draft guide common wsh hazards public consult
TRANSCRIPT
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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Contents
Introduction 5
Chapter 1 Workplace Safety and Health Legislation 7
1 Overview of the WSH Act 7 11 Duties and Responsibilities of Stakeholders 7 12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 9 13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 10 14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) 11
Chapter 2 Risk Management 13
2 Overview of Risk Management 13 21 Risk Assessment 13 22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk Management 13 22 Hierarchy of Control 15
Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards 18
3 Overview 18 31 Slips Trips and Falls 18 32 Falls from Height 20
321 Sources of Falls from Height 20 322 Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders 20
33 Struck By or Against Objects 22 331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects 22
34 Manual Handling 24 341 Causes of MSDs 24 3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads 24 3412 Repetitive Movements 25
35 Noise 30 351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or
higher) 30 352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise) 31
36 Chemical 32 361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Preventive Measures 32
37 Electrical 35 372 Prevent Electrical-related Injuries 36
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38 Indoor Air Quality 37 39 Fatigue 38 310 Fire Hazards 39
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards 40 3102 Prevent Fire Hazards 41
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management 43
4 Overview 43 41 WSH Policy 43 42 Safe Work Procedures 43 43 WSH Training 43 44 WSH Group Meetings 43 45 Incident Investigation and Analysis 44 46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations 44 47 WSH Promotion 44 49 WSH Inspection 45 410 Maintenance Programme 45 411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control 45 412 Occupational Health Programmes 45 414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness and Documentation 45
Annexes 47
Annex A Definitions of Stakeholders 48 Annex B Duties of Stakeholders 49 Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1mdashRetail Sector 51 Sample Risk Assessment 2mdashBusiness Services (Office-based) 54 Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment 57
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry 59 Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist 63
Acknowledgements 65
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List of Tables
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSHA 8 Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report 10 Table 3 Permissible Exposure Levels showing the Corresponding Length of Time Allowed
for Different Noise Levels 30 Table 4 Recommended Preventive Measures in addressing Nuisance Noises at
Quiet Workplaces 31 Table 5 Hazards of Common Chemicals Routes of Exposures Associated Health Effects and
Preventive Measures 33 Table 6 Examples of Common Fire Hazards in the Workplace 40 Table 7 Measures to Eliminate or Minimise Fire Hazards in the Workplace 41 Table 8 Examples of Occupational Health Programmes 45
List of Figures
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Processes 13 Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls 15 Figure 3 Trips and Fall Hazards 19 Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn Against Liquid Spills 19 Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs 21 Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders 21 Figure 7 Falling Shelves 22 Figure 8 Potential Hazards of Bumping into Glass Doors 23 Figure 9 Marking of Glass Doors 23 Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats 26 Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures 27 Figure 12 Recommendations on Retrieving Items 27 Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Set-up 28 Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptops 29 Figure 15 Use of Docking Stations 29 Figure 16 Example of Placing Photocopier in a Separate Room 31 Figure 17 Reading the SDS 33 Figure 18 Use of Power Circuits 37 Figure 19 Poor Housekeeping 40
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Page 5
Introduction
One of the important steps in achieving the outcome of a ldquosafe and healthy workplace for allrdquois the progressive extension of the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act 2006 to allworkplaces All workplaces in Singapore will be covered under the WSH Act by 2011 The
extension of the Act will cover the remaining workplaces which include wholesale and retailtrade public administration business services finance and insurance activities educationalinstitutes and fishing and agriculture sector The Act signifies a call to all stakeholdersregardless of the nature of business to play a part in creating a safe and healthy workplacefor everyone and making Singapore renowned for best practices in workplace safety andhealth
Many WSH hazards are not unique to particular industries or workplaces whether it is aconstruction worksite shipyard factory hotel healthcare facility or office For the industriesthat are already covered under the WSH Act1 the extension of Act in 2011 also sends astrong signal that while higher risk industries or work activities should remain as areas offocus no WSH hazards or risk should be neglected
This guide aims to(a) raise awareness on legal duties and liabilities from the perspective of safety and health
legislation(b) provide a better understanding on the common WSH hazards and the associated
prevention measures and(c) provide guidance on managing WSH hazards and risks through risk management and
WSH management systems
This guide is divided into four sections Section One summarises the key general duties ofemployers and employees stipulated under WSH Act 2006 Section Two provides a generaloverview of WSH (Risk Management) Regulations and the basic steps in risk managementand risk assessment Section Three lists the common safety and health hazards across allsectors and the corresponding prevention measures that can be taken Section Four
describes the WSH management programme which would ensure a systematic and effectivemanagement of safety and health
Providing and maintaining a safe and healthy workplace has numerous benefits includingreducing work injury compensation payouts decreasing absenteeism lessen the need forhiring replacement employees or replacing damaged equipment increasing productivityenhancing well-being and improving work morale among employees Use this guide to assistyou to start creating a safer and healthier workplace for all
1 Industries covered under Phase 1 mirrored those of the Factories Act ie factories construction sites shipyard
and shipbuilding and laboratories Industries covered under Phase 2 included hotels and restaurants logisticsveterinary healthcare cleaning and custodial services and water supply sewerage and waste managementsectors
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Page 6
Chapter 1
Workplace Safety andHealth Legislation
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Chapter 1 WSH Legislation 1 Overview of the WSH Act
On 1 March 2006 the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act replaced the 33-year-oldFactories Act This Act signified a shift from the prescriptive legislative approach to a
performance-based regime The WSH Act emphasises on proactive WSH management byrequiring all stakeholders to identify hazards at the workplace and take reasonablypracticable measures2 to mitigate them The key features of the WSH Actbull Assigns responsibilities and liabilities to a broad range of stakeholdersbull Focuses on WSH systems and outcomes andbull Imposes higher penalties for non-compliant and risk-taking behaviour
These are based on the premise that accidents can only be prevented if all stakeholders inthe workplace take personal responsibility for achieving higher safety and health standardsSince the enactment of the Act in 2006 the coverage of workplaces has progressivelyexpanded from those covered under the Factories Act ie high-risk workplaces to includesix new sectors as below The WSH Act will be extended to all workplaces by 2011
11 Duties and Responsibilities of Stakeholders
The WSH Act assigns duties and liabilities to a wide range of stakeholders in safeguardingthe safety and health of employees and other persons who may be affected by the workbeing carried out Stakeholders refer to persons who create and have management orcontrol over WSH risks and not necessarily referring to occupiers and employers only
2 A concept that requires employers to weigh the degree of risk against the time trouble cost and physical
difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk
Phase 1Factories Construction
Shipyard and Ship BuildingAirport Laboratories
Phase 2Hotels and RestaurantsVeterinary Healthcare
Logistics WasteManagement Landscape
Three major underlying principles of the WSH Act
1 Reducing risks at source by requiring all stakeholders to eliminate or minimisethe WSH risks they create or have control over at the workplace
2 Instilling greater industry ownership of WSH standards The focus will be shiftedfrom complying with prescriptive requirements to making employers responsiblefor developing safe work procedures suited to their particular situations in orderto achieve desired safety outcomes
3 Preventing accidents through higher penalties for poor WSH management
Phase 3Wholesale and Retail Trade
Public Administration BusinessServices Finance and Insurance
Activities Educational Institutesand Fishing and Agriculture
Sector
March 06 March 08 2011
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Stakeholders defined under the WSH Act also include principals manufacturers andsuppliers persons who erect install or maintain equipment and machinery as well asemployees At any one time a person might play different roles and hence have differentduties For instance a person can be an occupier an employer and a principal at the sametime in the same workplace
Annexes A and B provide more details on the definitions and duties of each stakeholderunder the WSH Act
Table 1 illustrates who are the different stakeholders and their duties under the WSH Actusing the example of a retail outlet
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSH Act
What do I do in aworkplace
Examples inan officesetting
Which dutyholder am I andfor whatwho
Examples of what I need todo under the WSH Act
I operate a businessfrom a premises and Ihave control over thepremises
Owner of aretail outlet
Occupier mdashthephysicalworkplace
Provide storage shelves thatcan withstand the weight ofthe loads (prevent risks ofbeing struck by fallingobjects)
I hire someone tocarry out my businessactivities
Retailer whoengages asales assistant
Employer mdashmywork activities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights)
I work for my ownbusiness operations
Retailer whoworks in the
outlet
Self-employedperson mdashmy
work activities
Store goods on shelves in amanner that is stable so thatthey would not topple easily
(prevent risks of being struckby falling objects)
I engage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages adelivery orcouriercompany
Principal mdashmycontractors andmy workactivities
Package items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
I work for someone Sales assistantPerson atwork mdashworkactivities
Use proper step-stools toretrieve goods from anoverhead shelf (prevent risksof falling from heights)
I manufacture orsupply machinery
equipment orhazardoussubstances used forwork
Supplier of lorrycrane for liftingof bulky itemsfor the retailoutlet
Manufacturer orsupplier mdash
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
Ensure that the lorry crane isproperly maintained
I erect or installmachinery or
Erector of towerscaffolds for
Erector orinstaller mdash
Ensure that the towerscaffolds are erected such
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equipment for use ina workplace3
access to highceilings
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
that they are safe for use
I hire someone to
carry out my businessactivities and Iengage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages asales assistantand a couriercompany
Employer mdashmy
work activities and Principal mdashmy contractorsand my workactivities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights) andPackage items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations
Risk Management is a key component to reduce hazards at source The WSH (RiskManagement) Regulations imposes risk management duties on employers self-employedpersons and principals (including contractors and subcontractors) These parties areresponsible for identifying safety and health hazards at the workplace and taking reasonablypracticable measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks associated with thehazards
Under the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations it is required to conduct a review on therisk assessment every three years or earlier if any of the following takes placebull An accident as a result of exposure to a hazard
bull Changes in work processes (eg introduction of new machinery equipment orsubstance) or
bull New information in relation to a hazard arises (eg toxicology data regarding asubstance)
Risk Management entailsa Identifying all WSH hazards associated with the work activityb Evaluating the risk levels for each identified WSH hazardc Control and monitoring the identified risksd Communicating these risks to all persons involved
Refer to Chapter 2 for definitions and details of risk management and assessment
3 The list of statutory machinery or equipment and hazardous substances are listed in the Fifth Schedule of the
WSHA
For more information on WSHA and the subsidiary legislations please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on bizSAFE and RMAF refer to the WSH Councilrsquos
website at wwwwshcsg
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13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations
The Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations requires employers oroccupiers to notify or report workplace accidents dangerous occurrences and occupationaldiseases to the Ministry of Manpower These are
bull Workplace accident which results in the death of an employee self-employed
person or non-employeebull Workplace accident which results in the injury of an employee who is given more
than three consecutive days of medical leave or hospitalised for at least 24hours
bull Workplace accident which results in the injury of a self-employed person or non-employee who receives treatment in hospital
bull Dangerous occurrence listed in the WSH Act orbull Occupational disease listed in the WSH Act
Refer to Table 2 to find out who should report and when should an incident report be made
Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
A workplace accident thatcauses the death of anemployee
The employer of thedeceased worker
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
A workplace accident thatcauses injury to an
employee who is then
Given more than threeconsecutive days of medicalleave or hospitalised for atleast 24 hours
The employer of theinjured worker
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
If the employee subsequently diesfrom the injury the employer mustnotify the Commissioner as soonas heshe knows of the employeesdeath
A workplace accident thatinvolves a self-employedperson or member of publiccausing himher to die orsent to hospital fortreatment of injury
The workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident
A dangerous occurrenceThe workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the incident via iReport
An occupational diseaseThe doctor whodiagnosed the disease
Submit the incident report within 10days of diagnosis (Doctor)
Submit the incident report within 10
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What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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Page 44
45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Contents
Introduction 5
Chapter 1 Workplace Safety and Health Legislation 7
1 Overview of the WSH Act 7 11 Duties and Responsibilities of Stakeholders 7 12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 9 13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 10 14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) 11
Chapter 2 Risk Management 13
2 Overview of Risk Management 13 21 Risk Assessment 13 22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk Management 13 22 Hierarchy of Control 15
Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards 18
3 Overview 18 31 Slips Trips and Falls 18 32 Falls from Height 20
321 Sources of Falls from Height 20 322 Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders 20
33 Struck By or Against Objects 22 331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects 22
34 Manual Handling 24 341 Causes of MSDs 24 3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads 24 3412 Repetitive Movements 25
35 Noise 30 351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or
higher) 30 352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise) 31
36 Chemical 32 361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Preventive Measures 32
37 Electrical 35 372 Prevent Electrical-related Injuries 36
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38 Indoor Air Quality 37 39 Fatigue 38 310 Fire Hazards 39
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards 40 3102 Prevent Fire Hazards 41
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management 43
4 Overview 43 41 WSH Policy 43 42 Safe Work Procedures 43 43 WSH Training 43 44 WSH Group Meetings 43 45 Incident Investigation and Analysis 44 46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations 44 47 WSH Promotion 44 49 WSH Inspection 45 410 Maintenance Programme 45 411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control 45 412 Occupational Health Programmes 45 414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness and Documentation 45
Annexes 47
Annex A Definitions of Stakeholders 48 Annex B Duties of Stakeholders 49 Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1mdashRetail Sector 51 Sample Risk Assessment 2mdashBusiness Services (Office-based) 54 Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment 57
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry 59 Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist 63
Acknowledgements 65
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List of Tables
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSHA 8 Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report 10 Table 3 Permissible Exposure Levels showing the Corresponding Length of Time Allowed
for Different Noise Levels 30 Table 4 Recommended Preventive Measures in addressing Nuisance Noises at
Quiet Workplaces 31 Table 5 Hazards of Common Chemicals Routes of Exposures Associated Health Effects and
Preventive Measures 33 Table 6 Examples of Common Fire Hazards in the Workplace 40 Table 7 Measures to Eliminate or Minimise Fire Hazards in the Workplace 41 Table 8 Examples of Occupational Health Programmes 45
List of Figures
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Processes 13 Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls 15 Figure 3 Trips and Fall Hazards 19 Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn Against Liquid Spills 19 Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs 21 Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders 21 Figure 7 Falling Shelves 22 Figure 8 Potential Hazards of Bumping into Glass Doors 23 Figure 9 Marking of Glass Doors 23 Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats 26 Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures 27 Figure 12 Recommendations on Retrieving Items 27 Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Set-up 28 Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptops 29 Figure 15 Use of Docking Stations 29 Figure 16 Example of Placing Photocopier in a Separate Room 31 Figure 17 Reading the SDS 33 Figure 18 Use of Power Circuits 37 Figure 19 Poor Housekeeping 40
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Page 5
Introduction
One of the important steps in achieving the outcome of a ldquosafe and healthy workplace for allrdquois the progressive extension of the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act 2006 to allworkplaces All workplaces in Singapore will be covered under the WSH Act by 2011 The
extension of the Act will cover the remaining workplaces which include wholesale and retailtrade public administration business services finance and insurance activities educationalinstitutes and fishing and agriculture sector The Act signifies a call to all stakeholdersregardless of the nature of business to play a part in creating a safe and healthy workplacefor everyone and making Singapore renowned for best practices in workplace safety andhealth
Many WSH hazards are not unique to particular industries or workplaces whether it is aconstruction worksite shipyard factory hotel healthcare facility or office For the industriesthat are already covered under the WSH Act1 the extension of Act in 2011 also sends astrong signal that while higher risk industries or work activities should remain as areas offocus no WSH hazards or risk should be neglected
This guide aims to(a) raise awareness on legal duties and liabilities from the perspective of safety and health
legislation(b) provide a better understanding on the common WSH hazards and the associated
prevention measures and(c) provide guidance on managing WSH hazards and risks through risk management and
WSH management systems
This guide is divided into four sections Section One summarises the key general duties ofemployers and employees stipulated under WSH Act 2006 Section Two provides a generaloverview of WSH (Risk Management) Regulations and the basic steps in risk managementand risk assessment Section Three lists the common safety and health hazards across allsectors and the corresponding prevention measures that can be taken Section Four
describes the WSH management programme which would ensure a systematic and effectivemanagement of safety and health
Providing and maintaining a safe and healthy workplace has numerous benefits includingreducing work injury compensation payouts decreasing absenteeism lessen the need forhiring replacement employees or replacing damaged equipment increasing productivityenhancing well-being and improving work morale among employees Use this guide to assistyou to start creating a safer and healthier workplace for all
1 Industries covered under Phase 1 mirrored those of the Factories Act ie factories construction sites shipyard
and shipbuilding and laboratories Industries covered under Phase 2 included hotels and restaurants logisticsveterinary healthcare cleaning and custodial services and water supply sewerage and waste managementsectors
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Page 6
Chapter 1
Workplace Safety andHealth Legislation
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Page 7
Chapter 1 WSH Legislation 1 Overview of the WSH Act
On 1 March 2006 the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act replaced the 33-year-oldFactories Act This Act signified a shift from the prescriptive legislative approach to a
performance-based regime The WSH Act emphasises on proactive WSH management byrequiring all stakeholders to identify hazards at the workplace and take reasonablypracticable measures2 to mitigate them The key features of the WSH Actbull Assigns responsibilities and liabilities to a broad range of stakeholdersbull Focuses on WSH systems and outcomes andbull Imposes higher penalties for non-compliant and risk-taking behaviour
These are based on the premise that accidents can only be prevented if all stakeholders inthe workplace take personal responsibility for achieving higher safety and health standardsSince the enactment of the Act in 2006 the coverage of workplaces has progressivelyexpanded from those covered under the Factories Act ie high-risk workplaces to includesix new sectors as below The WSH Act will be extended to all workplaces by 2011
11 Duties and Responsibilities of Stakeholders
The WSH Act assigns duties and liabilities to a wide range of stakeholders in safeguardingthe safety and health of employees and other persons who may be affected by the workbeing carried out Stakeholders refer to persons who create and have management orcontrol over WSH risks and not necessarily referring to occupiers and employers only
2 A concept that requires employers to weigh the degree of risk against the time trouble cost and physical
difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk
Phase 1Factories Construction
Shipyard and Ship BuildingAirport Laboratories
Phase 2Hotels and RestaurantsVeterinary Healthcare
Logistics WasteManagement Landscape
Three major underlying principles of the WSH Act
1 Reducing risks at source by requiring all stakeholders to eliminate or minimisethe WSH risks they create or have control over at the workplace
2 Instilling greater industry ownership of WSH standards The focus will be shiftedfrom complying with prescriptive requirements to making employers responsiblefor developing safe work procedures suited to their particular situations in orderto achieve desired safety outcomes
3 Preventing accidents through higher penalties for poor WSH management
Phase 3Wholesale and Retail Trade
Public Administration BusinessServices Finance and Insurance
Activities Educational Institutesand Fishing and Agriculture
Sector
March 06 March 08 2011
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Stakeholders defined under the WSH Act also include principals manufacturers andsuppliers persons who erect install or maintain equipment and machinery as well asemployees At any one time a person might play different roles and hence have differentduties For instance a person can be an occupier an employer and a principal at the sametime in the same workplace
Annexes A and B provide more details on the definitions and duties of each stakeholderunder the WSH Act
Table 1 illustrates who are the different stakeholders and their duties under the WSH Actusing the example of a retail outlet
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSH Act
What do I do in aworkplace
Examples inan officesetting
Which dutyholder am I andfor whatwho
Examples of what I need todo under the WSH Act
I operate a businessfrom a premises and Ihave control over thepremises
Owner of aretail outlet
Occupier mdashthephysicalworkplace
Provide storage shelves thatcan withstand the weight ofthe loads (prevent risks ofbeing struck by fallingobjects)
I hire someone tocarry out my businessactivities
Retailer whoengages asales assistant
Employer mdashmywork activities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights)
I work for my ownbusiness operations
Retailer whoworks in the
outlet
Self-employedperson mdashmy
work activities
Store goods on shelves in amanner that is stable so thatthey would not topple easily
(prevent risks of being struckby falling objects)
I engage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages adelivery orcouriercompany
Principal mdashmycontractors andmy workactivities
Package items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
I work for someone Sales assistantPerson atwork mdashworkactivities
Use proper step-stools toretrieve goods from anoverhead shelf (prevent risksof falling from heights)
I manufacture orsupply machinery
equipment orhazardoussubstances used forwork
Supplier of lorrycrane for liftingof bulky itemsfor the retailoutlet
Manufacturer orsupplier mdash
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
Ensure that the lorry crane isproperly maintained
I erect or installmachinery or
Erector of towerscaffolds for
Erector orinstaller mdash
Ensure that the towerscaffolds are erected such
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Page 9
equipment for use ina workplace3
access to highceilings
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
that they are safe for use
I hire someone to
carry out my businessactivities and Iengage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages asales assistantand a couriercompany
Employer mdashmy
work activities and Principal mdashmy contractorsand my workactivities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights) andPackage items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations
Risk Management is a key component to reduce hazards at source The WSH (RiskManagement) Regulations imposes risk management duties on employers self-employedpersons and principals (including contractors and subcontractors) These parties areresponsible for identifying safety and health hazards at the workplace and taking reasonablypracticable measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks associated with thehazards
Under the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations it is required to conduct a review on therisk assessment every three years or earlier if any of the following takes placebull An accident as a result of exposure to a hazard
bull Changes in work processes (eg introduction of new machinery equipment orsubstance) or
bull New information in relation to a hazard arises (eg toxicology data regarding asubstance)
Risk Management entailsa Identifying all WSH hazards associated with the work activityb Evaluating the risk levels for each identified WSH hazardc Control and monitoring the identified risksd Communicating these risks to all persons involved
Refer to Chapter 2 for definitions and details of risk management and assessment
3 The list of statutory machinery or equipment and hazardous substances are listed in the Fifth Schedule of the
WSHA
For more information on WSHA and the subsidiary legislations please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on bizSAFE and RMAF refer to the WSH Councilrsquos
website at wwwwshcsg
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13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations
The Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations requires employers oroccupiers to notify or report workplace accidents dangerous occurrences and occupationaldiseases to the Ministry of Manpower These are
bull Workplace accident which results in the death of an employee self-employed
person or non-employeebull Workplace accident which results in the injury of an employee who is given more
than three consecutive days of medical leave or hospitalised for at least 24hours
bull Workplace accident which results in the injury of a self-employed person or non-employee who receives treatment in hospital
bull Dangerous occurrence listed in the WSH Act orbull Occupational disease listed in the WSH Act
Refer to Table 2 to find out who should report and when should an incident report be made
Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
A workplace accident thatcauses the death of anemployee
The employer of thedeceased worker
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
A workplace accident thatcauses injury to an
employee who is then
Given more than threeconsecutive days of medicalleave or hospitalised for atleast 24 hours
The employer of theinjured worker
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
If the employee subsequently diesfrom the injury the employer mustnotify the Commissioner as soonas heshe knows of the employeesdeath
A workplace accident thatinvolves a self-employedperson or member of publiccausing himher to die orsent to hospital fortreatment of injury
The workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident
A dangerous occurrenceThe workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the incident via iReport
An occupational diseaseThe doctor whodiagnosed the disease
Submit the incident report within 10days of diagnosis (Doctor)
Submit the incident report within 10
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What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 12
Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Page 15
Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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38 Indoor Air Quality 37 39 Fatigue 38 310 Fire Hazards 39
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards 40 3102 Prevent Fire Hazards 41
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management 43
4 Overview 43 41 WSH Policy 43 42 Safe Work Procedures 43 43 WSH Training 43 44 WSH Group Meetings 43 45 Incident Investigation and Analysis 44 46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations 44 47 WSH Promotion 44 49 WSH Inspection 45 410 Maintenance Programme 45 411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control 45 412 Occupational Health Programmes 45 414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness and Documentation 45
Annexes 47
Annex A Definitions of Stakeholders 48 Annex B Duties of Stakeholders 49 Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1mdashRetail Sector 51 Sample Risk Assessment 2mdashBusiness Services (Office-based) 54 Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment 57
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry 59 Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist 63
Acknowledgements 65
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List of Tables
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSHA 8 Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report 10 Table 3 Permissible Exposure Levels showing the Corresponding Length of Time Allowed
for Different Noise Levels 30 Table 4 Recommended Preventive Measures in addressing Nuisance Noises at
Quiet Workplaces 31 Table 5 Hazards of Common Chemicals Routes of Exposures Associated Health Effects and
Preventive Measures 33 Table 6 Examples of Common Fire Hazards in the Workplace 40 Table 7 Measures to Eliminate or Minimise Fire Hazards in the Workplace 41 Table 8 Examples of Occupational Health Programmes 45
List of Figures
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Processes 13 Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls 15 Figure 3 Trips and Fall Hazards 19 Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn Against Liquid Spills 19 Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs 21 Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders 21 Figure 7 Falling Shelves 22 Figure 8 Potential Hazards of Bumping into Glass Doors 23 Figure 9 Marking of Glass Doors 23 Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats 26 Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures 27 Figure 12 Recommendations on Retrieving Items 27 Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Set-up 28 Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptops 29 Figure 15 Use of Docking Stations 29 Figure 16 Example of Placing Photocopier in a Separate Room 31 Figure 17 Reading the SDS 33 Figure 18 Use of Power Circuits 37 Figure 19 Poor Housekeeping 40
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Page 5
Introduction
One of the important steps in achieving the outcome of a ldquosafe and healthy workplace for allrdquois the progressive extension of the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act 2006 to allworkplaces All workplaces in Singapore will be covered under the WSH Act by 2011 The
extension of the Act will cover the remaining workplaces which include wholesale and retailtrade public administration business services finance and insurance activities educationalinstitutes and fishing and agriculture sector The Act signifies a call to all stakeholdersregardless of the nature of business to play a part in creating a safe and healthy workplacefor everyone and making Singapore renowned for best practices in workplace safety andhealth
Many WSH hazards are not unique to particular industries or workplaces whether it is aconstruction worksite shipyard factory hotel healthcare facility or office For the industriesthat are already covered under the WSH Act1 the extension of Act in 2011 also sends astrong signal that while higher risk industries or work activities should remain as areas offocus no WSH hazards or risk should be neglected
This guide aims to(a) raise awareness on legal duties and liabilities from the perspective of safety and health
legislation(b) provide a better understanding on the common WSH hazards and the associated
prevention measures and(c) provide guidance on managing WSH hazards and risks through risk management and
WSH management systems
This guide is divided into four sections Section One summarises the key general duties ofemployers and employees stipulated under WSH Act 2006 Section Two provides a generaloverview of WSH (Risk Management) Regulations and the basic steps in risk managementand risk assessment Section Three lists the common safety and health hazards across allsectors and the corresponding prevention measures that can be taken Section Four
describes the WSH management programme which would ensure a systematic and effectivemanagement of safety and health
Providing and maintaining a safe and healthy workplace has numerous benefits includingreducing work injury compensation payouts decreasing absenteeism lessen the need forhiring replacement employees or replacing damaged equipment increasing productivityenhancing well-being and improving work morale among employees Use this guide to assistyou to start creating a safer and healthier workplace for all
1 Industries covered under Phase 1 mirrored those of the Factories Act ie factories construction sites shipyard
and shipbuilding and laboratories Industries covered under Phase 2 included hotels and restaurants logisticsveterinary healthcare cleaning and custodial services and water supply sewerage and waste managementsectors
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Page 6
Chapter 1
Workplace Safety andHealth Legislation
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Page 7
Chapter 1 WSH Legislation 1 Overview of the WSH Act
On 1 March 2006 the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act replaced the 33-year-oldFactories Act This Act signified a shift from the prescriptive legislative approach to a
performance-based regime The WSH Act emphasises on proactive WSH management byrequiring all stakeholders to identify hazards at the workplace and take reasonablypracticable measures2 to mitigate them The key features of the WSH Actbull Assigns responsibilities and liabilities to a broad range of stakeholdersbull Focuses on WSH systems and outcomes andbull Imposes higher penalties for non-compliant and risk-taking behaviour
These are based on the premise that accidents can only be prevented if all stakeholders inthe workplace take personal responsibility for achieving higher safety and health standardsSince the enactment of the Act in 2006 the coverage of workplaces has progressivelyexpanded from those covered under the Factories Act ie high-risk workplaces to includesix new sectors as below The WSH Act will be extended to all workplaces by 2011
11 Duties and Responsibilities of Stakeholders
The WSH Act assigns duties and liabilities to a wide range of stakeholders in safeguardingthe safety and health of employees and other persons who may be affected by the workbeing carried out Stakeholders refer to persons who create and have management orcontrol over WSH risks and not necessarily referring to occupiers and employers only
2 A concept that requires employers to weigh the degree of risk against the time trouble cost and physical
difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk
Phase 1Factories Construction
Shipyard and Ship BuildingAirport Laboratories
Phase 2Hotels and RestaurantsVeterinary Healthcare
Logistics WasteManagement Landscape
Three major underlying principles of the WSH Act
1 Reducing risks at source by requiring all stakeholders to eliminate or minimisethe WSH risks they create or have control over at the workplace
2 Instilling greater industry ownership of WSH standards The focus will be shiftedfrom complying with prescriptive requirements to making employers responsiblefor developing safe work procedures suited to their particular situations in orderto achieve desired safety outcomes
3 Preventing accidents through higher penalties for poor WSH management
Phase 3Wholesale and Retail Trade
Public Administration BusinessServices Finance and Insurance
Activities Educational Institutesand Fishing and Agriculture
Sector
March 06 March 08 2011
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Stakeholders defined under the WSH Act also include principals manufacturers andsuppliers persons who erect install or maintain equipment and machinery as well asemployees At any one time a person might play different roles and hence have differentduties For instance a person can be an occupier an employer and a principal at the sametime in the same workplace
Annexes A and B provide more details on the definitions and duties of each stakeholderunder the WSH Act
Table 1 illustrates who are the different stakeholders and their duties under the WSH Actusing the example of a retail outlet
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSH Act
What do I do in aworkplace
Examples inan officesetting
Which dutyholder am I andfor whatwho
Examples of what I need todo under the WSH Act
I operate a businessfrom a premises and Ihave control over thepremises
Owner of aretail outlet
Occupier mdashthephysicalworkplace
Provide storage shelves thatcan withstand the weight ofthe loads (prevent risks ofbeing struck by fallingobjects)
I hire someone tocarry out my businessactivities
Retailer whoengages asales assistant
Employer mdashmywork activities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights)
I work for my ownbusiness operations
Retailer whoworks in the
outlet
Self-employedperson mdashmy
work activities
Store goods on shelves in amanner that is stable so thatthey would not topple easily
(prevent risks of being struckby falling objects)
I engage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages adelivery orcouriercompany
Principal mdashmycontractors andmy workactivities
Package items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
I work for someone Sales assistantPerson atwork mdashworkactivities
Use proper step-stools toretrieve goods from anoverhead shelf (prevent risksof falling from heights)
I manufacture orsupply machinery
equipment orhazardoussubstances used forwork
Supplier of lorrycrane for liftingof bulky itemsfor the retailoutlet
Manufacturer orsupplier mdash
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
Ensure that the lorry crane isproperly maintained
I erect or installmachinery or
Erector of towerscaffolds for
Erector orinstaller mdash
Ensure that the towerscaffolds are erected such
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Page 9
equipment for use ina workplace3
access to highceilings
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
that they are safe for use
I hire someone to
carry out my businessactivities and Iengage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages asales assistantand a couriercompany
Employer mdashmy
work activities and Principal mdashmy contractorsand my workactivities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights) andPackage items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations
Risk Management is a key component to reduce hazards at source The WSH (RiskManagement) Regulations imposes risk management duties on employers self-employedpersons and principals (including contractors and subcontractors) These parties areresponsible for identifying safety and health hazards at the workplace and taking reasonablypracticable measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks associated with thehazards
Under the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations it is required to conduct a review on therisk assessment every three years or earlier if any of the following takes placebull An accident as a result of exposure to a hazard
bull Changes in work processes (eg introduction of new machinery equipment orsubstance) or
bull New information in relation to a hazard arises (eg toxicology data regarding asubstance)
Risk Management entailsa Identifying all WSH hazards associated with the work activityb Evaluating the risk levels for each identified WSH hazardc Control and monitoring the identified risksd Communicating these risks to all persons involved
Refer to Chapter 2 for definitions and details of risk management and assessment
3 The list of statutory machinery or equipment and hazardous substances are listed in the Fifth Schedule of the
WSHA
For more information on WSHA and the subsidiary legislations please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on bizSAFE and RMAF refer to the WSH Councilrsquos
website at wwwwshcsg
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13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations
The Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations requires employers oroccupiers to notify or report workplace accidents dangerous occurrences and occupationaldiseases to the Ministry of Manpower These are
bull Workplace accident which results in the death of an employee self-employed
person or non-employeebull Workplace accident which results in the injury of an employee who is given more
than three consecutive days of medical leave or hospitalised for at least 24hours
bull Workplace accident which results in the injury of a self-employed person or non-employee who receives treatment in hospital
bull Dangerous occurrence listed in the WSH Act orbull Occupational disease listed in the WSH Act
Refer to Table 2 to find out who should report and when should an incident report be made
Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
A workplace accident thatcauses the death of anemployee
The employer of thedeceased worker
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
A workplace accident thatcauses injury to an
employee who is then
Given more than threeconsecutive days of medicalleave or hospitalised for atleast 24 hours
The employer of theinjured worker
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
If the employee subsequently diesfrom the injury the employer mustnotify the Commissioner as soonas heshe knows of the employeesdeath
A workplace accident thatinvolves a self-employedperson or member of publiccausing himher to die orsent to hospital fortreatment of injury
The workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident
A dangerous occurrenceThe workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the incident via iReport
An occupational diseaseThe doctor whodiagnosed the disease
Submit the incident report within 10days of diagnosis (Doctor)
Submit the incident report within 10
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What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 12
Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Page 13
Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Page 15
Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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List of Tables
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSHA 8 Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report 10 Table 3 Permissible Exposure Levels showing the Corresponding Length of Time Allowed
for Different Noise Levels 30 Table 4 Recommended Preventive Measures in addressing Nuisance Noises at
Quiet Workplaces 31 Table 5 Hazards of Common Chemicals Routes of Exposures Associated Health Effects and
Preventive Measures 33 Table 6 Examples of Common Fire Hazards in the Workplace 40 Table 7 Measures to Eliminate or Minimise Fire Hazards in the Workplace 41 Table 8 Examples of Occupational Health Programmes 45
List of Figures
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Processes 13 Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls 15 Figure 3 Trips and Fall Hazards 19 Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn Against Liquid Spills 19 Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs 21 Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders 21 Figure 7 Falling Shelves 22 Figure 8 Potential Hazards of Bumping into Glass Doors 23 Figure 9 Marking of Glass Doors 23 Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats 26 Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures 27 Figure 12 Recommendations on Retrieving Items 27 Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Set-up 28 Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptops 29 Figure 15 Use of Docking Stations 29 Figure 16 Example of Placing Photocopier in a Separate Room 31 Figure 17 Reading the SDS 33 Figure 18 Use of Power Circuits 37 Figure 19 Poor Housekeeping 40
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Page 5
Introduction
One of the important steps in achieving the outcome of a ldquosafe and healthy workplace for allrdquois the progressive extension of the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act 2006 to allworkplaces All workplaces in Singapore will be covered under the WSH Act by 2011 The
extension of the Act will cover the remaining workplaces which include wholesale and retailtrade public administration business services finance and insurance activities educationalinstitutes and fishing and agriculture sector The Act signifies a call to all stakeholdersregardless of the nature of business to play a part in creating a safe and healthy workplacefor everyone and making Singapore renowned for best practices in workplace safety andhealth
Many WSH hazards are not unique to particular industries or workplaces whether it is aconstruction worksite shipyard factory hotel healthcare facility or office For the industriesthat are already covered under the WSH Act1 the extension of Act in 2011 also sends astrong signal that while higher risk industries or work activities should remain as areas offocus no WSH hazards or risk should be neglected
This guide aims to(a) raise awareness on legal duties and liabilities from the perspective of safety and health
legislation(b) provide a better understanding on the common WSH hazards and the associated
prevention measures and(c) provide guidance on managing WSH hazards and risks through risk management and
WSH management systems
This guide is divided into four sections Section One summarises the key general duties ofemployers and employees stipulated under WSH Act 2006 Section Two provides a generaloverview of WSH (Risk Management) Regulations and the basic steps in risk managementand risk assessment Section Three lists the common safety and health hazards across allsectors and the corresponding prevention measures that can be taken Section Four
describes the WSH management programme which would ensure a systematic and effectivemanagement of safety and health
Providing and maintaining a safe and healthy workplace has numerous benefits includingreducing work injury compensation payouts decreasing absenteeism lessen the need forhiring replacement employees or replacing damaged equipment increasing productivityenhancing well-being and improving work morale among employees Use this guide to assistyou to start creating a safer and healthier workplace for all
1 Industries covered under Phase 1 mirrored those of the Factories Act ie factories construction sites shipyard
and shipbuilding and laboratories Industries covered under Phase 2 included hotels and restaurants logisticsveterinary healthcare cleaning and custodial services and water supply sewerage and waste managementsectors
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Page 6
Chapter 1
Workplace Safety andHealth Legislation
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Chapter 1 WSH Legislation 1 Overview of the WSH Act
On 1 March 2006 the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act replaced the 33-year-oldFactories Act This Act signified a shift from the prescriptive legislative approach to a
performance-based regime The WSH Act emphasises on proactive WSH management byrequiring all stakeholders to identify hazards at the workplace and take reasonablypracticable measures2 to mitigate them The key features of the WSH Actbull Assigns responsibilities and liabilities to a broad range of stakeholdersbull Focuses on WSH systems and outcomes andbull Imposes higher penalties for non-compliant and risk-taking behaviour
These are based on the premise that accidents can only be prevented if all stakeholders inthe workplace take personal responsibility for achieving higher safety and health standardsSince the enactment of the Act in 2006 the coverage of workplaces has progressivelyexpanded from those covered under the Factories Act ie high-risk workplaces to includesix new sectors as below The WSH Act will be extended to all workplaces by 2011
11 Duties and Responsibilities of Stakeholders
The WSH Act assigns duties and liabilities to a wide range of stakeholders in safeguardingthe safety and health of employees and other persons who may be affected by the workbeing carried out Stakeholders refer to persons who create and have management orcontrol over WSH risks and not necessarily referring to occupiers and employers only
2 A concept that requires employers to weigh the degree of risk against the time trouble cost and physical
difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk
Phase 1Factories Construction
Shipyard and Ship BuildingAirport Laboratories
Phase 2Hotels and RestaurantsVeterinary Healthcare
Logistics WasteManagement Landscape
Three major underlying principles of the WSH Act
1 Reducing risks at source by requiring all stakeholders to eliminate or minimisethe WSH risks they create or have control over at the workplace
2 Instilling greater industry ownership of WSH standards The focus will be shiftedfrom complying with prescriptive requirements to making employers responsiblefor developing safe work procedures suited to their particular situations in orderto achieve desired safety outcomes
3 Preventing accidents through higher penalties for poor WSH management
Phase 3Wholesale and Retail Trade
Public Administration BusinessServices Finance and Insurance
Activities Educational Institutesand Fishing and Agriculture
Sector
March 06 March 08 2011
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Stakeholders defined under the WSH Act also include principals manufacturers andsuppliers persons who erect install or maintain equipment and machinery as well asemployees At any one time a person might play different roles and hence have differentduties For instance a person can be an occupier an employer and a principal at the sametime in the same workplace
Annexes A and B provide more details on the definitions and duties of each stakeholderunder the WSH Act
Table 1 illustrates who are the different stakeholders and their duties under the WSH Actusing the example of a retail outlet
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSH Act
What do I do in aworkplace
Examples inan officesetting
Which dutyholder am I andfor whatwho
Examples of what I need todo under the WSH Act
I operate a businessfrom a premises and Ihave control over thepremises
Owner of aretail outlet
Occupier mdashthephysicalworkplace
Provide storage shelves thatcan withstand the weight ofthe loads (prevent risks ofbeing struck by fallingobjects)
I hire someone tocarry out my businessactivities
Retailer whoengages asales assistant
Employer mdashmywork activities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights)
I work for my ownbusiness operations
Retailer whoworks in the
outlet
Self-employedperson mdashmy
work activities
Store goods on shelves in amanner that is stable so thatthey would not topple easily
(prevent risks of being struckby falling objects)
I engage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages adelivery orcouriercompany
Principal mdashmycontractors andmy workactivities
Package items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
I work for someone Sales assistantPerson atwork mdashworkactivities
Use proper step-stools toretrieve goods from anoverhead shelf (prevent risksof falling from heights)
I manufacture orsupply machinery
equipment orhazardoussubstances used forwork
Supplier of lorrycrane for liftingof bulky itemsfor the retailoutlet
Manufacturer orsupplier mdash
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
Ensure that the lorry crane isproperly maintained
I erect or installmachinery or
Erector of towerscaffolds for
Erector orinstaller mdash
Ensure that the towerscaffolds are erected such
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Page 9
equipment for use ina workplace3
access to highceilings
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
that they are safe for use
I hire someone to
carry out my businessactivities and Iengage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages asales assistantand a couriercompany
Employer mdashmy
work activities and Principal mdashmy contractorsand my workactivities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights) andPackage items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations
Risk Management is a key component to reduce hazards at source The WSH (RiskManagement) Regulations imposes risk management duties on employers self-employedpersons and principals (including contractors and subcontractors) These parties areresponsible for identifying safety and health hazards at the workplace and taking reasonablypracticable measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks associated with thehazards
Under the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations it is required to conduct a review on therisk assessment every three years or earlier if any of the following takes placebull An accident as a result of exposure to a hazard
bull Changes in work processes (eg introduction of new machinery equipment orsubstance) or
bull New information in relation to a hazard arises (eg toxicology data regarding asubstance)
Risk Management entailsa Identifying all WSH hazards associated with the work activityb Evaluating the risk levels for each identified WSH hazardc Control and monitoring the identified risksd Communicating these risks to all persons involved
Refer to Chapter 2 for definitions and details of risk management and assessment
3 The list of statutory machinery or equipment and hazardous substances are listed in the Fifth Schedule of the
WSHA
For more information on WSHA and the subsidiary legislations please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on bizSAFE and RMAF refer to the WSH Councilrsquos
website at wwwwshcsg
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13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations
The Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations requires employers oroccupiers to notify or report workplace accidents dangerous occurrences and occupationaldiseases to the Ministry of Manpower These are
bull Workplace accident which results in the death of an employee self-employed
person or non-employeebull Workplace accident which results in the injury of an employee who is given more
than three consecutive days of medical leave or hospitalised for at least 24hours
bull Workplace accident which results in the injury of a self-employed person or non-employee who receives treatment in hospital
bull Dangerous occurrence listed in the WSH Act orbull Occupational disease listed in the WSH Act
Refer to Table 2 to find out who should report and when should an incident report be made
Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
A workplace accident thatcauses the death of anemployee
The employer of thedeceased worker
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
A workplace accident thatcauses injury to an
employee who is then
Given more than threeconsecutive days of medicalleave or hospitalised for atleast 24 hours
The employer of theinjured worker
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
If the employee subsequently diesfrom the injury the employer mustnotify the Commissioner as soonas heshe knows of the employeesdeath
A workplace accident thatinvolves a self-employedperson or member of publiccausing himher to die orsent to hospital fortreatment of injury
The workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident
A dangerous occurrenceThe workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the incident via iReport
An occupational diseaseThe doctor whodiagnosed the disease
Submit the incident report within 10days of diagnosis (Doctor)
Submit the incident report within 10
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What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 12
Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Page 13
Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 5
Introduction
One of the important steps in achieving the outcome of a ldquosafe and healthy workplace for allrdquois the progressive extension of the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act 2006 to allworkplaces All workplaces in Singapore will be covered under the WSH Act by 2011 The
extension of the Act will cover the remaining workplaces which include wholesale and retailtrade public administration business services finance and insurance activities educationalinstitutes and fishing and agriculture sector The Act signifies a call to all stakeholdersregardless of the nature of business to play a part in creating a safe and healthy workplacefor everyone and making Singapore renowned for best practices in workplace safety andhealth
Many WSH hazards are not unique to particular industries or workplaces whether it is aconstruction worksite shipyard factory hotel healthcare facility or office For the industriesthat are already covered under the WSH Act1 the extension of Act in 2011 also sends astrong signal that while higher risk industries or work activities should remain as areas offocus no WSH hazards or risk should be neglected
This guide aims to(a) raise awareness on legal duties and liabilities from the perspective of safety and health
legislation(b) provide a better understanding on the common WSH hazards and the associated
prevention measures and(c) provide guidance on managing WSH hazards and risks through risk management and
WSH management systems
This guide is divided into four sections Section One summarises the key general duties ofemployers and employees stipulated under WSH Act 2006 Section Two provides a generaloverview of WSH (Risk Management) Regulations and the basic steps in risk managementand risk assessment Section Three lists the common safety and health hazards across allsectors and the corresponding prevention measures that can be taken Section Four
describes the WSH management programme which would ensure a systematic and effectivemanagement of safety and health
Providing and maintaining a safe and healthy workplace has numerous benefits includingreducing work injury compensation payouts decreasing absenteeism lessen the need forhiring replacement employees or replacing damaged equipment increasing productivityenhancing well-being and improving work morale among employees Use this guide to assistyou to start creating a safer and healthier workplace for all
1 Industries covered under Phase 1 mirrored those of the Factories Act ie factories construction sites shipyard
and shipbuilding and laboratories Industries covered under Phase 2 included hotels and restaurants logisticsveterinary healthcare cleaning and custodial services and water supply sewerage and waste managementsectors
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Page 6
Chapter 1
Workplace Safety andHealth Legislation
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Chapter 1 WSH Legislation 1 Overview of the WSH Act
On 1 March 2006 the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act replaced the 33-year-oldFactories Act This Act signified a shift from the prescriptive legislative approach to a
performance-based regime The WSH Act emphasises on proactive WSH management byrequiring all stakeholders to identify hazards at the workplace and take reasonablypracticable measures2 to mitigate them The key features of the WSH Actbull Assigns responsibilities and liabilities to a broad range of stakeholdersbull Focuses on WSH systems and outcomes andbull Imposes higher penalties for non-compliant and risk-taking behaviour
These are based on the premise that accidents can only be prevented if all stakeholders inthe workplace take personal responsibility for achieving higher safety and health standardsSince the enactment of the Act in 2006 the coverage of workplaces has progressivelyexpanded from those covered under the Factories Act ie high-risk workplaces to includesix new sectors as below The WSH Act will be extended to all workplaces by 2011
11 Duties and Responsibilities of Stakeholders
The WSH Act assigns duties and liabilities to a wide range of stakeholders in safeguardingthe safety and health of employees and other persons who may be affected by the workbeing carried out Stakeholders refer to persons who create and have management orcontrol over WSH risks and not necessarily referring to occupiers and employers only
2 A concept that requires employers to weigh the degree of risk against the time trouble cost and physical
difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk
Phase 1Factories Construction
Shipyard and Ship BuildingAirport Laboratories
Phase 2Hotels and RestaurantsVeterinary Healthcare
Logistics WasteManagement Landscape
Three major underlying principles of the WSH Act
1 Reducing risks at source by requiring all stakeholders to eliminate or minimisethe WSH risks they create or have control over at the workplace
2 Instilling greater industry ownership of WSH standards The focus will be shiftedfrom complying with prescriptive requirements to making employers responsiblefor developing safe work procedures suited to their particular situations in orderto achieve desired safety outcomes
3 Preventing accidents through higher penalties for poor WSH management
Phase 3Wholesale and Retail Trade
Public Administration BusinessServices Finance and Insurance
Activities Educational Institutesand Fishing and Agriculture
Sector
March 06 March 08 2011
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Stakeholders defined under the WSH Act also include principals manufacturers andsuppliers persons who erect install or maintain equipment and machinery as well asemployees At any one time a person might play different roles and hence have differentduties For instance a person can be an occupier an employer and a principal at the sametime in the same workplace
Annexes A and B provide more details on the definitions and duties of each stakeholderunder the WSH Act
Table 1 illustrates who are the different stakeholders and their duties under the WSH Actusing the example of a retail outlet
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSH Act
What do I do in aworkplace
Examples inan officesetting
Which dutyholder am I andfor whatwho
Examples of what I need todo under the WSH Act
I operate a businessfrom a premises and Ihave control over thepremises
Owner of aretail outlet
Occupier mdashthephysicalworkplace
Provide storage shelves thatcan withstand the weight ofthe loads (prevent risks ofbeing struck by fallingobjects)
I hire someone tocarry out my businessactivities
Retailer whoengages asales assistant
Employer mdashmywork activities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights)
I work for my ownbusiness operations
Retailer whoworks in the
outlet
Self-employedperson mdashmy
work activities
Store goods on shelves in amanner that is stable so thatthey would not topple easily
(prevent risks of being struckby falling objects)
I engage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages adelivery orcouriercompany
Principal mdashmycontractors andmy workactivities
Package items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
I work for someone Sales assistantPerson atwork mdashworkactivities
Use proper step-stools toretrieve goods from anoverhead shelf (prevent risksof falling from heights)
I manufacture orsupply machinery
equipment orhazardoussubstances used forwork
Supplier of lorrycrane for liftingof bulky itemsfor the retailoutlet
Manufacturer orsupplier mdash
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
Ensure that the lorry crane isproperly maintained
I erect or installmachinery or
Erector of towerscaffolds for
Erector orinstaller mdash
Ensure that the towerscaffolds are erected such
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Page 9
equipment for use ina workplace3
access to highceilings
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
that they are safe for use
I hire someone to
carry out my businessactivities and Iengage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages asales assistantand a couriercompany
Employer mdashmy
work activities and Principal mdashmy contractorsand my workactivities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights) andPackage items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations
Risk Management is a key component to reduce hazards at source The WSH (RiskManagement) Regulations imposes risk management duties on employers self-employedpersons and principals (including contractors and subcontractors) These parties areresponsible for identifying safety and health hazards at the workplace and taking reasonablypracticable measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks associated with thehazards
Under the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations it is required to conduct a review on therisk assessment every three years or earlier if any of the following takes placebull An accident as a result of exposure to a hazard
bull Changes in work processes (eg introduction of new machinery equipment orsubstance) or
bull New information in relation to a hazard arises (eg toxicology data regarding asubstance)
Risk Management entailsa Identifying all WSH hazards associated with the work activityb Evaluating the risk levels for each identified WSH hazardc Control and monitoring the identified risksd Communicating these risks to all persons involved
Refer to Chapter 2 for definitions and details of risk management and assessment
3 The list of statutory machinery or equipment and hazardous substances are listed in the Fifth Schedule of the
WSHA
For more information on WSHA and the subsidiary legislations please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on bizSAFE and RMAF refer to the WSH Councilrsquos
website at wwwwshcsg
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13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations
The Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations requires employers oroccupiers to notify or report workplace accidents dangerous occurrences and occupationaldiseases to the Ministry of Manpower These are
bull Workplace accident which results in the death of an employee self-employed
person or non-employeebull Workplace accident which results in the injury of an employee who is given more
than three consecutive days of medical leave or hospitalised for at least 24hours
bull Workplace accident which results in the injury of a self-employed person or non-employee who receives treatment in hospital
bull Dangerous occurrence listed in the WSH Act orbull Occupational disease listed in the WSH Act
Refer to Table 2 to find out who should report and when should an incident report be made
Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
A workplace accident thatcauses the death of anemployee
The employer of thedeceased worker
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
A workplace accident thatcauses injury to an
employee who is then
Given more than threeconsecutive days of medicalleave or hospitalised for atleast 24 hours
The employer of theinjured worker
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
If the employee subsequently diesfrom the injury the employer mustnotify the Commissioner as soonas heshe knows of the employeesdeath
A workplace accident thatinvolves a self-employedperson or member of publiccausing himher to die orsent to hospital fortreatment of injury
The workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident
A dangerous occurrenceThe workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the incident via iReport
An occupational diseaseThe doctor whodiagnosed the disease
Submit the incident report within 10days of diagnosis (Doctor)
Submit the incident report within 10
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Page 11
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 12
Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Page 13
Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Page 14
Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Page 15
Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 17
Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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Page 19
An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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Page 44
45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 6
Chapter 1
Workplace Safety andHealth Legislation
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Chapter 1 WSH Legislation 1 Overview of the WSH Act
On 1 March 2006 the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act replaced the 33-year-oldFactories Act This Act signified a shift from the prescriptive legislative approach to a
performance-based regime The WSH Act emphasises on proactive WSH management byrequiring all stakeholders to identify hazards at the workplace and take reasonablypracticable measures2 to mitigate them The key features of the WSH Actbull Assigns responsibilities and liabilities to a broad range of stakeholdersbull Focuses on WSH systems and outcomes andbull Imposes higher penalties for non-compliant and risk-taking behaviour
These are based on the premise that accidents can only be prevented if all stakeholders inthe workplace take personal responsibility for achieving higher safety and health standardsSince the enactment of the Act in 2006 the coverage of workplaces has progressivelyexpanded from those covered under the Factories Act ie high-risk workplaces to includesix new sectors as below The WSH Act will be extended to all workplaces by 2011
11 Duties and Responsibilities of Stakeholders
The WSH Act assigns duties and liabilities to a wide range of stakeholders in safeguardingthe safety and health of employees and other persons who may be affected by the workbeing carried out Stakeholders refer to persons who create and have management orcontrol over WSH risks and not necessarily referring to occupiers and employers only
2 A concept that requires employers to weigh the degree of risk against the time trouble cost and physical
difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk
Phase 1Factories Construction
Shipyard and Ship BuildingAirport Laboratories
Phase 2Hotels and RestaurantsVeterinary Healthcare
Logistics WasteManagement Landscape
Three major underlying principles of the WSH Act
1 Reducing risks at source by requiring all stakeholders to eliminate or minimisethe WSH risks they create or have control over at the workplace
2 Instilling greater industry ownership of WSH standards The focus will be shiftedfrom complying with prescriptive requirements to making employers responsiblefor developing safe work procedures suited to their particular situations in orderto achieve desired safety outcomes
3 Preventing accidents through higher penalties for poor WSH management
Phase 3Wholesale and Retail Trade
Public Administration BusinessServices Finance and Insurance
Activities Educational Institutesand Fishing and Agriculture
Sector
March 06 March 08 2011
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Stakeholders defined under the WSH Act also include principals manufacturers andsuppliers persons who erect install or maintain equipment and machinery as well asemployees At any one time a person might play different roles and hence have differentduties For instance a person can be an occupier an employer and a principal at the sametime in the same workplace
Annexes A and B provide more details on the definitions and duties of each stakeholderunder the WSH Act
Table 1 illustrates who are the different stakeholders and their duties under the WSH Actusing the example of a retail outlet
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSH Act
What do I do in aworkplace
Examples inan officesetting
Which dutyholder am I andfor whatwho
Examples of what I need todo under the WSH Act
I operate a businessfrom a premises and Ihave control over thepremises
Owner of aretail outlet
Occupier mdashthephysicalworkplace
Provide storage shelves thatcan withstand the weight ofthe loads (prevent risks ofbeing struck by fallingobjects)
I hire someone tocarry out my businessactivities
Retailer whoengages asales assistant
Employer mdashmywork activities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights)
I work for my ownbusiness operations
Retailer whoworks in the
outlet
Self-employedperson mdashmy
work activities
Store goods on shelves in amanner that is stable so thatthey would not topple easily
(prevent risks of being struckby falling objects)
I engage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages adelivery orcouriercompany
Principal mdashmycontractors andmy workactivities
Package items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
I work for someone Sales assistantPerson atwork mdashworkactivities
Use proper step-stools toretrieve goods from anoverhead shelf (prevent risksof falling from heights)
I manufacture orsupply machinery
equipment orhazardoussubstances used forwork
Supplier of lorrycrane for liftingof bulky itemsfor the retailoutlet
Manufacturer orsupplier mdash
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
Ensure that the lorry crane isproperly maintained
I erect or installmachinery or
Erector of towerscaffolds for
Erector orinstaller mdash
Ensure that the towerscaffolds are erected such
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Page 9
equipment for use ina workplace3
access to highceilings
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
that they are safe for use
I hire someone to
carry out my businessactivities and Iengage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages asales assistantand a couriercompany
Employer mdashmy
work activities and Principal mdashmy contractorsand my workactivities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights) andPackage items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations
Risk Management is a key component to reduce hazards at source The WSH (RiskManagement) Regulations imposes risk management duties on employers self-employedpersons and principals (including contractors and subcontractors) These parties areresponsible for identifying safety and health hazards at the workplace and taking reasonablypracticable measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks associated with thehazards
Under the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations it is required to conduct a review on therisk assessment every three years or earlier if any of the following takes placebull An accident as a result of exposure to a hazard
bull Changes in work processes (eg introduction of new machinery equipment orsubstance) or
bull New information in relation to a hazard arises (eg toxicology data regarding asubstance)
Risk Management entailsa Identifying all WSH hazards associated with the work activityb Evaluating the risk levels for each identified WSH hazardc Control and monitoring the identified risksd Communicating these risks to all persons involved
Refer to Chapter 2 for definitions and details of risk management and assessment
3 The list of statutory machinery or equipment and hazardous substances are listed in the Fifth Schedule of the
WSHA
For more information on WSHA and the subsidiary legislations please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on bizSAFE and RMAF refer to the WSH Councilrsquos
website at wwwwshcsg
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Page 10
13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations
The Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations requires employers oroccupiers to notify or report workplace accidents dangerous occurrences and occupationaldiseases to the Ministry of Manpower These are
bull Workplace accident which results in the death of an employee self-employed
person or non-employeebull Workplace accident which results in the injury of an employee who is given more
than three consecutive days of medical leave or hospitalised for at least 24hours
bull Workplace accident which results in the injury of a self-employed person or non-employee who receives treatment in hospital
bull Dangerous occurrence listed in the WSH Act orbull Occupational disease listed in the WSH Act
Refer to Table 2 to find out who should report and when should an incident report be made
Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
A workplace accident thatcauses the death of anemployee
The employer of thedeceased worker
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
A workplace accident thatcauses injury to an
employee who is then
Given more than threeconsecutive days of medicalleave or hospitalised for atleast 24 hours
The employer of theinjured worker
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
If the employee subsequently diesfrom the injury the employer mustnotify the Commissioner as soonas heshe knows of the employeesdeath
A workplace accident thatinvolves a self-employedperson or member of publiccausing himher to die orsent to hospital fortreatment of injury
The workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident
A dangerous occurrenceThe workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the incident via iReport
An occupational diseaseThe doctor whodiagnosed the disease
Submit the incident report within 10days of diagnosis (Doctor)
Submit the incident report within 10
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Page 11
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 12
Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Page 13
Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Page 14
Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Page 15
Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 17
Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Page 47
Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 7
Chapter 1 WSH Legislation 1 Overview of the WSH Act
On 1 March 2006 the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Act replaced the 33-year-oldFactories Act This Act signified a shift from the prescriptive legislative approach to a
performance-based regime The WSH Act emphasises on proactive WSH management byrequiring all stakeholders to identify hazards at the workplace and take reasonablypracticable measures2 to mitigate them The key features of the WSH Actbull Assigns responsibilities and liabilities to a broad range of stakeholdersbull Focuses on WSH systems and outcomes andbull Imposes higher penalties for non-compliant and risk-taking behaviour
These are based on the premise that accidents can only be prevented if all stakeholders inthe workplace take personal responsibility for achieving higher safety and health standardsSince the enactment of the Act in 2006 the coverage of workplaces has progressivelyexpanded from those covered under the Factories Act ie high-risk workplaces to includesix new sectors as below The WSH Act will be extended to all workplaces by 2011
11 Duties and Responsibilities of Stakeholders
The WSH Act assigns duties and liabilities to a wide range of stakeholders in safeguardingthe safety and health of employees and other persons who may be affected by the workbeing carried out Stakeholders refer to persons who create and have management orcontrol over WSH risks and not necessarily referring to occupiers and employers only
2 A concept that requires employers to weigh the degree of risk against the time trouble cost and physical
difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk
Phase 1Factories Construction
Shipyard and Ship BuildingAirport Laboratories
Phase 2Hotels and RestaurantsVeterinary Healthcare
Logistics WasteManagement Landscape
Three major underlying principles of the WSH Act
1 Reducing risks at source by requiring all stakeholders to eliminate or minimisethe WSH risks they create or have control over at the workplace
2 Instilling greater industry ownership of WSH standards The focus will be shiftedfrom complying with prescriptive requirements to making employers responsiblefor developing safe work procedures suited to their particular situations in orderto achieve desired safety outcomes
3 Preventing accidents through higher penalties for poor WSH management
Phase 3Wholesale and Retail Trade
Public Administration BusinessServices Finance and Insurance
Activities Educational Institutesand Fishing and Agriculture
Sector
March 06 March 08 2011
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Stakeholders defined under the WSH Act also include principals manufacturers andsuppliers persons who erect install or maintain equipment and machinery as well asemployees At any one time a person might play different roles and hence have differentduties For instance a person can be an occupier an employer and a principal at the sametime in the same workplace
Annexes A and B provide more details on the definitions and duties of each stakeholderunder the WSH Act
Table 1 illustrates who are the different stakeholders and their duties under the WSH Actusing the example of a retail outlet
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSH Act
What do I do in aworkplace
Examples inan officesetting
Which dutyholder am I andfor whatwho
Examples of what I need todo under the WSH Act
I operate a businessfrom a premises and Ihave control over thepremises
Owner of aretail outlet
Occupier mdashthephysicalworkplace
Provide storage shelves thatcan withstand the weight ofthe loads (prevent risks ofbeing struck by fallingobjects)
I hire someone tocarry out my businessactivities
Retailer whoengages asales assistant
Employer mdashmywork activities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights)
I work for my ownbusiness operations
Retailer whoworks in the
outlet
Self-employedperson mdashmy
work activities
Store goods on shelves in amanner that is stable so thatthey would not topple easily
(prevent risks of being struckby falling objects)
I engage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages adelivery orcouriercompany
Principal mdashmycontractors andmy workactivities
Package items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
I work for someone Sales assistantPerson atwork mdashworkactivities
Use proper step-stools toretrieve goods from anoverhead shelf (prevent risksof falling from heights)
I manufacture orsupply machinery
equipment orhazardoussubstances used forwork
Supplier of lorrycrane for liftingof bulky itemsfor the retailoutlet
Manufacturer orsupplier mdash
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
Ensure that the lorry crane isproperly maintained
I erect or installmachinery or
Erector of towerscaffolds for
Erector orinstaller mdash
Ensure that the towerscaffolds are erected such
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equipment for use ina workplace3
access to highceilings
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
that they are safe for use
I hire someone to
carry out my businessactivities and Iengage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages asales assistantand a couriercompany
Employer mdashmy
work activities and Principal mdashmy contractorsand my workactivities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights) andPackage items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations
Risk Management is a key component to reduce hazards at source The WSH (RiskManagement) Regulations imposes risk management duties on employers self-employedpersons and principals (including contractors and subcontractors) These parties areresponsible for identifying safety and health hazards at the workplace and taking reasonablypracticable measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks associated with thehazards
Under the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations it is required to conduct a review on therisk assessment every three years or earlier if any of the following takes placebull An accident as a result of exposure to a hazard
bull Changes in work processes (eg introduction of new machinery equipment orsubstance) or
bull New information in relation to a hazard arises (eg toxicology data regarding asubstance)
Risk Management entailsa Identifying all WSH hazards associated with the work activityb Evaluating the risk levels for each identified WSH hazardc Control and monitoring the identified risksd Communicating these risks to all persons involved
Refer to Chapter 2 for definitions and details of risk management and assessment
3 The list of statutory machinery or equipment and hazardous substances are listed in the Fifth Schedule of the
WSHA
For more information on WSHA and the subsidiary legislations please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on bizSAFE and RMAF refer to the WSH Councilrsquos
website at wwwwshcsg
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13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations
The Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations requires employers oroccupiers to notify or report workplace accidents dangerous occurrences and occupationaldiseases to the Ministry of Manpower These are
bull Workplace accident which results in the death of an employee self-employed
person or non-employeebull Workplace accident which results in the injury of an employee who is given more
than three consecutive days of medical leave or hospitalised for at least 24hours
bull Workplace accident which results in the injury of a self-employed person or non-employee who receives treatment in hospital
bull Dangerous occurrence listed in the WSH Act orbull Occupational disease listed in the WSH Act
Refer to Table 2 to find out who should report and when should an incident report be made
Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
A workplace accident thatcauses the death of anemployee
The employer of thedeceased worker
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
A workplace accident thatcauses injury to an
employee who is then
Given more than threeconsecutive days of medicalleave or hospitalised for atleast 24 hours
The employer of theinjured worker
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
If the employee subsequently diesfrom the injury the employer mustnotify the Commissioner as soonas heshe knows of the employeesdeath
A workplace accident thatinvolves a self-employedperson or member of publiccausing himher to die orsent to hospital fortreatment of injury
The workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident
A dangerous occurrenceThe workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the incident via iReport
An occupational diseaseThe doctor whodiagnosed the disease
Submit the incident report within 10days of diagnosis (Doctor)
Submit the incident report within 10
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What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 8
Stakeholders defined under the WSH Act also include principals manufacturers andsuppliers persons who erect install or maintain equipment and machinery as well asemployees At any one time a person might play different roles and hence have differentduties For instance a person can be an occupier an employer and a principal at the sametime in the same workplace
Annexes A and B provide more details on the definitions and duties of each stakeholderunder the WSH Act
Table 1 illustrates who are the different stakeholders and their duties under the WSH Actusing the example of a retail outlet
Table 1 Examples of Stakeholders and Duties under the WSH Act
What do I do in aworkplace
Examples inan officesetting
Which dutyholder am I andfor whatwho
Examples of what I need todo under the WSH Act
I operate a businessfrom a premises and Ihave control over thepremises
Owner of aretail outlet
Occupier mdashthephysicalworkplace
Provide storage shelves thatcan withstand the weight ofthe loads (prevent risks ofbeing struck by fallingobjects)
I hire someone tocarry out my businessactivities
Retailer whoengages asales assistant
Employer mdashmywork activities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights)
I work for my ownbusiness operations
Retailer whoworks in the
outlet
Self-employedperson mdashmy
work activities
Store goods on shelves in amanner that is stable so thatthey would not topple easily
(prevent risks of being struckby falling objects)
I engage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages adelivery orcouriercompany
Principal mdashmycontractors andmy workactivities
Package items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
I work for someone Sales assistantPerson atwork mdashworkactivities
Use proper step-stools toretrieve goods from anoverhead shelf (prevent risksof falling from heights)
I manufacture orsupply machinery
equipment orhazardoussubstances used forwork
Supplier of lorrycrane for liftingof bulky itemsfor the retailoutlet
Manufacturer orsupplier mdash
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
Ensure that the lorry crane isproperly maintained
I erect or installmachinery or
Erector of towerscaffolds for
Erector orinstaller mdash
Ensure that the towerscaffolds are erected such
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Page 9
equipment for use ina workplace3
access to highceilings
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
that they are safe for use
I hire someone to
carry out my businessactivities and Iengage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages asales assistantand a couriercompany
Employer mdashmy
work activities and Principal mdashmy contractorsand my workactivities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights) andPackage items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations
Risk Management is a key component to reduce hazards at source The WSH (RiskManagement) Regulations imposes risk management duties on employers self-employedpersons and principals (including contractors and subcontractors) These parties areresponsible for identifying safety and health hazards at the workplace and taking reasonablypracticable measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks associated with thehazards
Under the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations it is required to conduct a review on therisk assessment every three years or earlier if any of the following takes placebull An accident as a result of exposure to a hazard
bull Changes in work processes (eg introduction of new machinery equipment orsubstance) or
bull New information in relation to a hazard arises (eg toxicology data regarding asubstance)
Risk Management entailsa Identifying all WSH hazards associated with the work activityb Evaluating the risk levels for each identified WSH hazardc Control and monitoring the identified risksd Communicating these risks to all persons involved
Refer to Chapter 2 for definitions and details of risk management and assessment
3 The list of statutory machinery or equipment and hazardous substances are listed in the Fifth Schedule of the
WSHA
For more information on WSHA and the subsidiary legislations please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on bizSAFE and RMAF refer to the WSH Councilrsquos
website at wwwwshcsg
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Page 10
13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations
The Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations requires employers oroccupiers to notify or report workplace accidents dangerous occurrences and occupationaldiseases to the Ministry of Manpower These are
bull Workplace accident which results in the death of an employee self-employed
person or non-employeebull Workplace accident which results in the injury of an employee who is given more
than three consecutive days of medical leave or hospitalised for at least 24hours
bull Workplace accident which results in the injury of a self-employed person or non-employee who receives treatment in hospital
bull Dangerous occurrence listed in the WSH Act orbull Occupational disease listed in the WSH Act
Refer to Table 2 to find out who should report and when should an incident report be made
Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
A workplace accident thatcauses the death of anemployee
The employer of thedeceased worker
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
A workplace accident thatcauses injury to an
employee who is then
Given more than threeconsecutive days of medicalleave or hospitalised for atleast 24 hours
The employer of theinjured worker
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
If the employee subsequently diesfrom the injury the employer mustnotify the Commissioner as soonas heshe knows of the employeesdeath
A workplace accident thatinvolves a self-employedperson or member of publiccausing himher to die orsent to hospital fortreatment of injury
The workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident
A dangerous occurrenceThe workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the incident via iReport
An occupational diseaseThe doctor whodiagnosed the disease
Submit the incident report within 10days of diagnosis (Doctor)
Submit the incident report within 10
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What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 12
Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 9
equipment for use ina workplace3
access to highceilings
machineryequipment orhazardoussubstances
that they are safe for use
I hire someone to
carry out my businessactivities and Iengage a contractorto do work in relationto my business
Retailer whoengages asales assistantand a couriercompany
Employer mdashmy
work activities and Principal mdashmy contractorsand my workactivities
Provide proper step-stools forsales assistant to retrievegoods from an overhead shelf(prevent risks of falling fromheights) andPackage items to be deliveredinto smaller loads (preventrisks of musculoskeletaldiseases)
12 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations
Risk Management is a key component to reduce hazards at source The WSH (RiskManagement) Regulations imposes risk management duties on employers self-employedpersons and principals (including contractors and subcontractors) These parties areresponsible for identifying safety and health hazards at the workplace and taking reasonablypracticable measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks associated with thehazards
Under the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations it is required to conduct a review on therisk assessment every three years or earlier if any of the following takes placebull An accident as a result of exposure to a hazard
bull Changes in work processes (eg introduction of new machinery equipment orsubstance) or
bull New information in relation to a hazard arises (eg toxicology data regarding asubstance)
Risk Management entailsa Identifying all WSH hazards associated with the work activityb Evaluating the risk levels for each identified WSH hazardc Control and monitoring the identified risksd Communicating these risks to all persons involved
Refer to Chapter 2 for definitions and details of risk management and assessment
3 The list of statutory machinery or equipment and hazardous substances are listed in the Fifth Schedule of the
WSHA
For more information on WSHA and the subsidiary legislations please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on bizSAFE and RMAF refer to the WSH Councilrsquos
website at wwwwshcsg
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Page 10
13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations
The Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations requires employers oroccupiers to notify or report workplace accidents dangerous occurrences and occupationaldiseases to the Ministry of Manpower These are
bull Workplace accident which results in the death of an employee self-employed
person or non-employeebull Workplace accident which results in the injury of an employee who is given more
than three consecutive days of medical leave or hospitalised for at least 24hours
bull Workplace accident which results in the injury of a self-employed person or non-employee who receives treatment in hospital
bull Dangerous occurrence listed in the WSH Act orbull Occupational disease listed in the WSH Act
Refer to Table 2 to find out who should report and when should an incident report be made
Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
A workplace accident thatcauses the death of anemployee
The employer of thedeceased worker
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
A workplace accident thatcauses injury to an
employee who is then
Given more than threeconsecutive days of medicalleave or hospitalised for atleast 24 hours
The employer of theinjured worker
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
If the employee subsequently diesfrom the injury the employer mustnotify the Commissioner as soonas heshe knows of the employeesdeath
A workplace accident thatinvolves a self-employedperson or member of publiccausing himher to die orsent to hospital fortreatment of injury
The workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident
A dangerous occurrenceThe workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the incident via iReport
An occupational diseaseThe doctor whodiagnosed the disease
Submit the incident report within 10days of diagnosis (Doctor)
Submit the incident report within 10
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Page 11
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 12
Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Page 13
Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Page 14
Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Page 15
Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 17
Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Page 18
Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 10
13 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations
The Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations requires employers oroccupiers to notify or report workplace accidents dangerous occurrences and occupationaldiseases to the Ministry of Manpower These are
bull Workplace accident which results in the death of an employee self-employed
person or non-employeebull Workplace accident which results in the injury of an employee who is given more
than three consecutive days of medical leave or hospitalised for at least 24hours
bull Workplace accident which results in the injury of a self-employed person or non-employee who receives treatment in hospital
bull Dangerous occurrence listed in the WSH Act orbull Occupational disease listed in the WSH Act
Refer to Table 2 to find out who should report and when should an incident report be made
Table 2 Obligations to Report and Submit a Report
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
A workplace accident thatcauses the death of anemployee
The employer of thedeceased worker
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
A workplace accident thatcauses injury to an
employee who is then
Given more than threeconsecutive days of medicalleave or hospitalised for atleast 24 hours
The employer of theinjured worker
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident via iReport
If the employee subsequently diesfrom the injury the employer mustnotify the Commissioner as soonas heshe knows of the employeesdeath
A workplace accident thatinvolves a self-employedperson or member of publiccausing himher to die orsent to hospital fortreatment of injury
The workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the accident
A dangerous occurrenceThe workplaceoccupier
Notify the Commissionerimmediately via phone or fax
AND
Submit the incident report within 10days of the incident via iReport
An occupational diseaseThe doctor whodiagnosed the disease
Submit the incident report within 10days of diagnosis (Doctor)
Submit the incident report within 10
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Page 11
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 12
Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Page 13
Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Page 14
Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Page 15
Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 17
Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Page 18
Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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Page 19
An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 11
What to Report Who to Report What Need to be Done
AND
The employer of theperson with thedisease
days of receiving the writtendiagnosis (Employer) via iReport
Employers or occupiers who reported a workplace incident are also required to keep recordsof the incident for at least three years
14 Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA)
WICA replaces the Workmenrsquos Compensation Act from 1 April 2008 and is enforced by theWork Injury Compensation Department Ministry of Manpower WICA covers all employeesand provides for compensation to an employee for an injury or occupational disease arisingout of and in the course of his employment Work injury compensation comprises of medicalleave wages for the period that the employee is on medical leave medical expenses andora lump sum payment (for permanent incapacity or death only)
Unless specifically exempted all employers are required to purchase work injurycompensation insurance fori Employees who perform manual work (regardless of their level of earnings) orii Non-manual employees with monthly income equal or less than $1600
For employees who are newly covered under the Act (ie non-manual employees earningabove $1600 a month) for all other employees the employers have the flexibility to decidewhether or not to buy work injury compensation insurance for them Nonetheless employerswill be required to pay compensation (including medical leave wages and medical expenses)in the event of a valid claim even if they do not buy insurance
For more information on incident reporting and iReport please refer tothe Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
For more information on Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA) pleaserefer to the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 12
Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Page 13
Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 12
Chapter 2
Risk Management
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Page 13
Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Page 15
Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 17
Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Page 18
Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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Page 19
An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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Page 24
34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Chapter 2 Risk Management
2 Overview of Risk Management
Risk management comprises risk assessment risk monitoring and risk communicationProactive and effective management of WSH calls for not only the risk assessment processbut periodic monitoring of the risks and communicating to all involved persons as wellMonitoring is essential to ensure that the measures put in place are indeed effective Two-way communication also ensures persons involved understand the risks associated with theworks and at the same time it provides feedback to the management This continuousprocess is essential in ensuring a continual improvement in the safety and health status of aworkplace
21 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a tool that provides a systematic approach in recognising hazards due toa job or task evaluating the risks and implementing all reasonably practicable measures toprevent accidents from happening To put it in a more simply the tool demands one to thinkwhat could go wrong before and while carrying out his or her work and determine if adequate
measures are in place to prevent a mishap
Risk assessment comprises three steps ie hazard identification risk evaluation and riskcontrols Two terms used in risk assessment ie hazard and risk are defined as
bull Hazardmdashany source that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effect onsomeone or something (eg injury illness and property damage) It includeschemical mechanical physical electrical and ergonomic hazards
bull Riskmdashthe possibility or probability that one would be harmed or suffer from anadverse effect if exposed to a hazard with the consequence of the exposure takeninto consideration It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss ordamage
22 Basic Steps to Carry Out Risk Assessment and Risk ManagementSteps to carry out risk assessment and risk management can be summarised as follows
Figure 1 Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process
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Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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Page 19
An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 14
Steps Explanation
Preparation stage
Form a riskassessment team
bull An appointed team leader with good knowledge of the work toassess risk assessment methodology
bull
Team members with good knowledge of the work to be assessedand basic understanding of risk assessment methodologybull Team should comprise management staff technical personnel
supervisors maintenance staffs safety personnel (if available) andcontractor or supplier (if applicable)
bull Alternative may engage WSH consultant to assist
Gather relevantinformation
Collate all information May include but not limited tobull Layout planbull List of work activitiesbull List of chemicals usedbull List of machinery and tools usedbull Records of past incidents and accidentsbull Relevant legislation codes of practice or relevant specificationsbull Feedback from staff clients suppliers or other stakeholdersbull Manufacturerrsquos instruction manual or document (eg safety data
sheet for chemicals)
Hazard Identification
Hazardidentification
bull List the sequence of the steps required to complete a taskbull Brainstorm on all the possible hazard associated with each step for
example working at height working with harsh chemical andstanding for long hours
bull List the possible accidents or incidents for example fall from heightskin disease back strain (note there can be more than one outcomefor each hazard)
bull
Determine the persons who may be affected by the activity forexample persons performing the task passers-by andor visitors
Risk evaluation4
Likelihood
List down all the current measures that have been put in place forexample inspection of ladder before use use of gloves and take frequentbreaksFor each hazard determine the likelihood of the accidents or incidents tooccur with existing control measures being taken into account
SeverityDetermine the extent of injury or harm due to the accidents or incidentsDoes not take existing control measures into account that is to considerthe inherent effect of the adverse effect due to the hazard
Risk Level
A function of likelihood and severity
Allows management to recognise areas of high risks along with prioritygiven when allocating resources in addressing the risks
4Refer to Annex C Methodology of Risk Assessment for MOM recommended ranking and criteria on likelihood
severity and risk level
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Page 15
Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Page 18
Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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Page 19
An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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Page 24
34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 15
Risk Control
When the existing control measures are not adequateList down additional control measures if any to eliminate the hazards orreduce the risk by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures (refer toSection 22)
Review Communication and Recordkeeping
Endorsement andApproval
Ensure the risk assessment results are discussed endorsed andapproved by top or senior management
ReviewTo review the risk assessment every three years or earlier if any of thefollowing occursmdashan incident new information on safety and health riskssurfaces or changes in the work area process equipment machinery orsubstance
CommunicateCommunicate the results of the risk assessment to all persons who areinvolved in the work
Recordkeeping Document the risk assessment results for at least three years
22 Hierarchy of Control
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following theHierarchy of Control Measures shown in Figure 1 It is important to bear in mind that thesecontrol measures are not usually mutually exclusive for example engineering controls canbe implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures
Figure 2 Hierarchy of Controls
EliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectivelymaking all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible This is a permanent
For more information on WSH (Risk Management) Regulation please referto the Ministry of Manpowerrsquos website at httpwwwmomgovsg
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Page 18
Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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Page 19
An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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Page 24
34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Page 25
Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Page 26
Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Page 27
Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Page 28
Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Page 29
Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 17
Chapter 3
CommonWSH Hazards
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Page 18
Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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Page 19
An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Page 20
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 18
Chapter 3 Common WSH Hazards
3 Overview
Work-related injuries and diseases occur as a result of unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsUnsafe acts usually occur when employees are unaware of hazards or the proper work
practices Examples include not adopting the proper methods when lifting heavy objects ornot using gloves when handling hazardous chemicals Unsafe conditions refer to hazardousphysical conditions of the work environment and equipment Examples include a slipperyfloor or a poorly ventilated office Work-related accidents and illness can be prevented byrecognising the hazards associated with the task to be undertaken and taking the necessaryprevention measures
Common workplace safety and health hazards include Falls from height31 Slips and trips on same level32 Struck by or against objects33 Electrical hazard34 Manual handling hazard35 Chemical hazard
36 Noise hazard37 Indoor air quality issue38 Fatigue39 Fire hazard310 Confined space hazard
In the following sections we will be looking at these common WSH hazards and howaccidents arising from these hazards can be prevented
31 Slips Trips and Falls
Employees slipping and falling on slippery floors or tripping and falling over physicalobstructions are one of the most common forms of workplace accidents The extent of injury
due to slip trip and fall cases can range from minor sprains and strains to bone fracturesand head injuries
311 Sources of slips trips and fallsMajority of slips trips and falls can be attributed to
bull Wet or contaminated walking surfaces (eg liquids dusts and grease)bull Uneven walking surface potholes changes in level broken or cracked flooringbull Uneven placement loose or wrinkled carpet mats or rugs orbull Obstruction or protruding objects in walkways (eg boxes cables and open drawer)
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of slip trip and fall incidents include insufficient
lighting poor housekeeping wearing wrong type of footwear rushing and carelessness andpoor sense of stability due to age or medication
Fast Fact Top three causes ofworkplace injuries acrossindustries
Falls from height Slips and trips Struck by falling objects
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Page 19
An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 19
An unattended open drawer can become a trip and fall hazard
Figure 3 Trips and Falls Hazard
312 Measures to prevent slips trips and falls
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Wet or contaminated walkingsurfaces (eg liquids dusts andgrease)
bull Keep floors and stairs dry and cleanbull Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoesbull Place anti-slip mat at areas prone to wet
conditionsbull Place proper warning signs to warn against liquid
spills
Figure 4 Proper Warning Signs to Warn AgainstLiquid Spills
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Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Page 25
Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Page 26
Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 20
Potential slip and tripsSources
Recommended preventive measures
Uneven walking surfacespotholes changes in levelbroken or cracked flooring
bull Encourage employees to report unsafe conditionsbull Incorporate high visible tread makers such as
reflective edges or floor marking to highlightchanges in level or slope
Uneven placement loose orwrinkled carpets mats or rugs
bull Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes andloose edges
Obstruction or protruding objectsin walkways (eg boxes cablesand open drawer)
bull Keep work area neatmdashdo not leave materials andboxes lying haphazardly around
bull Keep drawers or doors of cabinets closed afteruse
bull Position equipment with cord to avoid power cordscrossing pedestriansrsquo routes or use cable cover tosecure power cords to surfaces
32 Falls from Height
While falls from height cases are often associated with construction and shipyard industry (itis the largest cause of death for employees in the building construction and shipyardindustry) many cases happened in less risky circumstances such as changing of light bulbsor retrieving of items from high shelves Similar to slips trips and falls possible injuries dueto falls from low height can range from minor sprains to head injuries and broken bones It istherefore important that one not only exercises common sense but take the necessaryprecautionary measures (no matter how minor the job may seem to be) prior to carrying outactivities involving working at height
321 Sources of Falls from Height
As a general rule any work activity that involves access to positions that cannot be reachedwhen standing on the ground should be regarded as work at height Falls from height canbe due to
bull using chair or unstable equipment as ascending toolbull using ladder in an improper manner orbull using defective ladders
322 Measures to Prevent Falls Safe Use of Portable Ladders
While portable ladders are very common and useful tools users often tend to overlook thepotential hazards associated with them Accidents associated with portable ladders areusually caused by improper selection care or use
Different portable ladders are designed with different maximum intended load Select onethat is appropriate in size and for the task at hand Some other prevention tips include
bull Inspect ladders before and after each use Things to look out for include loosescrews nuts and bolts and hinges
bull Make sure that the feet and rungs are in a good condition and clear of grease or soilbull Position ladder on hard even-levelled surface using slip-resistant feet or secure
blocking or have someone hold the ladderbull Make sure the locks and braces are fixed and properly engagedbull Face the ladder when standing or climbing on it
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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Page 24
34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Page 25
Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Page 26
Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Page 27
Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 21
bull Do not stand on the top two rungs of a stepladderbull Do not carry anything when climbing up or downbull Set up barricades and warning signs in the doorway or passageway when using a
ladderbull Avoid unnecessary wobbling and jerky movements while on ladders
Figure 5 Proper Barricades and Signs
Figure 6 Proper Use of Ladders
Put up proper barricade and sign if youneeds to work in doorway or passageway
Work a few steps below the top rungand position the ladder facing the
work activity
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 22
33 Struck By or Against Objects
In 2008 injuries due to struck by and against objects accounted for approximately one-thirdof the total workplace injuries Accidents due to struck by or against objects can occur in anywork setting Injuries sustained due to struck by falling objects depend on the weight of theobjects and the height from which the objects fell from On the other hand injuries sustaineddue to strike against object depends on the impact force during the point of collision Thus
injuries due to struck by or against object can range from minor bruises to serious injuriessuch as head injuries and bone fractures
331 Sources of Struck By or Against Objects
A ldquostruck byrdquo injury refers to an injury as a result of being hit by falling or flying objects orbeing struck by another person Possible situations whereby persons may get struck byobjects includebull Overloaded storage shelves racks or cabinetsbull Retrieving items stored above eye level and without using step stool or ladderbull Inadequate warnings of overhead works eg object falling off from overhead
platform and striking employee standing underneathbull Overhead fixtures eg pictures ceiling fan and ceiling boards not properly secured
Injury due to ldquostruck againstrdquo refers to injury from impacting objects during movement forexample bumping into a glass door persons or against protruding objects
331 Measures to preventing struck by or against objects
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Overstacked or overloaded shelves
Figure 7 Falling Shelves
bull Do not store boxes papers and othermaterials on top of lockers or file cabinets
bull Stack material in such a way that it isstable and not fall over
bull Do not overload shelves and storagecabinets
bull Regular inspections to detect and rectifyany unsafe stacking
Fixtures such as pictures ceiling fans andceiling boards not securely fixed
bull Ensure all fixtures such as ceiling fansceiling boards and pictures are well-secured
Storing heavy or frequently used objectsabove shoulder height
bull Store heavy or frequently used objects onlower shelves
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Page 25
Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Page 26
Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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Page 33
General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 23
Potential struck by or against objectsources
Recommended preventive measures
Employees having to reach for objectsstored on shelves where objects cannotbe clearly seen
bull Use step-ladder or ladder to assess highershelves
bull Educating employees on safe use of stepladder or ladder
Standing or working underneath worksbeing carried out at height
bull Put up proper barricades or signs to warnothers about overhead work
Bumping into glass door
Figure 8 Potential Hazard of Bumpinginto Glass Doors
bull Mark glass door with prominent features tomake them apparent
Figure 9 Marking of Glass Door
Bumping into person or permanent objector strike against open file drawers or opencabinet door
bull Maintain adequate space in work areaparticularly the common passageways
bull Educate and inculcate safety culture
Strike against sharp objects such asprotruding nails
bull Maintain adequate space in work areabull Regular inspection to detect and rectify
any unsafe condition
Prevent being struck by falling objects in the wholesale and retail trades
More and more wholesale and retail sectors are storing higher volumes of stocks onthe retail sales floor to reduce cost of storage space With the higher volume ofstocks and limited space merchandises tend to be stacked high Stackingmerchandise high not only poses higher risk to employees but also to customersvisiting the workplace
Recommended preventive measures include
bull Do not allow items to hang over the edge of a shelfbull Limit the stacking of topmost shelf to a single rowbull Make sure that all shelves are anchored securelybull Cordon off aisles when merchandise is being stockedbull Put up proper signs to request customers not to retrieve items from high
shelves and to seek assistance from employees
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34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Page 25
Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Page 26
Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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Page 36
371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 24
34 Manual Handling
Manual handling can be defined as any activity requiring the use of force to lift lower pushpull carry or move a load (eg an object equipment person or animal) Manual handlingputs employees at the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) with sprains and strains onthe back being one of the most common MSD can affect parts including muscles jointstendons and nerves Symptoms of MSD include
bull Numbnessbull Painbull Swellingbull Tingling sensation
bull Weakness in affected body part andorbull Stiffness of joints
In many cases these injuries result in a temporary absence from work but MSD can lead topermanent disablement
341 Causes of MSDs
Handling of heavy loads increases the risk of injury Lifting loads over 25 kg regularly can
result in a higher risk of back injury A bulky object is more dangerous to lift because itcannot be brought close to the body therefore increasing the stress on different muscles Inaddition lifting a bulky object may force one into an awkward and unbalanced position orobstruct onersquos vision Correct lifting postures have to be adopted to minimise injuries
3411 Handling Heavy or Bulky Loads
Proper Lifting Techniques
Step 1 Assess the load and plan the lift Do you need help Can you use any liftingequipment Clear the path of any obstruction Place one foot at the side of the loadand one foot behind the load
Place one foot at the side of the load and one foot behind the load
Step 2 Bend your knees and keep your body straight Bring the object close to your bodygrasp the object firmly and hold the object close to the body Keep your arms chinand elbows as close to your body as possible Distribute your body weight equallyto both feet
Fast Fact MSDs canbe reversible Earlyintervention is the
key
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Page 25
Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Page 26
Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Page 28
Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Page 29
Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 32
36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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Page 33
General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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Page 34
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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Page 35
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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Page 36
371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 25
Distribute your body weight equally to both feet
Step 3 Lift the object by pushing up on your legs Avoid jerking or twisting your back
Step 4 Ensure feet are stable Ensure a good grip on object before moving off Keep yourhead up while moving
Ensure a good grip on object before moving off
3412 Repetitive Movements
Repetitive movement becomes hazardous when the same joints and muscle groups areused in the same motion too often too quickly and for long duration Injuries occur whenthere is too much stress placed on a part of the body and there is no adequate time forrecovery Possible repetitive movement related injuries include inflammation pain andswelling muscle strain or tissue damage
Do NOT
bull lift with wet or oily hands bull turn by rotating the waist
bull lift heavy items if you are not in good physical condition bull jerk to lift an object off a surface bull drop an item to put it down bull run when carrying an object bull hurry up or down stairs or ramps or bull carry items by the straps or tapes
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Page 26
Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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Page 33
General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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Page 35
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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Page 36
371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 26
Measures to prevent injuries due to repetitive movements
bull Plan work schedules such that employees can take regular breaks (effective breakscan be brief but must be regular)
bull Review work speed or load to ensure that the rate and target is realistic foremployees
bull Do simple stretching exercises to warm up and cool down working musclesbull Where possible allow for job rotation during one shift so that employees do not do a
particular task with the risk of repetitive injuries throughout the entire shiftbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 10 Use of Anti-fatigue Mats
Fast Fact Schedule lessdemanding activities to act as
active breaks in betweendemanding tasks are
beneficial they reduceboredom stress and fatigue
Use of anti-fatigue mat helps to relieve strains on back foremployees who need to stand for prolonged periods
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Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Page 28
Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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Page 33
General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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Page 34
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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Page 35
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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Page 36
371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 27
Measures to Prevent Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
bull Provide adjustable work surface or chairbull Adopt proper lifting technique when lifting or carrying objectsbull Use of headset if one needs to use the phone on a prolonged periodbull Store frequent used objects on mid-level shelvesbull
Use stepladder or ladder to retrieve items stored on high shelvesbull Do simple stretching and on periodic basisbull Educate employees on risks and preventive measures
Figure 11 Preventing Injury due to Awkward Work Postures
Figure 12 Recommended Way to Retrieve Items
Avoid neck strain (for prolonged telephone use) by using headset
Use proper step stool or ladder when retrieving itemsfrom shelf above shoulder height to avoid over-
stretching and over-reaching posture
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Page 28
Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Page 29
Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 32
36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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Page 33
General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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Page 35
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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Page 36
371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Page 43
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 28
Office Ergonomics
Many office jobs are no longer computer independent Computer is not just used forcompleting work tasks but for communication purpose as well for example electronic mailsand instant messaging Along with the increasing use of palm devices employees arespending more and more time at the computer screen
Remember A properly set-up office workstation allows staff to maintain a comfortableneutral body posture and it reduces stress and strain on the muscles However there is nosingle ldquocorrectrdquo posture or arrangement that will fit everyone Use these tips on how toproperly set up computer and laptop workstations as the basic design goals
Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Figure 13 Proper Computer Workstation Setup
Monitor
bull Adjust monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye levelbull Place the monitor at a distance between 45 cm and 70 cmbull Place the centre of the screen at an angle of 15 degree down from your eyesbull Locate working documents between the keyboard and screen or next to the screen
Keyboard and Mouse
bull Adjust the keyboard height so that forearms are parallel to the floor or slightlydownward
bull Place the mouse immediately next to the keyboard and on the same levelbull Avoid using the keyboard supports to raise the back of the keyboard higher than the
frontbull Select the right mouse size and shape in accordance to usersbull Keep the shoulders relaxedmdashnot shrugged-up or slumped-down Chair and Sitting
bull Sit upright or slightly reclinedbull Use the chair back supportbull Adjust the chair so that the feet can rest completely on floor or use footrestbull Keep knees at near right angle (90ndash105 degree)
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 32
36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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Page 33
General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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Page 35
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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Page 36
371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Page 43
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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Page 44
45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Work Surface
bull Position frequently assessed items (eg telephone) at minimal reach distancebull Clear clutter below the workstation to allow room for movement and leg stretchingbull If one is using a document holder position it at the same distance and height as the
computer monitor
Setting Up Laptop for Frequent Use
To avoid sprains and strains associated with prolonged use of laptop (ie more than twohours and continuously per day) it is recommended for employers to provide computerdocking stations and for employees to use them Docking stations comprises full sizemonitor keyboard and mouse with the laptop basically serving as the hard drive
An alternative option to the docking station is to position laptop screen at eye level height byusing a laptop riser and connect to an external keyboard All these avoid placing handsarms and wrists in awkward posture and the bending of neck and upper back
Other tips for laptop usersbull Avoid putting laptop directly on the thighs for a prolonged periodbull Carry laptop in a wheeled case or backpack with wide padded shoulder straps
Figure 14 Prolonged Use of Laptop Places Users at Risk of Developing MSDs
Figure 15 Use of Docking Station to Allow User to adopt Good posture while Working on Laptop
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35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 30
35 Noise
Long term exposure to excessive noise may lead to hearing loss To prevent hearing loss aperson should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for eight hours a day or itsequivalent Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded measures should be taken toreduce the noise exposure As a general guide at 85 dBA people will have to shout to beheard if they are about two metres apart
351 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Noise Level at 85 dBA or above)
If activities carried out at the workplace subject employees to excessive noisy environmentthat is noise level above 85 dBA over eight hours employers are required to implementnoise control solutions based on the hierarchy of control
bull Elimination or substitution for example replace the machines or equipment withquieter ones
bull Engineering control for example erect enclosure lined with acoustics absorptionmaterial
bull Administrative control implement job rotationbull Personal protective equipment that is ear plug or ear muff
Table 3 Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed forthe various noise levels
Useful References
bull SS 514 2005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomicsbull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Manual Handlingbull Factsheet on Office Ergonomicsbull
Guidelines on Work in Sitting Standing Positions
Factsheets and Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManaging Workplace HazardsmdashErgonomics httpwwwmomgovsg
Sound Pressure Level dBA Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 75 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
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Page 31
352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 32
36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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Page 33
General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 31
352 Recommended Noise Control Measures (for Nuisance Noise)
Noise within the office rarely exceeds the 85 dBA level however it can create annoyance tooffice employees and result in stress Effects of annoying noise include irritabilityimpairment in concentration tiredness and fatigue
Table 4 Recommended preventive measures in addressing nuisance noise at quiet
workplaces
Sources of Nuisance Noise withinOffices
Minimising Work Stress due to NuisanceNoise
People for example loudconversations and frequent loud phoneringing
Adopt administrative controls such asencouraging employees to use meeting room forconversations and lower ringing volume fortelephones
Office equipment for examplephotocopy machines telephones andprinters
Placing equipment in a separate room
Figure 16 Example of placing photocopier in aseparate room
Building for example air conditioningsystem lifts
Maintain equipments and machinery on periodicbasis
External sources for example trafficgeneral industrial noise
Install double-glazed windows and solid walls
Useful Referencesbull SS992003 Code of practice for industrial noise controlbull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)bull Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studiesbull Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)bull A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry
Guidelines can be downloaded from Ministry of Manpowerrsquos websitemdashManagingWorkplace HazardsmdashNoise amp Vibration httpwwwmomgovsg
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Page 32
36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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Page 33
General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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Page 34
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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Page 35
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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Page 36
371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 32
36 Chemical
Depending on the nature of job employees may be required to handle industrial chemicalsthat are toxic flammable or corrosive Chemicals upon entering human body can lead to avariety of adverse health effects including immediate effects or long-term effects that isthey appear after a number of years after the exposure occurred The type and extent ofadverse health effects exerted by chemicals depends on
bull The intrinsic nature of the chemical for example some chemicals are naturally moretoxic than others
bull The routes of exposure that is how chemicals enter the human bodybull The physical form of the chemicals for example solids liquids gases or vapoursbull The frequency and length of exposurebull The concentration or level of exposurebull Individual factor that is some individuals are more sensitive to chemicals than
others
Disregarding the safety and health risks associated with the chemicals and improperhandling may cause illnesses and injuries
361 Routes of Exposure to Chemical and Prevention Measures
Chemicals can enter human body via four routesmdashbreathing in skin or eye absorptioningestion and injection Breathing in and skin absorption are the two most common routes ofexposure and injection the least common Swallowing chemicals is rare and is most likelyaccidental For example eating drinking or smoking after using chemicals and withoutwashing hands thoroughly Refer to Table 5 for examples of how one can be exposed tochemicals
Understanding the type of chemical being handled along with the correct handling method isthe key to prevent injury or illness resulting from chemical exposure Information about achemical can be identified from the label on containers andor safety data sheet (SDS) It isimportant that for all chemical users to read the label andor SDS prior to handing anychemical
The SDS document provides comprehensive information of chemical and can be requestedfrom chemical manufacturers or suppliers It is mandatory under the WSH legislation for allhazardous chemical manufacturers or suppliers to provide accurate SDS documents to theircustomers and for employers to share these documents with their employees
SDS is generally not available for everyday household chemicals Users should then refer tothe chemical labels
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
A document prepared by hazardous chemical manufacturer or supplier whichprovides detailed information of a chemical
bull Chemical identitybull Health effectsbull Protective equipmentbull First aid measuresbull Fire fighting measures
Users should read and understand SDS before handling hazardous chemicals
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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Page 35
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Page 43
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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Page 44
45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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General Tips for Safe Use of Household Chemicals
bull Read and understand the chemical labels prior to handling thembull Store products in their original containersbull Use chemicals according to manufacturerrsquos instruction and intentionbull Avoid mixing cleaning productsbull Wear protective equipment according to manufacturerrsquos recommendation
Providing instructions and training to employees onthe safe use of handling chemicals is essential toprevent accidents arising due to handling chemicalsTraining topics should minimally cover
bull How to read the container label andor safetydata sheets of chemicals
bull Understanding the safety and health hazards ofchemicals
bull Safe ways to handle the chemicals
bull Appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE)
bull Procedures to handle emergency situations forexample chemical spills and chemicalsplashes onto eye
Figure 17 Reading the SDS
Table 5 Hazards of common chemicals route of exposure associated health effects andpreventive measures
Possible
ExposureRoute
Products
Unfavourable
WorkCondition
Possible
Health Effects
Recommended
Preventive Measures
Inhalation
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplebleach glass
cleaner floorcleaner etc
Working in aninadequatelyventilatedarea
Throat andlung irritationdizzinessheadaches
bull Work in an area withadequate ventilationfor example keepwindows andordoors open
bull Clean up spillsimmediately
bull Keep chemicalcontainer lids closedwhen not in use
bull Use dilutedchemicals wheneverpossible
bull Avoid using sprayingbottle if possible andapply wipe-onmethod
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 34
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Mixingincompatiblecleaning
products (egbleach withglass windowcleaner)
Lung irritationchest pain
coughingshortness ofbreathnausea
bull Adhere tomanufacturerrsquosinstructions and
recommendationsbull Ensure all chemical
containers areproperly labelled
Solvent-based
products forexamplepaintsturpentine
Inadequatelyventilatedarea
Dizzinessnauseaheadachesfatigue
bull Seek for and usewater-based or lowsolvent-basedpaints
bull Apply properventilation forexample forceventilation
bull
Remove or protectall porous materialsif possible prior topainting work (toavoid material fromabsorbing anyaccidental spills orsplatters)
bull Discardcontaminated ragsand cloths into anenclosed bin
Skinabsorption
Commonhouseholdcleaningagents forexamplecleaningagents
Handlingcleaningagents withoutuse of gloves
Eye and skinirritation skincracking etc
bull Wear appropriate
glovesbull Remove all hand
jewellery prior toworking
bull Wash hands withmild soap right afterwork (even whilewearing glovesduring cleaning)
bull Educate staff toconduct regularmonitoring on ownskin condition
bull Wear appropriateeye protection whenrequired to transferchemicals from onecontainer to anotheror splashes arepossible
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Page 35
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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Page 36
371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 35
PossibleExposureRoute
ProductsUnfavourableWorkCondition
PossibleHealth Effects
RecommendedPreventive Measures
Ingestion All chemicals
bull Eating and
drinkingwhileworking
bull Storingfood stuffsat workarea
bull Poorpersonalhygiene
Irritation to GItract chemicalpoisoning lossofconsciousness
bull Do not consumefood while workingwith chemicals
bull Allocate proper areato store andconsume food ordrink
bull Practice goodpersonal that iswash hands beforeeating drinking orsmoking
bull Ensure all chemicalshave properlabelling
37 Electrical
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they aredesigned and manufactured to electrical standards and codes and if they have beenmaintained and kept in good condition Accident involving electricity can cause a range ofinjuries including electric shock electrical burns fires and explosions Non-fatal electricalshock can also lead to serious accidents such as falling from ladder or any elevated workplatform
An electric shock can range from slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest Theseverity of an electric shock depends on the following factorsbull The amount of current flowing through the bodybull The currentrsquos path through the body andbull The length of contact time
Useful Referencesbull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful
Chemicals (2002)bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Materialbull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildingsbull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetbull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
These Guidelines are published and can be downloaded from the MOM websitehttpwwmomgovsg
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Page 36
371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Page 43
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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Page 44
45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Page 47
Annexes
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Page 48
Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Page 49
Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 36
371 Sources of electrical hazards
Most electrical accidents occur due to one of these three factors ie unsafe equipment orinstallation unsafe environment or unsafe work practices Unsafe environment or workpractices are most often due to the overlook of the hazards posed by electricity Examples ofscenarios where chances of getting injured due to electrical hazards include
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Handling electrical appliances with wet hands or on wet surfacesbull Using electrical equipment with worn out protective insulationsbull Unauthorized alteration of electrical equipment or parts
372 Measures to Prevent Electrical-related Injuries
Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5 Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations Such installations along with the servicing andmaintenance works should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by theEnergy Market Authority (EMA)
Though electrical appliances are common they do present electrical hazards if misused orabused
Some basic preventive measures include
bull Keep power cords away from heat water and oilbull Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvent eg acetonebull Do not overload electrical pointsbull Remove defective electrical appliances immediately Send them for repair or discard
thembull Provide a system for inspection and maintenance of electrical appliancesbull Avoid placing power cords under carpets or heavy furniturebull Use power sockets plugs and cables that are registered with Spring Singapore ie
with a safety mark sign indicatedbull Engage electrical workers (licensed by EMA) to carry out electrical worksbull Read relevant instruction manuals prior to operating electrical appliances
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Page 43
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 37
Figure 18 Use of power circuit
38 Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is important in indoor workplaces such as offices schools andrestaurants
Good IAQ relates to adequate ventilation comfortable temperature range and minimal levelof airborne contaminants Other factors that influence an individualrsquos perception of IAQinclude lighting noise work stress and general cleanliness
381 Common indoor air pollutants and their sources
Pollutants Potential Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2) People
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobile exhaust and cooking fumes
FormaldehydeOff-gassing from new building materials eg carpets andplastics
Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Photocopiers cleaning products and perfumes
Overloading of power circuits can lead tooverheating increased fire hazards and
electric shocks
Useful References Safety Circular on Electrical Safety MOM (can be downloaded from MOM website
wwwmomgovsg) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations CP 5 1998
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Page 43
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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Page 44
45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Page 47
Annexes
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Page 48
Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Page 49
Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 38
Moulds and fungiWet and damp materials and stagnant water in HVACsystem
DustCarpet and housekeeping activity
Renovation activities
382 Prevention of poor IAQ
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos managementbull Carry out periodic preventive maintenance on heating ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) systembull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate well-ventilated areasbull Schedule pesticide application to be carried out after office hours ndash evenings or
weekendsbull Use low-odour cleaning agentsbull Schedule building renovation works after office hours and clean up all dusts etc
released before normal business operations resume
Responsibilities of the buildingrsquos occupantsbull Avoid blocking air supply or vents with furniture or objectsbull Clean up all spills immediatelybull Avoid using air fresheners etc with a strong scentbull Seal and store office chemicals eg cleaning agents after use in proper areabull Avoid using personal ozone generatorbull Locate office equipment eg photocopy machines in separate or in well-ventilated
areas away from human traffic
39 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness leading to reduced mental andor physical performance of aperson It is a difficult term to define and the symptoms of may be due to different causesFatigue can endanger workplace safety and may lead to accidents and near-miss incidents
Fast Fact Indoor air isconsidered acceptable if at least80 of the people exposed to itdo not express dissatisfaction
(Source American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE))
Useful ReferenceSS 554 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 39
391 Contributing Factors to Fatigue
Some contributing conditions includebull Organisational eg poor work-rest schedules which lead to fatigue from overwork
lack of fatigue management policy to manage contributing factors to fatigue such as- Unexpected increase in workload and
- Lack of equipment or manpowerbull Environmental eg lighting and temperaturebull Individual eg state of individual health and lifestyle as well as social factors
392 Common Symptoms of Fatigue
Common symptoms includebull Undue tirednessbull Higher level of irritability or impatiencebull Person speaks less than usual or is less clear in communicationbull Easily distractedbull Slower reaction or response speedbull Reduced short-term memory forgetfulbull Reduced ability for problem solvingbull Taking shortcuts to finish jobsbull Poor judgement of distance speed andor time orbull Useabuse of substances to cope (eg cigarettes alcohol)
393 Preventing Workplace Fatigue
Measures to prevent workplace fatigue includebull Provide adequate lightingbull Provide adequate ventilationbull Provide facilities for breaks eg pantry
bull Schedule work systematically eg schedule complex tasks to be performed onlyduring the day
bull Include minimum rest breaks in work schedulebull Ensure that duration of working hours allow employees to receive adequate rest eg
limit to overtime orbull Carry out fatigue management training
310 Fire Hazards
Fire hazards are a serious concern as they can cause major disruptions to businessesThese hazards can potentially cause catastrophes including loss of lives property egbuildings equipment and stock damage
Useful ReferencesGuidelines on Fatigue Management can be downloaded from WSH Council websitehttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 40
3101 Sources of Fire Hazards
Fire hazards not only can cause fire outbreaks but can also impede safe evacuation Referto Table 6 on examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Table 6 Examples of common fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples
Electrical
bull Using damaged or poorly maintained electricalequipment
bull Overloading of power circuitsbull Misuse of electrical equipments eg blocking off the
air vents causing overheating
Conventional CookingMisuse of kitchen appliances eg microwave ovenscoffee makers and stoves
Mechanical FrictionPoorly maintained mechanical equipments eg forkliftsand bearings on ventilation equipments
Smoking
bull
Unauthorised smokingbull Poor setup of smoking areas (eg too close to
flammable substance storage room)
Housekeeping
bull Excessive storage of boxes and other combustiblematerial
bull Materials stored in manners that obstruct exitspassageways electrical panels or emergencyequipment
bull Storing combustibles too close to heat sources
Figure 19 Poor housekeeping
Work that produces sparksflames or slag eg grindingand welding
Lack of safety procedures eg fail to ensure that thework area is clear of flammable materials
Flammable Liquid Storageand Handling
bull Improper handling and storage of flammable liquidssuch as solvents eg storing excessive amount offlammable liquids
bull No proper fire extinguishing media in place
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Page 43
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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Page 44
45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Page 47
Annexes
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Page 48
Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Page 49
Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 41
3102 Measures to Preventing Fire Hazards
Regardless of the size and nature of the business every workplace should have a fireprotection system in place It may range from a simple evacuation plan and provision of fireextinguisher to a complex system comprising a central controller trained personnel andimmediate notification to the fire services
A key basic fire prevention method is employeesrsquo awareness of the hazards which maycontribute to a fire and how to get out from the building safely In addition having anoutdated fire prevention plan equals to not having any It is important to ensure that fireprevention plan items are reviewed on a regular basis and practical drills are carried out toachieve the maximum results Refer to Table 7 on measures to eliminate or minimise firehazards in the workplace
Table 7 Measures to eliminate or minimise fire hazards in the workplace
Potential sources Examples of preventive measures
Electrical
bull Check and maintain electrical equipmentsbull Install additional power outlets to avoid overloading of power
circuitsbull Adhere to electrical equipment manufacturerrsquos
recommendations and instructions
Conventional Cooking
bull Follow electrical appliancesrsquo recommendations andinstructions
bull Never leave cooking unattended (if cooking allowed atworkplace)
Mechanical Friction
Maintain equipment on periodic basis eg lubrication aligned
and kept cleaned
Housekeeping
bull Prohibit storage of materials from blocking fire emergencyequipment eg exits fire extinguishers and sprinklers
bull Avoid excessive storage in workplace
Smoking
bull Prohibit all unauthorised smokingbull Proper setup of smoking areas eg immediate surrounding
free from flammable substances and with self-extinguishingbutt cans
Works that producesparks flames or slag
eg grinding andwelding
bull Establish safe work procedures prior to allowing any hot
works to be carried outbull Ensure the persons who carry out the works are competent
Flammable LiquidStorage and Handling
Store flammable liquids in fire safety cabinets and to a minimumamountEnsure appropriate fire extinguishing agents are available
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Page 43
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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Page 44
45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Page 47
Annexes
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Page 48
Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Page 49
Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 42
Chapter 4
Workplace Safety andHealth Management
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Page 43
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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Page 44
45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Page 47
Annexes
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Page 48
Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 43
Chapter 4 Workplace Safety and Health Management
4 Overview
Workplace Ssafety and Health (WSH) management programme is a systematic way ofmanaging WSH Implementing workplace safety and health programme effectively helps in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses (and thereforereducing work-injury compensation costs) and also improves employee morale andproductivity
It is good practice that employers consider developing and implementing a comprehensiveworkplace safety and health (WSH) management programme Elements in a WSHmanagement programme include
41 WSH Policy
Developing and implementing a written safety and health policy is the core to demonstratethe commitment of top management WSH policy should clearly state the following
bull
The managementrsquos commitment and approach towards providing a safe and healthywork environmentbull Organisationrsquos safety and health goals and objectivesbull Duties and responsibilities of the management and employees
42 Safe Work Procedures
Employers are encouraged to establish Safe Work Procedures (SWP) that describe howwork can be carried out safely and the types of actions to be taken in the event of anemergency (associated with the particular activity) SWP should be effectivelycommunicated to all employees during orientation of new employees and at regularintervals for existing employees
43 WSH Training
WSH training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safeand healthy manner The complexity of the WSH training needs depend on the nature ofhazards size and complexity of the work activities carried out Employers are encouraged toset up a system that identifies the WSH training needs for each level of staff ie manageriallevel supervisory level and operational level in order to make the appropriate training plansEmployers should also be aware of the statutory training requirements stipulated under theFactories (Safety Training Courses) Order It is important to ensure that training conductedin-house is documented and records of attendance (eg competency certificates) areobtained if employees are sent for training conducted by external agencies
44 WSH Group Meetings
Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss WSH issues and to disseminaterelevant WSH information to employees including contractors accordingly The frequency ofgroup meetings can be weekly or daily which serves as an effective channel for conveyingWSH information
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Page 44
45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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45 Incident Investigation and Analysis
Employers should establish and implement a system that ensures that all incidents arereported and investigated This includes accidents which cause injury or illness but near-misses ie occurrences that do not result in injury or illness as well Investigation andanalysis of each incident should aim to identify the root cause so as to prevent similaroccurrences in the future Information collected during incident investigation analysis andthe follow-up actions taken should be properly documented For accidents that are requiredto be reported to the Ministry of Manpower all relevant reports shall be documented for atleast three years(Reference WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006)
46 In-house WSH Rules and Regulations
A set of in-house written WSH rules and regulations with key legal requirements and dutiesshould be established for employees and contractors to comply Each functional departmentmay provide specific or detailed safety rules and regulations for the operational needs
47 WSH Promotion
Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness and tobuild a strong WSH culture at the workplace The following are some promotional activitiesthat can be organisedbull Participation in WSH talks seminars and exhibitionsbull Participation in the National WSH Campaign and competitionsbull Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at wwwwshcsgbull Newsletters or in employeersquos notice board at the workplace andbull In-house poster competitions quiz competitions best WSH-conscious work team
competitions and WSH exhibitions
48 Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
While it is common for businesses to appoint contractors for certain jobs at their premises itis important that the works carried out by contractor do not place their own employees orother persons (eg customers) at risk For this reason it is recommended for an employerto have a system that allows an evaluation on the contractors before any work is awardedThe bizSAFE programme implemented by the WSH Council provides a yardstick forbusinesses to select contractors For more information on bizSAFE refer to the Councilrsquoswebsite at wwwwshcsg
Useful Reference
WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations can be downloadedfrom MOM website httpwwwmomgovsg
Useful References
bull National WSH legislations and guidelines on MOM website athttpwwwmomgovsg
bull Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice (refer to relevant hazardsection
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 45
49 WSH Inspection
An effective programme should be established to carry out periodic inspections to identifypotential hazards unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace The inspections shouldinvolve both the management and employees The outcome of the findings andrecommendations should be properly documented and implement the follow up actions
410 Maintenance Programme
An effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (eg cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools There should also be a system for employees to reportany defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work
411 Hazard Identification Evaluation and Control
In Chapter Two hazard identification risk evaluation and risk controls are the three basicsteps of risk assessment Inspecting workplaces should be conducted actively so that thefocus is not only on existing hazards but also on hazards that could arise due to changes inwork conditions and processes
412 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established Eachprogramme should specify the objectives person-in-charge component activities andfrequency Refer to Table 8
Table 8 Examples of occupational health programmes
Examples of occupational health programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing conservation programme
Chemical exposure Chemical management programme
Awkward work postures repetitive workmanual handling
Ergonomics programme
413 Emergency Preparedness
Through risk assessment results employers should recognise all the foreseeableemergency situations eg fire and medical attention Employers should then establish andimplement emergency response plans and procedures accordingly It is critical that all staff
are familiar with emergency procedures This can be achieved through periodic trainingregular drills and exercises
414 Evaluation of Programme Effectiveness amp Documentation
Proper documentation along with regular review of the programme ensures that the systemis effective and appropriate to the work conditions It is recommended for an employer toconduct reviews on the programme at least once every year Should the evaluation processindicate significant deficiencies andor deviations employer should then ensure that these
Useful ReferencebizSAFE Brochure (can be downloaded from WSH Council website athttpwwwwshcsg)
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 46
deficiencies are addressed in a timely manner All follow-up actions should be documentedand kept
Relevant sources of information and records that should be taken into account whenconducting an evaluation and review on the management programme include
bull Legislative amendments
bull Previous management programme review reportsbull Incident investigation reportsbull Risk assessment documentsbull Safe work proceduresbull Training records and training analysis reports andbull Emergency preparedness training and drill records
Annex F provides a checklist that highlights the important components of WSHmanagement programme The checklist is not exhaustive and does not indicate anylegislative compliance
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Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 47
Annexes
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Page 49
Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Annex A Definition of Stakeholders
Employer
Any person who employs another person to perform work under a contract of service
Principal
Any person who engages another person or organisation to supply labour or perform workunder some arrangement other than a contract of service
Occupier
In workplaces registered as a factory the occupier is the person who is the holder of thecertificate of registration or factory permit In all other workplaces the occupier is the personwho has control of the premises regardless of whether he is the owner of those premises
Contractor
Any person engaged by another person or organisation under a contract for service for thesupply of labour or conduct of work at the workplace
Manufacturer or Supplier
Any person who manufactures or supplies machinery equipment or hazardous substancesused at work in the workplace
Erector or Installer
Any person who installs or erects machinery equipment the building itself or any item foruse in the workplace
Worker
Any person at work including an employee ie one employed under a contract of servicevolunteer or any other person training or working under the employer such as an industrial
attachment student
Self-Employed Person
Any person who works but is not under a contract of service
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Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 49
Annex B Duties of Stakeholders
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure far as is reasonably practicable that the safetyand health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be
affected by their work This includesbull Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplacebull Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at workbull Ensuring safety in machinery equipment plant articles substances and work
processes at the workplacebull Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies
andbull Providing workers with adequate instruction information training and supervision
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure far as it being reasonablypracticable that the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person withinthose premises whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier
bull The workplacebull All entrances to or exits from the workplace andbull Any machinery equipment plant article or substance kept on the workplace
The occupier is also responsible for the following items located in the common areas and ifused by employees andor contractorsbull Hoists and lifts lifting gear lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the
common areabull Electric generators and motorsbull Means of entry to or exit from the common area andbull Any machinery or plant located in the common area
Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that anymachinery equipment or substances provided are safe for usebull Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery equipment or
hazardous substancesbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use andbull Ensure that the machinery equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and
examined so that it is safe for use
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure so far as is reasonablypracticable the machinery or equipment erected installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used
Duties of a Person at WorkIt is the duty of every person at workbull To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplacebull To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not
endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safetydevices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personalprotective equipments
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Page 50
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures as far as it being reasonablypracticable to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or hisown employees
Definition of ldquoReasonably PracticablerdquoThe term ldquoreasonably practicablerdquo means that the degree of risk in a particular situationcan be balanced against the time trouble cost and physical difficulty of taking measuresto avoid the risk
An action is considered to be practicable when it is capable of being done It takes intoaccountbull The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occurbull The degree of risk (or likelihood) of that injury or harm occurringbull How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating reducing or
controlling itbull The availability suitability and cost of the safeguardsbull The cost of putting safeguards in place needs to be measured against the
consequences of failing to do so Whether the employer can afford to put thenecessary safeguards in place is not a consideration particularly where there isrisk of serious injury or frequent but less severe injury
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Annex C Sample Risk Assessment 1 - Retail Sector
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company AGT Company Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Ms Lim (Store MMs Pang (Store 03 Jan 2010 Process Location Selling dietary supplements
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Cecilia Quek (Managing Director)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
1a Arrangingproducts on
display shelves
Falling objects Foot injury Wear covered shoesonly
Exercise extra cautionand ensure productsare displayed at least5 cm away from edge
Moderate Occasional Medium
1b Fall from height Sprain Use step ladder whenarranging products onshelves aboveshoulder height
Moderate Remote Low
1c Manual handling(heavy lifting asproducts come inbulk and weigh up to50 kg)
Low back pain Cart available to assistin moving productsaroundBoxes with weightindication
Moderate Occasional Medium
2 Attending to shop Prolonged standing Swollen feet Wear comfortableshoesShop attendantsbriefed ndash to takebreaks every hour ofworkChair provided
Minor Occasional
Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
Dealing withworkplace robbery
Physical injury bull Post signsstating thatthe cashregister onlycontainsminimal cash
bull Periodicpatrolling bysecurityofficer
Major Remote Medium
3 Cleaning shelvesfurniture etc
Direct contact withharsh cleaning agents
Skin irritation problem
bull Rubbergloves wornwheneverone ishandlingchemicals
bull Selection anduse ofchemicalsthat claim tobe less harshon skin ndashinformationfrom thelabels
Moderate Remote Low
Inhaling chemicals Giddy headache bull Use ofchemicalskept atminimal
bull Avoid using
spray bottleto applychemicals toeliminateaerosolisation
Minor Remote Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health
Existing RiskControl
(if any)
Severity LikelihoodRiskLeve
bull Chemicalskept closedand stored indesignatedcabinets afteruse
Slippery work surface Slip and fall bull Floors aremopped afterbusinesshour
bull Ensureshoes wornto work havegood traction
Minor Occasional Low
Overstretching bending whilecarrying outhousekeeping
Muscle aching bull
Use ofbucketequippedwith mopwringer
bull Use of stepladder whencleaning highshelving
bull Adoptsquattingposture whencleaning lowshelving
bull 2-person task ndash to share
the workload
Minor Occasional Low
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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Sample Risk Assessment 2 - Business Services (Office-Based)
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Company ABC Consultancy Pte Ltd
Conducted by(Names designations)(Date)
Mr Keng (Senior(Senior Human REngineer)03 Jan 2010
Process LocationProvide financial consultancy tomembers of the public Time SquareBuilding
Approved by(Name designation)(Date)
Ms Lilian Woo (President)05 Jan 2010
Last Review Date NA Next
1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health ampPersons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
1a Making cold-calls toreach out to potentialclients
Prolonged use oftelephone withoutheadset (with mosttimes cradling)
Neck strain shoulderstrain and aching ndashself
bull Each stationequipped withheadset
Minor Occasional Low
1b Improper sittingposture or notusing low backsupport whilesitting
Low back pain bull Ergonomically-designedchairsprovided forallemployees
bull
Take shortbreak afterevery hour ofwork
Moderate Occasional Medi
2a Use of computers Prolonged staringinto computerscreen
Eye strain bull Provideadequate (nottoo
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
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Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
bright)lighting
bull Screenpositioned inposition toavoid glare
2b Prolonged typing Wrist injury (carpaltunnel syndrome)
bull Use of wristcushion
bull Take frequentbreak
bull Use ofergonomically-designmouse
bull Positioning ofhands andwrists awayfrom sharpedge of table
Moderate Occasional Medi
3a Stacking retrieving ofboxes from overheadcabinets
Loose items fallingoff during stacking
Struck by fallingobject
bull Exercise extracaution duringstacking
bull Employeesreminded tostack one boxat a time
bull Use of step
ladder toavoid tip-toeing whenstacking retrievingitems from
Minor Occasional Low
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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1 Hazard Identification 2 Risk Evaluation
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d
No Work Activity HazardPossible Accident
Ill Health amp
Persons-at-Risk
Existing Risk Control
(if any)Severity Likelihood
RisLev
overheadcabinet
4a Working in air-conditioned building
Stuffy environment Discomfort NA Moderate Occasional Medi
4b Noise (annoyance)from officeequipments
Irritation NA Minor Frequent Medi
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Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
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Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
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Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 5768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 57
Annex D Methodology of Risk Assessment
Determination of Likelihood
Ranking Criteria
Frequent (F) Frequent or repeating occurrence
Occasional (O) Possible or known to occur
Remote (R) Not likely to occur
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Major (Ma) Fatal serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease
Includes amputations major fractures multiple injuries occupational cancer
acute poisoning and fatal diseases)
Moderate(Mo)
Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability
Includes lacerations burns sprains minor fractures dermatitis deafnesswork-related upper limb disorders)
Minor (Mi) No additional risk control measures may be needed
However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk levelassigned is accurate and does not increase over time
(Includes minor cuts and bruises irritation ill-health with temporary
discomfort)
Determination of Risk Level
SeverityLikelihood
Major (Ma) Moderate (Mo) Minor (Mi)
Frequent (F) High High Medium
Occasional (O) High Medium Low
Remote (R) Medium Low Low
SignificanceRating
Acceptability ofImpact Risk
Improvement Actions
Low Acceptable No further action required
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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983108983122983105983110983124
Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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983108983122983105983110983124
Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6668
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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Page 58
MediumModeratelyacceptable
Careful evaluation of the hazards aspects should becarried out to ensure that the risk impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a defined timeperiod
To consider introducing engineering controlsadministrative actions operational control procedures ortake the aspects hazards into account in the setting ofobjectives and targets
High Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls administrative actionsand operational control procedures or take thesignificant aspects hazards into account in the settingof objectives and targets
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Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
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Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
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Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
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Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 5968
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 59
Annex E Summary of Common WSH Hazards by Industry
Affected Sectors Common WSH Hazards Examples
Wholesale amp RetailIndustry
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsHigh stacksInsecure stacksInadequate rackingStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floorSlippery floorUneven floorCongested workplace
Manual handling ndashawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingOverreachingProlonged standing
Chemical hazardHarsh cleaning agentHairdressing productsNail polishers and removalagents
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry customerDrunken customers
CutsSharp edges of carton boxesHandling penknives
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Educational
Fall from height Work on stepladders or ladders
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projectionsStacking at heights
Slip trip and fall
Wet floor
Slippery floorCongested workplaceUneven floor
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingKeyboard workProlonged sitting
Chemical hazard Chemicals used in laboratories
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983108983122983105983110983124
Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
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Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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983108983122983105983110983124
Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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983108983122983105983110983124
Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6568
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6668
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6068
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 60
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hour
Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceAngry studentAngry parent
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Arts Entertainmentand Recreation
Fall from heightWork on or laddersWork on elevated platform orstage
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floorUneven walk surface
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged standingLifting heavy objects
Chemical hazardPaintsThinnersPolishes
FatigueLong work hourHeavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electrical
equipment
Cuts Handling
Noise Special effects
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Financial andinsurance activitiesBusiness services
Fall from height Work on stepladder or ladder
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallSlippery floor
Uneven walk surface
Awkward posture andrepetitive movement
Prolonged use of telephoneComputer workstationKeyboard work
Fatigue Heavy workload
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6168
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6268
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6368
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
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983108983122983105983110983124
Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6568
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6668
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6168
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 61
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Indoor air quality (IAQ)Extremes temperaturesInadequate lighting
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Real Estate Rentaland LeasingActivities
Struck by or againstobjects
Low headroomSharp projections
Slip trip and fallWet floorSlippery floorUneven floor
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standingKeyboard work
Chemical hazard Harsh cleaning agent
Indoor air quality (air-conditioned building)
Extremes temperaturesChemical odour and fumesInadequate lighting
FatigueLong work hourShift work
Electrical hazardPoorly maintained electricalequipment
Workplace violenceCriminal attackAngry or mentally ill clients
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(working indoor)
Extremes temperatures
Extremes relative humidityInadequate lighting
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Agriculture (modern)and Fishing
Manual handlingawkward posture andrepetitive movement
Lifting carrying pushing andpullingProlonged standing
Slip trip and fallWet floorsWet flooring (of the fishingboats)
Struck by or against
objects
Low headroom
Sharp projections
Chemical hazard
Application of pesticides andherbicidesDustsFumes
Drowning Deep-sea fishing
Violence Pirates
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6268
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6368
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6468
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6568
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6668
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6268
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 62
Sector Common WSH Hazards Examples
Harsh weathersLightingsStormy weathers
CutsHandling crustacean seafoodHandling thorny plants
Biological hazard
Handling crustacean seafood
Animal stings (ticks mosquitoes)
NoiseAnimal farmsHandling or working near topumps generators and motors
UV radiation Outdoor activities
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6368
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6468
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6568
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6668
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6368
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 63
Annex F WSH Management Programme Checklist5
WSH Policy
There is a WSH policy developed endorsed and signed by the top management
There are WSH objectives and goals established
All employees are well aware of company WSH policy
Managers supervisors and employees understand and accept their WSH responsibilitiesManagement is actively involved in WSH management
There are adequate resources are provided for WSH management
Employees are provided sufficient time to perform tasks related to WSH
Employees are consulted regarding WSH matters
Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)
There are written SWP for hazardous jobs
SWPs have been communicated to all affected employees
SWPs are endorsed by management and periodically reviewed
WSH TrainingManagement has identified the WSH training needs of employees
Training is planned according to the needs analysis
WSH training is evaluated
Group Meetings
There are regular meetings or discussions among employees and supervisors on WSH-related mattersWSH-related matters are discussed in management meetings
There is a WSH committee setup (if number of employees is more than 50)
In-House WSH Rules and RegulationsThere are written in-house WSH rules and regulations
Employees and contractors (if any) are made fully aware of the in-house rules andregulationsIn-house WSH rules and regulations are endorsed by senior or top management andperiodically reviewed
WSH Promotions
There are promotional activities organised regularly and aim to create proactive WSHcultureThere are satisfactory participation from the management and employees
There is a designated location used to display WSH Policy posters and WSH updates
Evaluation Selection and Control of Contractors
There is a written procedure to asses and evaluate the WSH performance of contractors
Management only select contractors that work in a safe manner ie able to meet theWSH requirements set by the organizationContractors are made aware of and acknowledge their WSH obligations andresponsibilities before they start work
5 This checklist is meant as a quick check in highlighting the basic elements of WSH management programme It
is not an indication of legislative compliance or a fully WSH management system setup
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6468
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6568
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6668
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6468
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 64
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement on incidentreportingThere is an effective process for reporting workplace incidents and hazards
Work-related incidents are investigatedLessons learnt from workplace incidents are shared with employees
WSH Inspections
WSH Inspections are carried out by employees who are familiar with WSH
Work areas are regularly inspected and inspections are documented
There is a follow-up conducted on recommended preventive or corrective actions
Maintenance Regime
There is a maintenance programme for all machineries and equipments
Machineries and equipments are maintained according to themanufacturerrsquos
recommendationThe records of inspection and maintenance are documented
Risk Assessment
Managers and employees understand and act on the legislative requirement to reduce riskin the workplaceRoutine and non-routine work activities are evaluated using risk assessment tool
Control of risk is planned in accordance with risk assessment results and in accordancewith the ldquohierarchy of controlsrdquoThe effectiveness of risk controls is monitored and evaluated
Risk controls are corrected when they are not effective
Occupational Health ProgrammeThere are adequate numbers of first-aid boxes provided
There are adequate numbers of appointed first aiders
Occupational health risks are identified and programmes are set up accordingly
Emergency Preparedness
Potential emergency situations are identified
There are emergency plans developed and implemented for all the potential emergencysituationsThere are regular drills or exercises conducted
The emergency response plans are regularly reviewed
Evaluation of WSH Management Programme
Top management conducts review at least once a year on the WSH managementprogrammeActions are taken to address the gaps identified from the review
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6568
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6668
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6568
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 65
Acknowledgements
Local references
Ministry of Manpower
WSH Legislationhttpwwwmomgovsglegislationwshhtml
bull Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006
bull WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006bull WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006
bull WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2008
bull WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006
bull Work Injury Compensation Act 2008
bull A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health Act by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Risk Management) Regulations by MOM
bull A Guide to the WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations by MOMbull A Guide to the Work Injury Compensation Benefits and Claim Process by MOM and
WSHC
bull Workplace Safety and Health Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines by MOM
Guidelines to managing common workplace safety and health hazardshttpwwwmomgovsgmanaging_workplace_hazards
bull Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures 2000
bull Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
bull Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines 2002
bull Factsheet on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
bull Guideline for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control 1999bull Guideline on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard 2002bull Guideline on Local Exhaust Ventilation 2004
bull Factsheet on Material Safety Data Sheetsbull Guideline on Work in Standing Sitting Positions MOM
bull Factsheet on Manual Handling MOM
bull Factsheet on Office Ergonomics MOM
bull Guideline on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
bull Guideline on Handling Asbestos Material
bull Guideline on Removal of Asbestos Materials from Buildings
Workplace Safety and Health Council
httpwwwwshcgovsgcmswshcresources
bull Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environmentbull Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
Singapore Standards Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
bull CP 5 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
bull SS 5542009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
bull SS 5142005 Code of Practice for Office Ergonomics
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6668
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6668
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 66
bull Workplace Safety and Health Guidelines Fatigue Management by WSH Council
bull Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2005 by Department of Statistics Ministryof Trade amp Industry
bull Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height
bull CP 84 Code of Practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
bull SS 548 Code of Practice for Selection use and maintenance of respiratory protective
devicesbull SS 549 Code of Practice for Selection use care and maintenance of hearing protectorsbull SS 473-2 Personal eye-protectors -selection use and maintenance
bull SS 513-1 Personal protective equipment -Footwear - Safety footwearbull SS 508-3 Graphical symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
bull CP 92 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
bull SS 506 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems
Overseas references
International Labour Organisationhttpwwwiloorg
bull Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety by International Labour Organisationbull Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 2001
US Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) httpwwwoshagov bull Guidelines for Retail Grocery Stores 2004
bull Computer Workstations e-Toolbull Grocery Warehousing Ergonomics e-Tool
bull Controlling Electrical Hazards 2002
bull Confined Spaces Advisor
National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) US
bull NIOSH Publication No 97-141 Chapter 5 HandWrist Musculoskeletal Disorders
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HandWrist Tendinitis and Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)Evidence for Work-Relatedness
bull Building Air Quality A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers 1991
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USAn Office Building Occupants Guide to Indoor Air Quality 1997
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USANSIASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK
bull HSE Information Sheet Preventing Slips and Trips at Workbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Use of Ladders and Stepladders An Employerrsquos Guide
bull Agriculture Information Sheet No 25 Managing Confined Spaces on Farmsbull HSE Information Sheet Safe Work in Confined Spaces
bull Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A NationalGuideline 2006
bull HSE Information Sheet Pesticides ndash Use Them Safely
bull HSE Information Sheet Skin at Work Hairdressing
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6768
983108983122983105983110983124
Page 67
Canada Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOSH) Canada
bull Office Ergonomics
bull Office Ergonomics Handbook by Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc
bull Confined Space
bull Slips Trips and Falls
WorkSafe British Columbia Canadabull Health and Safety Guide for Small Retail Business 2006
bull Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling 2010
bull Health and Safety Guide for New Retail Worker 2006
WorkSafe Victoria AustraliaA Guide to Health and Safety in the Office 2006
Comcare and the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission AustraliaGuides to Preventing Slips Trips and Falls 2002
Singapore Standards can be obtained fromToppan Leefung Pte Ltd
1 Kim Seng Promenade18-01 Great World City East TowerSingapore 237994Tel (65) 6826 9600Fax (65) 6820 3341For general inquiries enquiriestoppanleefungcom
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide
8132019 DRAFT Guide Common WSH Hazards Public Consult
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldraft-guide-common-wsh-hazards-public-consult 6868
983108983122983105983110983124
Drafted in April 2010 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower This guide is co-developed by the Workplace Safety and HealthCouncil and the Ministry of Manpower
All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or byany means in whole or in part without prior written permission The information provided inthis guide is accurate at time of publication As a guide this booklet has no legal standingThe Workplace Safety and Health Council and Ministry of Manpower do not accept anyliability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following the guide