drivers of regional integration in asean
TRANSCRIPT
Drivers of Regional Integration in ASEAN Skills for Tomorrow, Collaborating for the Future:
Australia-Indonesia-ASEAN Symposium, Jakarta, 22-24 August 2017
Professor Christopher Ziguras
President, International Education Association of Australia
Deputy Dean, International, School of Global, Urban and Social StudiesRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University)
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North South DependencyEurope
United States
Post-colonial ties to former colonial powers
Cold war ties to major powersAsymetrical flows - students and scholars in one direction, models and knowledge in the other
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Diversification
More countries attracting foreign students and scholars
Globalisation of trade and investment flowsGrowth in bidirectional flows – mobility both ways, research collaboration
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Regionalisation
Regional supply chains driving economic linkages
Political leadership in EU and ASEANProximity allows for greater access to mobility and collaboration
What does regional integration mean in practice
HarmonizationMobility• degree mobility• credit mobility• academic mobility• graduate mobilityCollaboration between universities to improve quality of programs and research
Harmonization across ASEAN
• Alignment of quality assurance standards and processes• Development of consistent national qualifications frameworks and ASEAN
Qualifications Reference Framework• Mutual recognition agreements (credits and qualifications)• Alignment of duration of levels of schooling (eg Philippines adopting K-12 now)• Alignment of academic calendars• SEAMEO has been a key agent, as have partners who fund development
initiatives is low-income member countries
2011
2015
Degree mobility within ASEAN
ASEAN students undertaking HE programs abroad
Over 250,000 ASEAN students are taking degrees outside their home countryIntra-ASEAN mobility is mostly to neighbouring countries with a higher GDP per capita
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ASEAN students undertaking HE programs abroad
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Australia Japan Malaysia Thailand UnitedKingdom
UnitedStates
Major destinations of ASEAN students
Mobility out of the region is predominantly to major English language destinationsJapan and Malaysia are the largest Asian destinationsSingapore and China are likely major destinations too, but don’t provide data
Indonesian students undertaking HE programs abroad
Australia
United States
Malaysia
Japan
Egypt
United Kingdom
Germany
Saudi Arabia
NetherlandsKorea, Rep.
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Viet NamOther
41919 outbounddegree students14% are studying in Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei and VietnamNo data published by Singapore, Myanmar, Lao, Cambodia, PhilippinesChart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5
Singaporean students undertaking HE programs abroad
Australia
United Kingdom
United States
MalaysiaCanada
New ZealandGermany Ireland
EgyptJapan
Thailand Brunei Darussalam
Other
24,135 outbounddegree students4% are studying in Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei and VietnamNo data published by Indonesia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Philippines, LaoChart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5
Lao students undertaking HE programs abroad
3,460 outbounddegree students75% are studying in Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei and VietnamNo data published by Indonesia, Singapore, Myanmar, Cambodia, PhilippinesChart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5
Viet Nam
Thailand
Australia
JapanKorea, Rep.
FranceNew Zealand
United StatesMongoliaUnited Kingdom
Malaysia Other
International degree students in Malaysia
Bangladesh
Indonesia
China
Nigeria
Iran, Islamic Rep.YemenIraqPakistan
LibyaIndia
ThailandSingaporeViet Nam
Brunei …
MyanmarPhilippinesCambodiaLao PDR
Other
60,244 international degree students17% are from other ASEAN countriesChart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5
International degree students in Thailand
12,274 international degree students 40% are from other ASEAN countriesChart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5
China
MyanmarCambodia
Lao PDR
Viet Nam
United States
Korea, Rep.
India
BhutanBangladesh
IndonesiaPhilippinesMalaysia
Singapore Other
International degree students in Vietnam
2874 international degree students76% are from other ASEAN countriesChart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5
Lao PDRCambodia
China
Korea, Rep.
Mongolia
FrancePhilippines
Turkmenistan Japan Ukraine
Indonesia
Other
ASEAN, Asian and Asia Pacific regionalism?
Which region – ASEAN, Asia and Asia Pacific?
ASEAN is competing with broader regional blocs for the hearts and minds of South East Asian students, scholars and universities
APEC Vladivostok declaration, ‘Promoting Cross-Border Education Cooperation’, called on governments to enhancing the mobility of students, researchers, and education providers, and enhance the existing network of bilateral agreements
Japan, China, EU and Australia and others are keen to grow influence and engagement in ASEAN, and are devoting considerable resources
Let’s consider Japan and Australia’s student mobility with ASEAN
18,066
15,335
39,258
62,324
79,455 75,156
60,138 55,350 53,197
18,570
36,302
69,869
84,456
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1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2015
Japanese Study Abroad(OECD&UNESCO)
Japanese University Students Study Abroad (JASSO)
Japanese university students
Undertaking HE programs abroad
Chart source: Akinari Hoshino & Nami Iwaki (2017) Expansion of Outbound Study Abroad in ASEAN Countries: Focusing on Historical Transformation and Case Studies of Nagoya University, UMAP and JAISE International Forum 2017: Trends and Prospects of Mobility: Student Mobility and Support in the Asia-Pacific Region, Toyo University, Tokyo, 18-19 August (slightly adapted)
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2004年 2005年 2006年 2007年 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年
Myanmar
Brunei
Student mobility from Japan to ASEAN has grown seven-fold between 2009 and 2015
Laos
Indonesia
Vietnam
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Cambodia
Singapore
Chart source: Akinari Hoshino & Nami Iwaki (2017) Expansion of Outbound Study Abroad in ASEAN Countries: Focusing on Historical Transformation and Case Studies of Nagoya University, UMAP and JAISE International Forum 2017: Trends and Prospects of Mobility: Student Mobility and Support in the Asia-Pacific Region, Toyo University, Tokyo, 18-19 August (slightly adapted)
ASEAN student mobility to Japan, all forms
Source country 2016 Growth 15-16China 98483 5%Vietnam 53807 38%Nepal 19471 20%Republic of Korea 15457 1%Taiwan 8330 14%Indonesia 4630 29%Sri Lanka 3976 72%Myanmar 3851 40%Thailand 3842 9%Malaysia 2734 5%Other 24706 14%Total 239287 15%
Data source, JASSO
ASEAN student mobility to Japan and China, all forms
Source country 2016 Growth 15-16China 98483 5%Vietnam 53807 38%Nepal 19471 20%South Korea 15457 1%Taiwan 8330 14%Indonesia 4630 29%Sri Lanka 3976 72%Myanmar 3851 40%Thailand 3842 9%Malaysia 2734 5%Other 24706 14%Total 239287 15%
Data source: JASSO
Source country 2016South Korea 70540United States 23838Thailand 23044Pakistan 18626India 18717Russia 17971Indonesia 14714Kazakhstan 13996Japan 13595Vietnam 10639France 10414Laos 9907Mongolia 8508Germany 8145Malaysia 6880Other 173239Total 442773
China, top 15Japan, top 10
Data source: Ministry of Education
ASEAN student mobility to Japan and China
Data source: JASSO and Ministry of Education
Vietnam
Indonesia Thailand
Malaysia
Japan = blue
China = orange
Growth in Australian outbound mobility
Chart from: Harrison, L. and D. Potts (2016). Learning Abroad at Australian Universities. Universities Australia and the International Education Association of Australia.
31,846 students in Australian higher education studied abroad in 2014, representing 16.5% of completing undergraduates, continuing to grow rapidly
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Australian learning abroad in Asia
Australian Universities International Directors’ Forum (2016) Learning Abroad 2015
45% of outbound students in 2014 were studying in Asia, by far the fastest growing region
China
Japan
Indonesia
India Singapore Cambodia
Malaysia
Hong Kong
Vietnam
Thailand
PhilippinesLaos
Burma Brunei
Other
Australian mobility to Asia is mostly short-term (as is Japanese)
Australian outbound students in China, 2014
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Australia’s A Fair Chance for All report (1990) aimed “to improve participation in higher education of people from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds so that the mix of commencing students more closely resembles the mix of the general population”.
But, less than one in five Australian undergraduates is mobile, and the inequities in access to higher education are amplified in the mobile student populationThe mobile population, as in other countries is:• More female• More urban• More affluentThan university students and than the population as a whole.
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Equity in the shift from elite to mass mobility
Offer international programs that will appeal to students from neighbouring countries (as Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore do)Allow internationally mobile students to work, undertake internships and remain after graduation to gain professional experience (as Australia, NZ, Canada do)Provide financial support, as the ASEAN University Network’s ASEAN Credit Transfer Scheme does (but only five students from each of 30 universities, four in Indonesia)Develop mobility programs that are:• Career-oriented• Affordable• Short• Immersive• Collaborative• Regular
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Expanding regional mobility means improving accessibility
To cater to the whole student population, many universities are currently expanding ‘global experiences’ at home.
Micro-credentialed ‘global leadership programs’ that involve a range of activities, particularly intercultural and engaging the broader community
Globally-connected classrooms (sometimes ‘virtual exchange’) help students develop an ability to engage internationally through culturally and contextually appropriate use of polymedia (Madianou and Miller, 2012)
• Ryerson University’s Global Campus Network
• State University of New York’s Center for Collaborative Online Interactive Learning (COIL)
• Macquarie University’s Classroom of Many Cultures
• Beezr – teamwork across borders
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Innovation in internationalization at home
Classrooms at four university partners – University of Hawaii, Waseda University, National University of Samoa and RMIT – are connected through videoconferencing.Lecture series is provided by those universities and also by guest lecturers from the United Nations University, Tongji University, Asian Institute of Technology, University of the Ryukyus, the Chiba University of Commerce and government officials from Japan and Samoa. Photograph Brendan Barrett.
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Global cities, global challenges collaboration
