draft thesis len and jang

8/8/2019 Draft Thesis Len and Jang

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University of the Philippines

College of Arts and Sciences

Division of Social Sciences

The Impact of Christian Nurture Strategy in the Area Development

Program (ADP) of the World Vision Development Foundation

International in the Municipality of San Jose in Antique

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Community Development

199.1 ()

Submitted by

Eleonor Gonzales

Jirah Luison

Submitted to

Prof. Jorge S. Ebay

March 29, 2010

Part One


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The Research Problem

a. Rationale

Education provides children opportunities to escape poverty, gain a voice

in the community, and experience a better quality of life. But worldwide, 115

million elementary-age children are unable to attend school. Many poor parents

cannot pay school fees or buy supplies. Communities often lack suitable school

buildings and qualified teachers. And families may need their childrens help in

the fields or family business just to survive (World Vision Development

Foundation, 2009). Without an education, a child has little hope of breaking free

from poverty and reaching his or her full potential.

One of the Millennium Development Goals is to ensure that, by 2015, children

everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary

schooling. Primary education usually starts at 5 or 6 years and continues through

to 11 or 12 years, but age requirements differ between countries. In order to

achieve this target, first, countries need to ensure that all primary school age

children are enrolled in school; second, that they all complete the course.

In a few economies in the region, total net enrollment ratios in primary

education are below 80%. More than 10 economies have achieved the target for

primary education expected completion rates. In slightly over half of the

economies for which data are available, over 95% of both male and female youth

populations are literate. In economies with much lower literacy rates, women are

more likely to be illiterate than men.

In the Philippines, the most recent figure for SY 2005-2006 indicated a

decline in the participation rate at 84.44 percent with a huge decline noted in the

urban areas (The Millenium Development Goals, 2009: 2). By region,

CALABARZON accounted for the highest participation rate of 92.87 percent, with

the lowest in CARAGA at 74.8 percent, as surveyed by the United Nations

Development Program from 2007-2009.(Castro, 2006)

World Vision recognizes that human transformation is a continuous

process of profound and holistic change brought about by the work of God. World

Vision believes that the pursuit of its mission requires integrated and holistic

commitment to: transformational development that is community-based and

sustainable, focused especially on the needs of children; emergency relief thatassists people afflicted by conflict or disaster; promotion of justice that seeks to


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change unjust structures affecting the poor; partnership withchurches to

contribute to spiritual and social transformation; public awareness that leads to

informed understanding, giving, involvement, and prayers; and witness to Jesus

Christ by life, deed, word, and sign that encourages people to respond to the

Gospel. (Transformational Development Core Document, 2003)

World Vision is constantly in search of the best ways to help children.

Hence, it is actively involved in community development. Its Area Development

Programs (ADP) seeks to partner with children, their families and their

communities in order to rebuild or make improvements in their environment.

b. Statement of the Problem

This study identifies and analyzes the impacts of Christian Nurture as

community organizing strategy in the implementation of the Area Development

Program of World Vision Development Foundation International in the

Municipality of San Jose.

c. Objectives of the Study

1. To define and discuss the parameters of Christian nurture as a community

organizing strategy used in the Area Development Program in San Jose;

2. To evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Christian nurture;

3. To describe and analyze Christian Nurture as a tool in ensuring peoples

participation and accountability to the program; and

4. To recommend measures that can be used for enhancing the

implementation of Christian Nurture as community organizing strategy.

d. Significance of the Study

This study endorses Christian nurture as a useful and innovative strategy

for community organizing since this strategy is not widely used. This also

enriches the existing literature that discusses community organizing, since the


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commonly used strategies are socio-economic and issue-based. The study will

also serve as a guide for POs, NGOs, GOs and other organizations for community

organizing. This would also give us an idea through observing activities,

interviewing of sposored families and focus group discussions, regarding the

steps, strategies and essential factors affecting the success of the

implementation of the programs by the World Vision Development Foundation.

Furthermore, it is as well important that we realize the importance of the

Christian nurture strategy in the successful intiatives in the communities which

has been underlined in this study. Finally, this study will serve as a valuable

reference for the Social Science students especially those studying Community

Development as there will be a different study made, in a completely different

angle, in community organizing.

e. Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on the Area Development program in Antique

particularly in the Municipality of San Jose, by World Vision Development

Foundation International.The ADP in Antique not only covers San Jose but other

municipalities as well. It also concentrates on the Christian nurture as the

strategy used by the organization.

This study uses the indicators identified by the WVDFI in the

Transformational Development Framework. The indicators are the presence of

Christian capacity & intentionality of programme teams. Christian capacity and

intentionality means active staff spiritual nurture, strong church relations, and

appropriate witness to Christ. This framework puts primacy on the

transformation of values of the individuals through Christian Nurture strategy

which the study is all about. Other components of the ADP are nutrition, water,

primary education, houshold resilience, social sustainability, and community

participation among others.

Impact refers to vital changes that have occurred in people's lives in part

because a project was implemented (Bush, 2006). Changes like enhanced

relationship with the environment, restored relationship with God through faith in

Jesus Christ and equitable, just, peaceful, productive and inclusive relationships

within households and communities that impact spiritual, economic, social,political, and ecclesiastical aspects of life. The study will only determine the


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impact of the said strategy to the lives of the Sponsored Families and

Sponsored Children in San Jose, Antique. Other families that were

indirectly benefitted by the WVDFI will not be interviewed. We will utilize

key informant interview, guided focus group discussion with Christianprogram staff and survey as instruments in gathering necessary data.

Part Two

Research Framework and Methodology


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a. Review of Related Literature

Around the world, poor people are often politically oppressed,

economically exploited,socially marginalized and neglected, spiritually bound,

and culturally inhibited. Women, in particular, are even more oppressed andmarginalized by traditions, cultural practices and political discrimination. Rarely

are they (or their views) listened to, which means they almost never participate

in the affairs that most directly influence their lives. As a result, development is

silenced along with the numerous constructive and creative ideas that go

voiceless. (Transformational Development Core Documents, 2003).

Addressing the wide spread poverty problem is one of the most important

challenges that the Philippines is facing. Poverty in the Philippines is not only

high compared with other countries in East and Southeast Asia but its reduction

is so slow that the country has become the basket case in the region (Balisacan,

2008: 1).

Poverty is defined as not simply the lack of material resources, but also

the absence of capabilities, opportunities and power that will allow an individual

to fully assume his/her role as a member of the community (National Anti-

Poverty Action Agenda: 20). The experience of poverty is not limited to material

deprivation and low levels of health and education. It also talks about being

unable to influence decisions that concerns ones own life, ill-treatment and

barriers created by norms of the society.

Poverty is dehumanzing because it is the cause of all the troubles amnd

problems of men. Poverty in iteself is a major problem. Today is a perfect time to

fight poverty. Poverty can is not impossibvle to overcome, there is a need for

people to unite and overcome it. (Anti-Poverty Action Agenda: 1)

Although poverty is recognized to be a multi-dimensional concept, income

poverty is pervasive and has declined quite slowly over an expanded period. The

result is that, the bulk of income poor are likely to be also poor in other aspects

of deprivation such as the lack of capabilities in educational attainment and good

health. We define poor as whose incomes fall below a pre-determined income

threshold which is $1 a day per person by the World Bank (Balisacan, 2008: 1).

The key in achieving pro-poor growth is expansion in the access to

economic opportunities, human development, social services, and productive


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assets, particularly by the poor. Inadequate human capabilities have often been

the underlying cause of poverty. (Balisacan, 2008: 4).

Poverty is the greatest issue that causes great difficulties to children. It

does not stop at one point but recreates itself in another time. It seems like aphase, inevitable and unconquerable.

Education and training are among the key instruments for upward social

mobility and poverty alleviation (National Anti-Poverty Action Agenda: 14).

Investment in education especially primary education is one of the most

important determinants of human welfare, opportunity and economic growth and

thus helps fight poverty. Low earnings of people are partly the result of their low

levels of skill and literacy. Investment in education is one of the best resources a

country can make. Investment in primary education has been the single largest

contributor to the growth of countries (The Oxfam Poverty Report: 24-25).

Education plays a big role in the development of a community. Like

poverty, development is not only concerned in the material aspect of a humans

life. Development could also mean humanization which gives primacy to

searching human potentials.

The purpose of development is to make the people, especially the weak

and poor not only more productive but also more socially effective and self-

aware. True humane development requires human growth in the sense of people

becoming freer human beings, liberated from their own sense of powerlessness

and dependency (Soedjatmoko: 29).

Another purpose of development, according to Charles Eliott, is to make

people more human. To lift them out of the degrading, inhumane and de-

humanizing conditions of poverty, unemployment, ill-health disease and

ignorance and give them back the chance to be human people.

According to William (1995, 6), development can be genuinely called

human only when it is initiated by and for the people. People should not be

subjects rather they are treated as partners. And not only as passive receivers of

the packaged western development.

But Sahnoun says that there is a widespread concern that the current

development tend to ignore, often underestimate, and sometimes undermine


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cultural values or the cultural environment, which are essential to healthy human

development. After all, security, sustainability, and relative stability often depend

on a system of values which has taken centuries to develop within a specific

society. This system of values has more often than not taken into account the

evolution of the environment, relationships with other societies, and the gradual

introduction of new values dictated by new technology or adaptation of old

values.

The recent World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen focused

on the growing conviction that human beings must be at the centre of any truly

human development and that all development policies should be judged by the

simple question: "What is happening to the people?" What struck many

observers at this Summit was how often in the debate speakers resorted to

religious language to make their points. Perhaps, this should not have been a

matter for surprise, since there had been an official UN preparatory meeting

entitled, Seminar on Ethical and Spiritual Dimensions of Social Progress, held in

Bled, Slovenia, on 30 October 1994. Speakers at the Summit pleaded that we

finally come to accept and act on the conviction that all people form a single

human family responsible for one another. Without this conviction, they claimed,

progress toward the goal of social justice will always be slow, because it will lack

heart. The poor financial commitments flowing from the Copenhagen Summit

demonstrated, however, that the world's influential countries still lack heart and

so also the political will to take on bold new initiatives.

William (1995, 6) stated that the public evidence of more people turning

from hubris to humility is one of the most convincing signs of hope for the future.

Another is the pondering of the possibilities of spirituality, as we contemplate our

alternative for shaping a common future on this planet.

In order to carry out development initiatives, communities must be

organized so that it would cater to needs of the people and not the wishes of the

donors. Community organizing is a social development approach that aims to

transform and empower people especially the marginalized groups to be active

participants of the organizing process and to be heard and participate in the

decision makings and discussions (Batistiana, 1996: 75).

In the 1994 National Rural Conference, community organizing is generally

defined as a collective, participatory, transformative, liberative, sustained and


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commitment to common mutual concern in the context of faithful, personal,

multi-faceted relationships. This is only possibel when every member perseveres

in sustaining their community. (A Better World: 32)

Using of the word community meaningfully, it can be restricted to a groupof individuals who have learned to communicate honestly with each other, whose

relationships go deeper than their masks of composure and have developed a

significant commitment to rejoice together, to mourn together, delight in each

other, make others conditions our own (A Better World: 32-33).

Communities tend to emphasize conflicts that might ordinarily be

overlooked in the locality. The interrelatedness of communal life causes a

decision about one matter to have an impact on most other realities of

communal life (A Better World: 33).

Communitiesthrive when able to create a fellowship not dependent upon

conformity, but which encourages members to remain enthusiastically involved

even when they disagree with decisions. While decision-making not always

reflect a members understanding, it must indicate that the members ideas have

been respected (A Better World: 33).

Healthy community is one which offers all its members, regardless ofclass, color or creed, significance, status and a sense of belonging and which

provides incentives and opportunities for them to care for one another (A Better

World: 48).

One important aspect of the community is the family. The family is still the

basic building block of Philippine Society. Cited notes the traditional view on

children in Filipino families as gifts of God and graces from heaven. He adds that

children are likewise regarded in practical terms as some kind of investment forthe future. The more children one has, the more individuals there will be upon

whom he/ she can depend for support in times of distress or old age. At this

point, Jocano reveals the reality behind child labor which is basically coming from

the assumption that children are expected to contribute to the family larder.

Using these tools, methods and resources, we may open the eyes of the

people by slowly making them aware of their rights. Awareness among the

community is also the aim of community organizing. People become aware to act

upon reality. Conscientization or awareness is not achieved through traditional


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rote memorization or the banking system of education but through practice.

Awareness helps people to know their condition and be able to concretize and

express them (Batistiana, 1996).

And since the community is aware of their surroundings, issues andproblems, this would lead to ore active participation from the community

members. Community participation means that everyone, men, women, boys

and girls, think that they can actively and without limitations, participate in all

aspects of their development, particularly in planning, implementation,

monitoring and evaluation (WV-TDI, 2006).

Peoples participation is an important component of any community

development and community organizing efforts. Participation allows for the

development of peoples sense of ownership and accountability of community

programs or projects. Ownership is the active engagement of the hearts and

minds of people in improving their own health and well-being. If there is no

ownership, there will be no development.

Child participation is a vital aspect of community participation and

participatory development (WV-TDI, 2006). It means that the children, regardless

of gender, should be made as active contributors of the development process.

They should not be regarded as mere recipients but also active stakeholders.

This means, that if the community is working on a youth issue, the youth

must have a primary voice in identifying the issue, crafting of solutions, making

decisions, implementation and evaluation of results. Through this, they feel that

they have a legitimate role in the process.

With ownership, the people feel that they own what they have and not the

outsiders who came only to help them. They are no longer disempowered byhaving choices and by deciding on their own. Peoples Empowerment is one of

the aims/goals of community organizing that aimed at achieving effective power

for the people. It is where people learn to overcome their powerlessness and

develop their capacity to control their situation and place their future in their

hands. People are being transformed from dehumanization into individuals who

understand and protect their rights. People can make decisions that can redound

to the greater good of the community and the nation rather than external

stakeholders only (Batistiana, 1996: 79)


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An important aspect of empowerment relates to how humans view

themselves in measuring empowerment, and how they put value on their lives or

their worthiness. In order to avoid self-loathing or self-indulgence, a new identity

must be unearthed: that human beings are valuable to God and are made in his

likeness. In this sense, empowerment means living with God, not as an orphan

but as an heir. Through discipleship and maturation in Christ, humans are

empowered to live confidently in the assurance that life is meaningful and with

purpose. (Transformational Development: Core Documents, 2006).

Webbe in a classic work wrote that in the deeper and growing aspects of

spirituality,people learn to love more and more people. Like a community, love is

not easy to muster. It is a part of the journey of the spirit. If the journey is not

understood it can be a major factor in driving human beings even further apart.

The knowledge of its principles, however, can do much to bring us together in

peace. (Peck, 1990)

b. Conceptual Framework


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Poverty is a major problem that our society is facing not just today but it is

already there since time immemorial. Because of poverty, many people do not

have the capacity to access basic services like education. Poverty became a

reason why many people are incapacitated to enter school. This results to

illiteracy, discrimination and marginalization. Because of this, they are treated

differently by those who have more and oftentimes with an air of disrespect and

denigration. Discrimination means inability to enjoy and benefit from basic

services and privileges that should accrue to them. Marginalization disallows

them to voice their needs and participate in making decisions about programs

or projects that impact on their lives.

Community organizing and community education are perceived as

strategies that can assist the poor and marginalized groups to raise their

concerns, their issues, and struggles. Through these, it is expected that they willhave the capacity to make their lives better and change their stake in the

future. The Christian Nurture strategy can help them alleviate their poor

conditions. Christian Nurture deals not only with the spiritual aspect of the

community but with values formation as well. It also promotes capacity building

and awareness raising. The strategy is perceived as a useful tool for peoples

empowerment.

c. Definition of Terms


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Term Conceptual definition Operational Definition

ADP Area Development Program, a

Christ-centered and child-

focused approach that seeks to

establish partnerships with

children, their families and

communities in selected

contiguous areas in the pursuit

of transformational

development

Awareness having knowledge orperception of a situation or

fact

helps people to know theircondition and be able to

concretize and express them

Capacity the ability or power to do,

experience, or understand

something

Child Participation means that the children,

regardless of gender, are partof the development process

Christian Nurture A fundamental component that

starts within an individual and

always begins at the

transformation of oneself

Church-based

approach

is an organizing process which

is used by the organizers who

are working within the

structures of the church or

within the components of the

church-based programs

Community a feeling of fellowship with

others, as a result of

sharing common attitudes,interests, and goals

involves a group of people who

share a quality of life which

reflects a commitment tocommon mutual concern in the


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context of faithful, personal,

multi-faceted, relationships

Community

organizing

Is a social development

approach that aims to

transform that apathetic,

individualistic and voiceless

poor into a dynamic,

participatory and politically

responsive community

Community

participation

means that men, women, boys

and girls perceive that theyactively participate in all

aspects of their development,

with particular focus on

program planning,

implementation, monitoring

and evaluation

Discrimination the unjust or prejudicial

treatment of different

categories of people or

things, esp. on the grounds

of race, age, or sex

Education the process of receiving or

giving systematic

instruction, esp. at a school

or university

Enhances people's potential,

talents and skills through

learning and knowledge

generation and establishment

of skills

Empowerment give (someone) the

authority or power to do

something

About gaining freedoms in the

social and political spheres of

life while breaking loose from

the entanglement of

powerlessness, vulnerability

and isolation


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Family a group consisting of

parents and children living

together in a household.

Human

transformation

a continuous process of

profound and holistic change

brought about by the work of

God

Illiteracy unable to read or write

Impact the action of one object

coming forcibly into contact

with another

refers to significant changes in

conditions related to long-term

project aims or vision, that

have occurred as a

consequence of achieving

goals and objectives with

purposeful or irresistible

results.

Marginalization treat (a person, group, or

concept) as insignificant orperipheral

Ownership is the active engagement of

the hearts and minds of people

in improving their own health

and well being.

Poverty the state of being

extremely poor

Absence of capabilities,

opportunities and power that

will allow an individual to full

assume his/her role as a

member of the community

Religion the belief in and worship of

a superhuman controlling

power, esp. a personal God

or gods


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Spirituality of, relating to, or affecting

the human spirit or soul as

opposed to material or

physical things

Sustainable able to be maintained at a

certain rate or level

Implies that people at different

levels continually maintain,

improve and replicate positive

changes that are achieved

through transformational

development, without

compromising the welfare of

the future generation

Transformation a thorough or dramatic

change in form or

appearance

The change from a condition of

human existence contrary to

God's purposes to one in which

people are able to enjoy

fullness of life in harmony with

God

Transformational

development

defined as the dynamic, on

going process by which God

brings individuals, families and

communities from their

brokenness toward the

spiritual, relational, physical,

social, economic and

environmental well-being ofGods shalom

Values a person's principles or

standards of behavior;

one's judgment of what is

important in life

Source: New Oxford American Dictionary (2005)


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Part Three

Methodology

a. Respondents

A total of 30% ofRegistered Families (RFs)of the Area Development

Program of the World Vision Development Foundation Inc. will serves as

respondents of the study. Representatives from each of the six barangays will be

ensured in the survey. For the key informant interviews, respondents will include

community leaders from each barangay including the children and youth leaders.

And for the focus group discussion, there will be representatives from the

different sectors from each barangay so that the views of everybody, including


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children will be heard. For every barangay, two sessions will be conducted and

every session will have ten participants. For the most significant change story,

two participants will be chosen and they will be interviewed twice in order to get

all data necessary.

b. Sampling

Purposive sampling will be the method used in the study. This design is

also known as the judgmental sampling. We will be using good judgmental in

selecting the respondents who will best meet the purposes of the study. Whoever

qualifies and is taken until the desired number of sample is attained (Ardales,

1992). We will be using this sampling since it selects information-rich cases for in

depth study of a certain research. The importance purpose of this sampling is

learning a great deal about issues that are significant in the process of the

research, thus it is beneficial for our study (Guerrero). The same will be used in

key informant interview, focus group discussion and most significant change

story.

c. Data Collection Method

In order to gather relevant and needed data for the study, open structured

interview will be used for the RCs and FCs. Guide questions will be used duringthe conduct of focus groups to facilitate the flow of discussions. Another guide

will be developed for key informant interviews. To enrich data presentation, a

Most Significant Story will also be made featuring selected beneficiaries. The

interview will be done first for the first four weeks. Next will be the focus group

discussions which will be conducted for six weeks and the Most Significant

Change story will be administered for two weeks in four sessions.

d. Data Gathering Techniques and Sources

We started our study by choosing a topic that we want to investigate

about. We decided to choose Christian nurture strategy as a community

organizing since only few studies have been conducted about the said research.

After the finalization of the topic with the approval of the research adviser,

we started developing a proposal for the said topic.


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Before going to the community, we will present first a letter to the NGO,

each barangay where the study will be conducted, and to the community leader

asking permission if they can participate in our study.

After approaching the necessary people, respondents for the interview willbe indentified through the help of community leaders and staff from the office.

Then the interview will be started with the community volunteers. The

participants for the focus group discussions will be identified based on the

interview conducted. There will be different sessions for every barangay so that

the venue will not pose as a major problem. Through the FGD, two Most

Significant Change participants will be identified. There will be two different

sessions for these two participants.

Secondary data will be from the reports published by the NGO, the data

they have on the registered families, literatures on Christian Nurture and its

indicators and literatures by other faith-based organizations.

e. Plan for Analysis

The survey method, key informant interview and the guided focus group

discussion will be of help in analyzing our data. Using the methods contain

personal information and other important information that will be used in thestudy of the impact of the Christian Nurture Strategy in the Area Development

Plan of the World Vision Development Foundation International in San Jose,

Antique. Based from the information and the data we will gathered from the

Registered Children and Registered Families done through the three methods we

will used, analysis of these data and information will now be possible.

We will first study and analyze the background information of the RCs and

the RFs and what are the possible criteria and their common background thatallowed them to be part and considered and qualified to be part of the Area

Development Program.

Key informant interview will then be further give us the knowledge and

understanding of the participants/beneficiaries on their situation before they

qualified as RCs and RFs, and be a part of the said program. Key informant

interview will also provide us the idea on the impacts of the Christian Nurture

that the informant witnessed or observed among the participants/beneficiaries

after they became part of the program.


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Focus group discussion will then be used which aims to allow RCs and RFs

to have a say in the impacts of Christian Nurture on their lives. FGD will help us

to further deepen our analysis of the Christian Nurture impact on the peoples

lives to be a better one.

We will be selecting two Most Significant Change Story participants among

the beneficiaries to share their learnings and experiences to other beneficiaries

so that they can also learn and get some knowledge about the shared

experiences o f the two that help them to continue what they have started.

f. Time Frame

Week/Month Activity Persons Involved

November Conceptualization Jirah, Eleonor, Sir Jorge

December Planning- Objectives and

Significance of the Study

Jirah, Eleonor, Sir Jorge

January Planning- Rationale Jirah, Eleonor, Sir Jorge

February Planning-Related

Literature


March Planning- Related

Literature and

Submission of Draft


June 9 Visit PPSA and discuss

research paper

Jirah and Eleonor with

PPSA staff


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June 23 Observe activities

conducted by PPSA


PPSA staff and

community

July 7 Inform barangay captains

and community leaders


PPSA staff and

community leaders

July 21 Identify respondents for

interview


PPSA staff

July 28-August 15 Interview respondents Jirah and Eleonor with

community and student

volunteer

August 25 Identify FGD

participants/schedule

FGD

Jirah and Eleonor

September 1-December

11

FGD sessions Jirah and Eleonor with

PPSA staff and student

volunteers

January 5 Identify 2 Most

Significant Change

participant

Jirah and Eleonor

January 5 Inform participants Jirah and Eleonor

January 8-9 Interview participant 1 Jirah and Eleonor with

student volunteer

January 15-16 Interview participant 2 Jirah and Eleonor with

student volunteer

January 18-February 25 Analysis of Data Jirah and Eleonor with

help of professors

February 26-March 18 Write up Jirah and Eleonor with

help of professors


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