PROJECT REPORT

DRAINAGE AND REPLENISHMENT STUDY OF

MINED AREA OF RAWASAN-I RIVER,

HARIDWAR

Submitted to

UTTARAKHAND FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (UFDC)

73, Nehru Road, Deharadun

Prepared&Submitted

by

Climate Change & Forest Influence Division

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, DEHRADUN

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Project Title : Drainage and replenishment study of mining affected area of various rivers of Uttarakhand

2. Name of the Institute : Forest Research Institute, Dehradun

4. Designation of the Executive Authority of the Institute / University forwarding the application

: Director, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun

7. Duration : 6 Months (from beginning of the project)

8. Total Cost (Rs.) : 15.65 lakh

Name & Designation of Principle Investigator

: Dr. Parmanand Kumar, Scientist-B, FRI, Dehradun

Name and Designation of Co-Principal Investigator

Dr. Hukum Singh, Research Officer, FRI, Dehradun

Project Coordinator : Head, Climate Change & Forest Influence Division Forest Research institute, Dehradun

Address : Climate Change & Forest Influence Division, Forest Research institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun- 246008 Email : head_ccfi@icfre.org Phone : 0135-2224332

SUMMARY

Drainage system is the pattern formed by streams, rivers and lakes in a

drainage basin. In a drainage system, streams or rivers always connect together to

form networks. Many factors such as topography, soil type, bedrock type, climate

and vegetation cover influence input, output and transport of sediment and water in a

drainage basin (Charlton, 2008). These factors also influence the nature of the

pattern of water bodies (Twidale, 2004). As a consequence, drainage pattern can

reflect geographical characteristics of a river network to a certain extent. There are

several types of drainage pattern. So far, much research has been done on the

description of drainage patterns in geography and hydrology (e.g. Howard, 1967;

Lambert, 1998; Twidale, 2004; Pidwirny, 2006).

In addition, sediment transport knowledge is important in river restoration,

ecosystem protection, navigation, watershed studies and reservoir management.

Bed load represents the lower portion of sediment load in natural rivers. Fluvial

sediment load materials are transported by rivers. Sediment load can be divided into

bed load and suspended load based on the mode of transport. Bed load is

transported close to the bed where particles moved by rolling, sliding, or jumping

(Adegbola, 2012). Xlaoqing (2003) explained that bed load transport in natural rivers

is a complicated phenomenon. Its movement is quite uneven in both the transverse

and longitudinal directions, which vary considerably.

The state of Uttarakhand has great importance in the local, regional, national

and international perspectives due to its distinct physiographic conditions i.e.

Himalayas, Shivalik and planes with altitudinal variation ranging from 300 to 3500

meters. It endowed with diverse vegetation types, ranging from tropical to

subtropical, temperate and alpine including riverine, grasslands and wetlands. The

state has 64.79% of its total geographical area as forest area against India’s forest

and tree cover of 23.4% of the total geographical area. Many rivers are generated

from Himalyan and Shivalik regions which supply water in down streams. The rivers

of the Uttarakhand are plays an important role for the nation and provide water

required by various sectors such as irrigation, drinking, recreation and industrial

requirements etc. Besides, mining activities are also being carried out in the rivers

for the developmental process. Di-siltation (remove of excess sand and stone from

river bed) of the river helps to maintain the carrying capacity and provides protection

from flooding during monsoon season. Further, continuous flow of river is essential

for ecological and economic needs such as irrigation and biodiversity etc. Therefore,

drainage study of the river helps to understand potential carrying capacity of water

during monsoon season which is generated from rainfall in the watershed and

quantity of di-siltation of rivers under mining affected areas.

Drainage and replenishment study was carried out in Rawasan-I River,

Haridwar was found with ephemeral streams. Quantification and estimation of river

bed material (RBM) was accomplished by followed three scientific approaches i. e.

mapping of watersheds by using Arc GIS software, survey of proposed mining area

and grain size distribution of sand and gravel. Moreover, analysis of grain size

distribution helps us to estimate sediment deposition and safe limit for extraction/

removal of deposited river bed material (RBM) available in the various rivers. This

quantity has been arrived upon considering that hydrological profile of the river flow

is guided to the centre of the river so as to minimize risk of steam bank erosion.

Furthermore, drainage study of rivers was done with the help of mapping of

watershed generated by Arc GIS. The behaviour and geo-morphology of rivers was

also estimated with the help of mapping.

Drainage and replenishment study

Methodology:

The catchment area of the river was analyzed with the help of ArcGIS approach. The

mined affected area of the river was measured through ArcGIS approach and ground based

survey by GPS approach. The stretch of the mined area of river was divided in various

segments depending on stretch of the rivers. The width (meters) and GPS information at each

segment was collected to quantify the total mined area of river. The geo-morphological

patters in terms of stream orders were also observed using ArcGIS methodology. Besides, the

mined affected area of the river was divided in to various segments (Fig. 1) to analyze grain

size distribution in river bed. The one pit with size of 2m × 1m × 1m (Fig.1) per segment was

made throughout the stretch of the river with digging methods. The materials were collected

from two depths of the river beds i.e. above 50 cm and below 50 cm of the river bed. The dug

material from each depth was filled in iron bucket with 50 kg capacity and weighted though

weighing balance. After that, the weighted material was filtered through various grades of

sieves (<2mm, 2-6mm, 6-10mm, 10-50mm and >50mm). Again, the filtered material of each

size sieve was weighted to calculate actual percentage of grain size at both depths.

Grain Size Distribution Analysis in Rivers

Grain size distribution in the river bed was estimated with the help of different

opening size of the screens up to 1 m depth at different locations of the river.

Fig.: 1. Sampling site and pit size for study of grain size distribution

Study Area

The Rawasan-I River, a tributary of Ganga River comes under Haridwar Forest

Division. The catchment area of River is 624.36 ha. Geographically, the River lies between

78º 12’ 26”E to 78º 14’31”E longitude and 29º 46’ 59”N to 29º 48’ 13” N latitude. The

catchment area obtained through ArcGIS method was approximately 624.36 ha with

perimeter of 12.84 km. As far as forest ecosystem is concerned, very dense forest was

calculated around 6.47 ha (1 %), moderate dense forest 179.80 ha (29%) and open forest

194.25 ha (31%). The 243.37 ha was considered as non forested area which covers around 39

% of whole catchment area (Fig.2& 3). In addition to catchment area, the total mined area

was measured with the help of ground based survey method by GPS approach and it was

recorded around 170.49 ha whereas ArcGIS calculated 182.0 ha. The area obtained by both

approaches was near about to close and no significant difference was observed. It was

Sapling site for analysis grain size distribution

2 m

1 m

1 m

interesting to know that small patches of newly growing vegetation or stabilised island with

regenerating vegetation are also found in river. Nevertheless, the small patches or islands

were avoided during assessment of river.

The morphological patters in terms of stream orders were also observed using ArcGIS

methodology. Two numbers of stream orders were found in the river with various lengths.

The utmost length of Ist stream order was found to be around 5.10 km and IIndorder (2.77 km)

order. (Fig.4 and Table 1).The total length of the stream of the Rawasan I River was

approximate 7.8 km with bifurcation ratio of 1.5 and stream length ration of 0.27. The stream

frequency, drainage density, drainage intensity and length of overland flow were 0.80, 1.26,

0.64 and 24.55 respectively (Table 3).

Fig.: 2. Land use/forest cover map of Rawasan-I River

Fig.: 3. Catchment area of Rawasan-I River

Fig.: 4. Drainage study of Rawasan-I River

1%

29%

31%

39%

Total Catchment area = 624.37 ha

VERY-DENSE-FOREST

MOD.DENSE-FOREST

OPEN-FOREST

NON-FOREST

Fig.: 5. Proposed mining area of Rawasan-I River.

Geomorphological Analysis of Rawasan-I River

Table: 1. Geomorphology of Rawasan-I River

Stream Order Su

No of Streams Nu

Length of stream (km) Lu

Bifurcation ratio Rb

Stream Length Ratio Rl

I Order 3 5.10 1.50

II Order 2 2.77 0.27

Total 5 7.87 1.5 0.270

Mean 2.50 1.57 1.5 0.27

Table: 2. Geometric-parameter of Rawasan-I River

No Geometric - Parameters Formula Method Result 1 Area (km2) A GIS output Arc GIS 10 6.24 2 Perimeter (km) P GIS output Arc GIS 10 12.84

3 Length (km) Lu GIS output Arc GIS 10 5.7 4 Relative perimeter (Pr) Pr = A/P Schumn(1956) 0.49

5 Mean width (Wb) Wb = A/Lb Horton (1932) 1.095

6 Length area relation km (Lar) Lar = 1.4*A0.6 Hack (1957) 4.200

7 Form factor ratio (Rf) Rf = A / Lb2 Horton (1932) 0.19

8 Elongation ratio (Re) Re = 2/ Lb*(A/π) 0.5 Schumn (1956) 0.495

9 Circularity ratio (Rc) Rc = 4* π (A/P2) Miller (1953) 0.476

Table: 3. Morphometric parameters of Rawasan-I River

No Morphometric Parameters Formula Method Result

1 Stream frequency (Fs) Fs = Nu / A Horton (1932) 0.80

2 Drainage density (Dd) Dd = Lu / A Horton (1932) 1.26

3 Drainage Intensity (Di) Di= Fs/ Dd Faniran (1968) 0.64

4 Constant of Channel Maintainace (C) C= 1/ Dd Schumn (1956) 0.79

5 Length of overland flow (Lg) Lg = A/2* Lu Horton (1945) 24.55

Table: 4. Measurement of mine area by survey ofRawasan-I River

Measuring Points

Segment Length, m

River Width, m

Average width, m

Area, ha (Measured)

Area, ha (Estimated by Arc GIS)

Starting Point (1)

367

358

392

650 456 393 25.56 28.0502

2

415

369

398

650 392 394 25.58 24.834

3

456

372

311

650 300 360 23.38 23.1754

4

271

377

451

650 354 363 23.60 29.7789

5

307

385

291

650 374 339 22.04 20.0863

6

428

369

345

650 334 369 23.98 24.5197

End Point (7)

326

284

320

375

549

650 577 405 26.34 31.554

Total 4550 170.49 181.9985

Grain size distribution of Rawasan-I River

The grain size of >50 mm and 10-50 mm was utmost calculated for below 50 cm

whilst 2-6 mm and 6-10 mm observed at above 50 cm of the river bed. The grain size of <2

mm size had equal percentage both above and below 50cm. In respect of the overall average

grain size distribution, the maximum percentage of grain was observed for >50 mm size

(26.6) followed by <2mm size (23.2 %), 10-50 mm size (23 %) and minimum for 2-6 mm

size (14.0 %) and 6-10 mm size (12.8 %). In terms of depth, above 50 cm depth occupied

highest percentage (25.6%) for size >50 mm followed by (23.2%), size <2 mm, (22.0 %) 10-

50 mm size (Fig.6) and lowest in favour of size 6-10 mm (14.0 %). At below 50 cm is

regarding, the maximum percentage was observed grain size >50 mm (27.6 %) followed by

10-50 mm size (24.4 %), <2 mm size (23.2 %) whereas minimum for 6-10 mm size (11.6 %).

It was concluded that the river bed material consisted major quantity of sand, small gravels

and boulders. These materials comes down mostly through rolling over the river bed from

steep river slopes and settle down when the velocity of water decrease at meeting of hilly and

plane area.

Fig: 6. Average Grain size distribution of different locations (A) and depth (B) of Rawasan-I River

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

<2 mm 2 - 6 mm 6-10 mm 10-50mm

>50 mm

%

Grain Size, mm

% (Above 50 cm) % (Below 50 cm)

23%

14%

13%

23%

27%

(B)

<2 mm 2 - 6 mm6-10 mm 10-50 mm>50 mm

Table: 5. Estimation of RBM in the proposed for mining of Rawasan-I river

Catchment

Area (ha)

Gross area of river under mining (ha) Net river area*

under mining

(ha)

Executable

RBM (lakh

m3) Measured@ Estimated #

624.37 170.49 182.00 85 10

@ indicates mining area measured through ground survey.

#indicates mining area estimated through ArcGIS approach.

*indicates 50% of total mining area

Conclusions:

Two numbers of stream orders in Rawasan I River were found with various lengths.

The utmost length of Ist stream order was found to be around 5.10 km and IIndorder (2.77 km)

order respectively. The total length of the stream of the Rawasan-I River was approximate 7.8

km with bifurcation ratio of 1.5 and stream length ration of 0.27. The stream frequency,

drainage density, drainage intensity and length of overland flow were 0.80, 1.26, 0.64 and

24.55 respectively. The above 50 cm depth occupied highest percentage (25.6%) of size >50

mm followed by (23.2%), size <2 mm, (22.0 %) 10-50 mm size and lowest in favour of size

6-10 mm (14.0 %). At below 50 cm, comprised maximum percentage of grain size >50 mm

(27.6 %) followed by 10-50 mm size (24.4 %), <2 mm size (23.2 %) whereas minimum for 6-

10 mm size (11.6 %). The executable RBM in Rawasan-I was computed about 10.0 lakh

cubic meters.

Activities in the river bed