dr.mohammad suleiman publication 22102010

8/8/2019 Dr.mohammad Suleiman Publication 22102010

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dr.mohammad Suleiman

Medics Index Member

Caused by certain nephritogenic strains of Group A streptococci .Complexes rest

under the epithelium and induce proliferation of endothelium and mesangium .Most

patients achieve complete recovery, though a small percentage of them has severe

damage rapidly progressing to kidney

failure.Otitis and sinusitis

Sinusitis refers to an inflammation of the mucosa lining the cavities that are within the

facial bones .This illness frequently follows an extended infectious process that begins

in the nasal mucosa .By contrast ,otitis media refers to an inflammatory

condition of the middle ear cavity following an infection process in the upper airway

extending from the nasopharynx .Although many viruses can cause infections in the

airway associated to the respiratory system ,bacteria-caused infections have greater

clinical importance .S. pneumoniae, H.influenzae and S.aureus are agents commonly

found in middle ear and paranasal sinuses

conditions.

Laryngitis and epiglottitisViral infections affecting the upper respiratory tract can extend deeper to affect the

larynx and trachea .Parainfluenza virus type I and III are the most common viruses

forming colonies in and affecting the larynx ,though respiratory syncytial virus and

influenza virus are also causing agents .Epiglottitis is found in infants ,it is commonly

caused by H.influenzae virus dissemination from the nasopharynx

Wooping coughWooping

cough or coqueluche is caused by infection with the Brudetella pertussis coccabacillus

, which is spread through the air by respiratory droplets from an infected person.Microorganisms multiply only in association with ciliated epithelium and result in


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several virulence factors .After7 or 10 days ,the infection starts with a catarrh stage

and low fever, rhinorrhea , profussion of lacrimal fluid and conjunctivitis . Cough

progresses to severe paroxysms that end in strong inspiratory whoop.

Acute bronchitisAcute bronchitis refers to inflammation of the bronchial mucosa .It generally follows

serious infections of the upper respiratory airway as a complication ofthem,particularly infections caused by H. influenzae virus in the larynx of infants, and

influenzae in children and adults .Cough is the most common symptom and treatment

is frequently aimed at relieving symptoms.

BronchiolitisBronchiolitis is a common illness of the lower respiratory airway of infants under the

age of 1 year following inflammatory obstruction of the small airways in the lungs.

Respiratory syncytial virus can account for more than 50%of cases,other viruses that

can cause bronchiolitis include :parainfluinza III ,mycoplasma ,and some

adenoviruses .The infection is generally transmitted by a family member suffering

from a mild respiratory infection .The characteristic features of illness are obstructionof the bronchioles due to edema and accumulation of mucus and cell remains ,which

results in air hyperinflation.

Bacterial pneumoniaS.pneumoniae accounts for 25%to60% of acute bacterial pneumonia infections .

Other common causing agent is H.influenzae virus (5%-15%) .The infection starts as

an acute condition with fever and chills .It is frequently accompanied by pleural

involvement and hemoptysis .During the first stage ,the alveoli are filled with edema

fluid ,bacteria ,neutrophils and lysate erythrocytes (red hepatization) .The following

stage includes neutrophils lysis and macrophages phagocytizing them (gray

hepatization ),then ,resolution of the condition.

Viral pneumonitisViruses can invade the lungs from the blood stream or directly through the airways

.Many viral agents can cause pneumonia, including influenza ,parainfluenza and

measles ,among others . At the beginning of the infection , the alveolar epithelium is

affected and an interstitial mononuclear infiltrate is formed .Based on the sverity

degree ,pneumonocyte I necrosis, or pneumonocyte II hyperplasia may occur.

Pulmonary tuberculosisPrimary tuberculosis refers to the infection caused by Koch's bacillus to persons that

have never been in touch with it before .Typically ,it induces Ghon complex ,a

pulmonary condition that causes damage in the corresponding hilar lymph nodes

.Frequently ,secondary tuberculosis results from bacilli reactivation or reinfection by

exogenous bacilli .It generally affects adults and the most common symptom is

coughing up blood .If the immune system suffers alterations ,bacteria may be miliary

tuberculosis with very bad prognosis.

I nfections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniaPneumococci commonly lodge in the upper respiratory tract , and may become

invasive pathogens .About 90% of infants between the age of 6 months and 4,5 years

carry S .pneumoniae at some stage of their life .S .pneumoniae is the most frequent

cause of pneumonia and bacterial otitis media, and the third most frequent cause of

meningitis.

Infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae


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This pathogen is frequently endemic ,though it can cause outbreaks of the illness

particularly in nursery schools and healthcare facilities for chronic patients

H,influenzae type b accounts for almost 95% of the severe infections caused by

encapsulated H.influenzae viruses (meningitis ,acute epiglottitis , pneumonia, septic

arthritis ,cellulites ,osteomyelitis ,pericarditis ).Non encapsulated strains are etiologic

agents of upper respiratory tract infection ,such as acute otitis media . & nbsp

dr.mohammad Suleiman

Medics Index Member

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dr.mohammad suleiman publication 22102010

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