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Team 2

Drinking andFlushing

Shu Hui

Aireen

Michelle

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Content page

Problem statement

Recap on the cell membranetransporters

Osmosis and diffusion

Active transport

The uses of Na+ and K+ ions inside thecell

The uses of citrate inside

How the content of the ORS enable thecell to regain water balance.

conclusion

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Oral Rehydration Salts(ORS) are often

prescribed when a patienthas diarrhea

How does Oral RehydrationSalts (ORS) help to restore

the water balance of cells inthe body?

Problem Statement

We need toWe need to

understand howunderstand howsodium chloride,sodium chloride,

Potassium chloridePotassium chloride

citrate and glucosecitrate and glucoseenable the cell restoreenable the cell restore

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cell membrane

transporters

Channel protein: Selectively transport ions for the cell

Today we are studying the about 2 kinds of ion pump

Na+ K+ pump and Cl pump

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gh concentration, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even

ace.

Diffusion and Osmosis are both types of PASSIVE TRANSPORT - that is, noenergy is required for the molecules to move into or out of the cell.Sometimes, large molecules cannot cross the plasma membrane, and are

"helped" across by carrier proteins - this process is called facilitateddiffusion .

Osmosis &

Diffusion

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Active Transport

Active transport describes whathappens when acell uses energy to transportsomething

Active transport

occur when thecell need to workagainst rule of osmosis anddiffusion

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Chloride ionsAddition of chloride ions (Cl-) into thecrypt space of the lumen, crypt cells

actively draw water into the intestine.

These Cl- ions attract sodium ions (Na+)into the crypt space thus increasingthe local osmotic pressure. As theosmotic pressure increases, water ispulled into the intestine.

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Na+ K+ ionsActive transport-Na+ and K+ move

against their concentration

gradientsIt was found that the concentrations of

sodium and potassium ions on thetwo other sides of the membraneare interdependent, suggesting thatthe same carrier transports bothions.

The carrier is an ATP-ase and that itpumps three sodium ions out of thecell for every two potassium ionspumped in.

Energy is supplied by ATP (adenosinetriphosphate).

An ATP molecule floating inside thecell, binds to the pump transferring

some energy to it. This rocess is needed to brin in

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Citrate

The citric acid cycle also knownas the tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA cycle), the Krebs cyclewhich aid in the production of ATP

Part of the cycle states that thecitrate is absorb to aid

production of ATP The citrate act as a buffer to

ensure the ph of the intestineback to normal.

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What happens to ourcells during

diarrhoea ?During diarrhoea, large amounts of water and electrolytesare lost from the body. Water moves f rom the blood a ndthe space between cells into the intestinal lumen.

As more and more water moves into the intestine, theconcentration of ions and other substances in theextracellular fluid rises resulting in a hypertonicsolution.

As a result, osmotic pressure within the extracellular fluidincreases. Since water moves toward areas of highosmotic pressure, water leaves the surrounding cellsand moves into the extracellular fluid.

This movement of wa ter from the cells lowers the osmoticpressure of the extracellular fluid and increases its

volume. Since the cells lose water in the process, theybecome dehydrated. This process of cellulardehydration helps maintain blood volume.

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the ORS enable the

cell to regain waterbalance. The sodium and potassium helps

the cell to maintain theconcentration of the Na+ and K+

Chloride helps the cell to regainwater loss during diarrhoea

Citrate helps to restore ph in theintestine

Glucose provide energy for themovement of Na+, K+ & Cl-

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