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Dramatic Losses of Arable Plant Vegetation in the German Lowlands – Lessons from Resampling Studies
K. Wesche – Senckenberg Görlitzwith Stefan Meyer, Benjamin Krause, Marlieb Dedek, Thomas Becker, Erwin Bergmeier, Christoph Leuschner
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Biodiversity trends in the Anthropocene BUTCHART et al. (Science 2010) - Red List Index: Global losses in well known species groups
DIRZO et al. (Science 2014) – Population level declines of insects
2Re
dLi
st In
dex
Biodiversity trends in the Anthropocene MCGILL et al. (TREE 2015): „Substantial empirical data …amid
large variation” for trends in α-diversity (and much more evidence for species turnover)
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Global red list
Regional floras, check lists
Community level changes
Regional species pools
Cultural landscapes of Germany Regional scale - Flora of Frankfurt 1800, 1900, 2000: Ø Losses of indigeneous species not compensated by invasions
(GREGOR et al. 2012 - Landscape Urban Planning)
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Relatively strongestlosses in archeophytes
Cultural landscapes of Germany• Archeophytes: Often arable plants• Relevant for largest land cover type (37%)
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Adonis aestivalis
Nigella arvensis
Consolida regalis
Fields Grasslands Forest
Settlements Roads etc. Waterbodies
Misc. Recreation IndustryData by BfN 2010
Cultural landscapes of GermanyØ Many arable plants have importance for pollination (from
KRAUTZER & GRAINS 2014)
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SpeciesHoney bees
Wild bees Frequenc(1950er –nectare pollen
Daucus carota ++ + + -43%
Knautia arvensis +++ + ++ -100
Matricaria chamomilla + ++ ++ -53%
Myosotis arvensis +++ +++ ++ -65%
Papaver rhoeas - +++ +++ -57%
Biodiversity trends arable plantsCountry-scale: Threatened species in EU (STORKEY, MEYER et al.
2012 – Proceedings Royal Society B)Ø Share threatened species correlates with country-level mean
wheat yield
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Biodiversity trends arable plantsMetacommunity scale – Saale region NW of Halle BAESSLER & KLOTZ (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2006)Ø Tremendous changes in the 1950/60sØ Grassland extent declined, field sizes increasedØ Flora decreased on regional and alpha level
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1089
1
3
2
4
5
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German lowlands: Sampling approachBiodiversity trends in the northern German cultural landscapeTrends over 4 -5 decades (before industrial agriculture)
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Meyer et al. Div. Dist. 2013
• Changes in regional species pools?
• Changes in plot-level diversity?
• Interactions with substrate(sand, loam, lime)?
• Potential drivers?
1089
1
3
2
4
5
6 7
German lowlands: Sampling approach• Resampling relevés from 1950/60s (392 semi-permanent plots)• Harmonised taxonomy, cover scales, plot sizes
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Sandy regions1. Reese (1951) 31 samples2. Berkhof (1955) 383. Nuthe-Nedlitz (1956) 464. Luckau (1960-61) 39Lime bed rocks5. Hainleite (1956-57) 396. Arnstadt (1959-62) 377. Saaletal (1959-61) 40Loess regions8. Göttingen (1960) 379. Erzhausen (1959) 4510. Halle (1958) 40 Meyer et al. Div. Dist. 2013
German lowlands: Regional species poolsSpecies counts across all 392 samples, and by substrate typeØ 25-50% losses in overall species pools
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complete(n=392)
sand(n=154)
loam(n=122)
lime(n=116)
1950s/60s 242 200 178 1872009 166 160 143 95
Meyer et al. Div. Dist.2013
German lowlands: Regional species poolsØ Severe frequency declines in pollinator plants
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SpeciesHoney bees
Wild bees Frequency trend(1950er – 2009)nectare pollen
Daucus carota ++ + + -43%
Knautia arvensis +++ + ++ -100%
Matricaria chamomilla + ++ ++ -53%
Myosotis arvensis +++ +++ ++ -65%
Papaver rhoeas - +++ +++ -57%
German lowlands: Regional species poolsØ Significant frequency losses in 131 species, gains in 18
species only
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Meyer et al. Div Dist. 2013Anagallis foemina Anagallis arvensis Bupleurumrotundifolium
Consolidaregalis
hist heute hist heuteAdonis aestivalis 16 1 Tripleurospermum in. 11 28Anagallis arvensis 46 7 Geranium pusillum 12 17Anagallis foemina 5 1 Brassica napus 0 11Bupleurum rotund. 1 1 Hordeum vulgare 2 10Consolida regalis 22 3 Alopecurus myos. 2 8
German lowlands: Community level richness
Plot richnessØ Median historical: 24 species
recent: 7 (-71%)
Ø Time* substrate interactionhistorical: lime sites rich (29 sp.)recent: lime sites poor (7)
Ø Losses on sand more limited
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histor. recent
010
2030
4050
No.
of s
peci
es
allsandloamlime
Meyer et al. Div. Dist.2013
German lowlands: Community level richnessØ Losses in archeophytesØ Neophytes declined from low level
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German lowlands: Community compositionØ Turnover in plant species compositionØ Differences between substrates disappear(DCA; species with frequency < 3 deleted; transformation y = log[x + 1]; downweighting of rare species; Eigenvalues/length of gradient axis 1: 0.42/5.3, axis 2: 0.21/5.8, axis 3: 0.15/4.2).
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Meyer et al. Div. Dist. 2013
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 not
- - - - - - - - - -
1950s/60s
2009
A
German lowlands: Community compositionAssign relevés to established phytosociological communitiesØHistorical: 74% association level, 24% on level of alliancesØRecent: 5% association, 20% alliances, 75 % order/class, 7%
not even class
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Meyer et al. Appl. Veg. Science 2015
German lowlands: DriversØ Crop cover increasedØ arable plant vegetation collapsed
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Meyer et al. Div. Dist.2013
hist Y20090
2040
6080
100
Period
cove
r
cropsherbs
German lowlands: DriversØ Winter wheat became main crop, summer crops became rare
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Meyer et al. Div. Dist. 2013
Ø Arable plant richness low under wheat and maize
0 20 40
W RyeW Wheat
RapePotato
W BarleyOat
MaizeS Barley
Beet rootS Wheat
Species numbers0 50 100 150
W RyeW Wheat
RapePotato
W BarleyOat
MaizeS Barley
Beet rootS Wheat
Field numbers
histor.
recent
German lowlands: DriversØ Ellenberg IVs for N increased in sand and lime regionsØ High EIVs N had negative effects on species richness in lime
regions, and in today‘s sand environments
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Meyer et al. Div. Dist. 2013
Eastern Saxony: Resampling of historical data• Extensive historical survey by M. Militzer (1 relevé / km²)• 3 ordnance survey grids á 100 km² selected
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• 177 historical relevés (interioronly)
• Georeferenced, 3 x 20 relevés resampled in 2015
MTB 4654 Mücka: Pleistocene sands
MTB 4855 Görlitz: Loess and sandy loess
MTB 4954 Löbau: Loess and sandy loess
Mücka
Eastern Saxony: Species poolsRarefaction to 3 x 20 samplesØ Tremendous losses in interior, especially on loam substratesØ Margins more diverse, but mostly non-specialists
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complete(n=60)
Margin sand(n=20)
loam(n=40)
1950s/60s 1462009 100 152 86 40
Dedek in prep 2016
Eastern saxony: Plot-level changesØ Historical: Loam sites more diverseØ Interior: Richness losses sand 40%, losses loam >80%
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Historisch Heute
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Arte
nzah
len
Spec
iesn
umbe
s
Historical Recentmargin/in margin/in margin/in
Mücka - sand
Görlitz -loess
Löbau - loess
Dedek in prep 2016
Historisch Heute
0
50
100
150
200
Eastern saxony: Plot-level changesØ Interior: arable plant cover historical 40-50%, current <3%Ø Margin: more weeds, often non-specialists
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Sum
cove
rval
ues
Mücka - sand
Görlitz -loess
Löbau - loess
Dedek in prep 2016
Historical Recentmargin/in margin/in margin/in
Eastern saxony: Plot-level changesØ Winter wheat increased in frequency, harbours lowest diversity
of arable plant species
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37 33 31 2822
2834
29 26
818
11 114 8
20
78
51 5362
88 89
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0102030405060708090
100
Spec
ies n
umbe
rs /
ara
ble
plan
t cov
er Artenzahl historisch Artenzahl heute Deckung (%) heute
Dedek in prep 2016
Historicalrichness
Currentrichness
Currentcover
German lowlands: Summary resurveysØ Losses in regional species pools of arable plantsØ Strong losses in diversity of arable plant communitiesØ Interaction with substrate – formerly most diverse lime sites
now harbour lowest diversity
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10
89
1
3
2
456 7
Ø Driver agricultural intensification: Increase in winter crops, decrease of summer crops
Ø Much higher crop cover (winterwheat)
Ø Evidence for higher nutrientsupplies (trends slightly different across substrates)
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Anagallis foeminaBupleurumrotundifolium
Consolidaregalis
German lowlands: Population levelSelected arable plant species differing in threat
Adonis aestivalis
Nigella arvensishist recentAdonis aestivalis 16 1Anagallis arvensis 46 7Anagallis foemina 5 1Bupleurum rotund. 1 1Consolida regalis 22 3
Anagallis arvensis(also blue morphs
Red List
least concern
vulnerableleast concernvulnerablecritically end.
endangered
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Adonis aestivalis
Nigella arvensis
Populations level: Genetic structure• Overview study RAPD-Fingerprinting• Central Germany• Sample: 15 individuals / site
Anagallis foeminaAnagallis arvensis(also blue morphs
Bupleurumrotundifolium
Consolidaregalis
Populations: Genetic structure
Brütting et al. Biodiv. Cons. 2012
RAPD-FingerprintingØ Very low genetic diversity: 0.06 –
0.32 (Nei)
Ø Red list status associated withdetrimental genetic structures
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
10.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 1 2 3 4
Phi_
PT
Red List status
PhiPTSaxThur meanHeterozygosity
Ø Strong fragmentation: ΦST values0.12 to 0.68
Populations: Ex situ conservation?
Brütting et al. Plant Biology 2013
Survey Botanical Gardens in Gemany, seeds from ex situconservation cultures
• Only 3-6 garden populations, only 1 official (Bupleurumrotundifolium, Potsdam)
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Ø Provenances unclear in 55% ofall populations
Ø Garden populations smallerthan those on fields
Ø Genetic diversity lower in garden populations (exceptionAnagallis foemina)
Ø Genetic differences ex situ –in situ high (ΦST 0.29 – 0.84)
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Brütting et al. Plant Biology 2013
Populations: Ex situ conservation?
Summary - Arable FieldsTremendous changes across various levels:Ø Losses in local species poolsØ Strong losses in α-diversity, most pronounced in
formerly rich lime regionsØ Tremendous species turnover, losses in
specialised plant communities
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Ø Detrimental gene structures correlatedwith species threat
Ø No clear effects of landscape structureØ Ex situ populations equally poor gene
structures
field meadow water
010
2030
4050
No.
of s
peci
es
historrecent
Resampling 1950/60 – 2010: Field, grassland, brooks / rivers
Meyer et al. Div. Dist. 2013, Wesche et al Biol. Cons. 2012, Steffen et al. Hydrobiol. 2013
German lowlands: Various habitats
Plot species richness Localities
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Ø Significantly lower alpha diversity in all three main habitats
Biodiversity trends in the Anthropocene NEWBOLD et al. Nature (2015): Effects of human land use Ø Effects differ between land use classesØ Croplands & pastures: strong reduction in richness / abundance
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Responses of richness (b), total abundance to anthropogenic variables (95% confidence intervals). Primary vegetation; YSV, young secondary vegetation; ISV, intermediate secondaryvegetation; MSV,mature secondary vegetation; plantation forest.
• Co-authors, and others providing historical data (J.Pusch, H. Jage)• Botanical Gardens: Bayreuth, Bonn, Dresden, Göttingen, Halle, Jena,
Potsdam, Rostock, Stuttgart und Ulm• Donors: Land of Lower Saxony, grant scheme Univ. Halle-Wittenberg,
Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt
Acknowledgements
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You for your attention