drinking - german westerwald stoneware

8/10/2019 Drinking - German Westerwald Stoneware

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18th Century Material Culture

Westerwald Stoneware


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Westerwald Region

Salt Glazed

Stonewares


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One of the most common forms of pottery imported to theAmerican Colonies during the 17th and 18th centurieswas a white salt glazed stoneware from the Westerwald orWestern Forest region of Germany. This style ofpottery actually has origins in Raeren, which after World

War I became a municipality of Belgium. Geographically,Westerwald is located within a low mountain rangenestled between the Sieg, Lahn and Rhine Rivers.



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Lahn

Sieg

Rhine



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Dating as early as the 15th Century, the towns thatproduced Westerwald stoneware included Grenzau,Grenzhausen and Hhr. As migrant potters began to settleinto the area with the molds they brought from Siegburg andRaeren, stoneware production spread from these towns to

outlying sites at Hilgert, Hillscheid, Ransbach, Baumbach,Mogendorf and Vallende. Noted archeologist Ivor NolHume claimed that the early wares from Raeren andWesterwald are virtually indistinguishable.



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Westerwald Stonewares were utilitarian vessels whichincluded such items as mugs, jugs, chamber pots, and tea

pots. They were made of a white clay which turned lightgrey upon firing. By applying a salt glaze to these itemsprior to their entry into a kiln, a glossy and orange peelfinish was created.

Although monochrome vessels were also produced, themajority of Westerwald pieces were colored with CobaltBlue and/or Manganese pigments. These pigments wereutilized due to their ability to withstand the hightemperatures of a stoneware kiln.

What AreWesterwald Stonewares ?


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Westerwald Stonewares were highly decorated. Theywere frequently adorned with mold formed reliefs and/orscratch drawn decorations. This artwork often includedthe use of animal motifs, sprig and floral treatments,

winged cherubs, and geometric designs.

What AreWesterwald Stonewares ?


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Westerwald Region

Salt Glazed Stoneware

Tall Jugs


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug

1664(Victoria & Albert)


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c. 1600(Victoria & Albert)


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c. 1640 - 1660(Victoria & Albert)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug



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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug from Raeren

Workshop of Jan Emens Mennicken of Raeren 1589(Victoria & Albert)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug from Raeren or Grenzhausen



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c. 1700(Private Collection)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug from Raeren or Genzhausen Depicting the Parable of the Prodigal Son



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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug from Raeren Depicting the Sovereigns of France, Spain and Poland

Workshop of Jan Emens Mennicken of Raeren c. 1580 - 1600(Victoria & Albert)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug from Grenzau



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c, 1580 - 1620(Victoria & Albert)


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German Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug from Hhr-Grenzhausen

by Johannes Mennicken 1769(Victoria & Albert)


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As Westerwald stonewares grew in popularity during the17th and 18th centuries, they would be exported toBritain, Australasia, and Africa. With the settlement ofthe English colonies in North America, these goods foundtheir way into homesteads and taverns throughout the

Atlantic coast.

Exportation


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Colonial Importation

The importation of goodsinto the British coloniesduring the 17th and 18thcenturies was a strictlymanaged business under the

jurisdiction of the mothercountry, England. To avoidthe loss of revenue throughsmuggling, all productseither imported to orexported from the colonies

were required to be doneaboard British ships. Thiswas strictly enforced byBritish trade regulations oft h e d a y , s u c h a s t h eNavigation Acts.


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Westerwald Region

Salt GlazedJugs & Mugs


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware JugFeaturing the Coat of Arms of the Counts of Wied of Grenzhausen & Dated 1687

(Crocker Farm)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware JugFeaturing the Coat of Arms of the Counts of Wied of Grenzhausen & Dated 1687

(Crocker Farm)


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Still Life with a Stoneware Jug,

by Cornelis Lelienbergh c. 1659(Private Collection)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug

c. 1690(Museum of London)


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17th Century(Crocker Farm)


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c. 1690(Museum of London)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jugc. 1650 - 1720

(Victoria & Albert)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Stoneware Mugc. 1690

(Metropolitan Museum of Art)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Stoneware Shard Recovered from the John Je!s Yard, Boston, Massachusettsc. 1690

(City of Boston Archeology Program)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Tankardc. 1700

(Antique Associates of West Townsend)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug ShardFound at the Cross Street Privy Site of Katherine Nanny Naylor of Boston, Massachusetts c. Late 17th Century

(Massachusetts Historical Commission - City of Boston Archeology Program)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Stoneware MugEarly 18th Century

(Skinner)


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(Marty Edgell)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Stoneware Mugc. 1690 - 1755

(Museum of London)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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(Private Collection)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jugc. 1680

(Ceramics in America - Robert Hunter)


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(Museum of London)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug Found in a Philadelphia Privy along with Tanning DebrisLikely Owned by a Tanner c. 1690 - 1720

(Museum of the American Revolution)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug ShardFound at the Cross Street Privy Site of Katherine Nanny Naylor of Boston, Massachusetts c. Late 17th Century

(Massachusetts Historical Commission - City of Boston Archeology Program)


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(Museum of London)


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(Museum of London)


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(Victoria & Albert(


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(Victoria & Albert)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug Shard Recovered in Charlestown, Massachusettsc. 1714 - 1750



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Imported German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug ShardsExcavated Throughout Maryland


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German Westerwald Salt Glazed Stoneware Shards Recovered from the O"cers Quarters of Fort William Henryc. 1750

(Fort William Henry)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug1775

(Gregory Theberge Collection)


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Westerwald Region

Salt GlazedStraight SidedStoneware Mugs & Tankards


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(Crocker Farm)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Stoneware Tankardc. 1680

(Crocker Farm)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Tankard with Views of Bonnc. 1700

(Martyn Edgell Antiques, Ltd.)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Tankard with Views of Bonnc. 1700

(CS Asian Art)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Tankardc. 1680 - 1700



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Westerwald Salt Glazed TankardMid 18th Century



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Westerwald Salt Glazed TankardLid Dated 1771



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Westerwald Salt Glazed Tankard18th Century

(Guest & Grey)


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Westerwald Mug Recovered from the Deer Street Tavern Site in Portsmouth, New Hampshire18th Century

(Strawberry Banke Museum)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Mug Excavated in Hampton, Virginiac. 1690 - 1700

(Ceramics in America)


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Westerwald Mug18th Century

(Museum of London)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Mug18th Century

(Martyn Edgell Antiques, Ltd.)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed MugMid - Late 18th Century

(Private Collection - ebay)


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A Hhr - Type Westerwald Salt Glazed MugFound at the John Carnes Site, a Late 18th Century Pewterer in Boston Massachusetts



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Westerwald Lidded Stoneware Tankard1736

(Crocker Auctions)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Tankard18th Century

(Metropolitan Museum of Art)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed Lidded Stoneware TankardMid 18th Century

(Crocker Auctions)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed TankardLid Dated 1771

(Fox Auctions)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed TankardLate 18th Century

(Skinner)


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Westerwald Salt Glazed TankardLate 18th Century

(Tsaco Auction Company)


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Westerwald Stoneware Shards Recovered from the 3 Cranes Tavern of Charlestown, MassachusettsMid 18th Century


Westerwald Capacity Measures


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After the 17th Century, Jugs and Mugs were oftenmarked with Capacity Markers ranging from 10 to 1.These figures were either painted on, stamped into, orscratched into the body, either adjacent to the handle or atthe rim.

The approximate equivalents in English 20 ounce Pintswere as follows:

10 = 1 Gill or Noggin

8 = 1/2 Pint (or 8 Dutch mussies)

6 = 1 Pint

4 = 1 Quart

3 = 2 Quarts

2 = 3 Quarts

1 = 1 Gallon

Westerwald Capacity Measures


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6 = 1 Pint 4 = 1 Quart

The English Market


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At the turn of the 18th century, Westerwald piecesfabricated for the English and North Americanmarkets were often decorated with relief moldedPortraits or Latin Cyphers to recognize the reigningmonarch of the day.

Westerwald PotteryThe English Monarchs


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King William III & Queen Mary II (Reigned 1689 - 1694)

The English Monarchs


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with Medallion of King William & Queen MaryDated 1691

(Chipstone)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with Medallion of King William & Queen Maryc. 1690

(Milwaukee Art Museum)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with Medallion of Queen Maryc. 1690

(Robert Hunter)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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(Victoria & Albert)



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King William III (Reigned 1689 - 1702)WR & Crown for William Rex

g


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with Medallion of King Williamc. 1689 - 1702

(Brunk Auctions)


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(Brunk Auctions)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug with Medallion of King Williamc. 1695 - 1702

(Chipstone)


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(Jay Butler)


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(Skinner)


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(Ceramics in America)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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(Winterthur)


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(Brunk Auctions)


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(Brunk Auctions)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with Queen Anne Cypherc. 1702 - 1714

(Brunk Auctions)


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(Brunk Auctions)


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(Brunk Auctions)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with Queen Ann Cypherc. 1702 - 1714

(Chipstone)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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(Museum of London)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug Shard with Queen Anne CypherFound at the Site of the John Carnes Homestead (Occupancy 1729 - 1760) at Paddys Alley in Boston, Massachusetts c. 1702 - 1714

(Massachusetts Historical Commission)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug with Medallion of Queen Annec. 1702 - 1714

(Brunk Auctions)


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(Brunk Auctions)


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(Rob Hunter)


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(Rob Hunter)




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King George I (Reigned 1714 - 1727)

GR & Crown for Georgius Rex (I)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with King George I or II Cypherc. 1714 - 1750

(Victoria & Albert)


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(Milwaukee Art Museum)


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(Museum of London)


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(Museum of London)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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(Victoria & Albert)


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(Martyn Edgell)


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(Maryn Edgell)


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(Brunk Auctions)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jugs with King George I or II Cypersc. 1724 (Left) and 1740 (Right)

(Chipstone)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with King George I or II Cypherc. 1750

(Crocker Farm)


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(Brunk Auctions)


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(Brunk Auctions)


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(Brunk Auctions)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with King George II Cypherc. 1750

(Gregory Theberge Collection)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug with King George I or II Cypherc. 1714 - 1750

(Victoria & Albert)


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(Crocker Farm)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with King George I or II CypherWith Make - Do Iron Handle Repair c. 1714 - 1750

(Crocker Farm)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug with King George II Cypherc. 1750

(Crocker Antique Auctions)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug Shard Excavated at Port Tobacco, Marylandc. 1750

(Southern Maryland Heritage Area Consortium)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug Shard Excavated at Port Tobacco, Marylandc. 1750

(Southern Maryland Heritage Area Consortium)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug Recovered from Charlestown, MassachusettsEarly - Mid 18th Century

(City of Boston Archeology Program / Early American Ceramics by Justin W. Thomas)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Jug Recovered from Charlestown, MassachusettsEarly - Mid 18th Century



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(Museum of London)


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(Museum of London)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug with King George I or II Cypherc. 1740

(Crocker Farm)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug with King George I or II Cypherc. 1750

(Crocker Farm)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug Sherds Recovered in Yarmouth, Mainec. 1750 - 1770

(Chris Havey - Gorham, Maine / Early American Ceramics by Justin W. Thomas)


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German Westerwald Region & English Salt Glazed Stoneware Shards Recovered at Faneuil Hall in BostonEarly - Mid 18th Century



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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug Handle Recovered at Faneuil Hall in BostonEarly - Mid 18th Century


Ki G III (R i d 1760 1820)




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King George III (Reigned 1760 - 1820)

GR & Crown for Georgius Rex (III)


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A Country Maidby Henry Walton (1746 - 1813) c. 1765



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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug with King George III Cypherc. 1760

(Canterbury Auction Galleries)


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(Crocker Farm)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug with King George II or III Cypher2nd to 3rd Quarter 18th Century

(Crocker Farm)


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German Westerwald Region Salt Glazed Stoneware Mug with King George II or III Cypher2nd to 3rd Quarter 18th Century

(Crocker Farm)


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(Fox Auctions)


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(Bonhams)




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With the reign of King GeorgeIII, Westerwald pottery beganto wane in popularity. Mostitems that are marked with a

GR cypher can be attributedto either the reigns of KingGeorge I or King George II.

This decrease in popularity

was particularly evident in theAmerican colonies.

For Obvious Reasons...


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Westerwald Region

Salt Glazed StonewareBottles


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German Salt Glazed Stoneware Bottle from Westerwaldc. 1551 - 1700

(Museum of London)


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German Salt Glazed Stoneware Mineral Water Bottle from Westerwaldc. 1591 - 1714

(Museum of London)


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(Museum of London)


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(Museum of London)


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(Museum of London)


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(Museum of London)


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German Salt Glazed Stoneware Mineral Water Bottle from Westerwaldc. 1750

(Museum of London)

Acknowledgements


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The material contained within these slideshows is presented for educational purposes only. The18th Century Material Culture Resource Center does not personally own any of the itemsdepicted herein and is indebted to the countless museums, libraries, and private collectors whowillingly share their collections with the public through the internet. Every attempt has been

made to credit these organizations and individuals for their contributions as best as possible.

If there is a question you have regarding a particular item featured within a presentation, pleasecontact the 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center and we will try to answer yourinquiry as best as possible. If for any reason you feel there is any item that should not bepresented here, or if there is an error in any listing, or if you know the source for any item whosecredit is unknown please inform us and we will make sure your concern is addressed as soon as

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