draft sector plan-education

7/28/2019 Draft Sector Plan-Education

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REPUBLIC OF KENYA

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

Medium Term Plan for 2008 2012

FINAL DRAFT


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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A RY

It is globally recognized that science, technology and innovation is essential for the

economic growth and competitiveness of all nations. Science, technology and

innovation is also a key component of social integration, sustainable development

and poverty eradication based on equity, freedom, justice, governance, peace and

prosperity. At the international level, Science, technology and innovation acts as a

tool of international co-operation and solidarity. It is useful for knowledge and

information and facilitating globalization with human development while

concomitantly strengthening national governance and acting as a vector of common

heritage and international cooperation and solidarity.

In the context of the overall national planning horizon, there is a very strong

relationship between the social, economic and political pillars of the Kenya Vision

2030. As the foundation upon which the pillars spring the implementation of the

relevant ST&I, it must be successfully delivered in order to achieve the goals of the

Vision. Economically, developments in ST&I, especially biotechnology, value

addition, manufacturing, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) will

result in industrial and entrepreneurial development with new products and

services, and areas of economic growth.

In terms of human welfare that underpins the social pillar, increased ST&I

capabilities will help in addressing the challenges associated with poverty reduction

and hunger by raising agricultural productivity and contribution to economic

development. They will determine the ability to provide clean water, good health,

adequate infrastructure, and safe food and also support the creation of high quality

and better paying jobs, produce generics and help to dramatically cut the cost of

healthcare to the poor. Generally ST&I will help achieve the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs).


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equality of scientific, educational and cultural opportunities

Development, conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity Sharing the opportunities and benefits of the knowledge society and economy Development and strengthening of local and indigenous knowledge and

culture

Empowerment of womenThe contribution of ST&I to political stability and to domestic and international

security are many. Over time, economic growth fuelled by ST&I will increase social

cohesion, stability, and democratization and eradicate conflicts in communities

arising from wants. The capabilities will increase the ability of citizens to participate

in democratic processes such as elections as related to economic advances and

provide tools for checking not only government performance, but also the ability of

anti-social groups that thrive.

This Science, Technology and Innovation Sector Medium Term Plan has been

prepared as part of the implementation of Vision 2030. The plan covers the 2007

2012 period and aims to:

Integrate science, technology and innovation (ST&I) policy into the broaderframework of major economic strategies and policies, linking ST&I to national

economic, social objectives and political goals;

Reform ST&I institutions and the environment in which they operate Develop sound creative and innovative human capital with entrepreneurial

skills;

Translate ST&I policy into improved production capacity, increasedproductivity and competitiveness

Maximize the reach and impact of scientific and technological knowledge andinformation as tools for participatory development


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areas of agriculture, health, engineering, basic sciences, forestry and environmental

sciences. In addition, existing training institutions for the mid-level technical

personnel will enable Kenya to re-inventing itself in order to focus more and more

on the role of Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I) in socio-economic

development. This plan prioritizes the social and regional equity in the development

of technological infrastructure, technical and entrepreneurial skills as well as define

and supportive policies, institutional and legal frameworks that address government

aspirations. Specific areas of focus include the development of innovative ideas into

products, processes and services, measures aimed at creating jobs, safeguarding the

environment against disasters and mitigating the effects of climate change.

ST&I Challenges

Kenya faces a myriad number of challenges including enhancing the role of ST&I inthe national development agenda. Currently, more than 60% of the Kenyan

population is aged between 18 and 35 years. It is this group that efforts must be

focused on in order to create high quality, knowledge intensive jobs and thus

harness their potential fully. Globally, Kenya has to overcome globalization of trade

that has made it harder particularly for third world nations to use tangible or

intangible trade barriers to protect domestic industry, knowledge, and technological

innovation. Mid-level technical personnel do not have effective coordination and

often lack critical resources and infrastructure to enable them effectively develop and

integrate ST&I. The institutions are also unable to acquire, maintain and retain

modern equipment as well as personnel. They have weak linkages with the

productive sector, and the regional and international counterparts.Lack of an integrative policy framework to facilitate effective integration of ST&I into

the economy is an issue that needs urgent action. The productive sector does not

have commensurate expertise that constitutes graduates from respective institutions.

This makes it to incur higher costs in re training staff for effective service delivery


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towards public service particularly in agriculture and health. They have not

succeeded in creating an overall system of learning and problem solving within

which the capacity for knowledge flow and the creation of new knowledge is

improved. In addition, knowledge brokers especially professional organizations are

not actively contributing to new knowledge creation.

As far as expatriates are concerned, the challenge will be to attract foreign talents

into the country, especially professionals, middle-level skilled personnel and

entrepreneurs. This will be necessary to complement indigenous talents, forexample, in R&D required by high technology industries, as well as the services

sector. Foreign workers are employed in lower-skilled and lower value-added jobs,

where Kenyans are not available, nor interested. The challenge is to reduce

dependence on foreign workers over time. There is a need to promote automation,

improve the work environment to make it more conducive for Kenyans to be

employed and enhance flexibility in entry levels to allow for appropriate

remuneration.

Human Resource

To adequately deal with the issue of human resource, the country will ensure

adequate, high quality and relevant graduates. This will include creation of a core

mass of a human resource base that supports ST&I development and sustainability.

Various challenges in capacity building will need to be addressed at the stages of

pre-employment and during employment: To competently develop skilled and

knowledgeable workforce various components will be considered. They include;

stakeholders expectations, performance-based compensation system, planning for

human resources, basic requirements at pre-employment, review of human capital,

and legislative environment.


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Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) Skills

There has been a recent decline in the supply of SET graduates. This has impacted

negatively on the demand for adequate human resources. Unless something drastic

is done, the long-term growth prospects of the country will be hampered. There is

also waning interest for SET by potential trainees who constitute the youth. There is

need to deliberately train Kenyans in Science, Engineering and Technology. This will

be boosted by reviewing all curricula to incorporate enabling skills, particularly

critical thinking, creativity, innovation, problem-solving and decision-making; andinstituting benchmarking processes at all levels of the education system to

standardize best practices in the education curricula. In addition workforce in the 17-

23 age group will be considered with a view to making them adequately endowed

with skills in targeted industries like ICT; biotechnology; Halal industry;

petrochemicals; education; tourism, including health and eco-tourism. A spirited

attempt must be made to identify factors contributing to the mismatch in supply and

demand of skilled and competent human resources; and promotion of the

effectiveness of skills training programmes to enhance the employability and

productivity of the labour force.

Collaboration

The linkages between knowledge purveyors with the business system are generally

weak. Knowledge generation in the Kenyan context is heavily supported by

development partners who influence priorities of these organizations. As a result,

the ST&I activities of intermediate organizations are not aligned to national

priorities. Facilitation is needed to ensure that knowledge between the industry and

the academia is shared in order to contribute towards more market-driven R&D.

International co-operation in science and technology is important for meeting a

broad range of global challenges, for benefiting from globalization and for

implementing large-scale research projects.

Establishing networks between institutions of higher learning alumni and industry


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developed. They include; Strengthening the Technical Capacities and Capabilities,

Developing and Retaining Highly Skilled Human Resources, Intensification of

Innovation in Priority Sector, Enhancing ST&I Awareness and Strengthening the

ST&I Performance Management Framework. Under these thrusts are identified

programmes, projects and their respective activities.

Enabling Sectors

Facilitation of ST&I will be undertaken to strengthen capabilities and capacities, avail

adequate human resource skills, increase transition to Science, Technology and

Technology Skills and intensify innovativeness for competitiveness. Towards this

end, enabling sectors will include Infrastructure, Human Resource development,

Trade, Industry and Manufacturing, and Information Communication Technology.

Essentially enabling sectors will be exploited to avail a sound Technological

foundation and innovation as well as the technological learning processes in order to

enhance proper design and management of all facets of infrastructure. Supply of

adequate and competent human resource necessary for rapid ST& I development

will be emphasized. Global competitiveness and innovativeness are needed for

leapfrogging trade, industry and manufacturing products and services while ICT

will the necessary stimulation and support needed for simplifying information

search and registration procedures, narrowing the digital divide and enabling andempowering communities to gain access to scientific and technological

opportunities.

Innovation

Kenya does not have a National Innovation System that would adequately address

issues of appropriate and responsive intellectual property rights regimes. Theexisting system does not effectively serve critical national needs. Challenges range

from accessibility to the IPR regimes and benefits that accrue from innovators work.

Public awareness is necessary to create the required support for ST&I investments

which many times require large outlays with long payback periods The extent to


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integration among national activities targeted at enhancing the role of ST&I in the

proposed Kenya Vision 2030 goals. It will also be aimed at establishing and

sustaining Kenyas pride of place in the generation and management of science,

technology and innovation. In order to realize a KNIS there will be review,

development and implementation of various legal, institutional and regulatory

frameworks with the aim of creating various management organs and offices;

starting at Ministerial level, SAGAs and independent bodies as appropriate.

Implementation of the Medium Term Plan

This MTP will be implemented through identified programmes and projects as well

as within a framework of identified line Ministries, SAGAs, Autonomous bodies,

lead agencies and Stakeholders.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y ___________________________________________________________ IITABLE OF CONTENTS ____________________________________________________________________IXLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS _________________________________________________________________XIGLOSSARY OF TERMS__________________________________________________________________ XIIILIST OF FIGURES_______________________________________________________________________ XVI1 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS _____________________________________________________________ 1

1.1 IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION TO ACHIEVEMENT OF KENYA VISION 203011.3.AN OVERVIEW OF THE OVERALL KENYAN ST&ISECTOR CHALLENGE_____________________________ 21.4.SECTORAL ST&ICHALLENGES IN KENYA___________________________________________________ 51.4.STRATEGIC PRIORITIES AND PROSPECTS FOR 20082012 ____________________________________ 14

1.4.1. Strengthening Technical Capacities and Capabilities __________________________ 141.4.2. Developing a Highly Skilled Human Resource Base_____________________________ 171.4.3. Intensification of Innovation in Priority Sectors__________________________________ 171.4.4. Enhancing Science, Technology and Innovation Awareness ___________________ 181.4.5. Strengthening the STI Performance Management Framework __________________ 19

2 FLAGSHIP PROGRAMMES FOR VISION 2030.__________________________________________ 202.1 INTRODUCTION__________________________________________________________________ 202.2 STRATEGIC THRUST ONE:STRENGTHENING TECHNICAL CAPACITIES AND CAPABILITIES ____________ 21

2.2.1 Strategy One: Improve production processes ______________________________ 212.2.2 Strategy Two: Improve capacities and capabilities of ST&I Institutions ________ 322.2.3 Strategy Three: Improve ST&I Infrastructure and equipment _________________ 352.2.4 Strategy Four: Developing Capacity and Capabilities for New And EmergingTechnologies _____________________________________________________________________ 36

2.3 STRATEGIC THRUST TWO:DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY SKILLED HUMAN RESOURCES _______________ 412.3.1 Strategy One: Increase ST&I personnel and Improve ST&I skills _______________ 412.3.2 Strategy Two: Enhance technopreneurial skills and support services _________ 47

2.4 STRATEGIC THRUST THREE:INTENSIFICATION OF INNOVATION IN PRIORITY AREAS_________________ 492.4.1 Strategy One: Increase funding for ST&I ____________________________________ 492.4.2 Strategy Two: Improve collaborations and linkages in ST&I __________________ 512.4.3 Strategy THREE: Improve knowledge transformation and strengthen the IPRregime 522.4.4 Strategy FOUR: Map and protect indigenous knowledge and technology ___ 532.4.5 Strategy FIVE: National ST&I Reward and Recognition System _______________ 542.4.6 Strategy SIX: Quality Assurance and Standards _____________________________ 55

2.5 STRATEGIC THRUST FOUR:SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION AWARENESS ______________ 562.5.1 Strategy One: Enhancing the Level and Depth of Public Awareness of ST&I ToFacilitate Support For The Sector and Utilization of its Outputs ________________________ 57

2 6 S G C T S F S G G SC C T C O OG I O O P O C


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4.2 SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION KEY ENABLING SECTORS ROLE_____________________ 644.2.1 INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR _________________________________________________ 644.2.2 EDUCATION SECTOR ______________________________________________________ 654.2.3 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT SECTOR _______________________________________ 654.2.4 TOURISM SECTOR _________________________________________________________ 664.2.5 AGRICULTURE SECTOR ____________________________________________________ 664.2.6 SOCIAL EQUITY AND POVERTY REDUCTION SECTOR _________________________ 664.2.7 MACRO-ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK SECTOR ________________________________ 674.2.8 MANUFACTURING SECTOR SECTOR ________________________________________ 674.2.9 GOVERNANCE, SECURITY AND RULE OF LAW SECTOR _______________________ 684.2.10 WHOLESALE & RETAIL SECTOR _____________________________________________ 684.2.11 INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) SECTOR ______________ 684.2.12 FINANCIAL SERVICES SECTOR______________________________________________ 694.2.13 POPULATION AND URBANIZATION SECTOR__________________________________ 694.2.14 Health SECTOR ___________________________________________________________ 694.2.15 Environment, Water and Sanitation SECTOR ________________________________ 704.2.16 Gender, Youth and Vulnerable Groups SECTOR ____________________________ 70

5 . S T R E N G T H E N I N G T H E K E N Y A N A T I O N A L I N N O V A T I O N S Y S T E M ,2 0 0 8 - 2 0 1 2 ________________________________________________________________________ 71

5.1 INTRODUCTION__________________________________________________________________ 715.2.PROPOSED POLICY, LEGAL, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS __________________________ 72

5.2.1 Strategic Policy Objective 1 _______________________________________________ 725.2.2 Strategies to Implement Policy ____________________________________________ 725.2.3 Strategic Policy Objective 2 _______________________________________________ 725.2.4 Strategies to Implement Policy ____________________________________________ 725.2.5 Strategic Policy Objective 3 _______________________________________________ 735.2.6 Strategies to Implement Policy ____________________________________________ 735.2.7 Strategic Policy Objective 4 _______________________________________________ 735.2.8 Strategies to Implement Policy ____________________________________________ 73

5.4 INSTITUTIONS____________________________________________________________________ 735.4.1 POLICY INSTITUTIONS____________________________________________________________ 745.4.2 REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS_______________________________________________________ 755.4.3 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS______________________________________________________ 755.4.4 FUNDING ST&I ________________________________________________________________ 766.0. I M P L E M E N T A T I O N F R A M E W O R K O F T H E M E D I U M T E R M P L A N_ 786.1 MEDIUM TERM PLAIN IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX,2008-2012______________________________81


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AG Attorney General

ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Lands

CBOs Community Based Organizations

ERS Economic Recovery Strategy

ERSWEC Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

GIS Geographic Information System

HES Higher Education Sector

HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome

HR Human Resources

HRM Human Resources Management

ICT Information and Communication Technology

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IPR Intellectual Property Rights

IRTK Indigenous ST&I Resources and Traditional knowledge

KAM Kenya Association of Manufacturers

KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

KEMRI Kenya Medical Research Institute

KEPSA Kenya Private Sector Alliance

KEPHIS K Pl t H lth I t t S i


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KIPPRA Kenya Institute of Public Policy and Research Analysis

LA Lead Agency

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MDG Millennium Development Goals

MIC Middle- Income-Country

MoST Ministry of Science and Technology

NACSTI National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation

NCST National Council for Science and Technology

NMK National Museums of Kenya

NMK-IPR National Museums of Kenya Institute of Primate Research

NESC National Economic and Social Council

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

PAC-ST&I Presidential Advisory Committee on ST&I

PPP Public Private Sector Partnership

RSEs Researchers, Scientists and Engineers

R&D Research and Development

SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises

S&T Science and Technology

SAGA Semi-Autonomous Governmental Agency

ST&I Science, Technology and Innovation


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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Benchmarking - Total Quality Tool used to measure and compare your work

processes with those of other organizations. The goal of benchmarking is to increase

your organizations performance by the best practices of your organization

benchmarking partners. Since best practice is always evolving, benchmarking should

be applied at least annually

Biosensors - Devices that that use biological materials to detect, record, and transmit

information regarding a physiological change or process.

Business Incubator - An economic development organization designed to accelerate

the growth and success of entrepreneurial companies through an array of business

support resources and services that could include physical space, capital, coaching,

common services, and networking connections.

Centre of Excellence - A physical or virtual centres of research or learning which

concentrate existing capacity and resources to enable researchers and academic staff

to collaborate across disciplines and institutions, on long-term projects that are

locally relevant and internationally competitive in order to enhance the pursuit of

research and teaching excellence and capacity development.

Climate Change - The variation in the Earths global climate or in regional climates

over time. It involves changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere

over durations ranging from decades to millions of years. These changes can be

caused by dynamic process on Earth, external forces including variations in sunlight

intensity, and more recently by human activities

Commercialization - The exploitation of knowledge or other thing for financial gain

.

Competitiveness - The realization of a set of institutions and economic policies


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program can quickly select desired pieces of data. You can think of a database as an

electronic filing system.

Genomics - The study of all of the nucleotide sequences, including structural genes,

regulatory sequences, and noncoding DNA segments, in the genetic constitution of

an organism

Innovation - The process of making improvements by introducing something

substantially different, introducing a change that increases value, customer value, or

producer value. The term innovation may refer to both radical and incremental

changes to products, processes or services. The often unspoken goal of innovation is

to solve a problem. Innovations are intended to make someone better off, and the

succession of many innovations grows the whole economy. Since innovation is also

considered a major driver of the economy, the factors that lead to innovation are also

considered to be critical to policy makers

Intellectual Property - A product of the intellect that has commercial value,

including copyrighted property such as literary or artistic works, and ideational

property, such as patents, appellations of origin, business methods, and industrial

processes.

Material Transfer Agreement - Research materials (such as cell lines, plasmids,

proteins, transgenic animals, and other materials) are often exchanged between

OSU and other non-profit research institutions and commercial entities. Material

Transfer Agreements (MTAs) define the legal rights of the entity donating the

material as well as those of the recipient with respect to the material and any

derivatives.

Materials Science - The study of the characteristics and uses of the various materials,

such as metals, ceramics, and plastics that are employed in science and technology

Patents - An intellectual property right relating to inventions, that is, to advances

made in a technical field.


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information about a particular subject

Science In the broadest sense, science refers to any systematic knowledge or

practice. In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge

based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge

gained through such research

Science and Technology Park - A property development designed for a

concentration of high tech, science, or research related businesses. It is organized and

managed by specialised professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of

its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its

associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions.

Technology The Practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area,

the capability given by the practical application of knowledge, a manner of

accomplishing a task especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledgeor the specialized aspects of a particular field of endeavor. This branch of knowledge

also deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with

life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts,

engineering, applied science, and pure science.

Technology Platform - A group of technologies that can be collectively applied to a

diverse range of product, process and service applications (that is, applications are

not limited to a single vertical product or industry sector)

Technopreneur - A person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a high

technology business venture.

Trademark - A word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination of words, phrases,

symbols or designs, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one

party from those of others.


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: ST&I Strategic Priorities and Thrusts for Kenya Vision 2030

Figure 2: Proposed Kenya National Innovation System


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1 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS1.1 Importance of Science, Technology and Innovation to

Achievement of Kenya Vision 2030

Globally, it is recognized that social and economic growth of any country is largely a

result of the transformation of knowledge, science and technology into goods and

services. Rapid developments in ST&I, especially biotechnology, manufacturing,

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have resulted in new products

and services, new ways of learning and doing things. Application of ST&I results in

new sources of growth and provides high quality and better paying jobs. ST&I also

plays an important role in industrial and entrepreneurial development, poverty

reduction, including meeting Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Therefore,harnessing ST&I can provide the necessary interventions required to address

challenges facing a country.

Integration of ST&I in national production processes is central to the success of

Governments policy priorities and programmes as outlined under Kenya Vision

2030. This is particularly important within the context of demands of global

economic competitiveness, sustainable development and equity concerns.

Development of the necessary scientific and technological infrastructure as well as

the technical and entrepreneurial skills is an essential prerequisite to the

transformation Kenya into a knowledge-based society. Development of innovative

ideas into products, processes and services is highly dependent on a well defined

and supportive policy, institutional and legal framework that effectively addressescitizen needs and aspirations. This includes measures aimed at creating jobs,

safeguarding our natural environment against natural disasters, climate change and

other human induced disasters, as well as promoting regional and gender equity.

International co operation in science and technology is important for meeting a


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1.3. An Overview of the Overall Kenyan ST&I Sector Challenge

In Kenya, the challenges to which the ST&I sector must respond include developinga stronger national innovation systems, ensuring sustained development of human

resources in science and technology; the relative contribution made by the private

and public sectors; addressing the changing role of intellectual property rights and

global-scale issues that call for enhanced international co operation in science and

technology, and efficiently and sustainably harnessing our available natural

resources for the benefit of all Kenyans. Other challenges include enhancing the role

of ST&I in national development in general and productive sectors of the economy in

particular. Given that more than 60% of Kenyas population is aged between 18 and

35 years, focused efforts are required to create high quality, knowledge intensive jobs

to harness the potential of this age group.

More recently, the globalization of trade has made it harder particularly for thirdworld nations to use tangible or intangible trade barriers to protect domestic

industry, knowledge, and technological innovation. For Kenya to benefit, it must

enhance the global competitiveness of its exports using ST&I. Also the accelerated

emergence of an information society and breakthroughs in the life sciences are

having tremendous impacts on the activities of businesses and government and on

the way people live, study, and work. These are challenges that must be resolved

through the development and application ST&I in Kenya.

Recognizing the critical role of ST&I in national development, Kenya has over the

years established many S&T institutions and has made significant strides in Research

and Development (R&D). There exists research and development in the areas of

agriculture, health, engineering, basic sciences, forestry and environmental sciences.It has also put in place technical training institutions for the mid-level technical

personnel. However, most of the ST&I institutions are not effectively coordinated

and often lack critical resources and infrastructures to enable them effectively

d l d i t t ST&I Th i tit ti l bl t i i t i


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requirements of the productive sector. This imposes high costs on investors who

have to retrain new staff. Further, the products of human resource development

institutions are often not imbued enough with entrepreneurship skills. Thus, they

are geared to looking for jobs instead of creating them. This acts as a barrier in

creation of ST&I technology-based enterprises within the economy. Of equally great

concern is the apparent lack of alignment of skills with national priority areas.

Greater efforts are needed to ensure an adequate supply of scientific and

technological skills by:

acquiring and retaining highly skilled staff; strengthening policies to enhance awareness and public understanding of

science, especially among youth;

improving the quality of scientific and technological learning, encouragingindividual creativity and broadening opportunities and support for students

to pursue ST&I studies;

adapting curricula to changing skill demands, including interdisciplinaryknowledge and managerial/entrepreneurial skills, and

developing partnerships with industry.Against a background of growing demand for human resources in ST&I, the recent

decline in the number of science and engineering graduates is of great concern and

could hamper the long-term growth prospects of the country. The challenge of

meeting demand for S&T talent is made all the more difficult by waning interest in

science among youth, the gender gap among S&T graduates (notably at the doctorate

level), the rapid ageing of the workforce in the public research sector, market

disincentives to research careers, and the globalization of higher education and

research systems

In addition measures will be taken to pursue reforms in the human resource

management policies of public research organizations to improve their

responsiveness to changes in research priorities and funding to help renew the


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to innovate, as well as provide young graduates with the right skills to work as

researchers in industry.

Another emerging challenge is that of appropriate and responsive intellectual

property rights regimes. These are important in facilitating innovation. However, in

the Kenyan context there are challenges that constrain local innovators from

benefiting from their work. Some of the key issues include the accessibility of the

regime as well as the extent to which it enables harnessing of indigenous knowledge

and resources. Although some work has been done in this regard, there is great roomfor improvement.

The level of public awareness of ST&I benefits and how they could benefit from it

needs enhancement. Public awareness is necessary to create the required support for

ST&I investments which many times require large outlays with long payback

periods. It is also important in facilitating increased public utilization of ST&I in

their daily activities.

Given the scarcity of resources, lack of an adequate knowledge base on what

programmes are being implemented in the ST&I sector, their outputs and

beneficiaries is a clear disincentive in arguing for more resources to the sector. It also

is a major challenge in effective benchmarking with peer and aspirational countries

aimed at effective and efficient utilization of resources.


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1.4. Sectoral ST&I Challenges in Kenya

Achievement of the overall Kenya Vision 2030 goals and the Medium Term Plan

2008 2012 goals will be through programmes, projects and initiatives implemented

in the twenty (20) sectors identified and shown in Table 1.1. These programmes,

projects and initiatives will be targeted at sector challenges, from which the science,

technology and innovation interventions are derived. In this regard, ST&I will be

integrated into the sectors identified by ensuring that they have access to thenecessary technology platforms to promote productivity growth, enhance

investment efficiency as well as increase citizen participation in the said sector.

The strategic technology platforms are defined as a group of technologies that can

be collectively applied to a diverse range of product, process and service applications

(that is, applications are not limited to a single vertical product or industry sector).

They build upon an array of underpinning scientific knowledge and skills (such as

those being developed in universities and through investment). By identifying and

developing platforms that leverage Kenyas unique strengths, we will create

distinctive, significant and durable competitive advantages in Kenyan industry and

society in general.

The Strategic Technology Platforms selected for Kenya are sufficiently broad in

scope that they are realistically expected to feed into a variety of products, processes

and services. At the same time, they are sufficiently narrow to define a set of

competencies that will be built up within Kenya, and uniquely within Kenya, so that

they will establish and defend competitive positions. The ST&I Strategic

Intervention Platforms articulated in Table 1.1 shall be mechanisms for:

Selecting areas of research for funding; Setting technopreneurship-focused applied research agenda; Creating technopreneurship and industry-led clusters, involving small and


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As illustrated in Table 1.1, each of the said sectors will require access to the necessary

technology platforms as well as the policy, institutional, legal, regulatory and

funding support to optimize its utilization of technology for enhanced national

output and improved social welfare for Kenyas citizens.


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SECTOR ST&I CHALLENGE ST&I INTERVENTIONS STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS

Macroeconomicframework for

MTP

Increase domestic component of nationalinvestment

Determination of ST&I contribution to economicgrowth

Establish the ST&I contribution to GDPIdentify and support development of new economic growth areasIntegrated information and data management on macroeconomic variablesSupport the development and implementation of credit referencingImprove the design of macroeconomic variables computing systemSupport the development of data collection, analysis and computiong methodologies for

macroeconomic variables

Reduction in information AssymmetryTargeted acquisition of skills and technology through contracting of foreign firms

ICTEconomic crime prevention and detection

technologies

Analytical technologiesDatabase technologiesGISAsset management technologies

Social Equity

and Poverty

Reduction

Access to better/appropriate technologies thatenhance equity and poverty reduction

Access to SET skills for innovation andemployment creation

ST&I for poverty profiling

Technologies for mapping poverty and its various dimensionsTechnology based enterprises that exploit regional resource endowmentsDevelop technoprenueships based on regional resource availability to increase household

incomes and gender parity

Develop, acquire and transfer cheap but effective household level technologies that save ontime and costs particularly to women

Provide skills training facilities for youth and lifelong learning at local and regional levelSupport development of NSDI infrastructure for improved access to public services profile and

information

Carry out ST&I Community outreach programmes to support application of science andtechnology

ICTMapping technologgiesPackaging technologiesInstrumentation and metrologyProcessing and fabrication technologiesTargeted last step manufacturing (Assembling)

technologies

Recycling technologies


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1.4. Strategic Priorities and Prospects for 2008 2012

The Government of Kenya recognizing the importance of ST&I and the challenges

facing the sector proposes to undertake a number of measures to leverage it for the

benefit of the Kenyan people. These measures covering the 2008 2012 period are

articulated under five key strategic thrust areas, namely:

Strengthening the Technical Capacities and Capabilities Developing Highly Skilled Human Resources Intensification of Innovation in Priority Sectors Enhancing ST&I Awareness Strengthening the ST&I Performance Management Framework

Note//explain in relationship with the 1st thrust

1.4.1. STRENGTHENING TECHNICAL CAPACITIES AND CAPABILITIES

Kenyas overall STI capacity and capability is currently weak in comparison with

competitor and aspirational countries. In view of this, a need exists for it to

strengthen its overall ST&I sector. To this end, the country will focus on creation ofbetter production processes, with strong emphasis on technological learning

focusing on technologies and processes enhancing national competitiveness and

enable creation of quality jobs. Capacities of ST&I institutions will be enhanced

through advanced training of personnel, improved infrastructure, equipment, and

through strengthening linkages with actors in the productive sectors. A programme

targeting provision of ST&I infrastructure will be implemented over a period of three

years to the tune of Kshs________________.

In order to support Kenyas entry into frontier research a programme supporting

cutting edge research in agro-processing, biotechnology, ICT, laser and material


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increasing their productivity and level of technology utilization will be

implemented.

Measures to enhance capacity to effectively leverage indigenous resources and

knowledge will be aggressively put in place. Development of targeted

comprehensive infrastructure via industrial and science parks will be prioritized.

These will focus on establishing niches for Kenya and also increasing the volume of

high technology manufactured exports emanating from Kenya.


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Figure 1.1: ST&I Strategic Priorities and Thrusts for Kenya Vision 2030


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1.4.2. DEVELOPING A HIGHLY SKILLED HUMAN RESOURCE BASE

Skilled human resource requirements relate to sufficiency and skills competence.

While Kenya has a pool of talented human resource, there exists a shortage of skilled

workforce in many ST&I fields that support the national priority sectors. To develop

a highly skilled human resource base, measures to improve the national pool of skills

and talent relevant to the needs of national priority areas will be put in place.

To this end a National Skills Inventory and Audit Survey will be implemented to form a

basis for targeted long term development of a human resource base supportive of the

ST&I sector in accordance to UNESCOs ST&I standards. On the basis of this, a

National Critical Skills Development Strategy will be formulated for implementation by

2009. The number of researchers, scientists and engineers will be increased focusing

on national priority sectors. The current transition rate from secondary level

education to university will be increased and the postgraduate training

strengthened, particularly in science and technology. It is expected that the level of

numeracy and literacy at all levels of the education system will be substantially

increased by 2012.

1.4.3. INTENSIFICATION OF INNOVATION IN PRIORITY SECTORS

The Kenyan economy exhibits limited levels on innovation required to foster

increased output and productivity improvements necessary for employment and

wealth creation. Compared to their peers, Kenyan firms have lower levels of

productivity which must be enhanced. In this regard a biannual National Innovation

Survey will be implemented to determine the incidence of innovation in the national

priority areas as well as determining the impediments to increased innovation in the

those sectors. Further, to intensify innovation, funding for basic and applied

research at higher institutions of learning and for research and development in

collaboration with industries will be increased to Kshs.______________________ 37

billion in 2012 Furthermore measures will be taken to coordinate research activities


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proportion of manufactured exports in Kenyan economy will be targeted to increase

from 3.1% in 2005 to 25% in 2012. In order to promote greater efficiency in various

national priority sectors, promote international competitiveness and assureconsumer acceptance, a programme to promote standardization and quality

assurance in the various sectors will be implemented to strengthen existing system

and bring them up to par with international best practice. Indigenous knowledge

and technology, which is part of our national heritage, remains unmapped and has

exposed our national heritage to misuse by external interest groups. Measures will

be taken to identify and protect this heritage. In order to encourage innovation and

other scientific endeavors, a system of national recognition will be established to

honor innovators.

1.4.4. ENHANCING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

AWARENESS

A strong foundation and basic understanding of ST&I, and its universal importance

is needed to make the breakthroughs or commercialize applications that will ensure

the prosperity of the country.

Appreciation and awareness, among policymakers and the general public on the

importance of science, technology and innovation in Kenya and its implication in

everyday life, including the ethical and moral, legal, social and economic aspects is

low. In view of the importance of STI in society, efforts must be made to promote

awareness of new ideas and discoveries to the general public. A key goal of

activities under this thrust will be to imbue a culture of creativity, innovativeness

and continuous learning in Kenya supportive of ST&I uptake and utilization. Under

this plan, measures create and deepen STI awareness amongst policy makers andimplementers and particularly in the social sphere will be put in place. Multisectoral

initiatives to develop STI solutions to address current and future development

problems will be publicized and showcased.


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1.4.5. STRENGTHENING THE STI PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT

FRAMEWORK

There is general ineffectiveness in the coordination of the national ST&I system,

leading to inefficient resource utilization. Furthermore, there is lack of adequate

information to facilitate regional and international benchmarking and track the

implementation of ST&I activities. Therefore, under this plan, an understanding of

the utilization of resources in the ST&I sector to contribute to national development

is critical. A framework to collate and disseminate information on the resources

employed by the sector and their effectiveness will be put in place. It will focus on

timely tracking of the implementation of various programmes/initiatives under this

plan aimed at realizing its overall objectives.

The coordination of ST&I activities will also seek to leverage the activities of

international organizations working in the country for the furtherance of nationalST&I objectives.


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2 FLAGSHIP PROGRAMMES FOR VISION 2030.2.1 IntroductionThe global economy, including Kenya, is undergoing rapid development into a

knowledge-based economy, where technology, driven by skills and innovation, will

be among the key determinants to enhance efficiency, productivity and

competitiveness. In this respect, science technology and innovation have become

important enabling tools, leading to changes in the comparative advantage and

competitiveness of economies worldwide. The Situation Analysis has identified

strategic issues that impact on the effective development and utilization of ST&I.

This Chapter outlines the programmes and projects that will implement the

proposed interventions to achieve the ST&I goals as given in the Vision 2030. The

programmes will be implemented in the five year period of this Medium Term Plan.

The programmes will also implement the Science, Technology and Innovation policy

and Strategy developed by the stakeholders in the ST&I sector. Kenya harnesses

science, technology and innovation in all aspect of its social and economic

development in order to foster national prosperity and global competitiveness.

Science, technology and innovation will be mainstreamed in all the sectors of theeconomy through carefully-targeted investment programmes.

The programmes are organized under five main strategic thrusts that address the

strategies for promoting science, technology and innovation as spelt out in the Vision

2030. These are:

Strengthening technical capacities and capabilities

Development, utilization and retention of highly skilled human resources Intensification of innovation in priority sectors Increasing ST&I awareness and public participation


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2.2 Strategic Thrust One: Strengthening Technical Capacitiesand Capabilities

The goal of this strategic thrust is to strengthen Kenyas overall ST&I capacity and

capability and increase the capacity of local firms to identify and assimilate existing

knowledge in order to increase competitiveness. This will focus on creation of better

production processes, with strong emphasis on technological learning. The capacities

of STI institutions will be enhanced through advanced training of personnel,

improved infrastructure, equipment, and through strengthening linkages with actors

in the productive sectors.

2.2.1 STRATEGY ONE: IMPROVE PRODUCTION PROCESSESST&I FOR EFFICIENT PRODUCTION PROGRAMME

Technology Assessment Project

There is a wide disparit

y in technological capacity and capability between Kenya and the industrialized

nations making competitive production and participation by Kenyan companies

difficult. This is as a result of lack of inadequate assessment of the potential

technological areas that Kenya can competitively participate in and develop a market

niche for her products. The objective of this project is therefore to make an

assessment of Kenyas technological competitiveness and apply technologies that

will support the production processes in national growth priority areas.

The main players in implementing the technologies assessment project will be the

Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Trade and Industry (MoTI), KIRDI,

KAM, KEPSA, Research Institutes, Tertiary Institutions, KIPI and Universities.

KENYA TOURISM RESEARCH PROGRAMME

The Kenya Tourism Research Programme is aimed providing the industry with

relevant accurate and up to date information to improve the Kent tourism industrys


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approach to tourism development in the Country. The project will support

consultancy and advisory services to the tourism and hospitality industry,

improving the efficiency and effectiveness in the utilization of Kenyas Tourismresources, establishing and updating databases on tourism aspects such as

accommodation, attractions, visitor safety and numbers, passenger visits and

spending statistics, and visitor profiles together with sources of survey information

and provide for accessible, user friendly reference points for tourism research and

information The programme will be implemented under the following projects.

Kenya Tourism Research Audit Project

This project will collect, exchange, analyze and communicate existing tourism

studies and research programmes in Kenya

The main players in implementing this project will be the Ministry of Science and

Technology, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of

Information and Communication, KEPSA, Research Institutes, Tertiary institutions

and Universities

Develop Internet Technology Project

This project will cover the development of a Kenya tourism research website to

facilitate wider industry access to Kenya tourism research studies complete with a

Search Engine to ensure visits to the site are maximized.




and Universities

Internet Geographic Information Project


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and Universities

Kenya Tourism Activity and Trends Monitoring Project

The objective of this project is to establish a shared tourism activity and trends

monitoring service to measure over time tourism industry performance in Kenya.

Trends monitoring will provide reasons for downturn or growth to enable the

industry can intervene with tactical measures when appropriate. The project will be

implemented under the following components:

The project will cover the publication of regular research reports and publicizewidely to tourism stakeholders via industry extranets, an annual trends analysis of

the visitor market and a national Tourism Performance Review for distribution to

public and private sector industry partners.

It will also measure the evolution of the market and explore the new research areas

identified with partners and establish an operational character for local tourism

operators to allow them to adjust their action programmes on new product

development, information, promotion and communication to effectively targeted at

this market.




and Universities


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of museums and heritage sites across Kenya; Rural Tourism component to address a

range of questions including how tourism and recreation impact on the rural

economy, the range and character of rural tourism products in Kenya, the marketpotential of rural tourism in Kenya, the factors (both supply and demand related)

limiting tourism growth in this area, the physical development needed to increase

the economic impact of the tourism market, the contribution of rural tourism to

conservation; Sports and Activity Tourism component to investigate the potential of

developing coherent and complementary offers, including how to extend some

elements of the sports/activities offer to transit tourists, thereby increasing the

economic contribution of the latter.




and Universities

Energy Technologies Project

The energy programme will cover research and advisory framework for energy

sources for electricity generation, improved energy use efficiency and, alternative

and renewable energy. Clean energy production component will focus on research

and development of technical and commercial feasibility of the production of

electricity and various new products.

The component on improved energy use efficiency will focus on developing key

energy use efficiency technologies to achieve production and save energy for bothconventional and unconventional resources while minimizing environmental

impacts. The alternative and renewable energy component will be implemented with

the aim of advancing and adapting technology for alternative energy sources like


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for Analysis of Energy Demand. Fluctuating supply from hydroelectric sources,

economic climate of increasing prices for fossil fuels that are highly polluting and

contribute to greenhouse warming leave Kenya with two options. One is geothermalpotential of 2000 MW being realized yesterday and the nuclear energy option being

seriously taken into account in the context of the national energy plan.

The project will ensure availability of low cost, clean and sustainable energy sources

to meet the energy requirements of the Vision 2030. Of immediate interest is setting

up the necessary organs to realize the nuclear and biofuel options. In the short term

the aim will be to increase the human resource base, the medium term is to have the

necessary infrastructure in place and identify possible sites for building the nuclear

power plants and biofuel systems for energy generation.

The main players in implementing the energy technologies project include Ministry

of Science and Technology, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Universities, Ministry of

Environment and Natural Resources, NEMA, Ministry of Energy, KIRDI, Ministry of

Roads and Public Works, Manufacturing sector, KENGEN, Office of the President,

KPLC, IPP and Cleaner Production Centre.

Niche Areas of the Manufacturing Sector Project

The aim of this project is to develop technical capacities and capabilities in

manufacturing as well as, identify, develop and promote niche areas in advancedmanufacturing technology, namely, computer-aided design/computer-aided

manufacturing/computer- aided engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE), industrial

automation, robotics, and machinery and equipment; and aerospace-related

technology, advanced materials which are also recognized as key technology areas in

strengthening the technological development capability and generating new sources

of growth for the country.

Niche areas in manufacturing technology will ensure a competitive advantage over

other players in technology development in the world and will attract public-private

hi


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Engineering Design and Development InitiativeKenyas manufacturing sub-sector use relatively old technologies. Moreover, only 7

per cent of its manufacturing technologies are sourced within the country. The rest,93 per cent is imported. Therefore, for the manufacturing sector to become

competitive there is an urgent need for manufacturing engineering design and

development. Manufacturing design will be aimed at furthering the development of

competitive products and systems while manufacturing development will entail cost

and quality for manufacturing competitiveness.

The objective of this initiative will, therefore, be to develop and promote capacity in

design, development and production of machineries, equipment and tools required

by industry for manufacturing. The initiative will also ensure research, training and

building of capacity for engineering design and development. The main players in

implementing the initiative include, MOST, Ministry of trade and industry, Ministry

of education, KIRDI, Institution of Engineers of Kenya IEK and Universities

Biotechnology Initiative

The objective of this project is to develop and promote biotechnology for efficient

and rapid industrial, agricultural and health transformation.

The biotechnology project will ensure the development of biomaterials, including

polymers, metals, ceramics and composites, which are produced synthetically or

biologically, for use in the efficient treatment and management of diseases with

growth potential in bio-generics and molecular diagnostics for diseases, as well as

vaccines for tropical diseases. The project will also ensure the development of

biosensors, which represent a powerful new evolutionary field in analytical

measurement technology. The commercial application of biosensors is in the areas of

healthcare, industrial process control, agriculture, veterinary medicine, defense and

environmental pollution monitoring;

Biopolymers, which are biologically produced polymers with unique functional


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project will lead to growth in industrial biotechnology, including the development of

biocatalysts for foods, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and bio-generic

manufacturing.

Agriculture biotechnology, with nutra-ceutical and cosme-ceutical products as a

potential area. In addition, the application of plant biotechnology will be aimed at

increasing crop yields, producing pest and drought resistant strains.

The rise in crude oil prices will provide opportunities for the country to develop

alternative sources of fuel, for example, biodiesel. Challenges in adoptingbiotechnology include the high costs of development, lack of availability of funds to

finance more sophisticated and expensive health care, the fear of litigation and lack

of a national biotechnology strategy to address six key themes that emerged from the

national biotechnology policy which are biotechnology in the community, ensuring

effective regulation, biotechnology in the economy, Kenyan biotechnology in the

Global market, resources for biotechnology and finally maintaining momentum and

coordination.

In this regard, a National Biosafety Authority and associated legislation for the

enhancement of the implementation and coordination of the national biosafety

framework and strategy will be established during the plan period to ensure that the

potential risks and opportunities from the introduction of genetically modifiedorganisms (GMOs) are accurately assessed and managed effectively.

The project offers opportunities to partner with industry and establish PPPs as well

as promote essential foreign investment to add value to Kenyan biotechnology and

in developing key regional and international markets. The main players in

implementing the biotechnology project include Ministry of Science and Technology,

Ministry of Trade and Industry, Universities, Ministry of Health, Ministry of

Agriculture, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, KARI, KEMRI, NMK-IPR, KEFRI,

KIRDI, Ministry of Energy, KEPHIS, KAM, ERC.

i i j


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The main objective of this project is to develop new cultivars technologies and

practice appropriate technology for maximum crop yield and food security.

The main players in implementing this project include Ministry of Science and

Technology, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Universities, Ministry of Health,

Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, KARI, KEMRI, NMK-

IPR, KEFRI, KIRDI, Ministry of Energy, KEPHIS, KAM, ERC.

Value Addition Initiative

The aim of the project is to develop and promote value addition and agro-processingtechnologies to ensure high value exports through efficient and effective production.

The project will;

Ensure low cost production and processing, high productivity and quality ofagricultural produce and products as well as encourage growth of rural non-

farm enterprises. Ensure the exploitation of indigenous foods for consumption and

commercialization and will attract public-private partnership arrangements.

Ensure value addition to farm waste as well as assess and advice on thecapabilities and capacities of meteorological services vis a vis the demands in

the agricultural sector

Reduce supply side inefficiencies and improve market access Develop skills in agro-processing

The main players in implementing the Value addition and Agro-processing Project

include Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of

Livestock and Fisheries, KARI, KIRDI, Universities, Kenya Association of

Manufacturers, Kenya Private Sector Alliance, NMK.

Health Initiative

The need to create new medicines, vaccines and diagnostics requires the application

of new cutting edge technologies and state of art laboratory facilities Such


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including infectious diseases, reverse engineering, warning systems, neglected

diseases, and nutrition, HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB and emerging infections;,

mainstreaming of herbal and traditional medicine into the national health caresystem and demonstration of their efficacy. In addition, it will ensure commercial

production of traditional plants for medicinal use and streamlining of the inter-

sectoral and public-private sector partnerships in hi-tech medical technologies and

improvement of cost effectiveness and efficiency of the health care delivery system.

The main players in implementing the Health Initiative project include Ministry of

Science and Technology, Ministry of Health, Universities, KEMRI, NMK-IPR, Kenya

Association of Manufacturers, Federation of Kenya Employers (FKE), Central

Organization for Trade Unions (COTU), National Aids Control Council (NACC),

herbal medicine practitioners and Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA).

Information and Communication Technology Initiative

The aim of this project is to develop high tech vibrant, affordable and globally

competitive ICT infrastructure and technology that will ensure efficient service

delivery in all sectors of the economy including supporting the Business Process

Outsourcing.

The project will help integrate information management and communication and

also drive production systems. ICT sector will intensify training efforts to buildcapacity in ICT, facilitate development and growth of a robust ICT infrastructure,

improve delivery of service through e-government strategy, provide a stable

umbrella for public private sector growth, integrate and popularize the use of ICT

and establish data sharing and value addition through national spatial data

infrastructure and will attract public-private partnership arrangements. The ICT

sector will also support development of BPO raw infrastructure and software

through ST&I products and services and provide technological capacity and

capabilities for business process offshoring.

Ad i i f i d i i h l ill id


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Ministry of Finance (GITS), Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Livestock and

Fisheries, KEPSA, Kenya ICT Federation, Kenya ICT Board, the Communications

Commission of Kenya (CCK) and KAM.Development of a National Mineral Industry Project

The aim of this project is to build Capacity and capabilities for mineral resource

exploration and exploitation, establish and implement Resource based human

conflict mechanisms in the mining zones and determine the national mineral

resource base. In addition, it will ensure efficiency in mining and value addition in

mineral processing.

The main players in implementing the National Mineral Industry project include

Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Environment and Natural

Resources, Universities, NEMA, Ministry of Energy, KEPSA, Ministry of

Cooperative Development and KAM.

A National Water Research Development Project

The aim of the Project will be to intensify research, development and promotion in

Indigenous technology in the water sector, Integrated Water Resource Management,

Ecological sanitation, Water Information systems, irrigation technologies and

Wetlands management.

The project will improve the quality and quantity of water using low cost and

effective technologies and improve water use efficiency by households, agriculture

and industry. The project will also support the water sector reforms to facilitate the

mainstreaming of ST&I into the water sector.

The main players include Ministry of Science & Technology, Ministry of water and

irrigation, Research institutions, other government ministries, and Universities.

Natural Resource Management Initiative

Natural resource management is challenging, and diverse stakeholders have

i i l l i d i


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involvement in making important resource allocation and management decisions.

The aim of this project is therefore to integrate science, technology and innovation

into land, marine and aquatic resource management decisions and policymaking andwill attract public-private partnership arrangements.

The main players in implementing this include the Ministry of Environment and

Natural Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology, Universities, relevant

Government Ministries and other relevant Research Institutes.

Productivity and Competitiveness Project

Labour productivity is hinged on increased education training within a framework

of matching private sector and labour skills while capital productivity is based on

increasing capital utilization and investment in appropriate capital technology by all

types of investors. Total factor productivity can be increased by the generation,

transfer and adoption of appropriate product and process technology. Kenya lags

behind in enhanced productivity due to inadequate coordination.

There is need to stimulate research and development and technology transfer in

ST&I while at the same time improving productivity and competitiveness of

Enterprises. Labour productivity gains will be achieved through continuous

upgrading of labour force skills, assessment and possibly the adjustment of

production processes. The government will support initiatives aimed at integratingissues related to HRD and efficient production planning in the curriculum of

management courses offered by various training institutions. Other initiatives will

involve incorporation of HRD and productivity issues in management programmes,

articulating the interests of the private sector into the TIVET reform process,

restructuring of the Industrial Training Levy Scheme, strengthening energy

efficiency and clean production, facilitating private sector driven research and

development, and strengthen programme for appropriate technology transfer. The

project will be implemented through public-private partnership arrangements.

h b f h d d l d


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2.2.2 STRATEGY TWO: IMPROVE CAPACITIES AND CAPABILITIES OF ST&IINSTITUTIONS

STRENGTHENING AND RE-ENGINEERING ST&I INSTITUTIONS PROGRAMME

Review of the Institutional, Legal and Regulatory Framework for Science,

Technology and Innovation in Kenya

The project will focus on developing and implementing policies and enabling

legislation to support the generation and utilization of ST&I. In addition, the

National IP Policy will be reviewed to ensure judicious enforcement of IPR tomaximize incentives for exploitation and generation of ST&I. This project also aims

at reviewing and harmonizing existing policies and laws governing TIVET, and

drafting a TIVET Bill and enacting the TIVET Act, sensitization of all the

stakeholders on the Act. It will also establish the TIVET Authority. The project will

also involve revision of legal frameworks governing registration, qualification,

training and development of TIVET trainers. It will harmonize the system of

examinations, credits, certification, and qualification within the TIVET system.

Finally, it will develop and implement a national TIVET qualifications framework.

This project will also focus on reviewing the legal, Institutional and regulatory

framework to facilitate institution of a regulatory regime that will allow positive and

defensive protection and beneficial exploitation of indigenous knowledge,

technologies and practices for the benefit of Kenyan people.

The project will ensure a coordinated and efficient system for development,

acquisition, use, transfer and management of technology.

Other outputs of this project include:

The identification of new science and technology policy choices for sustainabledevelopment as well as benchmarking good practice activities in support of

the creation of framework conditions for ST&I

A Presidential Advisory Commission on Science, Technology and Innovation

A N ti l C i i S i T h l d I ti (NACSTI)


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A National Commission on Science, Technology and Innovation (NACSTI)will also be established to enhance co-ordination of national ST&I. The NCST

will be elevated to a National Commission on Science, Technology and

Innovation to strengthen its national ST&I coordination role. NACSTI will

ensure timely and relevant advice to government on matters of ST&I in

addressing National priorities. A National Technology Acquisition office and

National ST&I Approval and Surveillance Council will also be established

alongside this institution. A TIVET Authority will also be established to guide

and determine technical training in the country including a NationalQualifications Framework

Establishment of Access Regimes for National and International DigitalResearch Data from Public Funding will be done to develop a data base based

on commonly agreed principles to facilitate optimal cost-effective access to

digital research data for decision making. This will ensure International

exchange of data, information and knowledge which will contribute to theadvancement of scientific research and innovation. Access to data will be

facilitated to maximize the value derived from public investments in data

collection efforts. The project will target participation in the global science

system, for improved social and economic development

Establishment of Research Councils for identified national priority sectors tofacilitate the set objectives.

The main players in implementing the legal and regulatory framework project

include Ministry of Science and Technology, Attorney General Office, Universities,

Government Ministries, KEPSA, KAM and KIRDI.

National Innovation System Development Project

The objective of this project is to create an effective national innovation system and

coordinating Agency

Under this programme the Government will establish a National Innovation Agency

innovation activities and act as a depository for information and data on inventions


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innovation activities and act as a depository for information and data on inventions

and innovations.

The expected outcomes of the project will be the establishment of an effectivenational infrastructure, legal environment, and management for innovation

activities; the development of market relations (1) in use of intellectual resources, (2)

innovation assets, (3 ) innovation products, (4) services supporting the innovation;

the development of multiple forms of funding and government support for

innovation activities and the development of advanced technology based innovation

clusters

The main players in implementing this project will include Ministry of Science and

Technology, Attorney General Office, Industry Associations, Professional

Associations, Development Partners, Universities and Government Ministries.

Financial Services Project

The aim of this project is to improve financial institutional efficiency and ensure

commercial justice, improve macro economic performance and competitiveness.

The project will ensure comprehensive financial information management systems

are put in place, efficiency in the provision of banking services, modernized and

upgraded banking networks and a robust and anti-fraud system.

The main players in implementing the Financial Services Project include Ministry of

Science and Technology, Ministry of Finance, Attorney General Office, Universities,

Government Ministries, Capital Markets Authority (CMA), Bankers Associations,

Central Bank of Kenya and KEPSA.

Governance, Security and Rule of Law Project

The aim of this project will be to use ST&I in enhancing the integrity, transparency

and accountability of electoral processes; fostering democracy, public participation

in governance, ethical and results-oriented government Institutions. In addition, it

will provide information to policy makers for decision making and enforcing the

2 2 3 STRATEGY THREE: IMPROVE ST&I INFRASTRUCTURE AND


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2.2.3 STRATEGY THREE: IMPROVE ST&I INFRASTRUCTURE ANDEQUIPMENT

ST&I INFRASTRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENT PROGRAMME

Centers of Excellence Support Project

The aim of this project is to prioritize, identify and strengthen existing ST&I

infrastructure with high potential for national development. It will involve carrying

out a survey to identify institutions and requisite human resource for establishment

of centers of excellence. This will be followed by a needs assessment that willidentify requirements for the centers. Resources for establishment of the centers of

excellence as per the needs identified will be provided as well as benchmarking of

the centres of excellence.

These centers will be facilitated to tap from Institutions of higher education to assist

in research activities and provide employment opportunities for ST&I graduates.

Under the Centers of Excellence Support Project, the Ministry of Science and

Technology proposes the development of International Centers of Excellence. These

Kenyan International Centers of Excellence will be effectively integrated into global

nodes and hubs of networks enhancing Kenyas regional and global competitiveness

in the national priority areas identified.

The main players include Ministry of Science & Technology, Kenya Industrial

Research and Development Institute (KIRDI), the Kenya Medical Research Institute

(KEMRI), Universities, NMK and TIVET institutions.

Establishment of Science and Technology Parks and Industrial Incubators

project

The aim of the science and technology parks and Industrial incubators project will beto establish technology parks and industrial incubators in Kenya to enhance the

transfer of knowledge into products and services.

The project will enhance public private partnerships in ST&I and encourage the

The main players include Ministry of Science & Technology, National Urban and


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The main players include Ministry of Science & Technology, National Urban and

Metropolitan Region Development Board, Kenya Industrial Research and

Development Institute (KIRDI), the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI),

Universities and NMK

Targeted ST&I Infrastructure Provision Project

The aim of the project will be to provide critical ST&I infrastructure in priority

sectors.

The project will ensure efficiency of technology development and transfer andincrease the capacity and capabilities of the productive sectors to adjust to the

demands of vision 2030. The main players include Ministry of Science & Technology,

Other government ministries, KEPSA, KIRDI, KAM Research Institutes and

Universities.

Fast Tracking of TIVET Facilities Project

The aim of this project is to upgrade and increase TIVET facilities through

partnership with the private sector including integration of ICT infrastructure and

capacity. This will involve upgrading, expansion, and establishment of new facilities

especially in national priority areas of growth. It will strive to attract private sector

investment in the TIVET sector.

The project will ensure the provision of new, adequate and quality facilities for

effective delivery of TIVET.

The main players will include the Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of

Education, Ministry of Labour and Human Resource Development, Ministry of State

for Youth Affairs, Ministry of Roads and Public Works, KEPSA.

2.2.4 STRATEGY FOUR: DEVELOPING CAPACITY AND CAPABILITIES FORNEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

manufacturing sector by building multidisciplinary knowledge base that will enable


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a u a u i g e o y ui i g u i i ip i a y o e ge a e a i e a e

development of innovative, eco-efficient and cost-competitive products, processes

and services. The projects main outputs will be ST&I infrastructure and skills

development in nanotechnology, laser technology, microelectronics processing and

materials processing technologies.

Building and construction Materials Project

The aim of this project is the provision of cost effective high quality materials for

high-tech infrastructure and transport designs.

The main players in implementing the materials project include Ministry of Science

and Technology, Ministry of Roads and Public works, Ministry of Housing, Ministry

of Local Government, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Trade and Industry,

Universities, Research Institutes, KEPSA, KAM, Professional Associations.

Nanotechnology Project

The aim of this project is to develop appropriate high strength materials which are

low cost, effective and efficient.

Nanotechnology allows the manipulation of properties of materials at the molecular

or atomic level, giving rise to products with enhanced properties, faster production

processes, lower production costs, much smaller manufacturing equipment, cleaner

environment or new manufacturing systems. Nanoelectronics are expected to create

an impact on the local Electrical &Electronics industry. An example is the production

of nanoscale devices for semiconductors. Other novel techniques include production

of nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. When these new methodologies are adopted

in production, it will result in devices and systems with new levels of performance.

The advantage of nanotechnology is its ability to be applied in diverse industrial uselike automobile industry, textile industry, health services among others.

The main players in implementing the nanotechnology project include Ministry of

Science and Technology Ministry of Trade and Industry Universities Research

Laser technology has a wide application in areas of manufacturing, consumer


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electronics, telecommunications, data communication, surveying and construction,

medicine and the military among others.

The main players in implementing the laser technology project include Ministry of

Science and Technology, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Universities, research

institutes, TIVET institutions, Ministry of Health, Manufacturing sector, military,

building and construction industry.

Metal Processing Technologies Project

The histories of the developed and the newly developed economies of the world

show that the establishment of material processing industries has, nearly always,

had the greatest contribution to the growth of their national wealth. Industrialization

has been the direct result of the need for readily available, affordable, adequate and

high quality goods and services. Electronic consumer goods, textiles, silverware,

industrial machinery, defense machinery, automobiles etc, are examples of end

products of certain manufacturing processes. The great demand for these products

all over the world is a statement of a large amount of the physical substances used as

inputs in their production or manufacturing. In other words, a great demand for

semi-processed materials.

The aim of this project is to improve technologies for processing materials for theimprovement of the appearance properties of the semi-processed material or to

produce new materials and to provide the technologies required for expansion and

diversification of the metal industry. The project will also expand capacity for

training in metal casting including the development of training programmes at the

Craft and Artisan levels. This should enable more utilization of metals available in

the country including scrap metal, of which much is being exported.

The main players in implementing this initiative include MoST, KAM, TIVET

institutions, Ministry of Trade and Industry, universities, research institutes, KEPSA,

Mi i f E i d N l R d Mi i f R d d P bli

exploration, information and telecommunications technologies and regulation.


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Under the Project, the Government will support training courses, workshops,

seminars and other act

draft sector plan-education

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