DrillDrill

Why is blood typing a class Why is blood typing a class evidence?evidence?

How is forensics biology different How is forensics biology different from forensics serology?from forensics serology?

DrillDrill Define whole blood.Define whole blood.

What are the formed What are the formed elements of blood?elements of blood?

Objective(s)Objective(s) Explain and do a Blood Explain and do a Blood

Spatter analysis.Spatter analysis. Collection, Collection,

Preservation & Preservation & Packaging of Packaging of Biological EvidenceBiological Evidence

DrillDrill

Define antibodies & antigens. How are Define antibodies & antigens. How are they different?they different?

Name two things that can be Name two things that can be determine from a blood splatter determine from a blood splatter pattern.pattern.

Name & describe 3 out of the 6 splatter Name & describe 3 out of the 6 splatter patterns.patterns.

Blood & Physiological Fluid Blood & Physiological Fluid EvidenceEvidence

Chapter 8Chapter 8 Blood and Blood and Blood SplatterBlood Splatter

explain the composition of blood explain the composition of blood describe the function of blood cells describe the function of blood cells determine the blood type of a blood determine the blood type of a blood

sample sample conduct a blood splatter analysis conduct a blood splatter analysis examine wounds and describe the examine wounds and describe the

nature of the weapon nature of the weapon find and process blood evidencefind and process blood evidence

Introduction and HistoryIntroduction and History Blood typing can provide ______________; Blood typing can provide ______________;

whereas DNA profiling can provide whereas DNA profiling can provide ________________________. ________________________.

A _______________pattern can give A _______________pattern can give information about the truthfulness of an information about the truthfulness of an account by a witness or a suspect.account by a witness or a suspect.

It also can provide information about the It also can provide information about the ______________ of the blood, the angle ______________ of the blood, the angle and velocity of impact, and type of and velocity of impact, and type of weapon used. weapon used.

Our understanding of blood began in Our understanding of blood began in _______ times and continues to grow _______ times and continues to grow today.today.

Forensics biologyForensics biologyPreliminary examination of biological Preliminary examination of biological

evidence in blood transfer and sexual evidence in blood transfer and sexual assault cases, much that goes on the assault cases, much that goes on the ___________________________.___________________________.

Forensics Serology – Forensics Serology – Preliminary examination and genetic Preliminary examination and genetic

typing of biological evidence in blood typing of biological evidence in blood transfer and sexual assault cases transfer and sexual assault cases ________________analysis was ________________analysis was available.available.

ReviewReview

What is the difference between What is the difference between forensics biology and forensics forensics biology and forensics serology?serology?

What kind of evidence can blood What kind of evidence can blood typing provide for court?typing provide for court?

Nature of BloodNature of Blood1. Only _________________ tissue in the body.1. Only _________________ tissue in the body.

2. Made up of several cell types; 2. Made up of several cell types; ________________(erythrocytes) __________(leukocytes), ________________(erythrocytes) __________(leukocytes), and __________.and __________.

3. _______________ – blood serum protein3. _______________ – blood serum protein

4. _______________________ - antibodies4. _______________________ - antibodies

Composition of BloodComposition of Blood ______________________________carries cells and carries cells and plasmaplasma——

the fluid with hormones, clotting factors, the fluid with hormones, clotting factors, and nutrients. and nutrients.

________________________________carry oxygen to the body’s carry oxygen to the body’s cells and carbon dioxide away. cells and carbon dioxide away.

__________________________________fight disease and foreign fight disease and foreign invaders and, alone, contain cell nuclei. invaders and, alone, contain cell nuclei.

____________________________ aid in blood clotting and the in blood clotting and the repair of damaged blood vessels. repair of damaged blood vessels.

FunctionFunction1. ________________________through out the body.1. ________________________through out the body.2. Transfers _________________ throughout the 2. Transfers _________________ throughout the body.body.3. _________________.3. _________________.4. ____________________4. ____________________

Amount of cells in bloodAmount of cells in blood

______ million RBC per cubic millimeter______ million RBC per cubic millimeter____________ WBC per cubic millimeter____________ WBC per cubic millimeter___________ mg/mL albumin___________ mg/mL albumin___________ mg/mL Immunoglobulin's___________ mg/mL Immunoglobulin's

ReviewReview

Name two functions of blood?Name two functions of blood?

What are the parts of blood with their What are the parts of blood with their function?function?

1.1. Tube of blood is drawn and Tube of blood is drawn and allowed to ______ for a few allowed to ______ for a few minutes for ________________.minutes for ________________.

2.2. Blood will ____________ and Blood will ____________ and become a dark red and fall to become a dark red and fall to the bottom.the bottom.

3.3. _______ is on _____ is yellowish _______ is on _____ is yellowish and contains dissolved proteins and contains dissolved proteins and other compounds.and other compounds.

4.4. ________ – same as serum but ________ – same as serum but contains the clotting protein.contains the clotting protein.

Blood Typing—Blood Typing—ProteinsProteins

42% 12% 3% 43% of the population in the United States (of which 85%

is Rh+)

Blood typing is _________ and less expensive than DNA profiling.

It produces class evidence but can still link a suspect to a crime scene or exclude a suspect.

ReviewReview

What are the four blood types for What are the four blood types for humans?humans?

Which type is most common?Which type is most common?

Can a blood type convict a suspect?Can a blood type convict a suspect?

Blood Typing—Blood Typing—Antibodies; Antibodies; Additional Proteins and EnzymesAdditional Proteins and Enzymes

____________ ____________ are proteins secreted by are proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to antigens to white blood cells that attach to antigens to destroy them. destroy them.

____________ ____________ are foreign molecules or cells are foreign molecules or cells that react to antibodies. that react to antibodies.

____________ ____________ are complex proteins that are complex proteins that catalyze different biochemical reactions. catalyze different biochemical reactions.

Many enzymes and proteins have been Many enzymes and proteins have been found in the blood that are important for found in the blood that are important for identification purposes. identification purposes.

Blood Typing—Blood Typing—Probability Probability and and

Blood TypesBlood Types Given the frequency of different genes within a Given the frequency of different genes within a

population, it is possible to determine the population, it is possible to determine the probability that a particular blood type will probability that a particular blood type will appear in a _____________________________. appear in a _____________________________.

To determine the probability of two separate To determine the probability of two separate events, it is necessary to multiply their events, it is necessary to multiply their individual probabilities. individual probabilities.

By identifying the additional proteins in the By identifying the additional proteins in the blood evidence sample, investigators can limit blood evidence sample, investigators can limit the size of a suspect population and help the size of a suspect population and help identify a suspect.identify a suspect.

Blood SplatterBlood Splatter

In 1939 the meaning of the splatter In 1939 the meaning of the splatter pattern was first analyzed. pattern was first analyzed.

When a wound is inflicted, a blood When a wound is inflicted, a blood _____________ pattern may be created. _____________ pattern may be created.

It takes a _____________ of blood stains It takes a _____________ of blood stains to make a blood splatter pattern. to make a blood splatter pattern.

The pattern can help to The pattern can help to _______________the events surrounding _______________the events surrounding a shooting, stabbing, or beating.a shooting, stabbing, or beating.

Blood Splatter AnalysisBlood Splatter Analysis

Analysis of a splatter pattern can aid Analysis of a splatter pattern can aid in determining the: in determining the:

________________________________. ________________________________.

________________________________. ________________________________. ________________________________. ________________________________. ________________________________. ________________________________.

Blood Splatter AnalysisBlood Splatter Analysis

When blood falls from a height or When blood falls from a height or at a high velocity, it can overcome at a high velocity, it can overcome its natural cohesiveness and form its natural cohesiveness and form ________________________________________________. .

When it falls onto a less-than-When it falls onto a less-than-smooth surface, it can form smooth surface, it can form ________________________________around the drops.around the drops.

Blood Splatter Analysis—Blood Splatter Analysis—Six Six PatternsPatterns

Describe each of these: a. ______________b. ______________c. ______________d. ______________e. ______________f. ______________

Blood Splatter Analysis—Blood Splatter Analysis—ImpactImpact

Patterns can help investigators determine Patterns can help investigators determine the ___________________ of weapon used.the ___________________ of weapon used.

– What kind of a pattern is produced by What kind of a pattern is produced by a gun shot? a gun shot?

– What kind of a pattern is produced by What kind of a pattern is produced by a hammer blow? a hammer blow?

Blood Splatter Analysis—Blood Splatter Analysis—DirectionalityDirectionality

The _________________ of an individual The _________________ of an individual drop of blood provides clues to the drop of blood provides clues to the direction from where the blood direction from where the blood originated. originated.

How will the point of impact compare How will the point of impact compare with the rest of a blood pattern? with the rest of a blood pattern?

Blood Splatter Blood Splatter Analysis—Analysis—Location of the Location of the

Origin of the BloodOrigin of the Blood

Draw straight lines down the axis of Draw straight lines down the axis of the blood splatters. the blood splatters.

Where the ____________________, the Where the ____________________, the blood originated. blood originated.

ReviewReview

1. How can blood splatter determine 1. How can blood splatter determine direction?direction?

2. How can blood splatter determine 2. How can blood splatter determine location/origin of the blood source?location/origin of the blood source?

Crime Scene Investigation Crime Scene Investigation of Bloodof Blood

1.1. Search for blood evidence. Search for blood evidence. 2.2. If any is discovered, process it determining: If any is discovered, process it determining:

a.a. Whether the evidence is ____________. Whether the evidence is ____________. b.b. Whether the blood is _________________. Whether the blood is _________________. c.c. The blood ___________________. The blood ___________________.

3.3. Interpret the findings: Interpret the findings: a.a. See if the blood type matches a ________. See if the blood type matches a ________. b.b. If it does not,_____________that suspect. If it does not,_____________that suspect. c.c. If it does, decide if ___________is neededIf it does, decide if ___________is needed

Collection, Preservation & Collection, Preservation & Packaging of Biological Packaging of Biological

EvidenceEvidence__________________, Exemplar, Reference are __________________, Exemplar, Reference are

known sources of biological evidence.known sources of biological evidence.

Collected in a ___________________.Collected in a ___________________.

The ______ of the stopper is an indicator of The ______ of the stopper is an indicator of the _________ used. the _________ used.

_______ is most common _______ is most common (ene(eneddiamineiaminettetraaceitic acia) in a purple etraaceitic acia) in a purple top.top.

Can get DNA from many other places;Can get DNA from many other places;Cheek (Buccal)Cheek (Buccal)

ReviewReview

How is a known control different from How is a known control different from an alternative control?an alternative control?

Why is a blank control used?Why is a blank control used?

Name 2 out a 3 guidelines for crime Name 2 out a 3 guidelines for crime scene investigation.scene investigation.

Biological Evidence from Biological Evidence from ScenesScenes

_______ items with blood._______ items with blood.

Fresh or Wet – clean spoonlike utensil.Fresh or Wet – clean spoonlike utensil.Dried – Cutting, swabbing, scrapping, and Dried – Cutting, swabbing, scrapping, and elution (dissolving).elution (dissolving).

Ensuring that the evidence is Ensuring that the evidence is ___________________before it is package and ___________________before it is package and stored in a dry cool place.stored in a dry cool place.

Package in paper containers that can “___________”, Package in paper containers that can “___________”, never is an air tight container.never is an air tight container.

TestingTesting

___________________– specimen from a ___________________– specimen from a known source.known source.

_____________________– specimen _____________________– specimen obtained that might be the source of obtained that might be the source of evidence.evidence.

_____________________– a clean sample _____________________– a clean sample containing no specimen.containing no specimen.

Forensics Identification of Forensics Identification of BloodBlood

________________(Screening) - for ________________(Screening) - for screening specimens that might screening specimens that might contain substances or materials.contain substances or materials.

False-positives or false-negative False-positives or false-negative

Ideally preliminary test should give a Ideally preliminary test should give a _________ false negatives to ________ _________ false negatives to ________ this test as a screening tool.this test as a screening tool.

TestingTesting

______________________– A sample of ______________________– A sample of material on which biological evidence material on which biological evidence is deposited.is deposited.

___________________ – unintended or ___________________ – unintended or potentially unrecognized, biological potentially unrecognized, biological material in or on biological evidence, material in or on biological evidence, which could cause difficulty in which could cause difficulty in interpreting the results.interpreting the results.

Forensics Identification of Forensics Identification of BloodBlood

__________________–__________________–More complicated and requires more time than a More complicated and requires more time than a preliminary test.preliminary test.

Entirely specific for the substance or material for Entirely specific for the substance or material for which they are intended.which they are intended.

A positive confirmatory means it is unequivocal A positive confirmatory means it is unequivocal demonstration that the specimen contains the demonstration that the specimen contains the substance or material.substance or material.

No confirmatory test is available for blood – most No confirmatory test is available for blood – most the analyst can say is “might or could have”.the analyst can say is “might or could have”.

Forensics Identification of Body Forensics Identification of Body FluidsFluids

SemenSemen

Male reproductive Male reproductive fluid.fluid.

Spermatozoa – ______Spermatozoa – ______

________ million ________ million sperm per milliliter.sperm per milliliter.

Seminal Plasma fluid Seminal Plasma fluid that suspends that suspends sperm.sperm.

Semen is associated with Semen is associated with sexual assault cases.sexual assault cases.

Somewhere in America, a woman is raped every ____ Somewhere in America, a woman is raped every ____ minutes, according to the U.S. Department of Justice.minutes, according to the U.S. Department of Justice.

In 1995, _______ women were the victims of a rape or In 1995, _______ women were the victims of a rape or sexual assault. (NationalCrime Victimization Survey. Bureau sexual assault. (NationalCrime Victimization Survey. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, 1996.) of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, 1996.)

Over the last two years, more than _________ women were Over the last two years, more than _________ women were the victim of a rape or sexual assault. (National Crime the victim of a rape or sexual assault. (National Crime Victimization Survey. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Victimization Survey. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S.Department of Justice, 1996.) U.S.Department of Justice, 1996.)

The FBI estimates that ____ of every _____________ females The FBI estimates that ____ of every _____________ females in the United States were raped last year. (Federal Bureau in the United States were raped last year. (Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Statistics, 1996.) of Investigation, Uniform Crime Statistics, 1996.)

Approximately______ of victims are raped by Approximately______ of victims are raped by husbands or boyfriends, _____ by husbands or boyfriends, _____ by acquaintances, and _____ by other relatives. acquaintances, and _____ by other relatives. (Violence against Women, Bureau of Justice (Violence against Women, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1994) Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1994)

The FBI estimates that only ______ of all The FBI estimates that only ______ of all rapes are reported to the police. U.S. Justice rapes are reported to the police. U.S. Justice Department statistics are even lower, with Department statistics are even lower, with only _________ of all rapes or attempted rapes only _________ of all rapes or attempted rapes being reported to law enforcement officials. being reported to law enforcement officials.

____ of every ____ rapes take place in a public ____ of every ____ rapes take place in a public area or in a parking garage. area or in a parking garage.

_____ of female victims reported that the offender _____ of female victims reported that the offender was a stranger. was a stranger.

_____ of rapes occur between the hours of ___ _____ of rapes occur between the hours of ___ p.m. and ____ a.m. p.m. and ____ a.m.

At ______of rapists were under the influence of At ______of rapists were under the influence of alcohol or drugs. alcohol or drugs.

In _____of rapes, the offender used a weapon. In _____of rapes, the offender used a weapon. In _____of rapes, the victim sustained injuries In _____of rapes, the victim sustained injuries

other than rape injuries. other than rape injuries. ______ of female rape victims require medical care ______ of female rape victims require medical care

after the attack. after the attack.

Semen shines fluoresce brightly when Semen shines fluoresce brightly when exposed to ________.exposed to ________.

Preliminary & confirmatory test for Preliminary & confirmatory test for semen stains – same as blood testing.semen stains – same as blood testing.

____________________________________________________________ is a is a color test for the enzyme produced color test for the enzyme produced by the male prostate gland.by the male prostate gland.

Evidence collection and sexual Evidence collection and sexual assault casesassault cases

Rape KitsRape Kits

InvestigationInvestigation

DNA profilingDNA profiling

Cases often succeed or fail on the Cases often succeed or fail on the __________ of the parties, since there __________ of the parties, since there is rarely a witnesses.is rarely a witnesses.

Injuries are properly _______________ Injuries are properly _______________ and helpful in some cases.and helpful in some cases.

Identification of Saliva and Identification of Saliva and UrineUrine

Saliva is produced by three gland that empty Saliva is produced by three gland that empty into the mouth cavity that contain a large into the mouth cavity that contain a large amount of amount of __________________..

Tests for Tests for amylaseamylaseDyed starchDyed starchRadial enzyme diffusionRadial enzyme diffusion

________________________ is found in many plants and is found in many plants and animals, therefore it is not confirmatory only animals, therefore it is not confirmatory only indicative.indicative.

__________ – contains several __________ – contains several substance in large quantities.substance in large quantities.

Many animals produce urine, therefore Many animals produce urine, therefore it is considered the same as saliva.it is considered the same as saliva.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SummarySummary

Blood consists of cellular components and Blood consists of cellular components and plasma. plasma.

The various human blood types are caused by The various human blood types are caused by the presence or absence of A or B or both A the presence or absence of A or B or both A and B proteins on the surface of red blood and B proteins on the surface of red blood cells. cells.

Blood splatter evidence can be used to Blood splatter evidence can be used to recreate a crime scene. recreate a crime scene.

Investigators endeavor to (a) locate, (b) Investigators endeavor to (a) locate, (b) identify, and (c) interpret blood splatter identify, and (c) interpret blood splatter patterns at crime scenes. patterns at crime scenes.