for Drug Free Federal Workplace 1986

Exxon Valdez March 1989

• Master had been drinking?

• Oil Pollution Act 1990

• Exxon Drug & Alcohol Policy applied to all carriers early 1990s

Marchioness / Bowbelle August 1989

• 51 deaths

• Master of Bowbelle had been drinking

• Inquest 1995 recommended testing Railways Transport Safety

Act 2003

Drugs, Alcohol and Accidents?

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Captain Joseph Hazelwood, who was widely reported to have been drinking heavily that night, was not at the controls when the ship struck the reef.

However, as the senior officer, he was in command of the ship even though he was asleep in his bunk. In light of the other findings, investigative

reporter Greg Palast stated in 2008, "Forget the drunken skipper fable. As to Captain Joe Hazelwood, he was below decks, sleeping off his bender. At

the helm, the third mate never would have collided with Bligh Reef had he looked at his RAYCAS radar. But the radar was not turned on. In fact, the

tanker's radar was left broken and disabled for more than a year before the disaster, and Exxon management knew it. It was [in Exxon's view] just too

expensive to fix and operate." [16] Exxon blamed Captain Hazelwood for the grounding of the tanker.[15]

• ILO / WHO, Guiding principles of drug &alcohol testing procedures for

worldwide application in the maritime industry 1993

• US DOT original rules 1996

• Intertanko / BIMCO / International Chamber of Shipping

• IMO developing guidance on prevention of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

OCIMF Guidelines 1995

ISM and ISPS Codes (SOLAS concept)

International Safety Management Code 2002

International Ship and Port Facility Security Code 2004

Guidelines

EFFECTS OF DRUGS

• stimulants - hyperactivity, over confidence, then exhaustion

cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, ‘new’ drugs

• depressants - slowed reaction times, clumsiness, confusion, indifference

heroin, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol

• hallucinogens - distort reality, ‘seeing sounds, hearing colours’, risk of flashbacks

LSD, magic mushrooms

Stimulant Drugs

Effects

Hyperactivity

Over confidence

Then exhaustion

Cocaine

Ecstasy

Amphetamines

‘New drugs’

18

Depressant Drugs

Effects

Slowed reactions

Clumsiness

Confusion

Indifference

Heroin

Benzodiazepines

Barbiturates

Alcohol

19

Hallucinogenic Drugs

Effects

Distort reality

‘Seeing sounds hearing colours’

Altered perception

Risk of flashbacks

LSD

Magic mushrooms

20

Inappropriate use of drugs and alcohol has two consequences:

Impairment which can affect

the organisation and individuals within it

Problem use which can

affect the individual and in turn the organisation

• alters rational judgment and sensible assessment

• exacerbates fatigue and other conditions

Stimulant drugs may have short term effect, with consequences

Depressant drugs make tiredness worse

• affects vision, hearing, balance, memory, decisions

• therefore impacts on safety and security

Use of drugs and alcohol

Individual

Tasks

Communication and teamwork

Technology

Management and culture

Human Factors in the Maritime Domain Greech Horberry Koester CRC Press 2008

The 4 Different Methods…

... all seafarers must be able to

respond at any time to an

emergency situation ... OCIMF: GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF

DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ONBOARD SHIP 1995

"Our most important concern today, as it was in 1948, is the safety of life at sea.

The biggest threat to human life now, as then, is human error," IMO Secretary General Mr. William A O'Neil 50th anniversary message 2008.

Collections (from request to test results)

Samples collected & packaged on board Samples couriered to our Laboratory

Legally Defensible Testing

Preparation of facilities

Preparation of facilities

Preparation of facilities

Identity check

Donor empties pockets

Donor selects cup

Temperature control

Current medication questions

Donor signature x 3

2 samples

with tamper-evident seals

Bag sealed in the presence of the

donor

Collections (from request to test results)

38

Samples collected & packaged on board Samples couriered to our Laboratory

Samples are screened Positive tests are confirmed

Samples opened ‘’Chain of Custody’’,

logged onto the Lab Mngt Sy.

Results are reported in a Certificate of Analysis

Questions ?

Thank you !

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Always feel free to contact us:

Alere Toxicology Plc

Harbour Quay, 100 Preston's Road

London, E14 9PH

+44 (0)20 7712 8000 Main Office

Philip.nielsen@alere.com