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National Energy Technology Laboratory

Driving Innovation ♦ Delivering Results

Timothy J. Skone, PE

2015 EIA Energy Conference, Washington, D.C.June 15, 2015

Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

Natural Gas and Power Production

2National Energy Technology Laboratory

Agenda

• Importance of Understanding GHG Emissions from the Power and Natural Gas Sectors

• Understanding the Life Cycle GHG Emissions of Natural Gas

• Understanding the Life Cycle GHG Emissions of Power Production


Electricity Generation Forecast: 25% Growth in Next 20 YearsEIA, AEO 2015: Reference Case

37% Coal 34%

19%Nuclear 16%

13%Renewables 18%

30%

Natural Gas31%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 2036 2040

An

nu

al E

lect

rici

ty G

en

era

tio

n (

TWh

)

Source: EIA, AEO 2015


U.S. 2013 GHG Emissions, by Economic Sector

• 6,673 Million Metric Tons CO2e (AR4 GWP) in 2013– 82% Carbon Dioxide

– 10% Methane

– 5% Nitrous Oxide

– 3% Fluorinated Gases

• Electricity Sector– 98.2% Carbon Dioxide

• GHG Emissions are 9% below 2005 Levels

Source: 2013 US EPA GHG Inventory

Electricity31%

Transportation27%

Industry21%

Agriculture9%

Commercial6%

Residential6%


U.S. Anthropogenic Methane Emissions, 2013

NG Production, 7%

NG Processing, 4%

NG Transmission, 8%

NG Distribution, 5%

Coal Mining11%

Petroleum, 4%

Agriculture37%

Waste21%

Other, 3%

Source: 2013 US EPA GHG Inventory

• Methane emissions are 10% of total 2013 U.S. GHG emissions (in AR4 CO2e)

• Current U.S. fossil fuel related methane emissions are ~ 40% of U.S. anthropogenic methane emissions

– Natural Gas: 25%

– Coal Mining: 11%

– Petroleum Systems: 4%


President’s Climate Action Plan

Source: www.whitehouse.gov

“Curbing emissions of methane is critical to our overall effort to address global climate change. … To achieve additional progress, the Administration will”:

• Develop a comprehensive Interagency Methane Strategy –July 2014

• Initiated a collaborative approach with state governments as well as the private sector and cover all methane emitting sectors

Assessing Current

Emissions Data and

Addressing Data Gaps

Identifying

Technologies and Best

Practices for Reducing

Emissions

Identifying Existing

Authorities and

Incentive-based

Opportunities for

Reducing Emissions

Three Pillars


Understanding the Life Cycle GHGs of Natural Gas

Graphical Image is a modified version of American Gas Association image; https://www.aga.org/at-a-glance.

Distribution

Extraction / Production

Gathering/Processing

Transmission / Storage


NETL Techno-Regions and Natural Gas Boundaries

Region Basin Shale Play

Alaska - -

Alaska Offshore - -

Appalachian Appalachian Marcellus

Black Warrior Black Warrior -

CentralAnadarko, Ardmore, Cherokee

Platform, Palo DuroWoodford, Fayetteville

Fort Worth Ft. Worth Barnett

Gulf of Mexico - -

Gulf Coast Western Gulf Eagleford

Illinois-Michigan

Illinois, MichiganAntrim,

New Albany

North-Central Williston Bakken

Pacific Offshore Ventura -

Rocky Mountains

Bighorn, Denver, Greater Green River, Paradox, Piceance, Powder

River, Raton, San Juan, Unita, Wind River, Wyoming Thrust Belt

Niobrara

TX-LA-MS Salt Arkoma, TX-LA-MS Salt Haynesville

West Coast Sacramento -

West Texas-Permian

PermianBarnett-

Woodford


2012 Production Mix for Techno-Regions

RegionTechnology

TotalCBM

OnshoreConventional

OffshoreConventional

Oil Wells Shale Tight Gas

Alaska - 0.31% - 0.70% - - 1.0%

Alaska Offshore - - 0.14% 0.31% - - 0.44%

Appalachian 0.44% 2.8% - 0.050% 9.1% 0.32% 13%

Black Warrior 0.37% - - - - - 0.37%

Central 0.41% 5.4% - 0.21% 6.0% 1.6% 14%

Fort Worth - - - - 22% - 22%

Gulf of Mexico Offshore - - 4.6% 2.0% - - 6.5%

Gulf Coast - 9.2% - 1.8% - 7.8% 19%

Illinois-Michigan - 0.34% - 0.018% 0.44% 0.038% 0.84%

North-Central - 0.087% - 0.40% 0.75% 0.026% 1.3%

Pacific Offshore - - 0.063% 0.071% - - 0.13%

Rocky Mountains 4.7% 4.6% - 0.093% 0.89% 10% 21%

TX-LA-MS Salt - 0.15% - 0.049% - 0.21% 0.41%

West Coast - 0.42% - 0.21% 0.22% - 0.84%

West Texas-Permian - - - 0.21% 0.25% - 0.46%

Total 6.0% 23% 4.8% 6.1% 39% 20% 100%


Regional Variability is Reduced at National Level(16.0 g/MJ CO₂e, 1.86% CH₄ Emission Rate thru Distribution)

22.0% 21.0% 19.0%14.0% 13.0% 6.5% 1.3% 1.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.1%

16.0

20.5

16.3

9.311.4

14.9

9.310.9

14.116.0 15.3

29.9

24.6

16.5

12.5

9.5

0

10

20

30

40

Ave

rage

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.

Ft. W

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Cra

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e G

HG

Em

issi

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s(g

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₂e/M

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)


Detailed GHG Results for Appalachian Basin(15.5 g CO₂e/MJ, 1.8% CH₄ Emission Rate thru Distribution)

• CH₄ makes up 77% of the GHG footprint– 73% of this comes from

Distribution, Transmission and Completions

– 97% from 8 sources in the system

• 62% of CO₂ emissions come from the operations of compressors

• These limited set of sources represent significant opportunities for improvement

15.532.60

3.730.12

1.880.010.16<0.01

0.480.040.00<0.010.050.030.010.20

0.94<0.01<0.01<0.01

0.750.53

0.02<0.01<0.01<0.01

0.253.33

0.180.07

0 6 12 18

TOTALDistribution

Trans. OperationTrans. Construction

CompressionDehydration

Liquids SeparationSweetening

OtherOther Point Sources

PneumaticsProcessing

DeliveryCrystallization

TreatmentPlunger LiftNo Plunger


Condensate TankProduced Water Tank

PneumaticsValves

Open-ended LinesFlanges

ConnectionsWorkovers

CompletionLand Use

Well Construction

Fugi

tive

sW

ater

Liq

uid

Un

ld.

Fugi

tive

s

Tran

s. &

Dis

t.P

roce

ssin

gP

rod

uct

ion

Cradle-to-gate GHG Emissions (g CO₂e/MJ, AR5 GWP)

CO₂

CH₄

N₂O


Detailed GHG Results for Next Appalachian Well(12.0 g CO₂e/MJ, 1.1% CH₄ Emission Rate thru Distribution)

• Next Well: Post-January 2015 NSPS implementation & increased recovery efficiency

• GHG footprint reduced by 22%

• Improvements to operations reduce the contribution of CH₄ to 69%

– Over 72% from TS&D

– 98% now come from 6 sources11.96

2.603.73

0.121.88

0.010.160.16

0.480.04<0.01<0.010.050.030.01

0.35<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01

0.750.53

0.02<0.01<0.01<0.010.06

0.820.110.04

0 6 12 18

TOTALDistribution

Trans. OperationTrans. Construction

CompressionDehydration

Liquids SeparationSweetening


PneumaticsProcessing

DeliveryCrystallization

TreatmentPlunger LiftNo Plunger


Condensate TankProduced Water Tank

PneumaticsValves

Open-ended LinesFlanges

ConnectionsWorkovers

CompletionLand Use

Well Construction

Fugi

tive

sW

ater

Liq

uid

Un

ld.

Fugi

tive

s

Tran

s. &

Dis

t.P

roce

ssin

gP

rod

uct

ion

Cradle-to-gate GHG Emissions (g CO₂e/MJ, AR5 GWP)

CO₂

CH₄

N₂O


DOE Actions to Reduce Methane Emissions

• Fossil Energy funded methane emissions quantification research

• Conducted public meeting on energy efficiency standards for natural gas compressors

• Working with FERC on Incentives: Requested efforts to provide certainty for cost recovery for natural gas infrastructure modernization

• NARUC Partnership on Infrastructure Modernization

• Natural Gas Modernization R&D strategy across DOE:– Pipeline Efficiency Research, Development & Demonstration Program (FE)– Advanced Natural Gas System Manufacturing R&D Initiative (AMO) – Loan Guarantees for Adv. FE Projects that Reduce Methane Emissions (LPO)– Investing in Technologies for Leak Detection & Measurement (ARPA-E)– Developing a clearinghouse of information on technologies, policies, and

strategies (EPSA)

Action Items


Understanding the LCA of Power Production

Add transition slide to next topic

Extraction / Production

Gathering/Processing

Transmission / Storage

Power Generation

Electricity Transmission


GHG Emission Profiles for Fossil Power Production

1,205 1,131

958 965

523 570

746

506

230 277

179

1,3161,390

1,187 1,188

628 684

896

614499

599

305

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

FleetBaseload

EXPC IGCC SCPC Fleetbaseload

Fleet loadfollowing

Fleetpeaking

NGCC IGCC SCPC NGCCCurrent

Average Illinois No. 6 Average With Carbon Capture

Coal Power Natural Gas Power Coal and Natural Gas Power

Life

Cyc

le G

HG

Em

issi

on

s (g

CO

₂e/k

Wh

, AR

5 G

WP

)

Fuel Extraction Fuel Processing Fuel Transport Power Plant T&D 20-yr GWP

57% Decrease

48% Decrease

90% Carbon Capture at the Power Plant Results in

~80% Reduction in LC GHG Emissions for Coal-fired Power Plants and ~70%

Reduction for Natural Gas-fired Power Plants


Could Natural Gas be Worse than Coal if Methane Losses are Higher than we Estimate?

Advanced Coal, 4.3% Advanced Coal, 9.4%

Fleet Coal, 5.6%Fleet Coal, 12.5%

U.S. Average Methane Loss Rate , 1.5% (NETL Model Estimate)

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

0% 4% 8% 12% 16% 20%

Life

Cyc

le G

HG

s (g

CO

₂e/k

Wh

, AR

5 G

WP

)

Cradle-to-Transmission Natural Gas Emission Rate (CH₄ Emissions/NG Delivered)

20-yr GWP

100-yr GWP


GHG Emission Profiles for Power ProductionCurrent & Advanced Technology

611

1,205

523

1,180

40 31 23

250

42

965

506

33 11 31

277179

0

500

1,000

1,500

20

13

U.S

. Mix

Co

al

Nat

ura

lG

as

Pe

tro

leu

m

Nu

cle

ar

Hyd

roe

lect

ric

Win

d

Ge

oth

erm

al

Sola

r

Co

al

Nat

ura

lG

as

Win

d

Nu

cle

ar

Hyd

roU

pgr

ade

Co

al w

ith

Cap

ture

Gas

wit

h C

aptu

re

Current Advanced

Life

Cyc

le G

HG

Em

issi

on

s (g

CO

₂e/k

Wh

, Ar5

GW

P)

CO₂ N₂OCH₄ SF₆20-yr Total


Summary

• Reducing CO2 from fossil power production is critical to achieving greenhouse gas reduction goals

• Reducing both CH4 and CO2 across the life cycle of power production is achievable thru CCS, nuclear, and renewable power technology

• Knowledge of CH4 emissions continues to improve as new measurements and analysis are performed – reduction strategies will be adjusted accordingly

Advancing energy options to fuel our economy, strengthen our security, and improve our environment!


Contact Us

Timothy J. Skone, P.E.Sr. Environmental Engineer • Strategic Energy Analysis & Planning Division • (412) 386-4495 • [email protected]

Joe MarriottLead Associate • Booz | Allen | Hamilton • (412) 386-7557 • [email protected]

James LittlefieldAssociate • Booz | Allen | Hamilton • (412) 386-7560 • [email protected]

netl.doe.gov/LCA [email protected] @NETL_News

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