draft final report - world bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/369471468041971982/...study on...

GOVERNMENT OF JHARKHAND

Engineer-in-Chief-cum-Member Secretary Programme Management Unit

State Water & Sanitation Mission Drinking Water & Sanitation Department

Ranchi, Jharkhand

Doranda Market (Pani Tanki Campus), Doranda, Ranchi Phone: 0651-240920, 9431171291

Environmental Assessment &

Environmental Management Framework For the World Bank Assisted Water Supply Projects

in Selected Districts of Jharkhand

DRAFT FINAL REPORT

MARCH-2013

ENV Developmental Assistance Systems (India) Pvt Ltd (NABET Accreditation Quality Council of India)

B-5/131, Indira Nagar, Lucknow- 226018 Phone: 0522-2310576/77

E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.dasindia.org

E4182 v6

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mailto:[email protected]

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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for

The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand

Environmental Assessment & Environmental Management Framework for The World Bank Assisted Water Supply Projects in Selected Districts of Jharkhand

TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION SUBJECT PAGE NO

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A - F

CHAPTER - 1 1 - 6

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 BACKGROUND 1

1.2 JHARKHAND STATE WATER AND SANITATION MISSION 1

1.2.1 MAIN OBJECTS 2

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY 2

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 2

1.5 THE STUDY AREA 3

1.6 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY 3

1.6.1 APPROACH 3

1.6.2 METHODOLOGY 3

1.6.2.1 DATA COLLECTION AND REVIEW 3

1.6.2.2 SAMPLE HABITATIONS FOR FIELD STUDY 4

1.6.2.3 SITE VISITS 5

1.6.3 METHODS FOR DATA COLLECTION 5

1.6.4 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION 5

1.6.5 CONSULTATIONS 6

1.6.5.1 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION 6

1.6.5.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION / DISCLOSURE WORKSHOPS 6

CHAPTER - 2 7 - 22

2 RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION IN JHARKHAND : POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK & PROGRAM

7

2.1 RWSS AT NATIONAL CONTEXT 7

2.2 SECTOR REFORMS PROJECT 8

2.3 SWAJALADHARA 8

2.4 SUB – MISSION PROJECT (SMP) 9

2.5 TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN 11

2.6 REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 12

2.6.1 THE 73RD

AMENDEMENT TO CONSTITUTION OF INDIA AND JHARKHAND PANCHAYAT RAJ ACT 2001

12

2.6.2 NATIONAL WATER POLICY 13

2.6.3 NATIONAL WATER MISSION CLIMATE CHANGE 13

2.6.4 JHARKHAND STATE WATER POLICY 2011 13

2.6.5 GUIDELINES FOR GROUND WATER USE 14

2.6.6 THE WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974 14

2.6.7 THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977 14

2.6.8 THE AIR (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT 1981 14

2.6.9 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 14

2.6.10 THE EIA NOTIFICATION OF 2006 15

2.6.11 THE WETLANDS (CONSERVATION NAD MANAGEMENT) RULES, 2010 15

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2.6.12 THE HAZARDOUS WASTES ( MANAGEMENT, HANDLING & TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT) RULES, 2008

15

2.6.13 BIO MEDICAL WASTE (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES, 1998 15

2.6.14 MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING RULES 2000 15

2.6.15 E WASTE (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES, 2011 16

2.6.16 EIA MECHANISM AND WILDLIFE CLEARANCES 16

2.6.17 WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972 16

2.6.18 FOREST CONSERVATION ACT, 1980 16

2.6.19 THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 16

2.6.20 THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT, 2002 17

2.6.21 WORLD BANK SAFEGAURD POLICIES 17

2.6.22 PERMISSIONS, CLEARANCES AND INSTITUTIONS 19

2.7 SECTOR INSTITUTIONS 20

2.7.1 CONVERGING INSTITUTIONS 20

2.7.1.1 NODAL INSTITUTIONS: DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT (DWSD OR DDWS)

21

2.7.1.2 PROPOSED WORLD BANK ASSISTED PROJECT 21

CHAPTER - 3 23 - 70

3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 23

3.1 INTRODUCTION 23 3.2 AN OVERVIEW OF JHARKHAND: HISTORY 23 3.3 GEOGRAPHY OF JHARKHAND 23 3.3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 23 3.3.1.1 LOCATION 23 3.3.1.2 ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP 24

3.3.1.3 DEMOGRAPHY 25

3.3.1.3.1 POPULATION (CENSUS 2001) IN LAKHS 25

3.3.1.3.2 ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS 25

3.3.1.4 IRIGATIONAL POTENTIAL 26 3.3.1.5 NATURAL RESOURCES 26 3.3.1.5.1 FOREST & WILDLIFE 26 3.3.1.5.1.1 INTRODUCTION 26

3.3.1.5.1.2 LAND USE PATTERN OF THE STATE 26

3.3.1.5.1.3 FOREST COVER 26

3.3.1.5.1.4 FOREST COVER IN TRIBAL DISTRICTS IN JHARKHAND 27

3.3.1.5.1.5 REASONS FOR CHANGE DETECTED IN 2011 ASSESSMENT 28

3.3.1.5.1.6 FOREST COVER OF THE STATE IN DIFFERENT ALTITUDE ZONE 28

3.3.1.5.1.7 FOREST COVER IN DIFFERENT FOREST TYPES 28

3.3.1.5.1.8 TREE COVER 29

3.3.1.5.1.9 GROWING STOCK 29

3.3.1.5.1.10 BAMBOO 29

3.3.1.5.2 IMPORTANT PLANTS 29 3.3.1.5.3 WILDLIFE 29 3.3.1.6 MINES & GEOLOGY 30

3.3.1.7 INFRASTRUCTURE 30

3.3.1.7.1 ROAD 30

3.3.1.7.2 ALL WEATHER AND METAL ROADS 30

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3.3.1.7.3 HEALTH 30

3.3.1.8 INDUSTRIALISATION 31

3.3.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY 31

3.3.2.1 FORMATION 31

3.3.2.2 DIVISIONS 31

3.3.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY 31

3.3.3.1 RANCHI PLATEAU 31

3.3.3.2 PAT REGION 31

3.3.3.3 HAZARIBAGH PLATEAU 32 3.3.3.4 KODERMA PLATEAU 32 3.3.3.5 SIMDEGA-SINGHMBHUM UPLANDS 32 3.3.4.6 MANBHUM AREA 32 3.3.3.7 PALAMU PLATEAU 32 3.3.3.8 RAJMAHAL PLATEAU 32 3.3.3.9 DAMODAR VALLEY 33

3.3.4 RIVER BASINS OF JHARKHAND 33 3.3.4.1 EAST FLOWING RIVERS: 33 3.3.4.2 NORTH FLOWING RIVERS: 33 3.3.4.3 SOUTH EAST FLOWING RIVERS: 33

3.3.5 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF JHARKHAND 34

3.3.6 GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES 34

3.3.7 CLIMATE 36

3.3.8 ECOLOGY 36 3.3.8.1 ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS 37 3.3.8.2 DROUGHT AND OTHER HAZARDS 37 3.3.8.3 WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES RESERVE FORESTS 38

(A) HAZARIBAGH WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 38

(B) PALAMU NATIONAL PARK 38

(C) BETLA NATIONAL PARK 38 (D) DALMA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 39 (E) PALAMAU TIGER RESERVE 39 (F) TOPCHANCHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 39 3.4 AGRICULTURE 40

3.4.1 AGRICULTURE & LAND HOLDINGS 41

3.4.2 SOILS 41

3.4.3 LANDUSE PATTERN 42

3.5 WATER RESOURCES IN JHARKHAND – AN INTRODUCTION 43

3.5.1 STATUS OF SURFACE WATER IN JHARKHAND 43

3.5.1.1 MAJOR STREAMS OF JHARKHAND 43

3.5.1.1.1 BRAHMANI RIVER SYSTEM 43

3.5.1.1.2 SUBARNAREKHA RIVER SYSTEM 43

3.5.1.1.3 DAMODAR RIVER SYSTEM 44

3.5.1.1.4 AMANAT & ANURANGA RIVER SYSTEM 44

3.5.1.1.5 BARAKAR AJOY & MAYURAKSHI RIVERS 44

3.5.1.1.6 WETLANDS OF JHARKHAND 44

3.5.1.1.7 MAJOR WETLANDS TYPES OF JHARKHAND 44

3.5.1.1.8 DISTRICT WISE WETLAND STATISTICS & MAPS 45

3.5.1.1.9 IMPORTANT WETLANDS OF JHARKHAND 46

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a. UDHWA LAKE (BIRD SANCTUARY) 47

b. GETALSUD RESERVOIR 47

c. TILAIYA RESERVOIR 48

d. KONAR RESERVOIR 48

e. TENUGHAT RESERVOIR 49

f. MASSANJOR RESERVOIR 49

3.5.2 STATUS OF GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY 49

3.5.3 DISTRICT WISE STATUS OF AVAILABILITY & QUALITY OF GROUND WATER 50

3.5.3.1 AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY 50

3.5.3.2 DEPTH OF WATER & DISCHARGE 53

3.5.3.3 GROUND WATER MAPS OF JSAC 55

3.5.3.4 SUMMARY 55

3.5.4 DRINKING WATER & SANITATION 56 3.5.4.1 RURAL WATER SUPPLY THROUGH PIPE LINE 56 3.5.4.2 URBAN WATER SUPPLY THROUGH PIPE LINE 56 3.5.4.3 ARSENIC AND FLUORIDE TREATMENT 56

3.5.4.4 COVERAGE & TYPES OF SOURCES 56

3.5.4.5 CURRENT WATER SUPPLY AND TREATEMENT PLAN 57

3.6 SANITATION 58

3.6.1 QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES 59

3.6.2 TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN 60 3.6.3 ISSUES IN SANITATION 60 3.6.4 PROFILE OF DISEASES CAUSED BY POLLUTANTS IN JHARKHAND 60 3.6.4.1 THE POLLUTANTS 60 3.6.4.2 PROBLEM OF ARSENIC: 61

3.6.4.3 CONTAMINATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 62

3.6.4.4 INCREASING POLLUTION IN THE RIVERS 62

3.7 THE PRIMARY VILLAGE LEVEL DATA 63

3.7.1 INTRODUCTION 63

3.7.2 DRINKING WATER 63

3.7.3 WATER TREATEMENT 64

3.7.4 DEFECATION PRACTICES 65

3.7.5 HAND CLEANING 65

3.7.6 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL 66

3.7.7 WASTE WATER DISPOSAL 67

3.7.8 SALIENT POINTS OF VILLAGE DATA 67

3.7.9 CONCLUSION OF FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION / PUBLIC CONSULTAION 69

CHAPTER - 4 71 - 82

4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT APPRAISAL & ASSESSMENT 71

4.1 KEY PARAMETERS 71

4.2 APPRAISAL 71

4.3 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 73

4.3.1 IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF JHARKHAND 73

4.4 THE PRIMARY DATA 74

4.4.1 ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT – ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 74

4.4.1.1 DRINKING WATER 75

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4.4.1.2 SANITATION 78

4.4.1.3 AVAILABILITY OF DATA 79

4.4.1.4 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY 80

4.5 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 80

4.5.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IDENTIFIED 80

4.5.1.1 POTENTIAL POSITIVE OR BENEFICIAL IMPACTS 80

4.5.1.2 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS 81

4.5.1.3 POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 81

4.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 82

CHAPTER – 5 83-106

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 83

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 83

5.1.1 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 83

5.1.1.1 WATER AVAILABILITY 83

5.1.1.1.1 ESTIMATION OF ADDITIONAL WATER REQUIREMENT 83

5.1.1.1.2 ADDITIONAL WATER REQUIREMENT 84

5.1.1.1.3 MEASURES TO AUGMENT WATER SUPPLIES 86

5.1.1.2 WATER QUALITY 87 5.1.1.2.1 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 87 5.1.1.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 87 5.1.1.2.3 GROUND WATER QUALITY 87 5.1.1.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 87 5.1.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 87

5.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION 88

5.1.3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 89

5.1.3.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 89

5.1.4 CONSTRUCTION STAGE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 89

5.1.4.1 MITIGATION MEASURES 90

5.1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 90

5.1.5.1 OBJECTIVES OF EMF 90

5.1.5.2 KEY ELEMENTS OF THE EMF 91

1. COLLECTION OF BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL DATA 91

2. CLASSIFICATION OF SCHEMES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING 91

3. ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL 91

4. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING DURING IMPLEMENTATION AND O&M PHASES

91

5.1.6 APPLICATION OF EMF TO PROJECT 92

5.1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION AND MONITORING 94

5.1.8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 95

5.1.8.1 VILLAGE LEVEL GPWSC AND SOS 95

5.1.8.2 SCHEME LEVEL COMMITTEE (SLC) FOR MVSS 96

5.1.8.3 DISRTICT LEVEL 96

5.1.8.4 STATE LEVEL 96

5.1.9 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 98

5.1.10 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING 98

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5.1.10.1 OBJECTIVES 99

5.1.10.2 APPROACH 99

5.1.10.3 INSTITUTIONS FOR TRAINING 99

5.1.10.4 DETAILS OF TRAINING PROGRAMMES 99

5.1.10.5 TRAINING ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 99

5.1.10.5.1 PURPOSE OF THE TRAINING 99

5.1.10.5.2 PARTICIPANTS 99

5.1.10.5.3 SCHEDULE 100

5.1.10.6 DETAILS OF TRAINING PROGRAMMES 100

5.1.10.7 BUDGET 101

5.1.11 GUIDELINES / ENVIRONMENTAL CODE OF PRACTICES 102

5.2 SUMMARY GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 104

A. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AND KEY COMPONENTS 104

B. MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 104

C. THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 105

D. MITIGATION MEASURES 105

E. MONITORING AND AUDITS 106

F. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND REPORTING 106

G. CONCUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 106

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLES SUBJECT PAGE NO

TABLES

1. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION FOR THREE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ASSESSMENTS 5

2. TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION FOR THREE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ASSESSMENTS 5

3. PROGRESS OF RWSS PROGRAMME, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 7

4. WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES 17

5. REVISED PROJECT OUTLINE 22

6. ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS 25

7. DISTRICT-WISE FOREST COVER AREA IN JHARKHAND 27

8. FOREST COVER CHANGE MATRIX 28

9. MINES & GEOLOGY IN JHARKHAND STATE 30

10. HEALTH 30

11. MINERAL AVAILABILITY AT A GLANCE 35

12. STATUS OF IMPORTANT MINERAL RESOURCES OF JHARKHAND 35

13. STATUS LIST OF DISTRICTS AFFECTED BY HAZARDS OF VARIOUS KINDS 37

14. SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL PARKS AND WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES 39

15. LANDUSE PATTERN 42

16. AREA ESTIMATES OF WETLANDS IN JHARKHAND 44

17. DISTRICT-WISE WETLAND AREA 45

18. STATUS OF GROUND WATER HYDROGEOLOGY 50

19. STATUS OF GROUND WATER IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF JHARKHAND: SUMMARY 51

20. MAJOR GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS 55

21. ARSENIC AND FLUORIDE TREATMENT 56

22. DISTRICT WISE TYPES OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES 57

23. HOUSEHOLDS BY AVAILABILITY OF TYPE OF LATRINE FACILITY: IN THE RURAL AREAS 58

24. TYPES OF PROBLEMS RELATED TO QUALITY IN VARIOUS DISTRICTS 59

25. TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN 60

26. CONCLUSIONS OF FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS / PUBLIC CONSULTATION 69

27. AUGMENTATION, REHABILITATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SINGLE VILLAGE SCHEMES (SVS) AND MULTI VILLAGE SCHEMES (MVS)

83

28. ADDITIONAL WATER REQUIREMENT 84

29. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 92

30. ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MAJOR PLAYERS IN IMPLEMENTING THE EMF 96

31. NUMBER OF TRAINING PROGRAMS 101

32. ESTIMATED COST OF TRAINING 101

33. BUDGET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 102

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LIST OF BOXES

BOXES SUBJECT PAGE NO

BOXES

1. NIRMAL BHARAT ABHIYAN 11

2. SOME KEY FEATURES OF THE SWSM, JHARKHAND 21

3. SINGHBHUM SHEAR ZONE 35

4. AVAILABILITY OF WATER: RECOMMENDED INITIATIVES (a) Garhwa 76

5. AVAILABILITY OF WATER: RECOMMENDED INITIATIVES (a) Palamau 77

6. ISSUES OF DRINKING WATER IN JHARKHAND 86

7. ISSUES OF SANITATION IN JHARKHAND 88

8. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 90

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LIST OF ANNEXURES ANNEXURES SUBJECT PAGE NO

107-311

Annexure 1 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FIELD DATA COLLECTION 107-112

Annexure 2 DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 10500 113-128

Annexure 3 GUIDELINES FOR WQM&S 129-132

Annexure 4 DISPOSAL OF REJECT BRINE FROM RO PLANT 133-134

Annexure 5 GUIDELINES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES 135-137

Annexure 6 SANITARY SURVEY OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES 138-139

Annexure 7 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINATIONOF DRINKING WATER SOURCES

140-141

Annexure 8 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKSOF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES

142-143

Annexure 9 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKSOF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES

144-145

Annexure 10 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKSOF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATERSOURCES

146-147

Annexure 11 SANITARY PROTECTION OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES 148-149

Annexure 12 FLUORIDE MITIGATION: EFFECTS OF EXCESS FLUORIDE IN WATER 150-153

Annexure 13 GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF GROUNDWATER SOURCES 154-158

Annexure 14 SELECTION OF SAFE SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LOCATION OF TOILETS

159-161

Annexure 15 RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE AND POLLUTION SAFEGUARDS FOR TWIN PIT POUR FLUSH LATRINES

162-165

Annexure 16 GUIDELINES FOR SAFE SULLAGE DISPOSAL AT HOUSEHOLD AND COMMUNITY LEVELS 166-169

Annexure 17 GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNITY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 170-175

Annexure 18 FORMATS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEETS (EDS) 176-184

Annexure 19 SCREENING TOOL FOR CATEGORIZING SCHEMES 185-186 Annexure 19A FORM 1A, EIA NOTIFICATION 187-192

Annexure 20 GUIDELINES FOR INTERNAL SUPERVISION 193-194

Annexure 21 CHECK LIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION/AUDIT 195-199

Annexure 22 SAMPLE FIELD VISIT REPORTS FOR INTERNAL SUPERVISION / EXTERNAL AUDIT 200-201

Annexure 23 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 202-203

Annexure 24 SAFETY PROVISIONS (BUILDING) CONVENTION, 1937 (NO. 62) 204-207

Annexure 25 FORMAT FOR DECLARATION BY CONTRACTOR/ CONSULTANT 208-209

Annexure 26 WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL: 4.01 210-219

Annexure 27 STATUS OF HEALTH & HEALTH SERVICES 220-226

Annexure 28 NATIONAL RWSS- LS PROGRAMME FOR FOUR STATES TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR STUDY ON ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

227-235

Annexure 29 LIST OF PROJECT DISTRICTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH ENGG. DIVISIONS FOR SELECTION OF SCHEMES

236-237

Annexure 30 THE LIST OF SAMPLE HABITATIONS FOR FIELD STUDY 238-239

Annexure 31 POLICY & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RELATED TO MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT 240-260

Annexure 32 DISEASES, AILMENTS AND DISABILITIES CAUSED BY POLLUTANTS 261-265

Annexure 33 IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF JHARKHAND 266-272

Annexure 34 THE PRIMARY VILLAGE LEVEL DATA – SALIENT FEATURES & ANALYSIS 273-312

Annexure 35 MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN 313-316

Annexure 36 GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC AND WORKER’S HEALTH AND SAFETY 317-319

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ABBREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AE Assistant Engineer

EE Executive Engineer

ARWSP Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme

BCM Billion Cubic Meter

CGWB Central Ground Water Board

CRSP Central Rural Sanitation Programme

DDWS Department of Water Supply & Sanitation (Jharkhand)

DPR Detailed Project Report

DPSU District Project Support Unit

DRP District Resource Person

DSR Detailed Scheme Report

DSU District Support Unit

DWSC District Water and Sanitation Committee

DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission

DWSD Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation

EA Environmental Analysis

ECOPs Environmental Codes of Practices

EDS Environmental Data Sheet

EE Executive Engineer

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMF Environmental Management Framework

FC Fully Covered

GP Gram Panchayat

GPWSC Gram Panchayat Water & Sanitation Committee

ICR Implementation Completion Report

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IHHL Individual Household Latrines

ISL Individual Sanitary Latrines

JE Junior Engineer

MCM Million Cubic Metre

MNP Minimum Need Programme

MoEF Ministry of Environment & Forests

MVS Multi Village Scheme

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

O&M Operation and Maintenance

OHT Over Head Tank

PC Partially Covered

PCs Production Centres

PSU Project Support Unit

RO Reverse Osmosis

RSM Rural Sanitary Mart

RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

SA Support Agency

SLC Scheme Level Committee

SLWM Solid and Liquid Waste Management

SMP Sub Mission Project

SOs Support Organizations

SPCB State Pollution Control Board

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SRP Sector Reform Project

SSHE School Sanitation and Hygiene Education

SVS Single Village Scheme

SWSM State Water Supply and Sanitation Mission

ToR Terms of Reference

TPPF Twin Pit Pour Flush

TSC Total Sanitation Campaign

UGD Under Ground Drainage

UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

VWSC Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committee

WB World Bank

ZP Zila Parishad

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STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

The report is presented in four chapters:

• Chapter-1: Introductory chapter presents salient features of the project, the methodology followed, and criteria for selection of sample habitations for preliminary site visits, schedule and the procedure followed for public consultations.

• Chapter-2: This chapter provides status of rural water supply and sanitation in Jharkhand and includes information on the rural water policy and relevant legal and regulatory framework of the proposed project. The contents briefly discuss the present rural water and sanitation institutions in the state, their roles and responsibilities with special focus on rural water supply and sanitation. The profile of the proposed project and the rules for participation of the beneficiary community in the project are also briefly discussed.

• Chapter-3: This chapter presents the baseline data on relevant environmental components in the State and and identifies the issues of environmental concern after critical review and analysis of the data.

• Chapter-4: Fourth chapter outlines the environmental management framework and analyses the potential environmental risks associated with the proposed project activities during the design, preparation, construction and operation phases as well as the mitigation measures for removing/ reducing the adverse impacts and enhancing the beneficial impacts of the project. The institutional and capacity building arrangements, monitoring and supervision arrangements and the financial arrangements for the implementation of the EMF are also presented in this chapter. Appropriate environmental performance indicators have been proposed for proper integration with other indicators as tools to facilitate periodic assessment of the project performance.

• Chapter-5: Presents the Environmental Management Framework which provides a systematic approach for identifying the various possible environmental impacts at the different stages of the scheme, identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identified environmental impacts and devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming environmental management in project implementation processes. The institutional and capacity building arrangements, monitoring and supervision arrangements and the financial arrangements for the implementation of the EMF are also presented in this chapter. Appropriate environmental performance indicators have been proposed for proper integration with other indicators as tools to facilitate periodic assessment of the project performance.

• Annexures: This report has 36 Annexures including detailed tools for screening and environmental assessment, detailed guidelines and codes of practice for improvement in environmental management and related areas.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION The Government of India has introduced the National Rural Drinking Water Supply Program in order to address water supply and sanitation problems in rural areas. The present project will use this NRDWSP to address the water and sanitation needs of the 4 Low Income States; Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand & Uttar Pradesh. The Jharkhand component of this project will be implemented in 6 selected districts of the state. This task is to be carried out through the State Drinking Water and Sanitation Mission under the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation. This RWSS Project for Low Income States will promote decentralized service delivery arrangements with increased Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) and community participation, improved financial sustainability and enhanced accountability at all levels. EA-EMF STUDY This proposed project falls under environmental category 'B' as per the World Bank’s OP 4.01. At this stage, the exact size and scope of various sub-projets to be taken up under the Project is not decided. Hence an Environmental Assessment is conducted and an Environment Managmnet Framework is prepared. This EA-EMF study, comprised i). Baseline Environment Assessment, ii). Policy and Legal Environment Analysis, iii). Institutional Assessment, iv). Environmental Issues and Impacts Identification, v). Proposing Mitigation Measures vi) Environmental Management Framework and vii). Institutional and Monitoring Arrangement and viii). Capacity Building. The Baseline Environment Assessment assesses the current status of rural water supply, availability of both groundwater and surface water sources and their quality and environmental sanitation status in the state along with status of other monitorable environmental parameters in the project area. The Policy and Legal Analysis identifies various policies and legal procedures to be followed by the proposed Project. The Institutional Assessment lists the various institutions involved in provision of rural water and sanitation services, their functions and lists their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Environmental Issues and Impacts Identification lists all the issues related to environment identified through analysis of primary and secondary information, field visits and consultations and the possible environmental impacts due to the proposed Project. Proposing Mitigation Measures recommends some generic environmental impact mitigation measures to manage the negative impacts and advocates some enhancement measures. Environmental Management Framework sets the procedures for sub-project impact assessment, screening, categorization, management and monitoring. Institutional and Monitoring Arrangements details the human resource requirements, functions and responsibilities for implementation along with identifying a set of monitorable indicators and their monitoring protocol. Capacity Building lists the actions required to build institutional capacity and training requirements of the involved personnel. This study was conducted using both participatory and consultative approaches. The methodology basically comprised collection and collation of secondary data and primary data. A review and analysis of this information led to the delineation of the baseline status of relevant environmental components pertaining to the State and provided the basis for assessment of the potential environmental impacts due to the proposed project and preparation of Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for mitigating negative impacts and enhancing positive impacts. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK This project is guided by policies and regulations enunciated by the Government of India and Government of Jharkhand. These include:

73rd Constitutional Amendment

The National Water Policy of 2012

National Water Mission

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Jharkhand State Water Policy

National Rural Sanitation & Hygiene strategy 2012-2022.

Guidelines for ground water use.

The Environment (Protection) Act, No.29 of 1986

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Central Act 6 of 1974) as amended in1988

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act No 36 of 1977

The Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act 1981

The Wetlands Conservation and Management rules 2010

EIA Mechanism and Wildlife Clearances

Wildlife protection Act, 1972

Indian Forest Act 1927

The Biological Biodiversity Act 2002

Forest (Conservation) Act No. 69 of 1980 as amended in l988

The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as Amended in 1991

EIA Notification of 2006 In addition to the above, the following World Bank Safeguards policies are applicable.

Safeguard Policy Applicability to this project

OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

Applicable to this project.

Hence an EMF is prepared including a detailed description of assessment procedures for each of the activities proposed under the project.

OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats

Not applicable. As the schemes to be taken up under the project would not convert or degrade natural habitats.

OP/BP 4.36 Forestry Applicable to the project.

Some of the sub-projects under the Project could be located in forest areas. Assessment procedures and mitigation measures are included in the EMP. These include procedures for obtaining approvals from Forest Department and guidelines for compensatory afforestation.

OP 4.09 Pest Management

Not Applicable. Vector control measures, if undertaken in the project will be in accordance with the OP 4.09 avoiding use of insecticides in classes 1a, 1b and 2.

OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement

Not Applicable. The project will ensure that people are not displaced.

OP/BP 4.20 Indigenous Peoples

Applicable to the project. To be decided based on the Social Assessment Study.

OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources

Not Applicable to the project. No existing cultural property will be damaged.

OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams

Not applicable. Since the project does not involve construction of dams.

OP/BP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways

Not Applicable to the project. There are no cross boundary rivers in the state.

OP/BP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas

Not applicable. As no project components will be proposed in disputed areas.

BASELINE DATA ANALYSIS The annual replenishable ground water resources in Jharkhand are estimated to be 5.58 BCM out of which about 20% is being utilized. Major rivers/ streams of Jharkhand include Brahmani, Subarnarekha, Damodar,

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Amanat, Anuranga, Barakar Ajoy and Mayurakshi. There are no zones classified as over e xploited, critical or semi-critical in Jharkhand. Extraction of groundwater is an issue due to the rocky terrain. Frequent drying of sources is also an issue reported. Water quality of shallow hand pumps is considered poor by the villagers. Groundwater in Jharkhand is affected in many districts with excess Fluoride, Iron, Nitrate and Arsenic. Bacterial contamination is found in surface water in many places in Jharkhand, in addition to increase in turbidity levels due to mining activities. There is reported radioactive contamination of water in East Singhbhum district. The presence of fissured rocks below top soil allows percolation of waste water into the ground. About 80% of rural areas in Jharkhand suffer water quality problems. The types of drinking water sources and the type of schemes existing in the rural areas of Jharkhand Open wells (Dug wells), Hand pumps, Tube wells, Surface sources (rivers, infiltration structures, dams etc) and Wetlands (ponds, lakes). The types of schemes are Single village schemes, Multi-village schemes, Piped water supply schemes and Mini water supply schemes. It may be observed that a majority (more than 75%) of the rural population of Jharkhand is dependent on hand pumps. The total requirement of water for the proposed schemes is approximately 66 MCM per annum which is roughly 2.8 % of annual replenishable groundwater and 1.5% of the available surface water resources available in Jharkhand. The status of sanitation in Jharkhand is very dismal, with only about 8% households having access to sanitation in the rural areas and the balance defecating in the open. Solid and Liquid Waste Management does not exist in most parts of rural Jharkhand. While the solid waste management is absent, the liquid waste management is limited to building of a few meters of isolated non-functional drains. Jharkhand has 22,894 SqKm of forest which is 29% of the total geographic areas of the state, which is amongst the highest in India. There are 11 wildlife sanctuaries and reserves in Jharkhand. Wetlands constitute an area of 170,000 ha. in the state. Forest lands are being increasingly designated as mines in Jharkhand thus reducing forest cover. Jharkhand is famous for its rich mineral resources like Uranium, Mica, Bauxite, Granite, Gold, Silver, Graphite, Magnetite, Dolomite, Fireclay, Quartz, Fieldspar, Coal (32% of India), Iron, Copper (25%of India) etc. The mining of these resources affects the groundwater availability and quality in addition to affecting streams and water bodies due to ore-waste, coal washeries and detritus. IMPACTS AND ISSUES The proposed project is likely to result in positive environmental impacts, owing to benefits such as improved access to safe water, enhanced availability of water, better sanitation, etc., due to investments in water supply systems, groundwater management, water harvesting, capacity building. etc. Some of the significant environmental issues are: (i) Water Availability, (ii) Water quality, (iii) Lack of Environmental sanitation, (iv) Near absence of Solid and liquid waste management and (v) Possibility of sub-projects in forest areas. However there are risks of potential adverse impacts due to improper location, planning, execution and management of schemes are listed below:

a) There are no known over-exploited blocks in the state. However, there is a possibility of local source being rendered due to over exploitation.

b) Locational impacts, if sub-projects are located near natural heritage site, protected forests, cultural heritage sites and archaeological monuments.

c) Inappropriately and poorly designed water treatment plants could cause contamination of water sources and water supplies resulting in negative health impacts.

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d) Occupational, health and public safety risks during construction and during operation and maintenance.

e) Safety and health issues due to storage of chemicals such as chlorine. f) Long term public health risks from use of materials such as Asbestos Cement pipes. g) Ill maintained water supply systems could result in water wastage and contamination. h) The impacts of mining activities are on forests, soil erosion, land subsidence, loss of biodiversity and

the impacts on water quantity and quality. The specific issues related to water and sanitation are enumerated below: Water The sources of water available in the rural areas of Jharkhand, as already listed earlier are open or dug wells, hand pumps, tube wells, rivers, lakes ponds or dams.

1. According to the results of tests of the water samples under the RGNDWM 7 out of 12 districts selected are afflicted with quality problems.

2. According to the reports of the CGWB there are quality problems of one or more kinds in almost all districts. Therefore there is discrepancy between the results of the two agencies.

3. The laboratories that were established at district levels are reported to be mostly non-functional and all tests are either done at the few functional laboratories or are not done at all.

4. Most of the rural population is covered by hand pumps. There are few piped water supply schemes. 5. The hand pumps installed in areas where fluoride levels are high are not provided any facility to treat

excess fluoride. 6. In spite of the fact the forest cover in Jharkhand, even after continued denudation for decades, is still

the maximum amongst the states of India and there is plenty of rainfall in Jharkhand ground water exploitation is very little. This is said to be because the geological formation at most places is rocky, water percolates into the ground through fissures and cracks and stored in voids, small in size, that hold limited quantities of water and yield small discharges. Bores are successful if these voids are hit. Otherwise they fail.

7. The quality of ground water is affected by the natural geological formations and have minerals of various kinds present in them. The quality of ground water is also aggravated by the leachates from mines.

8. One remarkable fact about the quality of ground water, as it appears from the test results of the RGNDWM, is that water obtained from hundreds of deep tube wells (in local terminology a tube well deeper than 50 m is called a deep tube well) the MPN count is very high. It is necessary to carry out a detailed and thorough investigation into the causes of the MPN being so high and in such a large no of tube wells.

9. The test reports on record, of deep tube wells, also reveal abnormally high turbidity contents. It also needs detailed investigation because if turbidity is contributed by partially soluble minerals within the strata, that form colloidal solutions in water, such as those of iron, the turbidity will have to be treated and iron, if it is in excess of permissible limits, will have to be brought within acceptable limits.

10. Because of uncertainty of success and short life of, and unsatisfactory quality of water in, tube wells there is reason for surface water to be preferred. The durability of source is certainly an advantage in case of river waters provided rivers are perennial. But there are hardly any perennial rivers in Jharkhand. The quality of river water is, however, much worse than the quality of tube well water. Provided that there is no chemical pollution, water from tube well requires only disinfection while river water requires complete treatment including sedimentation and filtration. The limited availability of power in rural areas is an equal demerit in both cases. The capital cost as well as the maintenance cost is likely to be higher for the river water than for the tube well water.

11. There are several dams and natural lakes in Jharkhand that can be used for supplying drinking water after treatment to sizeable chunks of rural population nearby. There also smaller wetlands that can be used, perhaps for single village schemes.

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12. It was observed that the perception people had of the quality of water was limited to the water being physically clean, without colour or turbidity. The devices used for storage of water were often unclean, particularly in places of public utility.

Sanitation

1. More than 90% households in rural areas defecate in the open. It is not only because people do not have sanitary latrines or cannot afford sanitary latrines but because it has become a matter of liking or a habit or kind of tradition for men to go out and far away from home for defecation, particularly if there is a river nearby. This is learnt from interaction, mostly with women folk available at homes during day time, on visit to an adivasi village in district Khunti.

2. Most people, men and women, adivasis and Muslims included, want sanitary latrines within their property, at least for female members of their family. Some people are willing as well as able to pay Rs 1000 to1500 for the latrines. Others are only willing and do not seem to be able to pay.

3. As data suggest where latrines have been constructed arrangement for proper disposal of effluent is not available at most places. The disposal is either in a nearby drain or in a pond or out in the open.

4. Septic tanks are generally not constructed in rural areas. People do not seem to be familiar with septic tanks. Soak pits are thus means of disposing effluent from latrines toilets. As geological formation underlying the surface of earth in most part of Jharkhand is rock with fissures and cracks that may often be continuous over long distances to establish connection between the crust and the ground water table, it can only be conjectured for the time being, that these latrines along with the ones that do not even have soak pits, could be a factor causing bacterial pollution of ground water.

5. It was observed that sanitation programs launched earlier, with assistance of the central government, like the ILCS (Integrated Low Cost Sanitation) did not take off well in spite of the fact that nearly half the cost of unit was available to beneficiaries as subsidy. It was not only in Jharkhand but in many other states also that the assistance of the government was poorly utilized. Analysis of performance of the program suggested following major factors being responsible:

Cumbersome accounting of the subsidy component

Requirement of cumbersome documentation in case of loan component for which there was provision

Lack of hassle-free and efficient delivery system

A large part of the unit was to be constructed in situ and people were not very confident about the quality

Lack of awareness about sanitation 6. There are no standard, officially accepted, authenticated designs for latrines for different soils and

geological and hydrological conditions (or geo-climatic conditions) available for people and implementers of the program to be assured of the credibility of the product quality.

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The findings of the EA study indicate that while the proposed project interventions are expected to result in overall environmental and public health improvements in the state, potential adverse impacts could occur if the schemes are not properly designed, sited, implemented, and maintained. To ensure that the identified environmental issues are addressed in the various stages of the implementation of the sub-projects an EMF has been developed for this project. In order to mainstream environmental management and to ensure that the EMF is systematically implemented for all the project sponsored schemes, the EMF needs to be integrated in the scheme cycle. This EMF proposes the following actions:

Filling the EDS

Screening of Sub-Projects

Classification of sub-projects

Conducting an EA and preparation of specific EMP in case of sub-projects with significant impacts

Implementation of the EMP given in the EMF for all sub-projects

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Monitoring of identified Environmental Indicators

Reporting At the Detailed Project Report (DPR) preparation stage, the available environmental information in the EDS will be evaluated and based on the level of expected environmental and public health impacts, the proposed scheme would be classified as Category 1 and Category 2, based on the potential impacts, whether limited or significant. The environmental classification of schemes by using the screening tool is done by the ES of the DPMU and submitted to Project Manager DPMU and then to EE of the concerned division of DDWS, who will also ensure that the scheme is evaluated in terms of applicability of the various policies, laws and guidelines and necessary procedures followed to ensure compliance and obtain necessary clearances and permissions should also be obtained. The screening of schemes will identify scheme specific issues and based on OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment, relevant Bank policies will be triggered to develop a mitigation plan which will be an Environmental Management Plan for a particular scheme. Appropriate institutional and implementation arrangements associated with capacity building and capacity support also require focused attention. As part of the generic Environment Management Plan this EMF has provided several Environmental Codes of Practice (ECoPs) with technical specification required for effective implementation. These ECoPs respond to the environmental priorities analyzed as part of the EA.

1. ECoPs for Identification of Sources of Water Supply

2. ECoPs on Protecting Surface Water Supply Source and Ensuring Sustainability

3. ECoPs on Protecting Ground Water Supply Sources and in Ensuring Sustainability

4. ECoPs on Water Quality Monitoring

5. ECoPs on selection of Safe Sanitation Technology Options (Including Drainage) at Individual Household and Community Level

6. ECoPs on Selection of Location for Community Toilets

7. ECoPs on Safe Sullage Disposal and Organic Waste Management

8. ECoPs on Safe Solid Waste Management at Individual Household and Community Level INSTIUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS At the State level the Empowered Committee prepares the environment policy and sets the guidelines for the EMF implementation, monitoring and evaluation. This committee also liaises with other departments with regard to environmental issues. The Project Director, SWSM will be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the EMF across the state. One State Level Environmental Expert in the state SPMU will ensure that environmental management activities are in conformity with the EMF and that necessary guidance and budget is provided to implement these plans. A capacity building program has been outlined as part of the EMF, aiming at building environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project implementation structure at all levels including communities. Capacity building for environmental management will be integrated with overall capacity building component of the project. For the achievement of the EMF related capacity building a budget of Rs. 4 crore has been proposed.



CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

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1. INTRODUCTION The State of Jharkhand, carved out from the State of Bihar in the year 2000, is spread over an area of about 79,700 square kilometre (skm) with population of about 27 million in 2001 (Census of India, 2001). More recent estimates (2007) have reported population of about 30 million in the State. According to the Census of India, 2001, urbanization levels are low as only about 22 percent of the State population resides in its urban centres. Administratively, the State is organized into 24 districts, 33 sub-divisions, 211 community development (CD) blocks and over 32,500 villages. Two notable features of Jharkhand are its high proportion of Scheduled Tribe population (about 28 percent in Jharkhand in comparison to 8 percent in India) and the high percentage of area under forest cover (about 29 percent in Jharkhand in comparison to 23 percent in India). Poverty levels in Jharkhand are among the highest in the country. As per the official records, in 2004-05 about 40 percent of the population was classified below the poverty line (BPL) in comparison to 28 percent in India. According to the Planning Commission Report, 2007, in rural areas poverty ratio is about 46 percent BPL in comparison to 28 percent in India, which is significantly higher than urban poverty (about 20 percent of the urban population BPL in comparison to 26 percent in India). (These figures are based on the Uniform Recall Period (URP) consumption, whereas those based on Mixed Recall Period (MRP) expenditure are lower overall both at the State and India. The data set substantiates the relatively higher levels of poverty in Jharkhand.

1.1 BACKGROUND A Brief Overview of the RWSS Sector in Jharkhand It is estimated that about 99,000 out of 120,000 (approximately 82 percent) of rural habitations in Jharkhand are Fully Covered (FC), indicating the proportion of FC habitations in the State is significantly higher than the all India level of about 57 percent. The number of Partly Covered (PC) and Not Covered (NC) habitations in Jharkhand is estimated at about 5,500 and 15,300 respectively (about 5 percent and 13 percent of the total number of rural habitations in the State). The figure is a significant contrast with the corresponding all India figures of 27 percent and 16 percent respectively. Notably, as per other estimates, even with only about 51 percent of the data for the State, which is available online, the estimated number of slipped back habitations between 1999-2005 in Jharkhand is about 10,000 (with about 7,700 rural habitations having slipped to the PC and about 2,300 habitations having slipped to the NC category). In a further indication of the challenges in ensuring sustainability and O&M, it is reported that about a quarter of the handpumps being non-functional at any point of time. The problem is compounded due to late reportage (concerned DW&SD Junior Engineers are often intimated of complaints three-four weeks later) and shortage of field staff (XLRI, 2005). The Census of India, 2001, indicates that in terms of household level arrangements, the majority of rural households depend on wells (about 58 percent) and handpumps (about 30 percent). Further, only about 10 percent of the rural households report water supply. Sanitation remains another significant challenge with the proportion of rural households. The Census of India, 2001 indicates that latrines being as low as 7% (in comparison to 22% in India). The Jharkhand Rural Water Supply & Sanitation sector assessment has pointed to issues relating to drainage and waste disposal (XLRI, 2005). The vision of the Jharkhand Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Sector is to ensure safe, adequate and sustainable drinking water and sanitation services cost effectively to all households, establishments and institutions in Jharkhand with a view to ensure a healthy and dignified life to all citizens of the state through community population at all levels.

1.2 JHARKHAND STATE WATER AND SANITATION MISSION The Government of India resolved to address the problems of sustainable water supply and sanitation in rural areas by focusing a strategic programme on the 4 worst affected states of the country - Assam, Bihar,

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Jharkhand & Uttar Pradesh. The Jharkhand component of the project shall be implemented in selected districts of the state, namely Garhwa, Palamu, Giridih, Dumka, Godda, Sahibganj, Pakur, Jamtara, Dhanbad, Saraikela, East Singhbhum (Jamshedpur) and Khunti. This task is to be carried out in the aforesaid selected districts through the State Drinking Water Mission under the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation.

1.2.1 MAIN OBJECTS

The main objectives of this project are:

To assess the existing status of environment in the state.

To identify environmental concern threats and issues related to the RWSS sector.

To identify the environmental issues associated with all phases of implementation.

Develop environmental codes of practices needed at various stages such as planning, construction and operation and maintenance.

To identify generic environmental issues beyond the scope of RWSS and suggest remedial measures.

To identify household and environmental sanitation issues.

To make an assessment of pollution level with regard to water supply and its usages & propose appropriate sanitation technology options.

To prepare an Environment Management Framework including well-defined performance indicators.

To identify good practices in conservation of water and recycling of waste material.

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY The scope of the study includes: 1. Conduct an analysis of the environmental status and issues in the program area for the state. 2. Identify the potential environmental impacts of range of activities to be undertaken through the state

projects and review the effectiveness of environmental management through the program systems. 3. Assess the country and state policy, present legal and regulatory requirements relevant to the WSS

program, the performance of the program and identification of provisions to ensure compliance. 4. Review of the existing capacity and institutional arrangements for environmental management in the

program in the programe area of the state. 5. Develop an Environmental Management Framework for the state.

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS The proposed project falls under environmental category 'B' as per the World Bank’s OP 4.01 (Annexure-26). Accordingly, an Environmental Analysis (EA) of the project has been commissioned by the Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation (DDWS) of the Govt of Jharkhand. This EA intends to provide insight into the environmental challenges facing the project, including source sustainability, water quality management, drainage, waste disposal and household sanitation issues. The project is under formulation. Presently, whereas the project activities and number of districts/villages have been tentatively determined, the specific sub-projects to be taken up in the project villages have yet to be identified. It is, therefore, decided to undertake EA and prepare Environmental Management Framework (EMF). The EMF shall provide detailed guidance for conducting screening and environmental assessment for sub-projects to be undertaken up under the DDWS. As such, the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the study have been formulated as in Annexure-27. The purpose of the EA is to identify upfront the potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence of the DDWS; examine project alternatives; identify methods of improving project selection, siting, planning, design and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts during project implementation. EA in the districts has taken into consideration the natural environment (air, water and land), human health and safety;

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country's overall policy framework, national legislation, institutional capabilities related to the environment and obligations of the country under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements.

1.5 THE STUDY AREA:

The consultants have covered the entire State of Jharkhand for secondary data analysis. However, primary (Village Level) data collection is focused on the following 12 selected districts of the proposed project:

1. GARHWA 2. GIRIDIH 3. GODDA 4. SAHIBGANJ

5. PAKUR 6. DHANBAD 7. PURBI SIGHBHUM 8. PALAMU

9. DUMKA 10. JAMTARA 11. KHUNTI 12. SARAIKELA

The project areas and investigation sites to be included under EA have been finalized in consultation with the PMU Jharkhand. The list of Divisions & indicative schemes to be covered as a part of EA study are enclosed as ANNEXURE-29.

1.6 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

1.6.1 Approach

As suggested in the Terms of Reference and in the World Bank’s OP 4.01, the approach to this assignment is

both participatory and consultative. The approach makes use of combination of both field study and desk

study. In order to be specific the study made use of quantitative methods of research and these methods were

duly supported by qualitative methods of research. Further the assignment used Triangulation and Feedback

as tools for verification and validation of the findings of the study.

1.6.2 Methodology

The methodology followed in conducting the Environmental Assessment Study is depicted in the figure and

brief description below:

1.6.2.1 Data Collection and Review

The methodology basically comprised collection and collation of secondary data on water resources

availability, their utilization, problems of water availability and quality as relevant in the context of the

proposed Project, demographic, socioeconomic and health aspects, water supply and sanitation coverage and

service levels and problems in O&M of existing water supply systems. The study also included an analysis of

policy, legal and institutional framework related to water and sanitation with specific focus onJharkhand. A

review and analysis of this information led to the delineation of the baseline status of relevant environmental

components pertaining to the State and provided the basis for assessment of the potential environmental

impacts due to the proposed project and preparation of Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for

mitigating negative impacts and enhancing positive impacts.

The present study has primarily relied upon the available secondary sources of data relevant to the proposed

project. The main sources of such information comprised the DDWS, the Jharkhand State Ground Water Board,

Central Ground Water Board and the Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board. The DDWS, as the nodal agency

for the provision of rural water supply and Sanitation in the state, has generated over the years, data

pertaining to water services to rural areas. Such data includes water supply coverage in the State, sources of

water supply, water quality of rural schemes, etc.

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Figure: Methodology Flow Chart

1.6.2.2 Sample Habitations for Field Study

2 sample villages were selected from 12 districts of Jharkhand to assess the existing status of water supply, sanitation, public health and personal and environmental hygiene. The selection of villages for village level and household survey was done in consultation with SWSM based on the guidelines given in the Terms of Reference. The villages were selected in such a way that each selected village matches at least one parameter of the environmental issues so as to represent in the best possible manner the typical conditions in the state. The parameters governing the selection of villages are given below:

Presence/ Absence of functional water supply scheme

Canal/ River water source/ Ground water source

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Adequate/ Inadequate canal water supply (dry season)

Adequate/ Inadequate/ Declining yield of ground water

Adequate/ Inadequate water works infrastructure

Potable water available (deep aquifer greater than 60 m)

Shallow Ground water not potable due to quality problems

Deep ground water non potable due to Arsenic/ Fluoride/ Iron/ Nitrate/ MPN (E-coli)

High incidence of disease related to water supply and sanitation

Inadequate O & M of water supply by Gram Panchayat (GP)

Other considerations such as mining and radiation from Uranium mining

The list of sample habitations for field study is furnished in Annexure.

1.6.2.3 Site Visits

Site visits were taken up for field assessment using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), household surveys and for conducting Focus Group Dsicussions (FGDs). During the field visits the local DDWS personnel were contacted regarding water and sanitation status in the sampled villages and the area in general. The Gram Panchayat Sarpanch and other key members of the village were consulted to list the issues related water and supply and in particular environmental issues related to water and sanitation. The site visits were conducted using participatorty approaches like trasact walks, field observations, mapping, FGDs, etc.

1.6.3 Methods of data collection:

Methods of data collection for three different levels of assessments are given below:

Table-1

S. No. Assessment particulars Method of data collection

1 Village Level Assessment Using Transect Technique. 24 Villages

Collection of information from Gram Pradhan, other members of Gram Panchayat, and other informed citizens of the village with the help of format

2 Community level assessment (30 Assesments)

Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques, Focus Group Discussions

3 Household survey 20 Household per village (480 Households)

Direct interview of sample of beneficiaries with the help of a pre-tested interview schedule to cover water supply, sanitation and waste management.

1.6.4 Tools of data collection:

Tools of data collection for three different levels of assessments are given below:

Table-2

S. No. Assessment particulars Tools of data collection

1 Household survey A pre-tested structured interview schedule in 20 Household of every village.

2 Village level assessment Using a transect format

3 Community level assessment Focus Groups and Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques and Focus Group Discussions.

The list of sample habitations for field study is furnished in Annexure-30 A format for Pre-Feasibility for Village Transect Walk (from source to stand) is placed as Annexure-1

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1.6.5 Consultations

1.6.5.1 Focus Group Discussion

In keeping with the World Bank's OP 4.01, FGDS were organized, basically to serve as means of consultation,

communication, disclosure and feedback, as part of the environmental screening, in the 24 sample habitations.

The objective of these FGDs was to identify environmental issues, as related to the proposed Project activities,

that need to be addressed. The Focus Groups consisted mainly of local villagers, PRI representatives, line

department staff, CBOs and NGOs.

During these FGDs, the participation of the target population, elected representatives of the GP, local NGOs,

economically/ socially weaker sections, informed/ knowledgeable public and opinion leaders, etc. was

mobilized. The participants to these FGDs were briefed on the proposed Project, its objectives, scope and the

rules for participation in the project, the environmental issues and possible proposed mitigation and

management measures. The participants' opinions were solicited on the following main issues:

1. Quantity of current water supply 2. Quality of current water supply 3. Household sanitation facilities 4. Sullage disposal 5. Prevailing diseases 6. Their expectations from the proposed project 7. Local traditional practices and indigenous knowledge related issues 8. Other environmental issues

A summary of the village level FGDs is furnished in Annexure.

1.6.5.2 Public Consultation / Disclosure Workshops

The public consultation process was undertaken following the drafting of Environmental Management

Framework in consultation with DDWS. Similar district level consultations will be under taken in a couple of

districts. One state level public consultation\ disclosure workshops will be organized to invite suggestions/

inputs of the stakeholders to finalize the EMF document. The executive summary of EMF in Hindi language will

be circulated to PRI representatives, SHGs, line department staff, NGOs, etc., one week in advance of the

consultation workshop. The final state level public consultation workshops will be held at Ranchi at a date

suitable to all participating stakeholders. During these workshops inputs from stakeholders will be collected

and incorporated following the consultation process and the EMF will be suitably revised. A report of these

public consultation/ disclosure workshops will be annexed to the Final Report.



CHAPTER-2

RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION IN JHARKHAND:

POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK & PROGRAM

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2. RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION IN JHARKHAND: POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK & PROGRAM

2.1 RWSS IN NATIONAL CONTEXT

Table-3 Progress of RWSS Programme, Government of India1

Development Stage Year Major Thrust

The first government-installed rural water supply schemes

1952 Basic drinking water supply facilities to the rural population

Government of India’s effective role

1972-73 Launch of Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP).

The First generation programme 1972-1986 Provision of adequate drinking water supply to the rural community through the Public Health Engineering System.

The second generation programme 1986-87, 1991-92

Technology Mission renamed in 1991-92 as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission Stress on water quality, appropriate technology intervention, human resource development support and other related activities

The third generation programme 1999-2000, 2002

Sector Reform Projects evolved to involve community in planning, implementation and management of drinking water related schemes, later scaled up as Swajaldhara in 2002

Fourth phase 2012-13 Ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of potability, adequacy, convenience, affordability and equity while also adopting decentralized approach involving PRIs and community organizations. Decentralization & conjunctive use of water etc.

Article 245(2) of the Constitution of India empowers the State to legislate on matters relating to water (enumerated in the State List of the Seventh Schedule). State Governments are, therefore, responsible for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities for the population. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments have, however, empowered the State Governments to delegate and power and assign the responsibility of water and sanitation to the Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). The First Five Year Plan, introduced the 'National Water Supply and Sanitation Program’ in 1954 and provided funds for development of Social Welfare Sector. The programme initially focused on construction of open wells to provide drinking water in the water scarcity ares with the involvement of local population. During the sixties, wells were constructed in comparatilvely easy locations, leaving out the difficult locations. The availability of drinking water further deterioriated during recurring droughts due to falling level of ground water and drying up of open wells. In the early seventies, the State Government realized the need for developing deep bore wells, particularly in difficult habitations. Consequently, `bore wells programme’ was started by the State Government with assistance from UNICEF. This marked a shift in emphasis from construction of open wells to bore wells. With the introduction of the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) in 1972-73 by the Government of India (GOI) with 100% grant-in-aid to the states, greater emphasis was placed on coverage of difficult habitations in the state. The programme was withdrawn after 1973-74, following the introduction of

1 National Rural Drinking Water Programme: Framework for Implementation, Department of Drinking Water

Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of Ind ia

http:/ / rural.nic.in/ sites/ downloads/ pura/ National%20Rural%20Drinking%20Water%20Programme.pdf

http://rural.nic.in/sites/downloads/pura/National%20Rural%20Drinking%20Water%20Programme.pdf

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Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) under the Fifth Five Year Plan. However, the slow progress in the supply of safe drinking water to the rural population under the MNP led to the reintroduction of ARWSP in 1977-78. The approach to water supply and sanitation in the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh Plans broadly followed the guiding principles of the New Delhi declaration, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1990. Thes guiding principles include:

(a) protection of the environment and safeguarding of health through integrated management of water resources and liquid and solid waste;

(b) organisation of reforms, promoting an integrated approach including changes in procedures,

attitudes, and behaviour, and the full participation of women at all levels;

(c) community management of services, backed by measures to strengthen local institutions in implementing and sustaining water and sanitation programmes; and

(d) sound financial practices, achieved by better management of existing assets and extensive use of

appropriate technologies. The Eleventh Five Year Plan targeted to ‘provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there are no slip-backs. The Plan also targets to complete 7.29 crore individual toilets for achieving universal sanitation coverage in rural areas. The twelth Five Year Plan (2012-2017) targets to cover 25% of the Rural population under the piped water scheme against a present average of 7% and to check the depletion of ground water by constructing RWH/purchasing structures and a substantial increase in the coverage of BPL houses, school and Anganbadi Toilets. It also proposes to provide 100% coverage of piped water supply and sewage in urban areas and bring down the extent of non reserve water to 15%.

2.2 SECTOR REFORMS PROJECT Sector Reform Project (SRP) was the beginning of the reforms in the rural water supply and sanitation sector initiated in 1999 covering 67 districts in 26 states. The program was a paradigm shift from the regular supply based approach to demand based approach. Benefits from the sector reforms project include:

Improved public facilities for drainage

Reduction in incidence of water borne diseases amongst children

Reduction on time spent, predominantly by women, in collecting water

Introduction of appropriate technology and designs for water supply systems These in turn would increase the health and productivity standards in the rural areas of India.

2.3 SWAJALADHARA Sector Reform Project (SRP) has been scaled up throughout the country in the form of centrally sponsored Swajaladhara launched on 25th December 2002. This programme is a paradigm shift from supply driven to demand driven, centralized to decentralized implementation and Government's role from service provider to facilitator. A fundamental reform principle of Swajaladhara is the empowerment of villagers to ensure their full participation in the project through a decision making role in the choice of the drinking water scheme, planning, design, implementation, control of finances, management arrangements including full ownership of drinking water assets. The community has to share partial capital cost either in cash or kind or both as well as 100% responsibility of operation and maintenance (O&M). An integrated service delivery mechanism is also

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promoted which includes taking up conservation measures through rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge systems for sustained drinking water supply. Lessons learnt from “Swajaladhara” program are:

1. The empowerment of the PRIs is a viable and sustainable option for scaling up the decentralized service delivery model.

2. There is a need for consistent policy throughout the state, irrespective of the sources of financing. 3. The PRIs need to be well integrated into the institutional design of the project and organic links

between user committees and GPs are essential for institutional sustainability. 4. The partial financing of capital cost by the users as well as user management and financing of O&M is

a viable development concept. 5. The sustainability issue is best addressed by emphasis on beneficiary involvement and empowerment,

and capacity building of state/ local governments and communities, along with promotion of cost recovery.

Guidelines for environmental safety as per Swajaldhara Projects

States would need to enact and implement law on effective ground water extraction control, regulation and recharge.

State Government should integrate water conservation and rain water harvesting schemes with the drinking water supply schemes.

Rural drinking water, sanitation, health, and hygiene programmes need to be integrated at the State, District, Block and GP levels.

DWSM and the SWSM should arrange for periodic monitoring and review of the functioning of completed water supply schemes by officers, experts, NGOs, Institutions etc. Suitable monitoring mechanism and systems may be put in place in this regard by the State Government.

2.4 SUB – MISSION PROJECTS (SMP), RGNDWM AND NRDWP Sub Mission projects are taken up particularly for providing safe drinking water to the rural habitations facing water quality problems like fluorosis and brackishness and for ensuring source sustainability through rain water harvesting and artificial recharge. The program is funded in the ratio of 75:25 by the GOI and the State Governments respectively. The first major push to rural water supply came with the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) in the 1970s, which gave full grant to the State Governments for implementing water supply schemes in problem villages. By March 1981, the coverage of rural water supply was 30.8 per cent. Following the International Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD-1981-91), the second major push came with the launching of the National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) that was later renamed as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM). The Mission issued comprehensive guidelines for ARWSP (1986), helped formulate National Water Policies (1987 and 2002) and introduced the sector Reform Project (SRP) in 1999. The focus of the RGNDWM was to adopt a community based demand-driven approach instead of the hitherto government forced supply driven approach. In doing so, the projects under RGNDWM are basically oriented towards community participation with a part (minimum of 10%) of the capital cost required to be borne by the community themselves. The balance amount is contributed by the Central Government. (Evaluation Study on Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM), Programme Evaluation Organisation, Planning Commission Report No-210, Nov 2010)

The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) functions under the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation (MDWS) of the Central Government and provides financial and technical support to supplement the efforts of States to provide adequate potable drinking water to the rural population. Rural drinking water supply is a State subject and has been included in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution among the

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subjects that may be entrusted to Panchayats by the States. The Vision of the NRDWP is "Safe drinking water for all, at all times, in rural India." The goals /objectives of the NRDWP are:

To ensure provision of safe and adequate drinking water supply to all uncovered, partially covered and quality affected habitations in the rural areas of the country.

To ensure that all schools and anganwadis have access to safe drinking water.

To enable GPs/ VWSCs to plan, manage, operate and maintain local water sources and water supply. to provide enabling support and environment for PRIs and local communities for this purpose.

Enable rural communities to monitor and keep surveillance on their drinking water sources, water supply and initiate corrective action to have contaminants free water.

Ensure equity - high priority in coverage/ investment habitations with high SCs/ STs and minority population.

Promote participatory integrated water resources management with a view to ensure drinking water security - water availability, supply and consumption to be measured.

Provide access to information through online reporting system with information in public domain to bring in transparency and informed decision making.

Ensure household level drinking water security through water budgeting and preparation of village water security plans.

Consciously move away from high cost treatment technologies for tackling arsenic and fluoride contamination to development of alternative sources in respect of arsenic and alternate sources/dilution of aquifers through rainwater harvesting for tackling fluoride contamination.

Encourage handing over of management of rural drinking water schemes (RWS) to the Panchayati Raj Institutions.

The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Rural Development in 2009, issued new guidelines for rural water supply namely the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP). The guidelines reflected a change in the philosophy and implementation strategy with respect to the earlier programmes. The aim was to provide safe and adequate water for drinking, cooking and other domestic needs on a sustainable basis to every rural person by 2012. Major emphasis has been on ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of potability, adequacy, convenience, affordability and equity while also adopting decentralised approach involving Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and community organisations. (DRINKING WATER FOR THE LAST PERSON, A programme of capacity building on rural drinking water supply August – September 2011 Jharkhand, Centre for Science and Environment)

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2.5 TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN A direct relationship exists between water, sanitation and health that, consumption of unsafe drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta and lack of personal and food hygiene have been the major causes of many diseases in developing countries like India. High infant mortality rates are also attributable largely to poor sanitation. It was in this context the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) was launched in 1986 with the objective of improving the quality of life of the rural people and to provide privacy and dignity to women. The concept of sanitation apart from disposal of human excreta includes liquid and solid waste disposal, food hygiene, and personal, domestic as well as environmental hygiene. The CRSP was restructured in 1999 to introduce the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). TSC is a comprehensive programme to ensure sanitation facilities in rural areas with a broader goal to eradicate the practice of open defecation. It follows a principle of "low to no subsidy" where a nominal subsidy in the form of incentive is given to rural poor households for construction of toilets. TSC which has now been renamed as “Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan” giving strong emphasis on Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Capacity Building and Hygiene Education for effective behavior change with involvement of PRIs, Support Organizations (SOs), and NGOs, etc. The key intervention areas are individual household latrines (IHHL), School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE), Community Sanitary Complex, Anganwadi toilets, Rural Sanitary Marts (RSMs) and Production Centres (PCs). The main goal of the GOI is to eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2017. To give fillip to this endeavour, GOI has launched Nirmal Gram Puraskar to recognize the efforts in terms of cash awards for fully covered PRIs and those individuals and institutions who have contributed significantly in ensuring full sanitation coverage in their area of operation. The project is being implemented in rural areas with Gram Panchayats as the unit.

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan

Provision of Individual Household Latrine (IHHL) of both

Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Identified Above Poverty Line

(APL) [identified APL HHs such as SCs/STs, Small & Marginal

farmers, landless labourers with homestead, Physically

handicapped and Women headed households] households

within a Gram Panchayat.

Incentive amount now stands at RS. 5100/- only w.e.f. April

2012(Central Share=3700 + State Share=1400).

School toilet unit cost will be Rs. Rs. 38500/- in the ratio of

70:30 central and State share respectively.

Anganwadi toilet unit cost will be Rs. 10000/- in the ratio of

70:30 Central and State share respectively.

Capacity Building component to be a part of IEC which is

up to 15% of the project outlay and 2% of that to be

earmarked for Capacity Building. Unlike past individual

specific approach implementation of NBA is proposed with

‘Gram Panchayat ‘as the base unit.

Project under NBA will be forwarded to the GoI as State Plan

unlike District specific projects in the past.

Administrative component will be up to 4% of the project

outlay.

NBA made a part of CSR for encouraging corporate houses to

participate in the sanitation campaign.

All the Gram Panchayats habitations will have access

to water. Priority may be given to Gram Panchayats having

functional piped water supply (Conjoint approach to be

followed).

Extensive capacity building of the stake holders

like Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Village Water and

Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) and field functionaries for

sustainable sanitation.

Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) for

proposed and existing Nirmal Grams.

Up 150 HHs

151 to 300 HHs 12

301 to 500 HHs 15

More than 500 HHs 20

Appropriate convergence with MGNREGS with unskilled man- days and skilled man-days.

Box-1

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2.6 REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK (For Details See Annexure. 31)

Rural water supply is a state subject under the Constitution of India. However, Jharkhand state is also guided by policies and regulations enunciated by the State Government as well as the Government of India. These include:

73rd Constitutional Amendment

The National Water Policy of 2012

National Water Mission

Climate Change

Jharkhand State Water Policy

National Rural Sanitation & Hygiene strategy 2012-2022.

Guidelines for ground water use.

The Environment (Protection) Act, No.29 of 1986

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Central Act 6 of 1974) as amended in1988

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act No 36 of 1977

The Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act 1981

The Wetlands Conservation and Management rules 2010

The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transportation rules) 2008

Bio Medical Waste Management and Handling Rules.

Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling rules, 2000

E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011

EIA Mechanism and Wildlife Clearances

Wildlife protection Act, 1972

Indian Forest Act 1927

The Biological Biodiversity Act 2002

Forest (Conservation) Act No. 69 of 1980 as amended in l988

The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as Amended in 1991

EIA Notification of 2006

World Bank Safeguards

2.6.1 The 73rd Amendment to the ‘Constitution of India’ and The Jharkhand Panchayat Raj Act 2001

The 73rd

Amendment to the Constitution of India in 1992 institutionalized the three-tier Panchayati Raj System (the Gram Panchayat, the Panchayat Samiti and the Zila Panchayat). Article 243-B has provided for the Constitution of Panchayat at the village, intermediate and district levels in all states of India with a population of more than 20 lakh. The State Legislature under Article 243-C has been entrusted the responsibility of making provisions for composition of such Panchayats by Law. The Amendment Act of 1992 contains provisions for devolution of Powers and responsibilities to the Panchayats both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice as well as for the implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed under Powers, Authorities and functions of the Panchayat in the eleventh schedule of the Constitution. Drinking water (S. No. 11), Health and Sanitation (S. No. 23) and Maintenance of Community assets (S. No. 29) are included in this schedule.

The Jharkhand Panchayati Raj Act, 2001, provides for constitution of Panchayati Raj institutions in the State of Jharkhand except areas covered under the Patna Municipal Corporation Act, 1951, Bihar and Orissa Municipal Act, 1922 and Cantonment Act, 1924. The Act specifies the Powers and Functions of the Panchayati Raj Institutions, set up in three tiers as corporate entities, at the village, block and district levels, which include the management of natural resources, keeping a watch over local schemes, making drinking water available for domestic use and also sanitation and conservancy. In terms of delegation of functions, all the three tiers of

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PRIs appear to be adequately assigned the duties of managing and maintaining drinking water sources and managing and maintaining rural water supply and sanitation schemes.

2.6.2 National Water Policy

The Draft National Water Policy 2012 has been adopted in December 2012 by the National Water Resources Ministry. The policy recognizes that water is a scarce resource and supplies need to be conserved and augmented. It also encourages scientific inter basin transfer of water and the necessity of ensuring supply of potable drinking water to all citizens, preferably through locally available sources, discourages transporting water from long distances, advocates for framework legislation and differential pricing policy regimes, provides for community participation and establishes a role for Panchayats. It also suggests that least water intensive sanitation systems with decentralized sewage treatment plants should be incentivized.

2.6.3 National Water Mission-Climate Change

The National Water Mission has been constituted under the Prime Ministers National Action Plan on Climate Change, to ensure integrated water management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure a more equitable distribution of water, both within and across the states. It seeks to develop a framework to optimize water use by increasing water use efficiency by 20% through regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements and pricing. The Mission will also seek to ensure that a considerable share of the water needs of urban areas is met through recycling of wastewater. It also makes a provision for policy interventions to promote enhanced storage of water both above and below ground, rainwater harvesting etc.

The Mission aims at optimizing the efficiency of existing irrigation systems, including rehabilitation of system that have been run down and also expand irrigation where feasible with a special effort to increase storage capacity. Incentive structures will be designed to promote water–neutral or water–positive technologies, recharging of underground water sources and adoption of large scale irrigation programs which rely on sprinklers, drip irrigation and furrow irrigation.

2.6.4 Jharkhand State Water Policy 2011

The Jharkhand State Water Policy recognizes water as ”a scarce resource, the right of every citizen to equitable access to water for the fulfillment of basic needs and the necessity for state policy, legislative and program initiatives in protection and enforcement of such rights.

The policy seeks to adopt a new framework, restricting the fundamental relationships of the state and water users, creating entitlements of water and incentives for water user organizations for greater involvement participation in management, creating new institutional arrangement at the State Level and at the river basin level to guide and regulate water resources planning and development, reviewing the existing institutional arrangement in the water sector and appropriately restructuring and adjusting them, promoting water efficient technologies and formulating appropriate legislation, rules and notifications to achieve these strategy options.

In terms of water for domestic use, the policy promotes ensuring drinking water for all by providing adequate domestic water facilities for the entire population both in urban and in rural areas to meet their needs. The Government also intends to work out a time bound action plan to augment the live capacity of existing reservoirs by de-siltation or use of other water efficient technologies and management options. The State, through the Pollution Control Board shall draw up a plan for control of pollutant discharges.

It emerges that the policy plans for a very robust system of water resource management to achieve the objection of quality, quantity and equitable distribution. It gives priority to domestic water supplies, puts in place a system of tariffs and regulation and also seeks to promote community involvement and people’s participation in planning and implementation of water sector projects including drinking water and sanitation.

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2.6.5 Guidelines For Ground Water Use

The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has notified 82 areas for regulation of ground water development. The District Administrative Heads (DC or DM) in case of Administrative Block or Taluka, or the Head of the Municipality (in case of Municipal Area) of the notified areas in the country have been appointed as ‘Authorized officers’ by Central Ground Water Authority under Section 4 of the Environmental Protection Act,1986(EPA). Regulation of Ground Water development in Notified areas is through district administrative heads assisted by Advisory Committees under the provisions of Section 4 of the EPA, 1986. All issues pertaining to granting of NOC's for ground water withdrawal, checking violations, sealing of groundwater abstraction structures, launching of prosecution against offenders, attending to complaints, etc., are to be addressed by the Authorized officers. The guidelines provide for abstraction of ground water in Notified and Non-Notified areas for various users.

2.6.6 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

The Act provides that no person shall discharge any sewage or trade effluents beyond the standards as prescribed by the Board into any stream, river, and well or on land. It also provides that no person shall knowingly add any other substance which is likely to cause an impediment in the flow of any stream leading to aggravation of Pollution (Section 24).It also establishes a mechanism of consent wherein a consent to establish and operate (Section-25/26) has to be obtained from the Pollution Control Board for establishing or taking steps to establish any industry, operation or process or any treatment and disposal system which is likely to discharge sewage or trade effluents into a stream, river, well or land or to begin to make a new discharge of sewage or alter the existing discharge. Wastewatershould be treated to prescribed standards before discharge into water bodies. Sludge from water treatment plants and sewage treatment plants must be properly processed and disposed.

2.6.7 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977

The Act provides that the State Pollution Control Boards and Committees shall levy and collect Cess from persons carrying on any industry and from all local authorities for the purposes of and utilization by the Pollution Control Boards constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974.The Cess shall be assessed on the basis of water consumed by the person or local authority and would also include supply of water. Local Bodies will have to furnish monthly cess returns to the Pollution Control Board and ensure timely payments to avoid interest payment and other penal provisions.

2.6.8 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981

The Act provides for a Consent of the State Pollution Control Board for establishing or operating any industrial plant in an air pollution control area and also prescribes that no person having any industrial plant in an air pollution control area shall discharge emissions of any air pollutants in excess of the standards prescribed by the State Pollution Control Boards. An Industrial plant under the Act is defined as any plant used for industrial or trade purposes and emitting any air pollutants in the environment. Diesel Generating sets and other building construction equipment utilized may be covered. Project proponents should ensure compliance.

2.6.9 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

The Act lays down a procedure for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution through regulating the discharge or emission of any environmental pollutant in excess of standards as may be prescribed. Contravention of provisions of the act is punishable by imprisonment up to seven years or fine up to Rs 1 lakh. An additional fine up to Rs. 5,000 for every day of violation is also prescribed. Contravention of provisions of the act is punishable by imprisonment up to seven years or fine up to Rs 1 lakh. Additional fine up to Rs. 5,000 for every day of violation is also prescribed.

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2.6.10 The EIA Notification of 2006

All projects listed under Schedule-I of this notification of 14-9-2006 require environmental clearance from the MoEF. River Valley projects, Common Effluent treatment plants, common hazardous waste management, common municipal waste disposal facilities, Building and Construction projects and area development projects as specified in the schedule to the notification, need an environmental clearance. This project may not require Environmental Clearance. However, individual project components may have to be examined in this reference and the EMF designed to ensure that environmental safety measures are integrated into the project.

2.6.11 The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules 2010

Reclamation of wetlands, setting up of new industries, handling hazardous chemicals and wastes, using genetically engineered organisms, solid waste dumping, disposal of untreated effluents, constructions of permanent nature within 50 meters or any other adversely impacting activity is prohibited within the wetland. The rules also classify wetlands for conservation and list a series of activities that can be undertaken with the prior approval of the State Government within the wetlands. In terms of water supply and sanitation this would include withdrawal of water or the impoundment, diversion or interruption of water sources within the local catchment area of the wetland ecosystem, treated effluent discharges. The State Government will have to ensure that an E.I.A. as per the E.I.A. Notification of 2006 is conducted before granting permissions.

2.6.12 The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules,

2008

The Rules under the Environment Protection Act of 1986 prescribe that every person who is engaged in generation, processing, treatment, package, storage, transportation, use, collection, destruction, conversion, and offering for sale, transfer or the like of the hazardous waste is required to obtain an authorization from State Pollution Control Board. Sanitation projects involving the handling of hazardous wastes will have to comply

2.6.13 Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

These rules apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose, or handle biomedical waste in any form and prescribes that it shall be the duty of every occupier of an institution generating bio-medical waste which includes a hospital, nursing home, clinic, dispensary, veterinary institution, animal house, pathological laboratory, blood bank by whatever name called to take all steps to ensure that such waste is handled without any adverse effect to human health and the environment and a proper authorization availed from the Pollution Control Board. Sanitation projects involving the handling of biomedical wastes will have to comply.

2.6.14 Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules 2000

These rules prescribe procedures for waste collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes and for seeking an authorization from the Pollution Control Boards for the same. Further, the rules mandate that all cities set up suitable waste treatment and disposal facilities by December 31, 2003 or earlier. These rules also specify standards for compost quality, health control & management and closure of land-fills.Sanitation projects involving the handling of Municipal wastes will have to comply. However, at present this may be applicable to notified areas only (cities, villages or towns notified as municipalities or notified town areas.) but may apply to rural areas if integrated waste handling facilities are proposed.

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2.6.15 E- Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011

The Rules have been published by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India and have come into effect from 1

st May 2012.

These apply to every producer, consumer or bulk consumer involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components specified in Schedule-1 of the Rules, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste and not apply to batteries, covered under the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001, Micro and Small Enterprises defined in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 and Radio Active Wastes covered under the provisions of Atomic Energy Act, 1962.

The Rules list down the responsibilities of the different stakeholders. It prescribes responsibilities for producers including that of obtaining an Authorisation from the Pollution Control Boards. It also fixes responsibilities of the Collection Centers, Bulk consumers, dismantlers, transporters and recyclers who have to ensure that they obtain authorization and registration from the SPCB/PCC and no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of e-waste.

2.6.16 EIA Mechanism and Wild Life Clearances

The Government of India has prescribed procedures to be followed for Environmental Clearances for all projects falling inside National Parks and Sanctuaries and Conservation Reserves and within 10 km from boundaries of such areas. Clearances for activities inside National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Conservation Reserves should also have the approvals of the Hon’ble Supreme Court. For activities within 10 km of the boundaries of National Parks, Sanctuaries, etc. a prior clearance of the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife has to be obtained which is generally subject to recommendation of the State Board for Wildlife. The procedures have been prescribed through letter no. F. No. 6-10/2011 WL dated 15-03-2011 issued by the MoEF, Government of India.

2.6.17 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

This Act provides for protection to listed species of Flora and Fauna in the declared network of ecologically important protected areas such as wild life sanctuaries and national parks and regulates activities within or outside the protected areas which may have an adverse impact on the ecology of the areas. Ecologically sensitive areas, wild life sanctuaries and national parks should be avoided while selecting sites for project components. If this is not possible, permission should be obtained from the National Board for Wild Life and the Forest Department and appropriate safeguards must be adopted.

2.6.18 Forest Conservation Act, 1980

Section 2 of the act makes a provision of a prior approval of the Central Government necessary before a State Government or any other authority issues direction for dereservation of reserved forests (which have been reserved under the Indian Forest Act 1927), use of forest land for non – forest purpose, assigning forest land by way of lease or otherwise to any private person or to any authority, corporation, agency or any other organization not owned, managed or controlled by the government and clear felling of naturally grown trees. Permission is to be obtained from the Forest Department when forest land is required for the project activities.

2.6.19 The Indian Forest Act, 1927

The act deals with reserved forest, village forest, protected forest, control over forests and lands not being property of government, the duty on timber and other forest produce, regulation transit of forest products, collection of timber, penalties and procedures, cattle – trespass, forest officers and other miscellaneous provisions. Section 26 of the Indian Forest Act 1927 prohibits a number of activities including making fresh

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clearings, tree felling, lopping, burning, grazing, quarrying, manufacturing activities, hunting, shooting, etc. in the forest. The Act also regulates activities in protected areas.

2.6.20 The Biological Diversity Act 2002

The Biological Diversity Act 2002 is also a Central Act of Parliament aiming to provide for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and a fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and matter connected therewith and thereto. It provides for a system of prior approvals of the National Biodiversity Authority on application for intellectual property rights or patents on biological research or information. It also regulates the transfer of any biological resource or knowledge and it provides for the establishment of a State Biodiversity Board.

2.6.21 World Bank Safeguard Policies

The World Bank has formulated 10 environmental, social and legal safeguard policies. Amongst the Environmental Safeguard Policies, Operational Policy (O.P.) / Bank Procedure 4.01: Environmental Assessment is an umbrella policy for the Banks Environmental ‘Safeguard Policies’ which among others also include: Natural Habitats, Pest Management, Physical Cultural resources , Safety of dams, International Waterways etc.

Table-4

Sl. Relevant Policy/Regulations

/ Act

Scope Implication for the EMF

1. OP/BP 4.01

Environmental

Assessment

World Bank Safegaurd Policy

This policy is used by the World Bank to identify, avoid and mitigate the potential negative environmental impacts associate with the Bank lending operations. In the World Bank operations, the purpose of Environmental assessment is to improve decision making to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and sustainable and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted.

Applicable to this project. This

Environmental Assessment

Policy provides for screening of

projects according to their

impact potential and prescribes

the extent of detailing required

in the assessment process.

2. OP/BP 4.04

NaturalHabitats


The policy prohibits Bank support for projects which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any critical natural habitat which include legally protected, officially proposed for protection and unprotected but of known high conservation value habitats. In other non critical areas, projects can only be considered when there are no feasible alternatives to achieve the projects substantial overall net benefits and acceptable mitigation measures such as compensatory protected areas are included within the project.

Applicable, i f schemes tobe taken under the project involve critical natural habitat.

3. OP/BP 4.36

Forestry


The Bank does not finance projects that in its opinion would involve significant conversion of critical forest areas or related critical natural habitats. For areas that are not critical, adequate mitigation measures have to be incorporated. The Bank also does not finance projects that contravene applicable international environmental agreements.

Some of the schemes taken up

under the Project may be

located inforest areas and

hence may require detailed

cosiderations and

management.

4. OP 4.09 Pest

Management


Rural development and health sector projects have to avoid using harmful pesticides. If pesticides have to be used in crop protection or in the fight against vector borne diseases, the Bank funded project should include a Pest Management Plan (PMP) prepared by the borrower either as a stand alone document or as part of the Environmental Assessment.

Applicable if sanitation projects involve the use of pesticides for control of vector borne diseases.

Page | 18



5. OP/BP 4.12

Involuntary

Resettlement


Implemented in projects which displace people.

Requires public participation in resettlement

planning as part of EA for project.

Intended t o restore or improve income earning

capacity of displaced populations.

Applicable to the project only if displacement is involved.

6. OP/BP 4.20

Indigenous


Peoples

Purpose Is to ensure indigenous peoples benefit

from Bank financed development and to avoid or

mitigate adverse affects on indigenous peoples.

Applies to projects that might adversely affect

indigenous peoples or when they are targeted

beneficiaries.

Requires participation of indigenous peoples in Creation of “indigenous peoples development” plans”.

Applicable to the project.

Adverse effects on the

indigenous people will be

avoided.

Indigenous people will be

benefited with access to water

supply and sanitation.

7. OP/BP 4.11

PhysicalCultural

Resources


The objective of the policy is to avoid; or mitigate adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances. The borrower addresses impacts on Physical Cultural Resources in projects, proposed for Bank Financing, as an integral part of the Environmental Appraisal process. Projects are classified during the screening process as Category A or B. As an integral part of the Environmental Appraisal process the borrower develops a physical cultural management plan which is consistent with the country’s overall policy framework and National Legislation. Physical Cultural Resources have to be included in the baseline data collection phase of the Environmental Assessment.

Applicable to the project if existing physical and cultural property is being impacted.

8. OP/BP 4.37

Safety of Dams

World Bank

Safegaurd

Policy

The policy requires that the borrower adopt and implement certain dam safety measures for the design, bill tendering, construction, operation and maintenance of the dam and associated works. Dams smaller than 15 meters in height are classified as ‘small’ and dams more than 15 meters high as ‘large’ but dams under 10 meters high are regarded as large dams if they are expected to become large dams during the operation of the facility. Dams that are between 10 and 15 meters are also regarded large if they present special design complexities e.g. flood handling, toxicity management, high sensitivity etc. Different procedures are prescribed for small and large dams. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified Engineers are sufficient but detailed plans have to be drawn up for large dams.

Applicable only if the project

involves construction of dams.

Bank projects involving dams are processed according to the procedures set forth in B.P. 10.00. Investment leading Identification to Board Presentation. Dam Safety reports may involve plans for construction, supervision and quality assurance, instrumentation plan, operation and maintenance plan, emergency procedures plan.

Page | 19



9 Operational

Policy 7.50:

Projects on

International

Waterways

This policy revised in 2012, applies to any river, canal, lake, or similar body of water that forms a boundary between, or any river or body of surface water that flows through, two or more states or any tributary or other body of surface water that is a component of any waterway as above. It also applies toany bay, gulf, strait, or channel bounded by two or more states or, if within one state, recognized as a necessary channel of communication between the open sea and other states--and any river flowing into such waters.

Hydroelectric, irrigation, flood

control, navigation, drainage,

water and sewerage, industrial,

and similar projects that

involve the potential pollution

of international waterways are

regulated under this

operational policy.

2.6.22 Permissions, Clearances and Institutions

From a perusal of the above it appears that in terms of water supply and sanitation sub – projects the construction and operation phases may require that the activities are properly regulated so as to minimize the environmental impacts from the project activities. The key institutions with whom these regulatory provisions lie with are the environment department represented by the State Pollution Control Boards and the Directorate of Environment, the Forest Department and the National Board for Wildlife. Wherever it is anticipated, as per the provisions of law and policy given above, that a project is covered, necessary permissions and safeguards with reference to waste disposal (solid, liquid, gaseous, hazardous, bio – medical, plastics etc.) has to be obtained from the State Pollution Control Boards and the State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority as applicable. Wherever a project activity is likely to involve the use of forestland or any disturbance to wildlife or biodiversity, necessary permissions from the Forest Department and the National Board for Wildlife should be taken the projects should also follow the guidelines of the Central Groundwater Board and take necessary permissions as applicable, from the Central Groundwater Authority. All technologies involved should aim at minimizing losses of water, being water efficient, being climate change resilient. The management of the schemes should be community based. Water storage capacities have to be increased.

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2.7 SECTOR INSTITUTIONS

Jharkhand has the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation as the nodal organisation for rural water supply and sanitation, while four other institutions have a converging impact on water supply and sanitation. These institutions are as under:

2.7.1 Converging Institutions

Panchayat Raj and Rural Development Department

Department of Irrigation

Department of Agriculture

Jharkhand Pollution Control Board Apart from the above there are ahost of other institutions and organisations that will have alink with the rural drinking water and sanitation in the state. The organization of the state set up and its linkages have been shown in the chart below:

The functions of these institutions (as relevant to the project context) are discussed in detail in the following sections.

EMF FORTHE WB PROJECTFOR DRINKING WATER& SANITATIONIN RURAL AREASOF JHARKHAND

Government ofJharkhand

Drinking Water& SanitationDepartment

State Water &SanitationMission

Societyregistered underState laws

Chairman(Ex-officio:Secretary to theGovt,Department ofDrinking water

MemberSecretary

Member Member Member Member Member Member Member

CEDWSD

Representativeof RGNDWMGOI

SecretaryRam KrishnaMission,

PrincipalSt Xavier'sInstitute ofSocial Science,Ranchi

Representativeof IndianWaterWorksAssociation

Project

OfficerUNICEFPatna

ED-HRD/CE, DWSD

WORLD

BANK

GOI:MINISTRY

OFEXTERNALAFFAIRS

DEPT OFENVIRONMENT

& FORESTS,JHARKHAND

DEPT OFENVIRONMENT& FORESTS,GOI

MINISTRY OFDRINKING

WATER &SANITATION,(MDWS) GOI

CENTRALGROUNDWATER BOARD

CENTRALPOLLUTIONCONTROLBOARD

STATEPOLLUTIONCONTROLBOARD

JHARKHANDSPACEAPPLICATIONS

CENTRE(JSAC)

PROJECTMANAGEMENTUNIT (PMU)

DEPT OFAGRICULTUREJHARKHAND

DEPT OFIRRIGATION

JHARKHAND

DEPT OFPANCHAYATRAJ & RURAL

DEVELOPMENTJHARKHAND

Page | 21



Box-2

Some key features of the SWSM, Jharkhand are as follows:

(a) Sustainability of the initiative: VWSC as incubator of Good Governance initiative and as implementing authority sustains on peoples demand. Professional back up and financial independence are two key issues in sustainability. VWSC are mandated to get professional back up from DPMU (District Project Management Unit) and BRC (Block resource Centers). and as independent standing body of Panchayats they are mandated to receive assistance from central and state agencies as well as from donor agencies. Also regularly they are free to collect revenue through water supply and associated services. Considering professionally managed SWSM as key to the changed scenario Department has decided to go for DWSM (District Water & Sanitation Mission) in a similar manner. Process for appointment of domain experts and Subject matter specialists in DPMU has been instituted. As the key to success is establishment of transparent people centric governance mechanism up to the last mile, sustainability of SWSM and VWSC are ensured.

(b) Impact /Benefit Resulting from the Initiative:

Comprehensive analysis of the key result area, key performance indicators and other socio economic Impact Indicators before and after the implementation of initiative is given below in terms of improvement in delivery time of services, better beneficiary feedback, improvement in measurable indicators and simplified procedures;

i. Improvement in delivery Times of Services

Tube well repairing time improved from 15 Days to 5 Days (As feedback received from the field); Project Conceptualization to O& M transfer time reduced to 6 to 8 Months (Compared between VWSC involved project supported by PRADAN and normal projects); Improvement in construction time of Toilet and sanitation facility (From demand to supply cycle used to take more than a year while presently it is completed in three months). Any Complain is addressed electronically on the same day and physically within 3 working days.

ii. Better Beneficiary Feedback

Focused intervention by SWSM through VWSC has received positive response from participant villagers. This is reflected in terms of Accounts opening, regularization of VWSC meetings, increased participation, demand registration for sanitation facilities and complain registration during the period. As on June, 2012 10768VWSC has opened their account in bank. Restoration of Service Level was achieved in 8965 no of habitations during 2011-12. Increased Enthusiasm about sanitation sector activity is also reported by international agencies like GSF, and World Support Program. At State Project Management Unit, SWSM representatives receive regular call from the participant villagers, GP representatives and other individuals/institutions. In a recently held meeting with World Bank representatives VWSC leaders from 20 Panchayet shared their enriching experience of engagement with SWSM. Some exemplary case lets as shared by VWSC representatives are enclosed in annexure for reference.

iii. Improvement in Measurable Indicators

The effort made by SWSM e team is reflected in movement of NRDWP indicators as per the parameter fixed by Government of India. Key Result area is given below;

Particulars of the Indicator Achievement in 2011-12

(Quantity and Percentage)

Remarks

Partially Covered habitation 17010 92.92 Highest in Number in the Eastern Zone

Coverage of quality affected

habitations

415 51.62 Increased over previous period

Coverage of School 1946 98.08 Increased over previous period

Coverage of PWSS (New ) 5205 - Radically increased previous period

Availability of Drinking Water

(Near & Within the premises)

- 63.6 Increased over previous period

Population covered with PWSS 4614540 - Increased over previous period

Total Expenditure 169.84 Cr 70.83 The state has least opening balance among the Eastern States for 2012-12

Program Fund Utilization 167.40 Cr 73.37 Increased over previous period

PWS Scheme Completion 5383 91.93 Highest among Eastern Zone

PRI members trained 1208 - Most number of PRI members trained as per IMIS during the period

2.7.1.1 Nodal Institutions: Drinking Water and Sanitation Department (DWSD or DDWS)

The DDWS has its units at the state capital at Ranchi and most of the district head quarters. Its presence at the village level is not strong enough to make a substantial dent on the present status of lagging behind in areas of rural drinking water and sanitation. The DDWS has, therefore, taken initiative to set up the State Water & Sanitation Mission (SWSM) predominantly led by local village women to provide effective policy making and extension support and to drive a transparent local governance system within PRI framework to address issues of water and sanitation.

2.7.1.2 Proposed World Bank Assisted Project

The proposed World Bank assisted project would aim to scale up demand responsive and decentralized service delivery approach across the state in the medium term. The project will initially cover the selected 12 districts in Jharkhand. The different key components of the project are as given in Chapter 1. A unique feature of the proposed project is its bottom up planning process in which the beneficiary community is actively involved in all stages of development of the project and its implementation including O&M of facilities created under the project. The key objectives of the proposed project are: a) To improve the quality of rural water supply and sanitation services and to achieve

Sustainable development,

Poverty reduction,

Page | 22



Sustainable health and hygiene benefits to the rural population,

Empowerment and inclusion of community in general and rural poor and women in particular, and

Strengthening the decentralization process. b) To promote the long term sustainability of the rural water supply and sanitation sector by identifying and implementing an appropriate policy framework and strategic plan. These objectives will be achieved through:

Adopting a demand responsive approach and use of participatory process for delivery of sustainable service to project communities,

Phased implementation of appropriate policy and institutional reforms for changing role of the government from provider to facilitator,

Community and Village Panchayat capacity building,

Women's development initiatives built into the project,

Targeted Tribal Development Plan.

Construction/ up gradation of drinking water supply, drainage and sanitation schemes, including water quality monitoring programs,

Groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting will be integral parts of drinking water source development.

Promoting integrated water resource management, and

Establishing financial viability and sustainability of rural water supply and sanitation services

Table-5 Revised Project Outline (as proposed in December 2012)

Sl. No.

Name of District

Name of DDWS Division

Schemes Proposed (In no.) Population (In lakh) SVS MSVS MVS MMVS Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 Garhwa Garhwa 476 22 5 2 505 5.99

2 Giridih Giridih 1 111 68 10 2 191 3.09

Giridih 2 285 19 18 2 324 3.91

3 Godda Godda 18 458 31 0 507 11.04

4 Sahibganj Sahibganj 72 42 16 14 144 7.68

5 Pakur Pakur 134 228 19 10 391 8.27

6 Dha’bad Dha’bad 1 430 0 0 2 432 5.37

Dha’bad 2 15 47 5 5 72 3.60

7 E.S’bhum Jamshedpur 889 51 7 2 949 10.76

8 Palamu Palamu 455 5 16 12 488 8.31

9 Dumka Dumka 72 334 64 27 497 10.77

10 Jamtara Jamtara 146 162 24 10 342 3.09

11 Khunti Khunti 308 224 56 2 590 4.91

12 Saraikela Saraikela 78 29 23 1 131 2.75

Total 3489 1689 294 91 5563 89.53



CHAPTER-3

BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

Page | 23



3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides an overview of the physical geography of the state, with special emphasis on water resources. This environmental baseline has been developed mainly on the basis of data collected through secondary sources, and has been supplemented by public consultations and field surveys in sample villages.

3.2 AN OVERVIEW OF HISTORY OF JHARKHAND

The new state of Jharkhand was formed on 15th November, 2000, the birth anniversary of the legendary Bhagwan Birsa Munda and was earlier a part of Bihar. However, according to some historians there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. According to legend, Raja Jai Singh Deo of Orissa had declared himself as the ruler of Jharkhand in the 13th century. The local tribal heads had developed into barbaric dictators who could govern the province neither fairly nor justly. Consequently, the people of this state approached the more powerful rulers of Jharkhand's neighbouring states who were perceived to have a more fair and just governance. This became the turning point in the history of the region where rulers from Orissa moved in with their armies and created states that were governed for the benefit of the people and involved their participation, thus ending the barbarism that had marked the region for centuries. Later, during the Mughal period, the Jharkhand was known as Kukara. After 1765, it came under the control of the British Empire and was formally known as Jharkhand, the Land of forests and bushes. In post-Independence era, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha started a regular agitation which forced the government to establish the Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council in 1995 and finally as a full-fledged state. On 2nd August 2000, the Parliament of India passed the Bihar Reorganisation Bill to create the state of Jharkhand and thus 18 districts were carved out of Bihar to form Jharkhand on 15th November, 2000.

3.3 GEOGRAPHY OF JHARKHAND

3.3.1 Physical Environment

3.3.1.1 Location

The state of Jharkhand is flanked by Bihar in the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in the west and Orissa in the south. Jharkhand is a recently formed state, having been carved out of the Southern portion of the earlier state of Bihar. Jharkhand mainly comprises of the forest tracks of Chhotanagpur plateau and Santhal Pargana. This area in and around the districts of Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas was formerly Southern Bihar and is thickly wooded and consists of various hills. The Chotanagpur plateau is one of the most beautiful areas. This area is studded with hills of 300 to 900 m in altitude and covered with verdant virgin forests. This area comprises of rivers, lakes, meadows and valleys and rich in wildlife and is an ideal retreat of peace and beauty. Jharhkand is bordered by the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital. The other major cities, all highly industrialised cities of eastern India, are Jamshedpur, Bokaro, and Dhanbad. Jharkhand is also popularly known as 'Vananchal' means a land mass covered with forests. Jharkhand is known for its mineral wealth and forest products together with excellent human resources. Forest reserves support populations of tigers and Indian elephants. Most of the state lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau, which is the source of the Koel, Damodar, Brahmani, Kharkai, and Subarnarekha rivers, whose upper watersheds lie within Jharkhand. Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna. The National Parks and the Zoological Gardens located in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety.

Page | 24



The State covers 79.70 lakh ha. area (2.42% of the geographical area of the country) with a population of 269 million (as per Census 2001), the state accounts for 2.6% of the total population of the country. It has sizeable Tribal population (26.3%). Topography of the State is mostly undulating, hilly and sloping with mountains, forests, river basins and valleys.

It has a rich endowment of forest and mineral resources. It has some of the richest deposits of coal and iron Ore in the world. It is the largest producer of coal, copper, kynite and mica in the country. It is blessed with rich fauna and flora.

3.3.1.2 Administrative Setup

The state consists of 5 Administrative Divisions namely: I. South Chhotanagpur comprising 5 districts - Ranchi, Khunti, Simdega, Gumla and Lohardaga. II. North Chhotanagpur comprising 7 districts - Hazaribagh, Ramgarh, Chatra, Koderma, Giridih,

Bokaro and Dhanbad. III. Kolhan comprising 3 districts - East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan. IV. Palamu comprising 3 districts - Palamu, Garhwa and Latehar. V. Santhal Parganas comprising 6 districts - Sahebganj, Pakur, Jamtara, Deoghar, Dumka and

Godda.

District 24 Sub-Division 36 Developmental Blocks 259 Panchayats 4423 Villages 32615 Towns 149 Corporations 3 Nagar Parshad/ Nagar Panchayat 37

Page | 25



3.3.1.3 Demography

3.3.1.3.1 Population (Census 2001) In Lakhs

Male Female Total

State 138.85 130.60 269.45

Urban 32.06 27.88 59.94

Rural 106.79 102.72 209.51

ST 35.66 35.21 70.87

SC 16.40 15.48 31.88

Population (0-6 yrs.)

25.22

24.34 49.56

Jharkhand National Avg.

Urban 22.24% 27.8

Rural 77.76% 72.2%

ST 26.3% 8.1%

SC 11.8% 16.2%

Population (0-6 yrs.) 18.4% 15.9% Population density /sq. km 338 313 Sex Ratio Total 941 933 0-6 years 965 927 ST 987 978 SC 974 936

(The census of 2011 provisional results are withheld for administrative reasons)

3.3.1.3.2 Administrative Details

The number of blocks, villages and habitations in the state are as shown in the Table-6.

Table-6

S.No. District Blocks Panchayats Villages Habitations 1 BOKARO 9 248 692 4077 2 CHATRA 10 159 1315 7644 3 DEOGHAR 10 201 2329 8497 4 DHANBAD 8 383 1289 3661 5 DUMKA * 10 206 2572 7384 6 GARHWA * 19 196 859 4371 7 GIRIDIH 12 359 2546 4573 8 GODDA 9 200 1610 5827 9 GUMLA 12 159 945 4532 10 HAZARIBAG 10 227 1105 4556 11 JAMTARA 4 118 1066 5260 12 KHUTI * 6 91 743 2995 13 KODERMA 6 109 581 1850 14 LATEHAR 7 115 738 4309 15 LOHARDAGA 6 67 353 1645 16 PAKUR 6 128 1132 3644

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17 PALAMU * 18 289 1700 6804 18 PASCHIM SINGHBHUM 16 214 1651 8803 19 PURBI SINGHBHUM * 11 231 1670 6697 20 RAMGARH 4 143 358 1955 21 RANCHI 13 275 1192 5967 22 SAHIBGANJ 9 166 1266 2912 23 SAREIKELA KHARSAWAN * 9 135 1113 4835 24 SIMDEGA 10 94 448 6393 Total 234 4513 29273 119191

* Tentative Proposed Project Districts

3.3.1.4 Irrigation Potential

The irrigation potential of the state of Jharkhand is as follows: Total irrigation potential created upto March, 2009 : 7.31 lakh ha. Major and Medium irrigation: 2.34 lakh ha. Minor irrigation : 4.96 lakh ha. (Source: Water Resources Deptt.)

3.3.1.5 Natural Resources

3.3.1.5.1 Forest & Wildlife

3.3.1.5.1.1 Introduction

The geographical area of the state is 79,714 Km2 which accounts for 2.42% of the country’s area. The state falls between 22000’ N – 24037’ N latitude and 83015’ E – 87001’ E longitude. The important rivers of the state are Sone, Keol and Damodar. Jharkhand has a tropical climate with annual average rainfall of about 900 mm. The temperature varies between 40c to 470c.

The population of the state is 32.97 million (Census 2011) which constitutes 2.72% of the country’s population. Of this, rural population is 75.95% and urban population 24.05%. The population density is 414 persons per Km2. The livestock population is 18.10 million (Livestock Census 2007).

3.3.1.5.1.2 Land Use Pattern of the State

Land Use Area in ‘000 ha Percentage

Total geographical area 7,972

Reporting area for land utilization 7,970 100.00

Forests 2,239 28.09

Not available for cultivation 1,332 16.71

Permanent pasture and other grazing lands

110 1.38

Land under misc. tree crops and groves 93 1.17

Culturable wasteland 336 4.22

Fallow lands other than current fallows 962 12.07

Current fallows 1,394 17.49

Net area sown 1,504 18.87

3.3.1.5.1.3 Forest Cover

The Forest cover in the state, based on interpretation of satellite data of November 2008- January 2009, is 22,977 Km2 which is 28.82% of the state’s geographical area. In terms of forest canopy density classes, the state has 2,590 Km2 area under very dense forest, 9,917 Km2 area under moderately dense forest and 10,470 Km2 area under open forest. The forest cover of the state is shown in below table.

Page | 27



Recorded forest Area in Jharkhand (Area in km2

)

Geo. Area(GA)

Total Forest Area as in ‘ISFR 2009’

Recorded Forest Area Total Forest Area

% of GA

Reserved Forests

Protected Forests

Unclassed Forests

79,714 23,605 4,387 19,185 33 23,605 29.61

Table-7

District-wise Forest Cover Area in Jharkhand (Area in Km2)

District Geographical Area

2011 Assessment

% of GA

Change Scrub

Very Dense Forest

Mod. Dense Forest

Open Forest

Total

Bokaro 1,929 64 244 560 252 29.03 0 48

Chatra 3,732 251 863 663 1,777 47.62 -5 15

DeogharT

2,479 0 84 85 169 6.82 0 5

Dhanbad 2,996 0 50 155 205 6.84 0 17

Dumka 6,212 0 314 323 637 10.25 0 58

Garhwa 4,092 124 406 835 1,365 33.36 0 55

Giridih 4,963 98 422 344 864 17.41 10 8

Godda 2,110 15 268 116 399 18.91 0 25

GumlaT

9,077 324 919 1,414 2,657 29.27 0 33

Hazaribagh 5,998 272 626 1,164 2,062 34.38 9 44

Koderma 1,435 68 321 207 596 41.53 -4 0

Lohardaga 1,491 174 219 110 503 33.74 0 10

Pakur 1,571 3 172 108 283 18.01 0 19

Palamu 8,657 529 1,809 1,189 3,527 40.74 0 88

Paschimi Singhbhum

9,907 453 1,559 1,829 3,841 38.77 6 81

Purbi Singhbhum

3,533 53 621 404 1,078 30.51 67 38

Ranchi 7,698 141 684 1,079 1,904 24.73 0 67

Sahebganj 1,834 21 336 193 550 29.99 0 72

Grand Total 79,714 2,590 9,917 10,470 22,977 28.82 83 683

3.3.1.5.1.4 Forest Cover in Tribal Districts in Jharkhand

Forest Cover in Tribal Districts – Jharkhand (Area in Km2)

No. of Tribal Districts

Geo. Area Forest Cover 2011 % of GA

Change* Scrub

Very Dense

Mod. Dense

Open Forest

Total Forest

Page | 28



Forest Forest

8 44,413 1,677 6.67 6,218 13,962 31.44 73 341

3.3.1.5.1.5 Reasons for change detected in 2011 Assessment

Changes reported in current assessment which have been validated through ground truthing of selected sample points in the field, are mainly due to plantation activities and regeneration of forests owing to protection measures taken by the SFD. The change matrix reveals that there has been an increase of 18 km2 in the moderately dense forest and 65 km2 in open forest whereas there is no change reported in the very dense category.

Table-8

Forest Cover Change Matrix (Area in km2

)

2009 Assessment 2011 Assessment Total 2009 VDF MDF OF Scrub NF

Very Dense Forest 2,590 0 0 0 0 2590

Moderately Dense Forest

0 9,899 0 0 0 9,899

Open Forest 0 2 10,398 0 5 10,405

Scrub 0 0 2 680 1 683

Non – Forest 0 16 70 3 56,048 56,137

Total 2011 2,590 9,917 10,470 683 56,054 79,714

Net Change 0 18 65 0 -83

3.3.1.5.1.6 Forest cover of the state in different altitude zones

Altitude Zone-wise Forest Cover (Area in km2

)

Altitude Zone VDF MDF OF Total

0-500m 1,038 6,978 7,684 15,700

500-1000m 1,493 2,807 2,754 7,054

1000-2000m 59 132 32 223

Total 2,590 9,917 10,470 22,977

3.3.1.5.1.7 Forest Cover in Different Forest Types

Forest type mapping using satellite data has been undertaken by Forest Survey of India with reference to Champion & Seth Classification. As per this assessment, the state has five forest types which belong to two forest type groups, viz. Tropical Moist Deciduous and Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests. Percentage-wise distribution of forest cover in different forest type groups found in the state is given in the pie diagram.

Page | 29



3.3.1.5.1.8 Tree cover

Tree cover of the state has been estimated using TOF inventory data collected over a period of six years, i.e. 2004-10. The estimated tree cover in the state is 2,914 km2 which is 3.66% of its geographical area. Six districts of the state (Deoghar, Dhanbad, Giridih, Gumla, Koderma and Ranchi) have been inventoried.

Forest and Tree Cover

Category Area % of Geographical Area

Tree Cover 2,914 3.66

Forest Cover 22,977 28.82

Forest & Tree Cover 25,891 32.48

3.3.1.5.1.9 Growing Stock

The growing stock in the recorded forest area has been estimated on the basis of the current forest cover map, forest type map and forest inventory data. For trees outside forests (TOF), the same has been estimated using TOF inventory data.

Growing Stock (million cum)

Forest TOF Total

116.308 51.308 167.616

3.3.1.5.1.10 Bamboo

The extent of bamboo bearing area in the forests of the state is 3,603 km2. Density-wise details, number of culms by soundness and equivalent green weight are given below.

Bamboo bearing area by density in recorded forest area (Area in km2

)

Recorded Forest Area

Pure bamboo

Dense bamboo

Scattered bamboo

Clumps hacked

Bamboo regeneration

No bamboo

23,605 14 898 1,571 509 611 20,002

Source: INDIA STATE OF FOREST REPORT 2011 (Forest Survey of India Dheradun)

3.3.1.5.2 Important Plants:

Sal, Asan, Gamhar, Karam, Harre, Bahera, Sidha, Arjuan, Sissoo, Sagwan, Khair, Kend, Kusum, Mahulan, Pier, Palas, Semal, Salai, Bamboo, Jamun, Karanj, Imli, Mahuan, Kanod etc.

3.3.1.5.3 Wild Life:

Tiger, Leopard, Elephant, Cheetal, Sambhar, Barking Deer, Black Buck, Gaur, Neelgai, Wild Boar, Wolf, Wild Dog, Sloth Bear, Hyena, Langur, Rhesus, Monkey, Porcupine etc. Wildlife Sanctuary: 11 National Park : 1

Jharkhand has 28.10% of total geographical area of the State as forest against the National Average of 23.57%. (Source: Forest Deptt.)

Estimated number of bamboo culms and equivalent green weight

Number of culms (in millions) Equivalent Green Weight (in 000’ tones)

Green Dry Decayed Total Green Dry Total

181 49 8 238 736 357 1093

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3.3.1.6 Mines & Geology

Table-9

S NO

MINERAL JHARKHAND’S SHARE WRT INDIA

S NO

MINERAL JHARKHAND’S SHARE WRT INDIA

1 Coal 29.17 15 Black Granite 23.64

2 Iron Ore (Haematite) 27.58 16 Coloured Granite

3 Magnetite 0.10 17 Apatite rock phosphate

27.07

4 Limestone 0.43 18 Asbestos 0.69

5 Copper ore 16.21 19 Barytes 0.04

6 Bauxite 3.57 20 Cromite 0.35

7 Kyanite 5.56 21 Cobalt 20.04

8 Fireclay 9.48 22 Felspar 1.82

9 Graphite 6.13 23 Garnet 0.0016

10 Quartz & Silica 4.78 24 Gold Ore 0.09

11 China Clay/Kaolin 7.33 25 Manganese Ore 1.98

12 Dolomite 0.68 26 Mica 1.42

13 Bentonite 0.15 27 Nickel 4.77

14 Talc/ Soap Stone 0.11 28 Ochre 0.26

3.3.1.7 Infrastructure

3.3.1.7.1 Road

National Highways 1844 KM State Highways & PWD Roads including Major District roads (including urban roads) 6880 KM. Rural roads including classified rural roads & Minor District Roads 24300 KM (Approx)

3.3.1.7.2 All Weather and Metal Roads

Jharkhand India Villages having access to all weather roads 36% 57% Villages having access to all metal roads 25% 45% Road Length per 100 square km 21.4 km 74.2km

3.3.1.7.3 Health

Table-10

INDICATORS JHARKHAND (2009) INDIA (2009) SOURCE IMR per 1000 44 50 SRS, 2009 Child Mortality Rate (CMR) 26.1 18.4 NFHS-III (2005-2006) MMR (Per one lakh) 312 254 MMR 2004-06 Spl

Survey TFR 3.2 2.6 HMIS-2008 Full immunization 54.1 59.7 HMIS-2009 Birth rate 25.6 22.5 SRS, 2009 Death rate 7.0 7.3 SRS, 2009 % of birth in institutional delivery 40.1 72.9 CES, 2009

Birth/ Death rate/IMR is per 1000 population. MMR is per lakh live birth

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3.3.1.8 Industrialisation

No of industrial development Authorities: 4 (Ranchi, Adityapur, Bokaro, Dumka) No of mega industries (Sept 2010): 24 No of Large & medium industries: 106 No of small and micro-industries: 1335

3.3.2 Geomorphology

3.3.2.1 Formation

The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a continental plateau - an extensive area of land thrust above the general land. The plateau has been formed by continental uplift from forces acting deep inside the earth. The Gondwana substrates attest to the plateau's ancient origin. It is part of the Deccan Plate, which broke free from the southern continent during the Cretaceous to embark on a 50-million-year journey that was violently interrupted by the northern Eurasian continent. The northeastern part of the Deccan Plateau, where this ecoregion sits, was the first area of contact with Eurasia.

3.3.2.2 Divisions

The Chota Nagpur Plateau consists of three steps. The highest step is in the western part of the plateau, where pats, as a plateau is locally called, are 3,000 feet (910 m) - 3,500 feet (1,100 m) above sea level. The highest point is 3,819 feet (1,164 m). The next part contains larger portions of the old Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts and some parts of old Palamu district, before these were broken up into smaller administrative units. The general height is 2,000 feet (610 m). The topography is undulating with prominent gneissic hills, often dome-like in outline. The lowest step of the plateau is at an average level of around 1,000 feet (300 m). It covers the old Manbhum and Singhbhum districts. High hills are a striking part of this section - Parasnath Hills rise to a height of 4,480 feet (1,370 m) and Dalma Hills to 3,407 feet (1,038 m). The large plateau is subdivided into several small plateaux or sub plateaux.

3.3.3 Physiography

The physiography of Jharkhand is largely defined by the Chhotanagpur Plateau (CNP) region and other distinct geomorphic domains. The Chhotanagpur Plateau (CNP) region extending from the western part of state to the border of West Bengal in the east is characterized by distinct steps i.e. level of planation. This has been further divided into a number of 2nd and 3rd order division based on variation in relief, drainage and geology. Based on broad geomorphic parameters, Jharkhand may be divided into the following geomorphic domains:-

3.3.3.1 Ranchi Plateau

This is the largest part of the Chhotanagpur Plateau having an average elevation of about 700 meters above msl. There are many waterfalls at the edges of Ranchi Plateau where rivers form waterfalls when they descend through the escarpments of the plateau down to the area of significantly lower height. That is the reason the plateau is highly dissected at the edges. Hundru Falls (75m) on Subarnarekha River, Dassam Falls (39m) on Kanchi River and Sadni Falls (60 m) on Sankh River are some of the examples of scarp falls.

3.3.3.2 Pat Region

The western higher plateau with an average elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above mean sea level merges into the plateau of Surguja district of Chattisgarh. The flat topped plateaux, locally known as pats are characterized by level surface and accordance of their summit levels shows they are part of one large plateau. The area is also referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau. It is believed to be composed of Deccan lava. The Netarhat Planation Surface locally known as PATS has also been referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau. This is the highest plateau region of the Chhotanagpur Plateau with an average height of 1000 meters the highest point being 1164 meters. Pat Region is characterized by level surface. The denudation and secondary enrichment of Granite Gneiss of this region has given rise to some of the best Bauxite deposits.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasnath_Hills

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasnath_Hills

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalma_Hills

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surguja_district

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3.3.3.3 Hazaribagh Plateau

This lies to the north of Ranchi Plateau and is separated by E-W running Damuda valley in which deposition of Gondwana sediments took place. The Hazaribagh Plateau measures about 64 km (east-west) and 24 km (north-south) with an average elevation of 610 m. The north-eastern and southern faces of this plateau are mostly abrupt but to the west it narrows and descends to the south and connects with the Ranchi Plateau through Tori Pargana. As the plateau is highly dissected at the edges, seen from the north, the edge of this plateau has the appearance of a range of hills.

3.3.3.4 Koderma Plateau

The Koderma Plateau is also referred to as the Hazaribagh Lower Plateau. The northern face of this plateau, elevated 800 ft above the plains of Bihar has the appearance of a range of hills but in reality it is the edge of a plateau. The slope of this plateau to the east is uniform and gentle. The western boundary of the plateau is formed by the deep bed of the Lilajan River. The southern boundary consists of the face of the higher plateau comprising Parasnath Hills.

3.3.3.5 Simdega-Singhbhum Uplands

The Ranchi Plateau gradually slopes down towards south east into Singhbhum region. This region is characterized by highly dissected high (600-900 m) rugged hills, steep hill sides, cliffs and narrow valleys; the reason of this high dissection being the type of rock more susceptible to erosion and structurally highly disturbed area. The prominent tectonic feature, the Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) runs south of Dalma Range arcuately for a length of 150 km in this region. To the

north of Tatanagar, the Dalma hills (500-600m) form a prominent east-west trending hill range.

3.3.3.6 Manbhum Area

The lowest step of the Chotanagpur Plateau, the Manbhum area covers Dhanbad and part of Bokaro district. This area has a general elevation of 300 meter and it consists of undulating land with scattered hills.

3.3.3.7 Palamu Plateau

It lies at a lower height then the surrounding areas of Chotnagpur Plateau. This upland intrudes the Ranchi plateau on the east and merges with the Pat Region in the south. On the west are the Surguja highlands of Chhattishgarh and Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. On the north-western corner, the Son River forms the state boundary.

3.3.3.8 Rajmahal Plateau

The Rajmahal hills composed primarily of Mesozoic volcanic basaltic traps along with Gondwana sediments in the form of Intra Trappean Beds form a plateau (150-200m) above msl in Shaebganj and Pakur districts of the eastern part of the state of Jharkhand. The Rajmahal plateau trends N-S with a slope towards east possibly as a result of uplift in the west. The subsidence of the eastern region had led to the deposition of Recent Ganga sediments on this part.

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Sections across Jharkhand (from North to South) showing Physiography of Chhotanagpur Plateau (Arrows indicate direction of movement)

3.3.3.9 Damodar Valley

The Damodar Valley is a trough between the Ranchi and Hazaribagh plateaus resulting from enormous fracture. This basin had been the place of deposition of several hundred meters of Gondwana sediments ranging in age from late Carboniferous to early Cretaceous, later constituting the great belt of Damodar Valley Gondwana Coalfields.

3.3.4 River Basins of Jharkhand

Damodar Basin : Damodar, Barakar, Bokaro, Konar, Jamunia, Khadia and Bhera/Subarnarekha Basin : Subarnarekha, Kharkai, Raru, Kanchi, Damra, Karru, Chinguru, Garra Brahmani Basin (Orissa & Jharkhand) : Deo, Koina, North karo, Sankh, South karo, South koel Son Basin : Amanat, Auranga, Burha, Kanhar, North koel, Son

3.3.4.1 East Flowing Rivers:

Bakreshwar River: It is a tributary of the Mayurakshi River. It originates in Santhal Parganas division of Jharkhand, flows in to the Mayurakshi River in Murshidabad district.

Dwarka River: It originates in Santhal Parganas, flows through Birbhum district and then flows through Murshidabad district where it joins the Bhagirathi.

Ajay River: Originates on a small hill in Munger district of Bihar, forms the border between Bardhaman District of West Bengal & Jharkhand. It’s main tributaries are Pathro and Jayanti

Mayurakshi: Rises from Trikut Pahar in Deoghar district, flows across Godda, Deoghar, Dumka and Sahebganj districts. There is Massanjore Dam across this river at 30 km NE of Dumka

Bansloi: River: Originates in Bans Hills in Sahebganj distt, flows through Pakur distt and eventually flows into Bhagirathi.

3.3.4.2 North Flowing Rivers:

Kiul River: The Kiul originates from the Tisri Hill Range in Giridih district. It first flows through Jamui and Lakhisarai districts. It falls into the Ganges near Surajgarha.

Lilajan River: The Lilajan originates north of Simaria in Chatra district on the Hazaribagh plateau, south of Gaya it unites with the Mohana River to form Falgu River.

Punpun River: It originates in Palamu district at an elevation of 300 metres, flows in a north-east direction through Chatra, Aurangabad, Gaya and Patna districts and joins the Ganges at Fatuha.

3.3.4.3 South East Flowing Rivers:

Baitarani River: The Baitarani originates from the Guptaganga hills in Gonasika of Keonjhar district in Orissa. The beginning portion of Baitarani acts as the boundary between Orissa and Jharkhand. A major portion of the river basin lies within the state of Orissa while a small patch of the upper reach lies in Jharkhand state.

Singhbhum

D i s s e c t e d R e g i o n R a n c h i P l a t e a u 2 0 0 0'

1250' 250'

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3.3.5 Geological History of Jharkhand

The Older Metamorphics of Singhbhum region is believed to be the oldest rock exposed in the state constituting the basement of the Iron Ore Series. The Older Metamorphic Group Orogenic Cycle continued to operate till 3000 Ma whereas the Iron Ore Orogeny Cycle continued up to 2000 Ma in the Southern Singhbhum. The Singhbhum Orogeny continued up to 905-934 Ma in the Northern Singhbhum. The low and high grade facies rocks in the Northern Singhbhum are the strtigraphic equivalent and their juxtaposition had been brought about by the Singhbhum Thrust. The end of Iron Ore Orogeny was marked by intrusion of Singhbhum Granite, polyphase deformation and metamorphism in the Northern Singhbhum. This phase of polyphase deformation, metamorphism and igneous intrusion culminated in upliftment of the Precambrian rocks of the state. This resulted in to development of a stable and cratonized Precambrian terrain. This was followed by a prolonged period of denudation and sedimentation. A number of sedimentary groups have formed during this period. The Kolhan Group and the Vindhyan Group are such examples in South Singhbhum and in Garhwa districts respectively. After this there was a big pause in the geological history of the state. At the end of the Palaeozoic era, i.e. towards the Upper Carboniferous a new series of changes took place manifested by gravity block faulting of the Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss terrain. This resulted in development of a number of basins in which deposition of sediments in glacial condition (Talchir), fluvial and lacustrine conditions with intercalated plant remains (Damudas), flood plains and shallow lakes (Panchets) and arid condition (Mahadevas) took place. The post-Panchet and pre-Mahadeva period witnessed transverse faulting in the Gondwana basin. After this the crust of the earth is appeared to have experienced regional tension resulting in outpouring of vast quantity of basaltic lava and volcanic material forming Rajmahal Traps. After the Rajmahal period, the Jharkhand region did not experience any major geological activity. A number of eminent Geoscientists have contributed significantly in exploring the geology of Jharkhand. H. W. Voysey, Lieut. Tickells, Col. J. C. Haudhton, Emil Stoeher and V. Ball were amongst the earliest workers to have worked in the region between 1844-1868. The work of Sri P. N. Bose led to the discovery of Gorumahisani iron ore deposit which eventually gave birth to the first iron ore company TISCO in 1904. H. C Jones (1918-1932), J. A. Dunn (1940) and Dunn and Day (1942) were the pioneer workers who had done the regional geological mapping of Singhbhum and surrounding region. Detail geological work in the region was done by Holmes, Sarkar and Saha.

3.3.6 Geology and Mineral Resources

Jharkhand state a part of the Indian Peninsular Shield is a stable cratonic block of the earth’s crust. Jharkhand is known for its diversified geological set up. The whole of Singhbhum region is considered as a natural geological museum. Geologically, Jharkhand consists of different types of rock formations ranging from Pre-Cambrian to Cenozoic era. The most predominant hard rocks in the state comprise of the Archaean metamorphics with associated intrusives and sedimentaries belonging to Vindhyan and Gondwana Super Group with associated igneous rocks. The Raj Mahal hills, lying in the north-eastern extremity of the Chotanagpur Plateau consists of Jurassic volcanic lava flows. The Archaean metamorphics occur in East and West Singhbhum, Ranchi, Gumla, Lohardaga, Palamu, Giridih, Hazaribagh, Chatra, Ramgarh, Dhanbad, Godda, Deoghar and Dumka districts. They are represented by various types of Schists, Gneisses, Granulities, Quartzites, Meta basics and other basic intrusives and Granites. The Archaean formation of West Singhbhum district possesses the iron bearing Iron Ore Group. The Vindhyans comprising chiefly of Khenjua-shales, Procelanite, Limestone and Sandstones occupy a small area in the north-western part of Garhwa district. The Gondwanas are represented by alteration of agrillaceous and arenaceous sediment & intervened with numerous coal seams. They are located in Palamu, Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Bokaro, Chatra, Dumka, Giridih, Dhanbad and Godda districts.

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Box-3 Singhbhum Shear Zone:

The most spectacular structural element of the Singhbhum Craton in the southern part of the state is a 1-10 km wide and over 160 km long arcuate belt of shear zone called Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ). It separates the North Singhbhum Mobile Belt in the north from the Iron Ore Group and the Singhbhum Granite in the south. The SSZ consists of a number of thrust planes with variable upward displacement of the northern block. A number of cross faults are also known to have displaced the shear zone.

The SSZ is host to mineral occurrences of economic importance. This belt hosts several copper, uranium and apatite-magnetite and several other deposits. Besides these, nickel, gold, molybdenum, silver, tellurium and selenium are also extracted as by-products from the copper and uranium ores. The mineralized sections are Baharagora, Badia-Mosabani, Pathargarah-Surda, Kendadih-Chapri, Roam-Rakha Mines-Tamapahar, Ramchandra Pahar-Nandup-Turamdih etc.

Structurally the state can be divided into “Southern Singhbhum Province” and “Northern Chotanagpur Province” devided by Tamar – Khatra Fault (TKF) popularly known as the “Northern Singhbhum Shear Zone”. The famous “Singhbhum Thrust Zone” is the store house of several important minerals traversing East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan district

Jharkhand is one of the richest areas in the whole country, rich in minerals with huge reserves of coal, iron ore, mica, bauxite and limestone and considerable reserves of copper, chromite, asbestos, kyanite, china clay, fire clay, steatite, uranium, manganese, dolomite, tungsten, gold, etc. The distribution of these minerals is mostly localized. Coal is found in the Gondwana rocks of the Damodar basin. The well known coalfields of the area are Raniganj, Jharia, east and west Bokaro, Ramgarh, and south and north Karanpura. If Damodar valley is the repository of coal resources, Singhbhum is a veritable museum of non-fuel minerals with huge deposits of iron ore and sizeable deposits of copper, uranium, chromite, asbestos, kyanite, china clay, manganese, etc. The Kolhan series of iron ore in Singhbhum is one of the richest iron belts in the world. The Singhbhum copper-uranium belt contains the largest deposits of copper and uranium in the country today. The world's largest deposit of high grade kyanite occurs at Lapsa Buru in the Singhbhum shear zone. Mica is an important mineral for whose deposits the Jharkhand area leads all countries in the world. The mica belt covering about 3,800 sq km lies in the northern parts of the districts of Hazaribagh and Giridih. Bauxite is found in and around the Pat region in north-west Ranchi district. Thus, Jharkhand area has rich endowments of both metallic and non-metallic minerals.

Table-11 Mineral availability at A Glance

Available Mineral Resources in PLENTY China Clay, Fireclay, Magnetite, Graphite, Kyanite, Copper, Bauxite, Feldspar, Mica & Decorative Stones.

Available Mineral Resources SUFFICIENT Coal, Iron Ore, Limestone, Quartz Quartzite, Dolomite, Pyroxenite

Available Mineral Resources INSUFFICIENT andalusite, Manganese, Chromite, Beryl, Talc, Gold, Bentonite

Table-12 Status of Important Mineral Resources of Jharkhand

Sl. No. Mineral Reserve/resource (In Million tonnes)

Available grade

1 COAL (C) * 76711.96 All Grades.

2 HAEMATITE (Fe2 O3 ) # 4035.74 >58% to 67% of Fe.

3 LIME STONE (Ca Mg)CO3 745.77 Cement to Sub Cement Grade.

4 QUARTZ SILICA SAND (SiO2 ) 154.76 SiO2 96% 2

5 CHINA CLAY (AI2 O3 SiO3 ,2H2 O) 190.140 Superior Quality (Except Ranchi Deposits)

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6 COPPER ORE (Cu,FeS2 ) 226.08 1.00% to 1.85% Cu (Approx)

7 CBM © 300 Billion m3*

8 BAUXITE (AI2 O3 2H2 O) 117.54 Al (40.55%)

9 DOLOMITE (CaCO3 MgCO3 ) 51.09 Mostly of all aualities

10 KYANITE (AI2 Si05 ) 5.70 Lapsaburu->60% Alumina at other place - 30% to 37%

11 FIRE CLAY 66.80 Good quality

12 GRAPHITE (C) 10.34 Carbon contacts 3.74 to 25%

13 ANDALUSITE (AI2 Si05 ) 4.00 Low grade.

14 APATITE (Ca4 (PO4 )3F) 7.27 9.60% as P2 O3

15 MAGNESITE (MgCO3 ) 2.30 39% Magnesite rest talc.

16

BENTONITE (Al, Mg)2 (Si4 O10 ) (OH)10 12H2 O

0.81

Mostly of all qualities.

17 FELSPAR (KNaCa) NAI2 O3 NSiO 1.65 Ceramic Grade.

18 CHROMITE (FeCr2 O4 ) 0.73 All Grade. Cr2O3 -50% Max

19 ASBESTOS (MG6 {SiO10 )OH8 ) 0.15 0.034 as Chrysotile & 0.362 as amphibole variety.

20 BARYTES (BaSO4 ) 0.03 0.014 of High Quality in Palamu District.

21

TALC/STEATITE, SOAPSTONE, (Mg 3Si4 O10 )

0.34

N.A.

22 VERMICULITE (Mg Si O ) 0.03 N.A.

23 GOLD (Au) 0.34 N.A.

24 PYROXENITE 30.00 >30%MgO. 34.35% SiO2 and <1% Chrome.

25 MAGANESE ORE (MnO4 ) 7.47 High Magnetic Content.

26 MICA H2 Kal2 (Si04 )2 16,65,130 kg. All Grades.

27 MAGNETITE Fe3 O4 10.26 High Magnetic Content.

28 OCHRE 0.24 High Grade

29 QUARTZITE 40.23 High to Medium Grade

30 ROCK PHOSPHATE 107.37 Average Grade

* Source: IBM (As on 1.4.2009), # Source: IBM (As on 1.4.2009), © Source: CMPDI (As on 1.4.2009)

3.3.7 Climate

The Chota Nagpur Plateau has an attractive climate. For five or six months of the year, from October onwards the days are sunny and bracing. The mean temperature in December is 73 °F (23 °C). The nights are cool and temperatures in winter may drop below freezing point in many places. In April and May the day temperature may cross 100 °F (38 °C) but it is very dry and not sultry as in the adjacent plains. The rainy season (June to September) is pleasant. The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual average rainfall of around 1400 mm, which is less than the rainforested areas of much of India and almost all of it in the monsoon months between June and August.

3.3.8 Ecology

Jharkhand in the eastwhile Bihar, comprised the southern uplands of the state. The plateau has been defined as the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forest, a tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests ecoregion drier than surrounding areas such as the Eastern Ghats and the Satpura Range that encroach on it to the south. The plateau is covered with a variety of different habitats of which Sal forest is predominant. The plateau is home

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ghats

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpura_Range

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_robusta

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to the Palamau Tiger Reserve and other large blocks of natural habitat which are among the few remaining refuges left in India for large populations of tiger and Asian Elephants.

Forests range from dry to wet and reach up to 25m tall. The plateau is also swampy in some places and in

other parts is covered with bamboo grasslands and shrubs such as Holarrhena and Dodonaea. The flora of the

plateau is distinct from the wetter parts of India that surround it and includes a number of endemic plants

such as Aglaia haslettiana and endangered plant species including Madhuca longifolia and Butea monosperma.

Tigers, Asian elephants, Four-horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra),

and chinkara (Gazella bennettii), dhole wild dog (Cuon alpinus) and sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) are some of

the animals found here while birds include the threatened Lesser Florican(Eupodotis indica), Indian Grey

Hornbill and other hornbills.

More than half of the natural forest on the plateau has been cleared for grazing land and the scale of the

mining operations on the plateau is disturbing to the movement and therefore the survival of wildlife including

elephants and tigers. About 5% of the plateau is protected area the largest of which are Palamau Tiger reserve

and Sanjay National Park.

3.3.8.1 Ecologically Sensitive Areas

The ecologically sensitive areas include:

Drought Prone Districts

Wild Life Sanctuaries

Reserved Forests

National Parks

3.3.8.2 Drought and other Hazards

Jharkhand is prone to not only droughts but to other hazards such as floods, etc. that affect the ecological balance or otherwise the environment in one or more ways.

Drought

Mining Accidents

Chemical and Industrial Hazards

Lightning

Bird Flu

Flood

Earthquake

Fire / Forest Fire

Elephant Attacks

Climate Change

Biodiversity loss

Naxalism/ Landmine Blasts

Table-13 Status List of Districts Affected by Hazards of Various Kinds

S.No. Name of Hazards No. of Districts affected Name of the District

1 Drought All the 24 Districts -2010

2 Flood 1 (Sahibgunj) 3 Flash Flood 3 (Jamshedpur , Saraikela , Ranchi) 4 Forest Fire 9 (Garhwa, Palamau, Latehar, Chatra, Hazaribagh, E. &

W. Singhbhum, Simdega,Gumla) 5 Lightening 9 (Palamau, Chatra, Latehar, Koderma, Ranchi, Giridih,

Hazaribagh, Lohardagga, Dumka)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamau_Tiger_Reserve

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Elephant

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holarrhena&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodonaea

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aglaia_haslettiana&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butea_monosperma

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-horned_Antelope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinkara

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bear

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Florican

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Grey_Hornbill

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Grey_Hornbill

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_National_Park

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6 Mining Hazards 9 (Latehar, Ramgarh, Dhanbad, Lohardagga, Giridih, E. & W. Singhbhum,Koderma)

7 Earthquake Hazard Zone –IV 2 (Godda & Sahibgunj - Partially) Zone –III 15 (Godda , Sahibgunj, Garhwa, Palamau, Chatra,

Hazaribagh, Koderma, Giridih, Bokaro, Dhanbad, Deoghar, Dumka, Godda, Pakur, Jamtara)

Zone – II 7 (Lohardagga, Ranchi, Ramgarh, Khunti, Gumla, E. & W. Singhbhum,)

3.3.8.3 Wild Life Sanctuaries Reserve Forests

Most of the Jharkhand forest, as much as 79% was privately owned until the Zamindari system was abolished under the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950. Before acquisition of these Zamindari forests, indiscriminate exploitation of these forests was a common practice. However circumstances changed with time and with greater awareness of the significance of forest cover. Presently the State is having 29.61% of its total land under forest cover. Jharkhand is bestowed with a huge variety of plant and animal species. A panorama of this rich variety of wildlife in Jharkhand is visible in its national parks and zoological gardens. The Betla National Park and the Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary are main wildlife sanctuaries of Jharkhand. Situated 25 km away from Daltonganj, the Betla National Park spreads over an area of around 250 sq. km. In the year 1974, the Betla National Park was declared Project Tiger Reserve. In Betla National Park you can see wildlife such as tigers, elephants, bisons (gaurs), sambars, wildboars, langurs, rhesus, blue bulls, spotted deers, antelopes, rabbits and foxes. The Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary is situated 135 km away from Ranchi and it is set in an ecosystem very much similar to Betla National Park. Apart from these, a Zoological Garden is also located at a distance of 16 km from Ranchi, which houses a number of mammalian species.

(a) Hazaribagh wildlife sanctuary

Nestling in low hilly terrain, at an average altitude of 1800 ft. this 183.89 sq. km National Park has an

abundance of wild animals, i.e. wild Boar, Sambar, Nilgai, Chital, Sloth Bear, tiger and Panthar. The 1970

census has established the presence of 14 tigers, 25 Panthers and 400 Sambars. Hazaribagh means “Thousand

tigers”. Hazaribagh is famous for its wildlife sanctuary. The place is situated in the ascending and descending

slopes of Chhota Nagpur Plateau. The Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary is another important site in Uttarakhand.

It is vying for a place in the international heritage list for its recent findings of rock paintings, caves, Stone Age

tools and smelted iron slag that show a much early advent of the Iron age than the theorized Chalcolithic age.

Wild boar, sambar, nilgai, cheetal, and kakar can be sighted near waterholes at dusk here. The sanctuary is 190

sq km and was established in 1954. The sanctuary is home to animals like wild boar, nilgai and leopard. The

sanctuary is a thick forest area so it’s a safe place for birds to live. The Best Season to visit the sanctuary is

from October to March as the climate is pleasant at that time. Prior permission from the divisional forest

officer (west division) is required to enter the sanctuary. Canari Hill is 5 km. Cycle Rickshaws available from the

Hazaribagh town.

(b) Palamau National park

The Palamau National Park is located in the western part of the Chotanagpur plateau. The park is spread over a

core area of 250 square kilometers and is also known as the Betla National Park. The Palamau National Park

was brought under Project Tiger in the year 1973. It is among the first nine Tiger Reserves of the country. The

core area of the park was declared as a National Park in September 1989. Best Time to visit the national park is

from February-April.

(c) Betla National Park Palamau's Betla National Park offers a fascinating study of wild life in natural surroundings studded with forests, hills and valleys. The national park has a large variety of wild life. Once Betla had 2 tigers, 50 elephants, 800 sambhars, hundreds of wild boar and pythons as big as 15 to 20 feet. Most popular are the

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spotted deer seen moving in herds. The most coveted sight is a majestic gaur popularly known as bison. The elephants are also seen in the region. The other mammalian fauna to be seen at Betla include langur, rhesus, cheetal (spotted deer), blue bulls and wild boars. The lesser mammals are the porcupine hare junglee cat, honey badger, jackal, malabar giant squirrel and mangoose wolf, antelope etc. The park was declared in 1974 a tiger project reserve.

(d) Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary Dalma Mountain Range is at an altitude of 3000 feet. Lurking in the thick cover of its jungle (193 sq. km.) are elephants, barking deer, sloth beer, porcupines, leopard, tigers etc. The steep slope of Dalma is a trekker’s delight. Small hideouts have been made at several places in the sanctuary where one can see wilds animals in their natural habitat. A look from the mountaintop at the city is so visually appealing at the night that it looks as if millions stars twinkling. Dalma provides natural air condition to the fuming steel city and is an important source of fresh oxygen to the citizens. Late Sanjay Gandhi inaugurated the sanctuary in 1975. On the mountaintop are the guesthouse of Tata Steel and Forest Department.

(e) Palamau tiger reserve The Palamau Tiger Reserve lies in the western part of the Chhotanagpur plateau. The forest stretches from the edge of the Netarhat hill range in the south to the Auranga River in the north and from the Latehar-Sarju road in the east to Madhya Pradesh border in the west. The forest of Palamau is the catchment of the river North Koel. Flora includes Shorea robusta, Acacia catechu, and Butea monosperma, Madhuca indica, Terminalia tomentosa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cardifolia, Anogeisus latifolia, Indigofera pulchela, Moghania spp, Mallotus phillipinensis, Holarrhena antidysentrica, Bothriochloa Montana, Apluda mutica and many others. Fauna includes Tiger, Leopard, Cheetal, Sambar, Barking Deer, Wolf, Wild Dog, Elephant, Mouse Deer, Pangolin, Fourhorned Antelope and Indian Ratel.

(f) Topchanchi wildlife sanctuary This sanctuary is noted for the flow of migratory birds including pochards, red crested pochards and coots. Resident birds include bronze winged jacanas, pond herons, egrets, swamp partridges, etc. The Nagi Dam Sanctuary (1.9sq km) near Jhajha is the smallest sanctuary in the state and also a place to spot migratory birds. Fifteen km from Patna, Danapur is also a significant shelter for migratory birds, especially janghils (open billed storks).

Table-14 Summary of the National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries Sl. No.

Name District Legal Status

Year of Notification

Area (Sq. km.)

Principal Wildlife Nearest Rly Station

Nearest Airport

1 Palamau Tiger Reserve, Betla

Latehar NP 1976 1026 Tiger, Leopard, Elephantm,Gaur, Cheetal, Sambhar, Barking Deer, Sloth Bear, Nilgai, Wild Dog, Wolf, Hyaena

Chhipadohar, 12 km

Ranchi, 170 km

2 Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary

Hazaribag WLS 1976 186.25 Tiger, Leopard, Elephantm,Cheetal, Barking Deer, Sloth Bear, Nilgai, Wild Boar, Hyaena

Ranchi Road,65 km

Ranchi, 110 km

3 Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary

Latehar WLS 1976 63.25 Wolf Spotted Deer, Wild Boar, Hares, Mongoose, Rats, Squirrels, Ground Birds

Chhipadohar, 60 km

Ranchi, 240 km

4 Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary

Singhbhum (East)

WLS 1976 193.22 Elephant Leopard, Mouse Deer, Barking Deer, Wild Boar

Tata Nagar, 12 km

Ranchi, 110 km

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5 Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary

Dhanbad WLS 1978 8.75 Leopard, Jungle Cat, Cheetal, Barking Deer, Langur, Wild Boar, Mongoose, Jackal, Fox, Wild Dog

Dhanbad, 25 km

Ranchi, 140 km

6 Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary

Chatra WLS 1978 207 Tiger, Leopard, Cheetal, Barking Deer, Nilgai, Wild Boar, Hyaena, Langur

Chandwa, (Tori) 76 km

Ranchi, 100 km

7 Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary

Koderma WLS 1985 150.62 Tiger, Leopard, Sloth Bear, Sambhar, Cheetal, Barking Deer, Nilgai, Wild Boar, Gaint Squirrel, Jackal, Fox, Hyaena, Langur, Porcupine

Koderma, 10 km

Ranchi, 170 km

8 Parasnath Wildlife Sanctuary

Giridih WLS 1981 49.33 Leopard, Sloth Bear, Sambhar, Cheetal, Barking Deer, Wild Boar, Gaint Squirrel, Hyaena, Langur, Porcupine, Mongoose, Jungle Cat, Monkey

Parasnath, 16 km

Ranchi, 160 km

9 Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary

Gumla WLS 1990 183.18 Leopard, Sloth Bear, Jackal, Monkey, Procupine, Hare, Jungle Fowl, Patridges, Koel, Parakeet, Owl, Pheasants

Ranchi, 115 km Bano 55 km

Ranchi, 115 km

10 Udhwa Lake Birds Sanctuary

Sahebganj WLS 1991 5.65 Gull, Jacana, Teal, Cormorant, Dabchick, Darter, Lapwing, Plover, Wagtail, Egret, Heron, Ibies, Stork, Blue Rock Pigeon, Lark, Bee-eater, Sparrow, Myna (six spp.) Pipit, Bulbul etc. Birds of prey like tern, Brahminy Kite, Fishing Eagle, Hawak and vulture. Others like swift, Swallow, Kingfisher, Drongo, Indian Foller, Parakeet etc.

Sahebganj, 42 km

Ranch/ Patna

11 Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary

Koderma WLS 1976 121.142 Sloth Beer, Sambhar, Cheetal, Barking Deer, Nilgai, Wild Boar, giant Squirrel

Koderma, 60 km

Ranchi

3.4 AGRICULTURE:

Nearly 80% of population in Jharkhand is engaged in agriculture. This implies that agriculture has a very significant role to play in the social and economic realm in this state. The total geographical area of Jharkhand is 79 lakh hectares. The net cultivated area is 22 lakh hectares approx. 23 lakh hectares is covered with forests.

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The climate of Jharkhand is moderate and crops like paddy(cultivated on terraced/valley lands), bajra, sugarcane, wheat, pulses, til, maize, oilseeds(niger crop) etc. grow well here. Varieties of vegetables and fruits like tomato, brinjal, ladies finger, cabbage, gourd, mango, litchi, papaya, lemons etc. are available for people to relish. The farmers follow the traditional ways of cultivation and now government efforts have brought in technology in their fields for better yield.

Crop Coverage Area under different crops is:

Crop Coverage Rice 16.92 lakh ha Wheat 1.10 lakh ha Maize 2.80 lakh ha Pulses 3.60 lakh ha Fruit 0.42 lakh ha. Vegetables 2.25 lakh ha Cropping Intensity is 117%, per capita net sown area (0.083hectare) is quite low in relation to the per capita land holding (0.14 ha approx.) in the State. All these factors converge into a vicious circle of low agricultural productivity, low farm income, low investment, low capital formation & subsequently stagnant rural economy. Contribution of Agriculture to GSDP is 11%.

3.4.1 Agriculture and Land Holdings:

• 83% of the land holdings belong to small and marginal farmers. Less than 1% of holdings are above 10 hectares which covers 9% of cultivable area. Agricultural operations are primarily of subsistence type due to the adverse land: man ratio.

• There is predominance of cereal crops in the state. About 92% cropped area is covered under food grains and hardly 3-5% area is under cash crops. 40% of the total cropped area remains largely mono-cropped under rice. Lack of diversity in the cropping pattern makes the farmers more vulnerable to any downward deviation in rainfall.

• Agricultural operations are not profitable because they are primarily of subsistence type due to large number of fragmented holdings.

• Large tracts of land are left uncultivated by poor farmers due to lack of capital. They have little or no resources of their own to provide for high cost of inputs needed to increase agricultural productivity. The institutional credit flow to the agriculture sector is negligible and agricultural extension activities are minimal.

• 49% of the soils have high concentration of toxicity. Therefore the productivity of soil is very low. • Agriculture is basically dependent on rain. • The State does not have a perennial river system. All rivers in the State are seasonal. They receive

water during monsoon. 80% of the rainfall is received during the monsoon months (June to Sept.). Due to undulating topography, the water run off rate is very high.

• Inadequate or non-existent post harvest management infrastructure at farm level, lack of price incentives, low access to credit and high transaction cost involved in institutional credit are some of the reasons which have affected productivity.

• All these factors converge into a vicious circle of low agricultural productivity, low farm income, low investment, low capital formation & subsequently stagnant rural economy. Contribution of Agriculture to GSDP is less than 10% though a large population (approx. 60%) depends on it for livelihood support.

3.4.2 Soils

Soil content of Jharkhand state mainly consist of soil formed from disintegration of rocks and stones, and soil composition is further divided into:

1. Red soil, found mostly in the Damodar valley, and Rajmahal area

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2. Micacious soil (containing particles of mica), found in Koderma, Jhumeritilaiya, Barkagaon, and areas around the Mandar hill

3. Sandy soil, generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad 4. Black soil, found in Rajmahal area 5. Laterite soil, found in western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal Parganas and Singhbhum

3.4.3 Landuse Pattern

The pattern of use of land in Jharkhand has been shown in the table below:

Table-15

S.N. Category Areas in Lakh Hectare Areas in Percentage

1 Cultivable Area

29.74 37.30%

2 Forest Area 23.92 30.00%

3 Waterbodies 1.59 2.00%

4 Waste Land 7.17 9.00%

5 Scrub forest 4.38 5.50%

6 Builtup Area 3.99 5.00%

7 Other 8.93 11.20%

Total 79.72 100.00% (Source: http://wrdjharkhand.nic.in/land_pattern_state.html)

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3.5 WATER RESOURCES IN JHARKHAND – An Introduction

Water resources available in Jharkhand and in the selected districts are:

Dug wells

Hand pump

Tube wells

Rivers

Dams

Infiltration structures

Other wetlands: Reservoirs/ Ponds/ lakes

Details of the quality of water from various sources have been discussed earlier in the. The types of problems encountered in respect of quality of water or extraction of water or otherwise the human environments are:

Occurrence of iron beyond permissible limits

Occurrence of fluoride beyond permissible limits

Occurrence of arsenic beyond permissible limits

Occurrence of turbidity beyond permissible limits

Occurrence of nitrates beyond permissible limits

Occurrence of manganese and zinc beyond permissible limits

Occurrence of radioactivity

Occurrence of biological pollution

Short life of hand pumps and tube wells because of lowering of discharge

Failure of tube wells because of absence of water bearing strata

Failure of tube wells because of caving in of assembly

3.5.1 Status of Surface Water In Jharkhand

River system in Jharkhand is the principal resource of surface water other than rain water. One of the most

important features of the river system in the state is the dominant role of Ganga, which provides water for day

to day use by habitants, for drinking purposes, irrigation, industry, commercial uses and recharge the

underground water.

3.5.1.1 Major Streams of Jharkhand

3.5.1.1.1 Brahmani River System

The numerous subsidiaries divides radiating from the Palamu-Ranchi uplands give rise to a landscape, when then on a large number of small but youthful independent river basins, the main streams emerging from which either merge to form large more mature river or themselves mature as they reach the plains. Along the southern slopes are the Sankh and south Koel river system cutting back deeply into the central upland and emerging out and joining to form the Brahmani River.

3.5.1.1.2 Subarnarekha River System

The Subarnrekha emerges from the eastern slopes near Nagari (Ranchi upland) and has more or less southeasterly course. Enlarged by several tributaries it directly drains into the Bay of Bengal, east of Balasore. It is the largest river in Jharkhand.

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The Subarnrekha River flows eastwards upto Muri flowing down the Hirni, Dasam, Johna and Hundru falls. It then takes a sharp turn to the south and flows into the gap between the Bhagmundi hills on the east and the Ranchi uplanlds in the west. South of Chandil the river cuts through the Dalma range and turns south east and flows along the valley between the Dama and Dhanjori range towards Baharagora. Here it leaves the state, meanders eastward. Sapghara, Gurma, Bhagalduba, Dimnajhore, the Garra, Sanjal, the Karkai are tributaries of river Subarnrekha.

3.5.1.1.3 Damodar River system

It rises from the eastern slope of the Balumath divides, east of Latehar near a place called Chulhapani in near the boundary of Lohardaga and Latehar districts. Later on the downstream it is joined by the Bakaro, Kunar, and Jamunia and Barakar rivers in its eastward course. It reaches by and large at mature stage before passing the state boundary. At Asansole the Damodar turns south east and enters the Bengal alluvial basin. Before the year 1770 the Damodar used to drain into the Hoogly, some 63 km north of Kolkatta. Since 1770 it joins the Hoogly some 65 km south of Kolkatta. This change in the course is characteristic that the river shares with the drainage of the Gangetic plains.

3.5.1.1.4 Amanat and Anuranga River systems

Emerging from the Western flanks of the Balumath high, north east of Lohardaga are the west flowing Amanat and Auranga rivers which join the noth flowing North Koel and drain into the Sone. The east flowing Damodar and the west flowing Amanat-Auranga system thus separated by the Balumath high drain the east west trending Gondwana coal basins and have a distant ancestry.

3.5.1.1.5 Barakar Ajoy and Mayurakshi Rivers

The region between the northern slopes of Hazaribagh plateau and the Kodarma-Rajmahal divides are drain by the Barakar, Ajoy and Mayurakshi rivers which flow to the south east through the Santal Pargana plains. Dwaraka, Brahmani, Pagala, Gumani, Chandan and Chira rivers:- These rivers have originated from Rajmahal plateau. Dwaraka, Brahmini, Pagala and Gumani drain down the Rajmahal plateau towards eastward slop. The western slopes of the Rajmahal ridge are drained by the Chandan and Chira rivers.

3.5.1.1.6 Wetlands of Jharkhand

The important wetlands of Jharkhand are Udhwa lake bird sanctuary, Getalsud Kansjor dam, Konar dam, Tilaiya dam, Massanjore dam, Maithon dam and Tenughat dam.

3.5.1.1.7 Major Wetland Types of Jharkhand

Major wetland types observed in the state are River/Stream, Reservoirs, Tanks/ Ponds, Lakes, Riverine wetlands, Waterlogged-Natural, Ox-bow Lakes, Waterlogged-Man-Made and Aquaculture Ponds.

Table-16 Area Estimates of Wetlands in Jharkhand

Sr. No. Wet code No.

Wetland Category Number of Wetlands

Total Wetland Area (Ha)

% of wetland area

Open Water (Sq km) Post- monsoon area

Pre- monsoon area

1100 Inland Wetlands - Natural

1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 16 3204 1.88 1343 385 2 1102 Ox-bow lakes/ Cut-off 18 83 0.05 71 70

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Sr. No. Wet code No.

Wetland Category Number of Wetlands

Total Wetland Area (Ha)

% of wetland area

Open Water (Sq km) Post- monsoon area

Pre- monsoon area

meanders 3 1103 High altitude

wetlands - - - - -

4 1104 Riverine wetlands 42 1629 0.96 781 552 5 1105 Waterlogged 58 231 0.14 231 16 6 1106 River/Stream 344 97743 57.48 97743 63442

1200 Inland Wetlands -Man-made

7 1201 Reservoirs/Barrages 1062 48177 28.33 47386 34476 8 1202 Tanks/Ponds 910 5688 3.34 5266 4241 9 1203 Waterlogged 11 61 0.04 50 35

10 1204 Salt pans 2 8 0.00 8 8 Sub-Total 2463 156824 92.22 152879 103225

Wetlands (<2.25 ha) 13227 13227 7.78 - -

Total 15690 170051 100.00 152879 103225

Area under Aquatic Vegetation

3437 7244 (Ha)

Area under turbidity levels

Low 21014 12774 (Ha) Moderate 88410 64127 (Ha) High 43455 26324 (Ha)

3.5.1.1.8 District-Wise Wetland (Maps and) Statistics

The state has 22 districts. Pashchimi Sighbhum district ranks first in terms of area (18939 ha) followed by Sahibganj (16118 ha) and others. In terms of per cent area under wetlands of total wetland extent, Pashchimi Sighbhum also ranks first (11 %). Interestingly, 50 % of the wetland area is concentrated in five districts i.e. Ranchi (9 %), Dumka (9 %), Palamu (10 %), Sahibganj (9 %) and Pashchimi Sighbhum (11 %) and rest of the wetlands are distributed in the remaining 13 districts. In terms of per cent area of wetlands of the geographical area of the districts, the wetlands account for about 2.1 %. Jharkhand state has shown a significant reduction in the extent of open water from post-monsoon (152879ha) to pre- monsoon (103225 ha), which amounts to approximately 35 %. Minimum seasonal variation (11 %) in open water extent is observed in Sahibganj district while maximum in Lohardaga (69 %). On an average the state has shown a decrease of 35 % of open water extent. District-wise wetland area estimates is given in table below.

Table-17 District-Wise Wetland Area

Sr. No. District Total Geographical

area (Ha)

Wetland area (ha)

% of wetland

area

% of geographical

area

Open Water

Post- monsoon

(2006)

Pre- monsoon

(2007) 1 Garhwa 4044 9362 6 0.12 9052 5073

2 Palamu 8705 16348 10 0.21 14948 7781

3 Chatra 3706 5253 3 0.07 4751 2117

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Sr. No. District Total Geographical

area (Ha)

Wetland area (ha)

% of wetland

area

% of geographical

area

Open Water

Post- monsoon

(2006)

Pre- monsoon

(2007) 4 Hazaribagh 6147 11307 7 0.14 10635 5896

5 Kodarma 1312 3160 2 0.04 2971 1382

6 Giridih 4975 7845 5 0.10 7021 3839

7 Deoghar 2479 4046 2 0.05 3661 3008

8 Godda 2110 2445 1 0.03 2028 1475

9 Sahibganj 1599 16118 9 0.20 12979 11504

10 Pakur 1806 2734 2 0.03 2047 1463

11 Dumka 6212 15824 9 0.20 14939 11659

12 Dhanbad 2052 9438 6 0.12 8296 6108

13 Bokaro 2861 11222 7 0.14 9800 8621

14 Ranchi 7698 14728 9 0.18 13709 10165

15 Lohardaga 1491 2110 1 0.03 1809 568

16 Gumla 9077 12423 7 0.16 11729 6147

17 Pashchimi Singhbhum 9907 18939 11 0.24 16732 12354

18 Purbi Singhbhum 3533 6749 4 0.08 5772 4065

Total 79714 170051 100 2.13 152879 103225

3.5.1.1.9 Important Wetlands of Jharkhand

Udhwa lake (Bird Sanctuary), Getalsud, Tenughat, Panchet, Konar, Tilaiya, Maithon, Masanjore, Malay, Kansjore, and Hatia reservoirs are most important wetland areas of Jharkhand state. Extensive field work was carried out for these wetland areas. Wetland maps have been prepared for 5km buffer area of each wetland sites.

Udhuwa lake Bird Sanctuary which is the single Bird Sanctuary of Jharkhand State is situated at about 42 km from Sahibgunj. It is situated on the bank of the Ganges about 10 kms southeast of Rajmahal. Two water bodies, namely Pataura and Barhale constitute the 5.65 km2 Udhuwa lake bird sanctuary. Pataura Lake is perennial and the average depth is about 2 meter. (Kumar et al, 2004)

Damodar River comprises five reservoirs (Konar, Tilaiya, Maithon, Panchet, and Durgapur) at different stretches to store the rain water and protect the lower valley from floods. Out of five major reservoirs, Tenughat and Panchet are located on Damodar River, Tilaiya and Maithon on Barakar and one on Konar River, a tributary of Damodar River. Tenughat reservoir is mainly constructed to meet the water requirements of Bokaro Steel Plant while Durgapur barrage was constructed on Damodar River to meet the irrigation water requirements of West Bengal. Some important lakes also exist to provide surface water for drinking and industrial purposes out of which Topchanchi and Nalkari lakes are prominent. Topchanchi Lake serves as source of drinking water for Jharia coalfields whereas water from Nalkari is used for Patratu Thermal Power Plant.

Getalsud reservoir is located at 23° 27' N and 85° 33' E, across the river Subarnarekha, 40 km east of Ranchi River Subarnarekha, the main source of inflow, originates at Nagari, in the Chhotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand, about 50 km upstream of Getlasud dam. Konar dam is situated in the Hazaribagh district. The inflowing river

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Konar is a seasonal stream joining the river Damodar. Tilaiya dam is constructed across the river Barakar which is rising from the hilly forests of Hazaribagh district, at an elevation of 610 m.

Tenughat Reservoir is situated near Tenu village about 8 miles west to the Bokaro thermal power station in Giridih district of Jharkhand State. It was constructed on Damodar river in the year 1971, to utilize the water resources of river in Damodar and its tributaries to fulfill the needs of Bokaro thermal power station, steel plant and its employees.

Masanjore dam (also known as Canada dam) was constructed on the river Mayurakshi. The dam was constructed with two primary objectives (a) to generate hydro-electricity and (b) to facilitate irrigation in Jharkhand and West Bengal.

a. Udhwa Lake ( Bird Sanctuary)

1 Name : Udhwa Lake ( Bird Sanctuary)

2

Location: 87° 48' 55.500" E, 24° 58' 6.400" N Sahibganj known as “Udhwa lake bird sanctuary” in the year 1991. The Sanctuary is situated at about 42 km from Sahibganj. It is situated on the bank of the Ganga about 10 kms southeast of Rajmahal. Two water bodies, namely Pataura and Barhale institute the 5.65 km2 Udhwa lake bird Sanctuary.

3 Area: 1605 ha

4 Wetland type : Lake (Bird Sanctuary)

5

Flora: The lake is infested with aquatic macrophytes comprising emergent, free floating and submerged forms. Water hyacinth was found to be the dominant form. Over all 50% of the lake surface was covered with aquatic weeds.

6

Fauna: It is a home to a variety of birds including different mynas, brahminy kites, Cattel Egret, Pond Heron, Purple Heron, Egret , Open Billed stock, White Ibis, Dab chick or little Grebe, fishing eagles, hose swifts and palm swifts flying at dizzying speeds. A speciality of the sanctuary is Siberian birds flocking from different parts of the world.

7 Major fish species: Udhwa lake seems to be rich in fish and fish spawn.Some common fishes of the lake are Rohu(Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla) , Tengra,(Mystus cavasius) Bata(L. bata), reba(C. retra) , Mirka (Cirrihinus mrigala) etc.

b. Getalsud Reservoir

Name : Getalsud 1 Location : 85°31'17.874"E,

23°26'38.601"N Getalsud reservoir is situated in 40 km east of Ranchi city.

2 Name of the River: Subernarekha 3 Area: 2302 ha 4 Wetland type : Reservoir 5 Average Annual Rainfall : 100 to 1198 cm 6 Plankton: Diatoms have the maximum species diversity, followed by Chlorophyceae and blue- greens.

Desmids and Dinophyceae (Ceratium sp.) are also present. Zooplankton is represented by 12 genera of rotifers, 6 of protozoa, 5 cladocerans and 2 of copepods.

7 Fauna: Fish, insects and algae are a rich source of food for migratory birds, notable among which are Little Grebe, Bank Myna, Pied Myna, Common Crane, Cattle Egret, Tufted Pochard , Cotton Teal, Shoveller, Little Grebe, Palm Swift etc

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8 Major fish Species: Rohu( L. Rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mirka (Cirrhinus mrigala),Reba (Cirrhinus reba) etc.

9 Soil Type: The bottom soil is acidic and poor in organic carbon (0.46 to 0.60 %). Available phosphorus and nitrogen are present in modest quantities (2.45 to 6.08 mg 100 g-1 and 24.38 to 35.06 mg 100 g-1). The morphometric and edaphic indicators of productivity and the estimates on the standing crop send conflicting signals on the status of the water body.

10 Benthic fauna: Bottom substrate in the lotic sector is soft and rich in organic matter, comprising decaying vegetation, but during monsoons, silt deposition is reported to blanket the organic matter. Density of benthic organisms is high in the lotic sector, their number attenuating towards the lentic sector.

c. Tilaiya Reservoir

Name: Tilaiya

1 Location : 85°25'56.201"E 24°20'38.8"N Tilaiya Dam is situated in Hazaribagh district

2 Name of the River: Barakar 3 Area: 4865 ha 4 Wetland type : Reservoir 5 Average Annual Rainfall : 127 cm. 6 Major Fish Species: The major fish species were Catla (Catla catla), Mirka (Cirrhinus mrigala),

Labeo calbasu, Rohu (L.rohita), Bata (L.bata), L. dyocheilus,Puntius sarana, Cyprinus carpio, Notopterus notopterus and Ompok bimaculatus etc.

7 Soil Characteristics: The bottom soil is acidic (pH 5.6 to 5.9) and silty clay loam with low organic carbon (0.31 to 0.50%) and available phosphorus (3.0 mg P2O5 100 g-1). Organic nitrogen is in medium productivity range (0.073 to 0.101%). Water is rich in ionic concentration. Alkalinity (53.5 mg 1-1) and specific conductivity (98.7 to 211 μmhos) are indicative of the the reservoir's proclivity to good organic productivity. Values of nitrate (0.25 mg 1-1) and phosphate (0.03 mg 1-1) are satisfactory. Gross primary productivity is estimated at 199 to 300 mg C m3 day-1.

d. Konar Reservoir

Name : Konar 1 Location : 85°45'50.731"E 23°55'50.85"N Konar Dam is situated in Hazaribagh district. 2 Name of the River: Konar 3 Area: 2149ha 4 Wetland type : Reservoir 5 Plankton: The plankton in Konar is characterised by a poor species diversity and an overwhelming

dominance of Microcystis aeruginosa and Diaptomus sp. among the phyto- and zooplankton respectively.

6 Major fish: The constituent species were Catla (Catla catla), Mirka (Cirrhinus mrigala), Labeo calbasu, Rohu (L. rohita), Bata (L. bata), L. dyocheilus, Puntius sarana, Cyprinus carpio, Notopterus notopterus and Ompok bimaculatus etc.

7 Ionic Concentration: Konar is the richest in ionic concentration. The total alkalinity varies in the range of 43.5 to 83.0 mg 1-1 and specific conductivity within 81.20 to 147.6μmos during different seasons of the year.

8 Soil Type: Basin soil of Konar reservoir is organic carbon. The concentration of available phosphorus is a low 1.2 to 8.0 mg P2O4 100 g-1. Organic nitrogen of 0.069 to 0.101% is medium to high and pH of soil is acidic (5.4 to 6.0).

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e. Tenughat Reservoir

Name : Tenughat

1 Location : 85°50'1.091" E 23°43'51.677" N Tenughat Dam is situated in Bokaro district.

2 Name of the river: Damodar

3 Area: 3814 ha

4 Wetland type : Reservoir 5 Average Annual Rainfall: 1320mm

6 Plankton: In the Reservoir free floating phytoplanktons and zooplanktons were having a good growth. The phytoplanktons found in the reservoir were Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas lemna, Ajola, Hydrilla, Vacillinaria,Chara, and potamojiton. This vegetation was good food for major craps.

7 Major Fish Species: Catla (C. catla), Mirka (C. mrigala), Rohu (L. rohita), L. calbasu, Bata(L. bata), C. carpio ,P. sarana, M. aor, W. attu, B. bagarius etc.

8 Irrigation: Considering the necessity of irrigation in the region, cultivable land between Tenu-Bokaro canal and river Damodar is being irrigated. Only an area of 800 hectares is being irrigated now.

f. Massanjor Reservoir

Name : Massanjor

1 Location : 87°18’39.3”E, 24°6’29.9”N Masanjore reservoir is situated in Dumka District of Jharkhand.

2 Name of the River: Mayurakshi

3 Area: 5027

4 Wetland type : Reservoir

5 Average Annual Rainfall : 1447mm 6 Plankton: Agmenellum sp., Anabena sp. Ceratophyllum sp., Dentella sp. Diatomella sp.

7 Major Fish Species: W. attu, C. catla, N. chitala, H. fossilus, Papda, C.mirgala, L. rohita , M.aor etc.

8 Major Functions: To generate hydro- electricity and to facilitate irrigation in Jharkhand and West Bengal.

9 Major Weeds found were: Ipomia aquatica, Myriophyllum, Limnathemu, Potamogetan, Hydrilla and Ceratophyllum.

3.5.2 Status of Ground Water Hydrogeology

Area (Sq.km) 79,714 Rainfall (mm) 917 Total Districts 24 Sub- Divisions 36 Blocks 259

The state is underlain by variety of rock formations from Pre-Cambrian to recent age. A major part of the state is underlain by formations comprising of granites, granite gneisses, meta- sedimentaries and a variety of volcanic rocks. The volcanic formation represented by Rajmahal traps are exposed as patches in a linear fashion in the north-eastern part. The sediments belonging to Vindhayan system are seen exposed in the north- western part of the state. The lateritic capping is invariably seen in the south western part. Recent alluvial formations are mostly confined to the valleys along major rivers of the state. The ground water exploration has revealed presence of 3 to 4 potential fractured zones at variable levels within a depth of 200

Page | 50



m from the ground level. The discharge of the exploratory wells is highly variable ranging between 3.6 to 54 m

3/hr. In some of the pockets higher discharge wells has also been constructed.

Table-18

Dynamic Ground Water Resources Annual Replenishable Ground water Resource 5.58 BCM Net Annual Ground Water Availability 5.25 BCM Annual Ground Water Draft 1.06 BCM Stage of Ground Water Development 20 % Ground Water Development & Management Over Exploited NIL Critical NIL Semi- critical NIL Ground Water User Maps 22 districts Artificial Recharge to Ground Water (AR) Area identified for AR: 2450

Quantity of Surface Water to be Recharged: 546 MCM

Feasible AR structures: 500 Nala Bunds, 336 Revival of Kandi Ponds, RWH in Urban Areas for 1.5 Lakhs houses.

Ground Water Quality Problems Contaminants Districts affected (in part) Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Bokaro, Giridih, Godda, Gumla, Palamu, Ranchi Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Chatra, Deoghar, East Singhbhum, Giridih, Ranchi,

West Singhbhum Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Chatra, Garhwa, Godda, Gumla, Lohardega, Pakur,

Palamu, Paschimi Singhbhum, Purbi Singhbhum, Ranchi, Sahibganj

3.5.3 District Wise Status of Ground Water

3.5.3.1 Availability and Quality

Data on quality of water of some selected districts of Jharkhand is available with the Central Ground Water Board and a summary of this data is presented in Table 19:

Page | 51



Table-19 Status of Ground Water in Selected Districts of Jharkhand: Summary (Source: CGWB)

S no District Geographical Area (Sq km.)

Population (As on 2001 Census)

Average Annual Rainfall (mm)

Major Drainages Forest area:

GROUND WATWER QUALITY

Type of Water

GW dev. %

Number of Over Exploited Blocks

No. of Critical Blocks

No. of Blocks notified

MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND ISSUES

FOREST COVER %

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Bokaro 2861 1777662 1198 Damodar, Konar and Bokaro

722.3 Potable Alkaline 16% NIL NIL NIL Fluoride, Iron, Mn, Zn, above desirable limit around Industrial area.

25.25

2 Deoghar 2479 1165000 1162 River Ajay and its tributaries viz Bhagdura, Partho, Dama, and Jayanti

346.3 Potable 23% NIL NIL NIL Iron concentration above permissible limit (1 mg/l) in Palajori and Sarawan block

13.97

3 Dhanbad 2041.6 2393423 1241 Damodar and Barakar

189.3 Potable

Calcium Bicarbonate type

18%

NIL NIL NIL 1. Sporadic nitrate occurrence at few places and Fluoride value above permissible limit at Mahuda More (2.1ppm) hand pump 2. Lowering of water table near active colliery mining areas. .

9.27

4 Garhwa 4044.1 1035464 1193 North Koel, Banki, Son and Dhorara

1911.5 Potable Slightly Alkaline

29.42% NIL NIL NIL Fluoride 47.27

5 Godda 2110 1047000 1063.1 Ganga,Kajhia, Harna, Sunder Sapin, Kao, Cheer and Geura Rivers

313.7 41% Nil Nil Nil Fluoride and Nitrate above permissible limit in patches

14.87

6 Hazaribagh 6046 2277475 1234 Barakar, Konar, Bokaro and Damodar

2566 Potable Ca - HCO3 Type

28% Nil Nil Nil Low discharge of bore wells in Gondwana Formations

42.44

Page | 52



7 Jamtara 1791.7 653081 1293.7 Brahmani, Mayurakshi, Ajoy and their tributaries

302 Potable 16% Nil Nil Nil 16.86

8 Koderma 1500 499403 1192 Barakar and Sakri 552.3 Calcium-Magnesium bicarbonate

20% NIL NIL NIL FLUORIDE PROBLEM IN KODERMA & SATGAWAN BLOCK

36.82

9 Pakur 1805 701616 1399 Damro. Torai, Bansloi and Tripti.

207.9 Good Potable 13.17% Nil Nil Nil Fluoride concentration found more than permissible limit in some of the villages

11.52

10 Palamu 5246.8 16 00000 1163.4 Koel, Auranga and Amanat

2268.5 3619 Nil Nil Nil Fluoride and Nitrate concentration above permissible limit in patches

43.24

11 Ranchi 7698 27,85,064 1316 Subarnarekha, South koel, Karkari

1591.4 Good Calcium Bicarbonate

24% Nil Nil Nil Declining trend of deeper Aquifers in urban area of Ranchi township Sporadic fluoride contamination in Ormanjhi, Ranchi sadar and Silli blocks

20.67

12 Sahebganj 1600 1575 Ganga, Gumani and Morang

427.4 Good Nil Nil Nil Arsenic occurs more than permissible limits in ground water in some of the villages.

26.71

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3.5.3.2 Depth of Water and Discharge

The CGWB has worked on detailed mapping of the occurrence (location) of ground water as well as the yield at different places in the districts of Jharkhand. Scans of some of the maps are given below:

PALAMU: DEPTH OF WATER TABLE

GARHWA: YIELD OF TUBE WELLS

Page | 54



Page | 55



3.5.3.3 Ground Water Maps of the JSAC

Ground water prospect maps, which are digital and employ remote sensing techniques, have also been prepared by the Jharkhand Space Applications Centre (JSAC) at Ranchi. In these maps even village level details are available.

3.5.3.4 Summary

Salient features of the data presented above are as follows:

There is ample rainfall in all districts: min 1063 mm in Godda to maximum 1575 mm in Sahebganj.

There is good forest cover in all districts, minimum being 9.27% in Dhanbad to maximum 47.27% in Garhwa

The stage of development of ground water is amere 13.17% in Pakur to a maximum of 36.19% in Palamu.

There are no Over Exploited blocks in any district

There are no Critical blocks in any district

There are no Notified blocks in any district

Major ground water problems reported are:

Table-20

1 Bokaro Fluoride, Iron, Mn, Zn, above desirable limit around Industrial area.

2 Deoghar Iron concentration above permissible limit (1 mg/l) in Palajori and Sarawan block

3 Dhanbad 1. Sporadic nitrate occurrence at few places and Fluoride value above permissible limit at Mahuda More (2.1ppm) hand pump 2. Lowering of water table near active colliery mining areas..

4 Garhwa Fluoride 5 Godda Fluoride and Nitrate above permissible limit in patches

6 Hazaribagh Low discharge of bore wells in Gondwana Formations

7 Jamtara

8 Koderma Fluoride Problem In Koderma & Satgawan Block 9 Pakur Fluoride concentration found more than permissible limit in some of the

villages 10 Palamu Fluoride and Nitrate concentration above permissible limit in patches

11 Ranchi Declining trend of deeper Aquifers in urban area of Ranchi township Sporadic fluoride contamination in Ormanjhi, Ranchi sadar and Silli blocks

12 Sahebganj Arsenic occurs more than permissible limits in ground water in some of the villages.

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3.5.4 Drinking Water & Sanitation

3.5.4.1 Rural Water Supply Through Pipe Line

ITEMS SCHEMES (NO) ONGOING SCHEMES

NEW SCHEMES

Rural Water Supply through pipe line 304 279 25 Length of pipe line (metres) 1010120 1035120 75000

3.5.4.2 Urban water supply through pipe line

No of wards covered: 818 No of water towers in the state: 160 Population covered: 3741080 (2001 census) Proposed population covered (2010): 4721134 (2010)

3.5.4.3 Arsenic and Fluoride Treatment

Table-21

Arsenic/Fluoride Villages affected Treatment Area affected Arsenic 27 27 Sahebganj Fluoride 2439

(Through tube wells) 2437 (Through tube wells)

Palamu Division (Medininagar, Garhwa, Latehar)

• For Arsenic Treatment Mega scheme proposed in Sahebganj district • For Floride Treatment Medium & Small scheme proposed in Palamu Division.

3.5.4.4 Coverage & Types of Sources

The distribution of types of drinking water sources over various districts of the state of Jharkhand is as shown in the table on the following page. An abstract is given below:

TYPE OF SCHEME NO OF HABITATIONS

OPEN WELL 2043 PWS 9031 HP 70050 SURFACE WATER 194 ROOF TOP 444 OTHERS 11965 TOTAL 93727 It would be seen that even though the coverage is of the order of nearly 79% (93727 out of 119191 habitations) the percentage of coverage by piped water supply is very low, only about 7.6%.

Page | 57



* Tentative Proposed Project Districts (Source: DW & S Dept)

3.5.4.5 Current Water Supply and Treatment Practices

The existing rural water supply schemes essentially have two sources: tube well and river. About 75% schemes are tube well based. The tube well schemes constitute a bore well fitted with a submersible pump. A chlorination unit is connected to the pumping main for the disinfection of water. The water, after being chlorinated, is pumped to the overhead tank where it is stored and subsequently supplied to the users through the distribution network and public stand posts. This may be for either SVSs or MVSs.

The remaining 25% schemes are surface water (river) based. The raw water is transmitted through an intake point in the source to a water treatment plant. Water treatment is provided by means of slow sand filters followed by chlorination in the ground level clear water storage reservoir. The water is then pumped to an

Table-22

District wise types of drinking water sources Figures are for the number of habitations covered by various types of sources

S.No. District PWS Other

Tota

l

Ground Water Schemes SurfaceWater Schemes Rain Water

Schemes

Trad

itio

nal

Oth

er

Open Well

Tube Well

Infi

ltra

tio

n

Gal

ary/

We

ll

Pond River Lake Stream Canal Spring

Tre

ate

d S

urf

ace

W

ate

r R

ivu

let

Nau

la

Gad

her

a

Ro

of

Top

Gro

un

d

Co

llect

ion

K

had

ins/

Nad

is/

Tan

kas/

Po

nd

s/

We

lls/

Oo

ran

is

No

n C

on

v HP Other

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 BOKARO 817 123 3803 261 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5005 2 CHATRA 256 11 6152 268 7 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6696 3 DEOGHAR 467 97 5138 831 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 0 0 6551 4 DHANBAD 293 40 3531 704 16 0 116 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 4703 5 DUMKA * 1274 30 3408 724 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 5445 6 GARHWA * 380 32 2260 182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 0 0 9 0 2875 7 GIRIDIH 539 24 2341 593 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 268 18 0 71 3860 8 GODDA 436 125 2704 761 27 1 7 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 4067 9 GUMLA 417 85 2250 124 8 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2901

10 HAZARIBAG 315 38 1617 276 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2268 11 JAMTARA * 118 172 5072 343 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5707 12 KHUTI * 256 26 1911 274 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 31 0 12 2 2526 13 KODERMA 105 77 1401 445 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2040 14 LATEHAR 143 24 1279 92 1 2 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1550 15 LOHARDAGA 189 14 845 165 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1215 16 PAKUR 244 98 2587 498 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 22 3485 17 PALAMU * 420 5 2076 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2528 18 PASCHIM

SINGHBHUM 655 524 3074 226 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 16 0 0 4535

19 PURBI SINGHBHUM

262 45 3037 589 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3937

20 RAMGARH 143 19 1900 173 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2241 21 RANCHI 503 41 3297 2367 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 6217 22 SAHIBGANJ 322 239 2687 159 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3407 23 SAREIKELA *

KHARSAWAN

208 116 4626 1355 24 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 1 12 0 6430

24 SIMDEGA 269 38 3054 174 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3538 25 Total 9031 2043 70050 11611 158 10 156 1 0 0 0 23 4 444 36 65 95 93727

Page | 58



overhead tank. The canal based water schemes are dependent on Irrigation Department for release of water flow in the canal. Normally, canals receive water on a rotational basis. However, during harvesting season, the canal water supply is only once a month. There are certain issues faced during the operation and maintenance of the schemes:

1. Inadequate cleaning of filters, and OHTs. 2. Improper disposal of sludge from treatment plants. 3. Non flushing of pipelines. 4. Reduced duration of pumping due to reduced duration of electrical power availability. These actions severely impact drinking water supply. Implications for EMF Incidence of Water and Sanitation – Related Diseases

3.6 Sanitation

Lack of toilets and poor sanitation in Jharkhand causes 7.5 crore man-day loss every year and results into an estimated loss of Rs 1200-odd crore annually. Bharat Singh Solanki, Union minister of state with independent charge of the ministry of drinking water and sanitation, recently informed Rajya Sabha that Jharkhand has performed far below the national average in achieving total sanitation. Jharkhand is among the states that have performed the worst in terms of achieving total sanitation under the ministry's Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. The performance has been poor on the front of constructing individual household toilets for BPL families and also on the front of APL families. The status of sanitation in Jharkhand is very dismal, with only about 8% households having access to sanitation in the rural areas and the balance still resorting to open defecation. The district wise figures of the no of households by type of sanitation facilities used, for the selected 12 districts is furnished in the table below: The figures in the table have been graphically depicted in the diagrams below:

Table-23 Households by Availability of Type of Latrine Facility: In the Rural Areas

S NO STATE/

DISTRICT NO OF HOUSEHOLDS TYPE OF LATRINE FACILITY WITHIN THE PREMISES NO OF

HOUSEHOLDS NOT HAVING LATRINE FACILITY WITHIN THE PREMISES

NO LATRINE WITHIN THE PREMISES: ALTERNATIVE SOURCE

TOTAL HAVING LATRINE WITHIN CAMPUS

FLUSH/ POUR FLUSH LATRINE CONNECTED TO

PIT LATRINE NIGHT SOIL DISPOSED INTO OPEN DRAIN

SERVICE LATRINE

PIPED SEWER SYSTEM

SEPTIC TANK

OTHER SYSTEM

WITH SLAB/VENTILATED IMPROVED

WITHOUT SLAB/ OPEN PIT

NIGHT SOIL REMOVED BY HUMAN

NIGHT SOIL REMOVED BY ANIMAL

PUBLIC LATRINE

OPEN

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

JHARKHAND 4685965 357289 21065 232161 37708 44334 14466

3615 1061

2879 4328676 32864 4295812

1 GARHWA * 241497 11897 622 7109 1125 1976 781 102 27 155 229600 919 228681

2 GIRIDIH 356247 20703 1164 14393 1920 2099 698 236 63 130 335544 2432 333112 3 GODDA 239500 18870 836 13409 2094 2005 224 158 33 111 220630 1968 218662

4 SAHIBGANJ 193809 17774 534 10350 3336 2534 890 81 0 49 176035 920 175115 5 PAKUR 167362 12244 330 6515 1592 2887 828 70 0 22 155118 1474 153644

6 DHANBAD 207157 25325 1637 21391 895 644 198 134 258 168 181832 1242 180590 7 PURBI *

SIGHBHUM 215676 29437 2038 15835 2675 6982 171

9 93 23 72 186239 851 185388

8 PALAMU * 316135 23502 1881 14710 3286 2047 623 469 152 334 292633 866 291767

9 DUMKA * 255926 15965 748 8245 2282 2869 1316

208 59 238 239961 1925 238036

10 JAMTARA * 135540 5964 192 3911 555 812 372 96 0 26 129576 714 128862

11 KHUNTI * 93762 3789 236 2553 503 289 97 83 0 28 89973 728 89245 12 SARAIKELA * 165883 10697 839 7469 983 886 313 137 32 38 155186 1405 153781


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Environmental factors account for about 20 per cent of all the diseases in Jharkhand. More than 90 per cent of this is associated with traditional environmental problems such as lack of access to protected water supply and sanitation, and indoor air pollution resulting from the use of biomass fuels. One fifth of the total ailments in the State are due to environmental causes. Water supply and sanitation related diseases emerge as largest influenced by environmental causes. The prevalence of diarrhea clearly indicates a seasonal variation mainly due to lack of water (premonsoon) and poor availability of safe drinking water during the monsoon peak when protozoan and bacterial agents are rampant and overflow from sewers and latrines contaminating drinking water sources. Outbreaks of cholera, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis and E.coli are all attributed to exposure to waterborne pathogens.

3.6.1 Quality of Drinking Water Sources

As per the NRDWP statistics the types of problems related to quality in various districts is as shown in the Table-24:

Table-24

NO OF VILLAGES WITH EXCESSIVE Total number of

IRO

N

FLU

OR

IDE

NIT

RA

TE

AR

SEN

IC

OTH

ER

E-C

OLI

MU

LTIP

LE

Blocks Panchayats Villages Habitations

1 DHANBAD 8 383 1289 3661 2 DUMKA 10 206 2572 7384 3 GARHWA 19 196 859 4371 2 11 2 19 26 4 GIRIDIH 12 359 2546 4573 1 5 GODDA 9 200 1610 5827 6 JAMTARA 4 118 1066 5260 7 KHUNTI 6 91 743 299 8 PAKUR 66 18 148 843

9 PALAMU 18 289 1700 6804 10 EAST SINGHBHUM 11 231 1670 6697 838 160 228 0 91 0 52

11 SAHIBGANJ 9 166 1266 2912 9 12 0 5 65 50 0

12 SARAIKELA 9 135 1113 4835 12 GRAND TOTAL 2502 17566 56267 849 183 230 5 176 50 78

A graphical representation of the summary of all 12 districts has been shown in the Figure alongside, indication that the maximum occurrence of chemical pollution relates to iron. Arsenic is limited to a block in district Sahibganj. Also, from the table it can be seen that pollution in question is limited only to three districts, namely Garhwa, East Singhbhum and Sahibganj.

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3.6.2 Total Sanitation Campaign

Table-25

Coverage Area Target Project Performance IHHL BPL 2327306 1298892 IHHL APL 1402189 166608 IHHL Total 3729495 1465500 Sanitation Complex for Women (SCW) 1203 151 School Toilets 42687 37098 Anganwari Toilets 11472 5421 Rural Sanitary Mart (RSM) 249 226 Production Centre (PC) 516 (Sources: DW & S Deptt.)

3.6.3 Issues In Sanitation

In addition to the unsanitary disposal of human waste, the issues concerning the sanitation situation in rural areas are:

Wastewater generated by households including cattle sheds flows into open surface drains that are often choked, leading to stagnation of wastewater in the lanes and bylanes. Presence of stagnant water in open drains and open areas is a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other harmful organisms, which lead to water related diseases.

Facilities and practices for more efficient and hygienic conversion of animal dung and agriculture residues into manure/ compost are absent.

Construction of dry pits to discharge sullage is done without any consideration to sanitary aspects.

Discharge of septic tank effluents into the open drains instead of disposing to soak pits, creates unsanitary conditions.

Lack of proper sanitation facilities for disposal of various wastes results in seepage into shallow aquifers which are sources of water supply through hand pumps, open dug wells, and percolation wells.

Contamination of village ponds by wastewater and dumping of other wastes on its periphery.

3.6.4 Profile of Diseases Caused by Pollutants in Jharkhand

3.6.4.1 The Pollutants

The Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL) recently completed its project of uranium Mining and Mill at Narwapahar, Jharkhand. Adequate resources of uranium have been identified to meet large part of requirements of India's nuclear power program. The uranium deposit at Jaduguda, Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, has been under exploitation since 1962. The uranium deposits at Bhatin and Narwapahar are currently being exploited. Ore from the three deposits is treated in a mill at Jaduguda in the Singhbhum region, and the yield is 300 tons of uranium per year, which is more than sufficient to meet expected requirements for years. The Narwapahar mine, 12 km North West of Jaduguda, is another, one of the most modern mines in the country. Jadugoda was an aborigines' land originally. After mining of uranium was undertaken there residents were deprived of their

Page | 61



farm land and shifted to other nearby villages like Dungridih or Chatiko- cha. At Jadugora as well as these and other villages even if the radiation dose may be very low, there is always a risk since radioactivity is present on the earth’s surface and we cannot escape the exposure completely. There are areas around where the content of the uranium or thorium in soil are high, and people receive exposure of 10 times or more. The aborigines work with the mining enterprise: They work with radioactivity and they live in radioactivity. The contamination of the Uranium has spread in Jadugoda. The amount of Air Gamma dose exceeds 1 m Sv/y in the villages and reaches 10 m Sv/y around the tailing ponds. The circumference of the tailing ponds is polluted with Uranium. The strength of pollution in the tailing ponds is 10 to 100 times higher than the place without contamination. (KOIDE Hiroaki, Kyoto University, 2004)

The quantities of Fluoride and Arsenic are reported to be far above the acceptable limits in many districts including Sahebganj, Dumka, Dhanbad, Hajaribagh, Chatra, Garhwa, Simdega, Bokaro etc. The underground water in most of the districts has already been reported to contain high percentage of iron. Increasing number of deep bore wells show high concentrations of mineral content. It is important to note that the state is already under short supply of ground water due to its specific geology. Areas with high concentration of Iron in Ground Water are: (Standard acceptable limit 2PPM) Dhanbad 2.92 Bokaro 21.31 Simdega 19.77 Singhbhoom 4.6 Dumka 4.95 Garhwa 25.2

3.6.4.2 Problem of Arsenic:

In Sahebgunj district blocks, namely, Sahebgunj, Rajmahal and Udhawa have been found to be alarmingly contaminated with arsenic present at or above 10 ppb. The presence of arsenic has been also reported from districts like Pakur, Godda, Dumka etc. Rivers flowing through the coal fields of Jharkhand have been reported to carry arsenic responsible for arsenic poisoning in downstream areas of West Bengal. The coal fields of Bachara and Piprawar areas of Jharkhand have contaminated the waters of the Damodar and its tributary, the Safi. According to author, arsenic contamination arises mainly due to the dumping of waste from the coal mines along the river bed. Coals of the area mentioned contains sufficient amount of arsenic. Even river water of Jharkhand is not safe: In water of Damodar and Panchet river basins, iron content has exceeded at Sindri, Chasnala, Jaridih Bazar Rajrappa, Ramgarh, Giddi and Piparwar. The presence of iron in the drinking water supply is unhealthy for number of reasons. Beyond desirable limit tase/ appearance are affected. The iron that settles out in the distribution systems gradually reduces the flow of water. Iron also promotes the growth of iron bacteria.

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The content of lead has exceeded at Chasnala, Chandrapura, Jaridih bazar, Rajrappa, Ramgarh, Giddi and Piparwar. Lead high dose has been recognized as metabolic poison. Some of the symptoms of acute poisoning are tiredness, abdominal irritability, anaemia, behavior change in children. The content of cobalt has exceeded at Rajrappa and Giddi. Although cobalt is an essential element for life in minute amount, at higher levels of exposure it shows mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. After nickel and chromium cobalt is a major cause of contact dermatitis. The water of Subarnrekha river basin has also been polluted. Ph of water has exceeded from BIS norms at Muri, Chandil, and Maubhandar. Dissolved oxygen of water is lower from BIS norms at Muri, Chandil, Lupungdih, Gopivalbhpur, Jamshola, and Jaleshwar. Excessive lead has been reported from Chandil, Domuhani, Jamshola and Jaleshwar. Cadmium has exceeded the permissible limit of BIS AT Chandil, Lupungdih, Gopivalbhpur and Jaleshwar.

3.6.4.3 Contamination of Agricultural Produce

About 70 percent of farmers depend on ground water for irrigation in this area. As per the surveys conducted by Central Groundwater Board and the Jharkhand Groundwater Board there is a considerable fall in the ground water level. The deep bore wells are supplying chemical water containing high percentage of iron, fluoride and arsenic. A study conducted recently reveals that food grains produced by crops irrigated with such water containi high percentage of these chemicals. Ground water pollution is intrinsically difficult to detect, since problem may well be concealed below the surface and monitoring is costly, time consuming and somewhat hit-or-miss by nature.

Studies suggest that even deep bore wells are failing in the state. More than one hundred deep bore wells are being dug in the state. The water level in Godda area of the state has been reported to fall up to 25 m. The exploitation of ground water has gone up to 30 times since last three years. On the other hand about 90 percent facilities of ground water recharge have been stopped completely. The availability of drinking water in the state has reduced to 1200cubic meter from 5200 cubic meter. On an average the fall of ground water level has been recorded to be about 52 feet. In the city area of Ranchi, the water level is reported to have gone deeper up to 13 meters. Under these conditions an acute water crisis is awaiting in this state if correct and sincere measures are not taken up on priority basis.

3.6.4.4 Increasing Pollution In The Rivers

Further, effluents discharged from mine sites have seriously polluted the streams and underground waters of the area. Acid mine drainage, liquid effluents from coal handling plants, colliery workshops and mine sites and suspended solids from coal washeries have caused serious water pollution in the region, adversely affecting fish and aquatic life. The Damodar River, the major source of water in the region, is perhaps the most polluted river in India. It receives wastes from the many industries situated on its banks. A study of the area showed that a single coal washery was discharging about 40 tonnes of fine coal into the Damodar every day. There are as many as eleven coal washeries in the region with an annual installed capacity of 20.52 million tonnes. Today the Damodar or Damuda, considered a sacred river by the Santal tribals, is quite like a sewage canal shrunken and filled with filth and rubbish, emanating obnoxious odours. Other major rivers of the region are also seriously polluted. The Karo river in west Singhbhum is polluted with red oxide from the iron ore mines of Noamundi, Gua and Chiria. The Subarnarekha shows a different type of pollution, even more hazardous than this. Metallic and dissolved toxic wastes from TISCO, Jamshedpur and HCL, Ghatsila and radioactive wastes from the uranium mill and tailings ponds of the UCIL at Jaduguda flow into Subarnarekha and its tributaries.

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3.7 THE PRIMARY VILLAGE LEVEL DATA – SALIENT FEATURES & ANALYSIS 3.7.1 Introduction

The primary Village data collected from 27 habitations in 24 villages in the 12 initially proposed districts has

been organized on two (2) parameters:

a. Water Quality

b. Geographical Proximity & Economic Parameters

Therefore, data from Dumka, Godda & Jamtara reflects Ethnic/Tribal population and iron content problems,

data from Palamu, Garhwa & Giridih covers fluoride affected areas, and Pakur & Sahibganj reflects the North

East part of the State. Dhanbad, East Singhbhum & Saraikela are coal, iron & manganese affected mining areas,

district Khunti situated on the Ranchi plateau has heterogeneous populations and primary sector economy.

Village selection has been purposive with one Pipe Water Supply Scheme village in each district and one non

pipe water supply proximal village. The parameters of enquiry area; preferred or available water source, water

treatment incidence & practice, sanitation infrastructure & practices, solid waste & sullage management

practices. Data has been collected on Structured Schedules and through Focus Group Discussions and has been

collated statistically & by qualitative analysis respectively.

3.7.2 Drinking Water

RWS in the State of Jharkhand at present is substantially dependent on Hand Pumps. Only the south central

region (East Singhbhum, Saraikela, Dhanbad & Khunti) show a relatively higher incidence of PIPE WATER

SUPPLY SCHEME as a source. However, it should be highlighted that the puposive sample includes 50% pipe

water supply scheme villages, which

are in actuality less than 8% in the

state. Open wells & untreated

surface source are also minimally

preferred options during lean

periods.

During the discussion it was

highlighted that, while Pipe Water

Supply Scheme could be a preferred

source, it is not available 24x7

because of technical and energy

factors. Despite problems during

the lean seasons, hand pumps are

the most easily accessible source of

potable water.

2043

9031

70050

194 444

11965

Coverage & Types of Water Supply Sources in Jharkhand

OPEN WELL

PWS - 444 is 8%

HP

SURFACE WATER

ROOF TOP

OTHERS

Page | 64



A - Dumka, Godda & Jamtara

B - Palamau, Garhwa & Giridih

C - Pakur & Sahibganj

D - Dhanbad, East Singhbhum & Saraikela

E - Khunti

3.7.3 Water Treatment

Water drawn from various sources is minimally treated. The

most common method is cloth filtering, less than 10% of the

household practice, boiling of water for domestic use and,

approximately 40% households reported filtering with the cloth

to address turbidity & color problems.

10.8

21

12.5

37

27

55.0

69 63.75

47 52

13.3

32

14 13

4.2 0 3

16.7

0 0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

A B C D E

Drinking Water

OHT Supply Hand Pump Open Wells Nearby River Artesian Well

50

62 60

41.7 44.2

34.4 38.75

48.3

5.8 3.6

1.25

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

A B C D

No Treatment Cloth Filtering Boiling

Water Treatement

Page | 65



3.7.4 Defecation Practices

The primary data on defecation practices

indicates over 70% household’s practicing

open defecation in the studied villages.

Only the villages in district Khunti reported

a higher %age of 65%. However, this is

primarily because the selected village

turned out to be a small town with a high

%age of literacy & lesser %age of

population dependent on the primary

sector.

The analysis of the primary data compared

to sanitation statistics of Jharkhand (8% ISL

use), indicate a possible correlation between Pipe Water Supply Scheme and ISL use, as access to water and

privacy are substantial considerations in defecation practices.

3.7.5 Hand Cleaning

70% of the households reported hand washing with sand and 30% use soap as a disinfectant. Ash is the third

most prevalent option prevalent notably in the Garhwa, Palamau & Giridih region, which is arguably the most

backward region of the state.

13%

35% 35%

27%

65%

87%

68% 65%

73%

35%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

A B C D E

Pe

rce

nt

us

ers

Defecation Practices

ISL OPEN

Page | 66



3.7.6 Solid Waste Disposal

The solid waste generation is limited in quantity & quality. The average household generates less than 750Gm

of domestic waste per day. The contents are domestic dust, food waste & minimal packaging. The most

common disposal method is dumping in the backyard or front streets. Compositing is the prevalent option

with 35% household in Khunti reporting use of compost pits. Agriculture waste, however, is a major

management issue which is invariably dumped in the backyard or in the fields. The focus group discussions

reveal Agri waste management as a potential area for capacity building and environment management.

30.8

20

31.25

39.2

78.5

65.8

45

58.75 55.8

29.75

3.3

24

2.5 5 11.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

A B C D E

Soap Mud Ash

Hand Cleaning

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

A C D E

Solid Waste Disposal

Outside on lane In front of house In Compost Pit Backyards

Page | 67



3.7.7 Waste Water Disposal

None of the area studied has sewage systems or ISL linked to sewage. Domestic sullage which mostly consists

of kitchen and bathing liquid waste, is drained into the unpaved drains of the village. Less than 15%

households reported disposal of sullage in soak pits. No planned sullage outfall or treatment has been

reported or observed. Sullage disposal follows the natural gradient and is unscientifically collected in local

ponds or depressions leading to unsanitary conditions.

3.7.8 Salient Points of Village Data

Palamu, Garwa and Giridih:

Water supply in the region is affected by quality (iron and fluoride) and quantity (summer seasons).

Depending on terrain, construction of small catchments and dams can prove beneficial and they can also reduce pressure on existing water supply schemes.

Location points and, timings of water supply must be planned according to the population needs.

Villagers are willing to pay for the development and maintenance of the systems.

Community level latrines can also be beneficial and they should be built in common places such as bus stops and key market areas.

Dumka, Godda and Jamtara:

100% of the water supply schemes are ground water based.

50% respondents consume water after further treatment at household level.

Only 13% of sample household have latrines.

Most (99%) wash hands both after defection and before eating food.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

A B C D

Drain Soak Pit

Waste Water

Page | 68



10% households have soak pits for wastewater disposal.

A significant number of households (85%) are aware of waterborne diseases.

45% households throw solid waste in their backyards.

Pakur and Sahibganj:

Overall observation indicates good quality groundwater in both the districts, apart from the summer season. Another problem faced by villages of Sahibganj is that of Arsenic contamination.

There is acute shortage of Individual Sanitary latrines.

There is no sewerage and drainage system in any of the villages. Kucchha drains help in only draining the household water into the roads and backyard.

Composting has been observed in some households, for cowdung, but proper composting for organic waste is basically absent.

Dhanbad, East Singbhum and Saraikela:

100% of the water supply schemes are ground water based.

50% respondents consume water after further treatment at household level.

Only 20% of sample household have latrines.

Most (99%) wash hands both after defection and before eating food.

A significant number of households (85%) are aware of waterborne diseases.

Water supply in both the existing and proposed village is based on mine pit water.

Water quality in the existing village is good whereas water quality tests needs to be conducted in the proposed village.

Sewarage system is absent

Villagers are willing to pay for HH level ISL and drinking water points.

Good hygiene practices observed in all the 3 districts.

45% household throws solid waste outside in the lane.

20% households have soak pits for wastewater disposal.

Khunti:

There are multiple sources of water supply in the PWS schemes.

100% of the schemes are ground water based.

Most respondents consume water without further treatment at household level.

Villagers are willing to use ISLs therefore the scheme of building them should be expanded.

Hygiene status is good.

Drainage is negligible in the region.

Solid waste is dumped openly in Tapkara and no compost pits are seen.

Dung waste is used in agricultural areas whereas food waste is given to animal as feed in Kocha.

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3.7.9 Conclusions of Focus Group Discussions / Public Consultation

Table-26

GARHWA, PALAMAU & GIRIDIH DUMKA, GODDA & JAMTARA PAKUR & SAHIBGANJ DHANBAD, EAST SINGHBHUM & SARAIKELA

KHUNTI

WA

TER

SU

PP

LY

1. Groundwater major source 2. Mostly dependent on Hand

Pumps 3. Piped Water Supply limited

in hours of supply 4. No treatment options

practiced at household level.

1. Piped Water Supply inadequate, Over Head Tank leakages, poor power supply.

2. Distribution network very limited.

3. Number of Household connections low.

4. Regular Hand Pump breakdowns average 25%.

5. Water quality of Groundwater sources perceived as good.

1. Piped Water Supply adversely affected due to power supply and distribution network problems.

2. Water quality affected with iron, fluoride & TDS, mostly cloth filtering practiced.

3. Perceptible lowering of Groundwater levels.

4. Problems because of treatment HP breakdowns.

1. Piped Water Supply has low no. of household connections, willingness to pay poor.

2. Stand posts not found convenient.

3. Water quality not an issue. Few Hand Pumps have iron in water.

4. Water quantity a problem in summers.

1. One village with Piped Water Supply. Multiple sources used in both villages. Piped Water Supply found inadequate.

2. Wastage of Piped Water a major issue.

3. Open wells also used.

SAN

ITA

TIO

N

1. 90% households other than Bagodar village practice open defecation.

2. The most common place of defecation is near a water source.

3. Mud and ash are the most prevalent hand washing mediums.

1. Largely open defecation practiced.

2. High cost of ISL considered a reason for 100% of construction.

3. Lack of sanitation awareness.

1. Open Defecation predominant and near open water bodies.

2. Individual Sanitary Latrines found unaffordable.

3. Preference to Open Defecation even in households with Individual Sanitary Latrines, mainly for older generation.

1. Largely open defecation. 2. Incidence of soap use for

hand washing higher.

1. One village high incidence of ISL, open defecation still 65%.

2. Very high incidence of soap use, as this is a trading village.

Page | 70



SOLI

D W

AST

E 1. Domestic waste disposed in

backyard. 2. Agri-waste dumped in

fields. 3. Vermi composting

practiced in Kalyanpur.

1. Solid waste domestic wate mostly burnt.

2. Very little recycling or composting practiced.

3. Agri waste dumped in fields.

1. Domestic waste disposed in backyard, kitchen waste used for animal feed.

2. Agri-waste dumped in open field.

1. Low awareness of waste management.

2. Recycling and composting absent.

3. Agri-waste piled in the village area.

1. Tapkara has a problem of waste littering.

2. Agri-waste also a problem in the habitation as agricultural fields area far.

SULL

AG

E

1. Unpaved drains used for sullage disposal.

1. Sullage drained into unpaved drains.

2. No resource available for paving of drains.

1. Water stagnation a major problem.

2. Lack of resources in paving drains considered the reason for poor sullage.

1. Low incidence of paved drains.

2. Stagnant sullage water causes health problems.

3. People expect Govt. help for village environment improvement.

1. Waste water disposal a major problem.

2. Local puddling and waste pools a major problem.



CHAPTER-4

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT APPRAISAL & ASSESSMENT

Page | 71



4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT APPRAISAL & ASSESSMENT

4.1 KEY PARAMETERS

Key parameters within which the appraisal and assessment of the environment has been carried out in the context of rural drinking water and sanitation in the state of Jharkhand have been schematically depicted in the diagram below.

AREASCOVERED

ENVIRONMENTAL

FUNCTIONAL

GEOGRAPHICAL

ROLE CENTRAL

SUPPORT

12 DISTRICTS OFJHARKHAND

1. Garhwa2. Palamu3. Giridih4. Dumka5. Godda6. Sahebganj7. Pakur8. Jamtara9. Dhanbad10.Saraikela11.East Singhbhum12.Khunti

Gram PanchayatsCommunities

State govtPRIsNGOsPrivate sector

1. Rural drinking water2. Rural sanitation

1. Facilitation2. Planning3. Implementation4. Monitoring5. O & M1. Sustainability

2. Demand driven3. Security of water source4. 24/7 supply5. Metered connections6. Professionalised service7. Independent reviews8. Use of SCADA

MODELATTRIBUTES

OBJECTIVES

1. Assessment of status2. Assessment of inputs &

outputs3. Develop

planning, monitoring &implementation guidelines

4. Identify good practices5. Develop EMF6. Develop ECOPs

ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT

ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT

4.2 APPRAISAL

We have been through with the appraisal of the existing status of environment, within the parameters prescribed, on the basis of secondary data available, relevant portions of which have been included herein earlier or have otherwise been annexed with the report.

1. Types of water sources in the villages

Open wells

Hand pumps

Tube wells

Surface sources

Wetlands

2. Quality of water

Water quality standards (BIS, CPHEEO, WB, CPCB)

Distribution of problems over different geographical locations

Arsenic

Iron

Jharkhand

Page | 72



Fluoride

Manganese

Radioactivity

Ecologically sensitive areas

Industrial areas

Flooded areas 3. Environmental impact of human activity on environment (Domestic activities, industrial activities,

agricultural) of environment on human being

Solid waste

Liquid waste

Pollution of ground water

Pollution of surface sources

Pollution of wetlands

Diarrhea

Dysentery

Typhoid

Malaria

Disease caused by high iron

Disease caused by high fluoride

Disease caused by high arsenic

Disease caused by radioactivity

Disease caused by high manganese

Disease caused by high pH in water

Industrial diseases (respiratory, asbestosis, etc) 4. Types of facilities available: Their limitations Water supply

Single village schemes

Multi village schemes

Open well schemes

Hand pump schemes

Gravity schemes

Pumping schemes

Tube well source

Surface source

Storage of water

Distribution of water

Disinfection of water

Availability of power

Sanitation

Open defecation

Defecation by drain-sides

Dry latrines

Pour flush latrines

Flush latrines

Soak pits

Page | 73



Septic tanks-effluent into drains

Septic tanks-effluent into soak pits

Solid waste

4.3 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING

It is observed that water supply and sanitation, has minimal impact on the environment. The present study is, however, focussed on the quality of water and sanitation practices on human life. The quality of water, particularly of surface waters, is significantly affected by mining operations in the state as Jharkhand possesses richest mineral resources in India. This is the single largest human activity in the state of Jharkhand that has the widest environmental implications and for this reason it requires to be dealt with at some length. Mining operations use large quantities of water. The discharged water, due to lack of treatment facilities, invariably flows back into rivers, causing chemical pollution. Since mining has been going on in Jharkhand for several decades the quality of water of all its rivers has constantly been deteriorating. Studies have been made from time to time on the impact of mining; including surface waters, natural resources, ground water and human being. The adverse effects of water pollution have been dealt with in the next section. The given diagram shows the environmental parameters to be included in an assessment of impact. The parameters include both biotic as well as abiotic elements. However, certain elements such as terrestrial ecology, air and noise environment and socio-economic part have not been included because study on these elements is beyond the scope of this assignment.

4.3.1 Impact of Mining on the Environment of Jharkhand1

A significant portion of Jharkhand’s population, 44 per cent, is below the poverty line and more than six per cent is still unable to get sufficient food. The poverty ratio in the state is much higher than that of the country. Jharkhand has been witnessing gigantic industrialization for the exploitation of its natural and human resources. The working of Jharia, Bokaro and Karanpura coalfields started in the 1856. The opening of coal mining in Dhanbad during the second half of the 19th century and the establishment of the Tata Iron and Steel Company in Jamshedpur in Singhbhum district in 1907 marked the beginning of the large scale exploitation of mineral and other industrial resources in this area. The impact of these activities on the environment of the state can be categoriezed as under:

Impact on forest

Soil erosion

Formation of sinkholes and land subsidence

Loss of biodiversity

Impact on water As waters interact and alter the disturbed geologic materials, constituents such as salts, metals, trace elements, and/or organic compounds become mobilized. Once mobilized, the dissolved substances can leach into deep aquifers, resulting in groundwater quality impacts. In addition to concerns due to naturally occurring contaminants, mining activities may also contribute to groundwater pollution from leaking underground storage tanks, improper disposal of lubricants and solvents, contaminant spills as well as others. See also Annexure-33. 1 Priyadarshi, N,2004. Distribution of Arenic in Permian coals of North Karanpura Coal Field, Jharkhand, Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 63,533-536 Priyadarshi, N, 2004 in Impacts of mining on the Environment of Jharkhand, www.firstpeoples first.in

Page | 74



4.4 THE PRIMARY DATA

Primary data has been collected from twenty four villages located in twelve selected districts of the state. The districts selected are 50% of the total number (24) of districts in the state. The selected districts represent places where problems related to quality or availability of drinking water is more pronounced or otherwise where impact on environment is blatantly visible. The districts include Dhanbad and East Singhbhum, home to mineral wealth of India, where large scale mining, widespread deforestation, displacement of population including that of aborigines, have been occurring over several decades and other places where iron, fluoride, or arsenic etc are found in water in higher than permissible concentrations. Criteria for selection of villages in these districts has been essentially that we have one village in each district where drinking water facility is available so that we may see how well, if at all, it is working and what are the issues in the success or failure of management of the scheme; and to have another village where organized, public drinking water facility is not available to enable it to be seen what problems, if any, people are facing without a public facility and whether there is really any demand for the facility. The selection of the districts and of the villages has been done in consultation with the officials of the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation of the Govt of Jharkhand. The field survey has been carried out by a highly qualified team of Ph.D and M.Tech scholars from the BIT, Mesra, Ranchi – renowned institutes in Engineering. The team has collected compiled, collated and analysed the relevant data.

4.4.1 Analysis and Assessment – Environmental Issues

The analysis and assessment that follows is based on secondary data, also primary data, visits to villages and discussions from time to time with officials of the DDWS. The assessment is data based as well as perception based The schematic diagram hown here Indicates process leading to the formulation of an Environmental Management Framework. Major points that come out in the analysis and assessment are listed below:

Coal mines of Jharia in district Dhanbad have been burning for decades, causing extensive damage to environment & people.

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4.4.1.1 Drinking water

1. The sources of water available in the rural areas of Jharkhand, as already listed earlier are open or dug wells, hand pumps, tube wells, rivers, lakes ponds or dams.

2. According to the results of tests of the water samples under the RGNDWM 7 out of 12 districts selected are afflicted with quality problems.

3. According to the reports of the CGWB there are quality problems of one or more kinds in almost all districts. Therefore there is discrepancy between the results of the two agencies.

4. The laboratories that were established at district levels are reported to be mostly non-functional and all tests are either done at the few functional laboratories or are not done at all.

Most of the rural population is covered by hand pumps. There are few piped water supply schemes.

5. The hand pumps installed in areas where fluoride levels are high are not provided any facility to treat excess fluoride.

6. The hand pumps and tube wells are bored at places where land is available, not where water is available because required investigations to ensure availability of water are not made. The result is that many tube wells and hand pumps fail.

7. In spite of the fact the forest cover in Jharkhand, even after continued denudation for decades, is still the maximum amongst the states of India and there is plenty of rainfall in Jharkhand ground water exploitation is very little. This is said to be because the geological formation at most places is rocky, water percolates into the ground through fissures and cracks and stored in voids, small in size, that hold limited quantities of water and yield small discharges. Bores are successful if these voids are hit. Otherwise they fail.

Page | 76



Box-4

AVAILABILITY OF WATER: RECOMMENDED INITIATIVES

Selection of Source:

In view of the wide variety of the sources of water available and many more problems associated with them it is desirable to have sources which satisfy the following criteria:

Satisfactory quality

Minimal treatment

Adequate discharge

Sustained availability

Convenient distance

Minimal effort in extraction

Minimum dependence on power

Minimal involvement of mechanical equipment

Minimal supervision in treatment 7 operation

Minimal cost

(a) Garhwa Recommendations 1. The exploration data is indicating the poor percentage of successful

bore wells in the district. So, geophysical survey is needed for selection of suitable sites for groundwater exploration.

2. In order to conserve runoff water during monsoon, it is suggested to construct the Water conservation structures at suitable places in the district.

3. In certain places, the dug wells go dry during the summer.

4. In such places the wells should be constructed deeper so that it can tap the entire saturated thickness of weathered residuum.

5. Rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge to groundwater schemes may be adopted in all block head quarters in the district. The artificial recharge structures like percolation tank, gully plugging, sub surface dykes can be constructed to maintain the groundwater sustainability.

6. In hilly area, contour bund can be constructed to avoid uncertainty of the surface water run off in the district.

7. The river water can be lifted for irrigation as well as drinking purposes.

Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge In view of the increasing thrust on development of ground water resources, there is urgent need to augment the depleting ground water resources. This gets augmented through natural recharge and can be augmented on an increased scale through artificial recharge. From hydrogeological point of view, rain water conservation is needed to arrest decline in ground water levels and to improve ground water quality by dilution. The construction of water conservation structures, artificial recharge structures, depends on the topographic features, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions of the area. From this point of view, the Pakur district may be divided into two parts – 1) Western part of the district which is having undulating topography with hills is suitable for check dam, gabion structures and contour bunding and trenching 2) Middle and eastern part is suitable for percolation tanks and nala bunds.

8. The maps of the CGWB provide details of areas with depth of water table during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and the likely yield marked on them. The maps the JSAC (Jharkhand Space Applications Centre) are digital maps based on satellite imagery and show the kind of geological formation, the depth of SWL and likely yield marked on them and it is possible to find out at least at the village level as to how much yield should be available from a tube well.

9. The quality of ground water is affected by the natural geological formations, containing minerals of various kinds present in them. The quality of ground water is also degraded by the leachates from mines.

10. One remarkable fact about the quality of ground water, as it appears from the test results of the RGNDWM, is that water obtained from hundreds of deep tube wells (in local terminology a tube well which is deeper than 50 metres is called a deep tube well) the MPN count is very high.

It is necessary to carry out a detailed and thorough investigation into the causes of the MPN being so high and in such a large no of tube wells. It is reported that in the city of Rewa in Madhya Pradesh where source of drinking water was tube wells and where a sanitation programme (latrines discharging into soak pits) had been launched, increasing number of sporadic, diarrhea and gastro enteritis cases have been reported. Subsequently shdn casualties increased, it was found that the leachates from several soak pits from latrines constructed under

Page | 77



Box-5

(b) Palamu RECOMMENDATIONS In the hard rock areas, pin pointing suitable sites for bore wells is always a challenge. Considering the anisotropy in distribution of fractures at deeper level, proper selection of sites can be arrived at making use of remote sensing techniques in association with geophysical and hydro-geological investigations. For deriving optimal benefit from aquifers in areas under fissured formation the dug wells should be so designed that it penetrates the weathered zone as well as top part (1-2 m) of the underlying bed rock so as to derive the benefit of the shallow aquifer. For hand pumps and shallow tube wells the casing provided against the weathered zone should be slotted at the bottom so that the well can extract shallow ground water also. In urban areas use of shallow aquifers should be encouraged. The surface run off in urban areas and its peripheral parts should be harnessed to augment the ground water resource through appropriate techniques. For urban areas roof top rain water harvesting and artificial recharge is most suitable. Location and design of the structures should be guided by hydro-geophysical surveys. Sites for artificial recharge should be taken up if fractures are available and the depth of the recharge well should be governed by the depth of occurrence of fractures. De-saturated or partially de-saturated fractures / aquifers should be properly demarcated. Ground Water Related Issues & Problems Some of key ground water related issues are a) High nitrate > 45mg/l and fluoride > 1.5 mg/l in Ground water

samples.

b) Long term water level decline has been observed to the tune of 0.247m/year during pre-monsoon and 0.296 m/year during post monsoon at Daltonganj.

c) Locating suitable sites for bore wells

d) Suitable design of dug wells and hand pumps

e) Taking up artificial recharge projects to augment the resource availability in Palamu district

f) Optimal development of irrigation intensity by developing ground water available for future uses:

g) Creating public awareness for conserving ground water through awareness camps, NGO’s and mass media.

the sanitation programme travelled through fissures in the underlying rocks to reach the ground water supplied for drinking to cause epidemic.

11. The test reports on record of deep tube wells also reveal abnormally high turbidity contents. It also needs detailed investigation because if turbidity is contributed by partially soluble minerals within the strata, that form colloidal solutions in water, such as those of iron, the turbidity will have to be treated and iron, if it is in excess of permissible limits, will have to be brought within acceptable limits.

12. It emerged from discussions that tube wells have, in general a short life (seven-eight years) at many places in Jharkhand either because of strata drying up or because of caving in of tube well assemblies. The two problems are different and will need to be addressed in different ways. The former problem is to be resolved by siting tube wells at appropriate locations by making use of available technologies. During one of the visits it was informed by a block official that there was water diviner in a nearby village, whose services were being availed by private boring contractors. If tube well assemblies are caving in there certainly is need for analysis of water. If water is corrosive in nature and the material of the assembly is mild steel, which is what is reported to be a commonly used material, either a non-corrosive material is to be used or appropriate measures, such as cathodic protection, taken to protect the assembly pipes from corrosion and prolong life of the tube wells.

Page | 78



13. In spite of the fact that water from tube wells contains abnormally high MPN there is no disinfection being practiced anywhere.

14. Because of uncertainty of success and short life and unsatisfactory quality of water in tube wells, there is reason for surface water to be preferred. The durability of source is certainly an advantage in case of river waters provided rivers are perennial. But there are hardly any perennial rivers in Jharkhand. The quality of river water is, however, much worse than the quality of tube well water. In case there is no chemical pollution, water from tube well requires only disinfection while river water requires complete treatment including sedimentation and filtration.

The limited availability of power in rural areas is an equal demerit in both cases.

The capital cost as well as the maintenance cost is likely to be higher for the river water than for the tube well water.

15. There are several dams and natural lakes in Jharkhand that can be used for supplying drinking water after treatment to sizeable chunks of rural population nearby. There also smaller wetlands that can be used, perhaps for single village schemes.

The problem experienced with multi village pipe line rural water supply schemes in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand Is that the long conveyance mains are intercepted and meddled with by inhabitants of villages on the way for irrigating fields and it is far from being possible for the maintenance staff to get the better of them. Result: In almost all rural schemes with 6 to 20 villages only the village which has the water works along with a maximum of one or two more villages, if they happen to be very close are left with water supply intact.

16. It was observed that the perception people had of the quality of water was limited to the water being physically clean, without colour or turbidity. The devices used for storage of water were often unclean, particularly in places of public utility.

4.4.1.2 Sanitation

1. More than 90% households in rural areas defecate in the open because of their habit. The men folk to go out away from home for defecation, particularly if there is a river nearby. Women folk go for defecation while it is dark in the morning and after sunset in evening. This information is obtained from interactionwith women folk on visit to their homes in adivasi village in district Khunti.

2. As per the media reports more rapes and offences against women occur in rural areas than in the urban. It, however, seems that may offences against women in rural areas are not reported in the media. It is also observed that the criminas find dawn and dusk the most convenient time and fields the most convenient place for committing the crime against woken.

3. Most people, irrespective of their gender, religion and status want sanitary latrines within their residents, particularly for their females in the family. Majoirty is able and willing to pay Rs 1000 to1500 for the latrines, whereas minority is willing but cannot afford to pay.

4. As available data point out that in many cases where latrines have been constructed, arrangements for proper disposal of waste effluent are lacking. The disposal is either in a nearby drain or in a pond or out in the open.

5. Septic tanks are generally not constructed in rural areas. People do not seem to be familiar with septic tanks. Soak pits are used for disposing off effluent from latrines and toilets. As the geological formation underlying the earch surface in most part of Jharkhand is rocky with fissures and cracks, it takes a long time to establish connection between the crust and the ground water table. In all probability the latrines without soak pits, is a significat factor causing bacterial pollution of ground water.

6. Though potable water is a necessity of life, but a luxury for in most of the areas. There is very little awareness about the relationship between quality of water and sanitation.

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7. It was observed in one of the adivasi villages that there was neither any heap of garbage nor any foul smell. It was interesting. It was found that in the householdes feed their animails on kitchen waste and dup animal waste in pits. The pit after filled is covered with earth and another small pit is dug close by. After 2-3 months when compost was ready the earlier pit was cleared and the contents used as manure in the fields. The villagers, however, burn their solid waste like paper and polythene because, if left unattended, their animals might ate the waste and fall sick.

8. It was observed that the earlier sanitation programmes, launched with assistance of the the Central government agencies like the ILCS (Integrated Low Cost Sanitation) did not take off well in spite of the fact that nearly half the cost of unit was available to beneficiaries as subsidy. It was not only in Jharkhand but in many other states also that the assistance of the government was poorly utilized.

9. Analysis of the programme point out to following deficiencies:

• Cumbersome accounting of the subsidy component. • Requirement of cumbersome documentation in case of loan component for which there was

provision. • Lack of hassle-free and efficient delivery system. • Lack of confidence in the quality of the large part of the unit to be constructed. • Lack of awareness about sanitation

10. There are no standards, which are officially accepted, authenticated designs for latrines for

different soil and geological and hydrological conditions (or geo-climatic conditions). There is lack of credibility in people and implementers of the programme about the quality aspects of the product.

11. Efficient and safe effluent disposal system in latrines is imperative. Without safe effluent disposal system, even well designed and appropriately constructed laterin will fail to serve the purpose. Lack of awarneness of safe effluent disposal, particularly in the rural areas, is another significant constraint in implementing the programmes and system.

4.4.1.3 Availability of data

1. It has been ascertained that large volume of data, records and information is available at various government offices and agencies enganed in similar water and sanitation activities about the work completed, work continuing and work proposed in future. However, most of the required date is not available in digital form. Secondly, the data stored in files, records and computers at numerous locations. As such, there is lack of well-organized authentic data for ready use.

2. Most of the data about Jharkhand available on the internet are from web sites of the central government agencies. The web sites of state government agencies have little information. There are vision and mission statements and policy statements or compilation of orders. But a map of districts showing villages is difficult to find on any site. Moreover, the information is not updated regularly.

3. The Government has appointed agencies like the JSAC to provide satellite imagery data of various resources and other data required for planning. The Government is spending substantial amount of money on acquiring this data, but it is difficult to obtain the required and latest data on developmental work.

4. The authenticity and reliability of data and statistics pertaining to states of India, including Jharkhand, sold by private agencies is doubtful. It is rather difficult and expensive for scholars, institutions and planners to obtain required information and date from official web sites.

5. Many institutions and organisations have, during recent past, set up digital libraries to disseminate of information and knowledge or promote and help scholarship, research and planning. Access to the resources of the library is both free and paid, but this arrangement is also not reliable and authentic for research purpose and decision-making.

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4.4.1.4 Institutional capacity

1. The management of environment at the village level requires a good, efficient, effective, communicative, interactive, transparent, responsive and smooth network integrating all levels of governance, from policy maker to the worker in the field.

2. It is observed that the process of decision making is skewed towards the top and decentralization at the lower levels is desirable, as in its absence the role and effectiveness of the bulk of work force, which is closer to the field, gets limited.

3. A clear delegation of power and responsibility is required in the organization to avoid redundancy and different levels of supervision for enhancing the efficiency and accountability in the functioning of the working culture. Each member of the organization must know precisely what she/he is supposed to do and not do.

4. After duties and responsibilities are delegated and a communication is made to each member of the work force, required training should be imparted and the staff should be equipped with necessary information in respect of norms, standards, rules, regulations, laws for efficiently discharging their duties.

5. Units, which have a typical structure, have specific geographical jurisdictions. Units have to be designed on the basis of requirements of the specific projects under implementation. Personnel of appropriate qualifications and skills have to be teamed up according to the requirements of the project.

6. Serious gaps have been observed between available qualifications and skills and tge required qualifications and skills. There is need to ensure that requisite number of personnel with requisite skills are available to enhance the efficiency of organization.

7. Units of the organization exist at district headquarters. There was one block-level worker available during one of the visits. It was informed that a women’s section, consisting of gram-sakhis who are to operate at the village level is also in operation.

One block-level worker is inadequate for the required work. With additional load of the World Bank project, more workers are required. The number and level of workers will have to be decided on the basis of the number of villages to be effectively supervised by one worker. Each block level worker will required a communication device and a two-wheeler transport for efficient discharging his duty.

8. Many initiatives are required with the progress of the work for building institutional capacity.

4.5 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Implementation of the RWSSP will have a wide range of environmental and social implications. In general, successful implementation of the Program will have high socioeconomic benefits to the people.

4.5.1 The environmental impacts identified include:

4.5.1.1 Potential Positive or Beneficial Impacts

Successful implementation of the Program’s investment subprojects will have numerous benefits including:

• Better access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities leading to improved standard of living and changes in exposure to both communicable and non communicable diseases;

• The program will contribute to increase in local development and employment as the local population are likely to be employed during the construction phase and after construction due to water related investments;

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• Improved financial, managerial and administrative skills to the community leaders and village water committees due to training package;

• Sanitation will also be promoted with its attendant improvement in the health of the people such as reduced incidence of water borne diseases like malaria, cholera, gastrointestinal disorders etc.;

• From a gender viewpoint, the program will lead into reduced time allocated to water supply for women and children due to closer drinking water sources, and reduced efforts associated with water transportation. This would lead to

i. increased productivity in particular for women as a result of saving time wasted in fetching water;

ii. better opportunity for girls to attend schools instead of spending their time fetching water;

iii. increased representation and participation of women in water committees and holding responsible decision making positions; and (iv) reduced risk of exposure to HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) during fetching water far from their households, especially women and girls who are more vulnerable;

• The program is expected to contribute to rural communities well-being associated with improved services, stability, work opportunities, settlements, health, empowerment, education and training. Such benefits would serve as catalyst to sustainable management of water resources; and

• Empowerment of communities by giving them responsibility for planning, implementation and management of their water supply systems and improved public sanitation;

• The program and suggested measures will maximise the use of groundwater and rainwater for climate adaptation and development, to deal with the increased extremes, highs and lows, which are expected as result of climate change.

4.5.1.2 Potential Negative Impacts

• Disturbance of quality of life due to nuisances such as noise during construction;

• Dust and traffic related to construction works;

• Occupational health and safety of workers during construction;

• Disturbance of land and water uses Possibility of rivalry associated with incompatible uses upstream and downstream of the water supply source/system.

• Water resources (reduced water quality at the construction sites of intakes) ;

• interruption of surface water flows during construction; variations in the level of groundwater table resulting from changes in the drainage; over-pumping of groundwater etc);

• Soil resources (soil compaction, mixing of soil horizons, soil erosion may also result from inadequacies in backfilling construction works and improper drainage of storm water);

• Ecosystems (encroachment into ecologically sensitive and protected areas, drainage of wetlands etc); and Flora and fauna (limited removal of the vegetation cover and disturbance of wildlife habitats).

4.5.1.3 Possible Sources of Environmental Impacts

• The project activities will chiefly generate environmental impacts during implementation and operation because of the following reasons:

• The civil works for new structures will sometimes involve construction on virgin land thereby affecting the forests, animals and other natural resources;

• the works may require demolition of existing infrastructure and will generate rubble and waste that will need to be disposed of properly; both the new civil works and the rehabilitation works may require new land; civil works for new structures The works may effect the community physically (air and water pollution, nuisance and contamination etc.) economically (land use, income generation, mobility and community association);

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• the water supply services will require additional water abstraction, resulting in changes in ground and surface water regimes, both inside and outside the project impact areas;

• additional use of water will result in increases in waste water generation;

• water supply activities and other civil works may cause water stagnation and sanitation problems;

• The increase in numbers of people within the project location/areas will result in depletion of natural resources, pollution of public waters and degradation of soils. Consequently, several environmental components may be affected in one way on another by such activities; and

• The increase in interaction of different types of people will result in health problems caused by various diseases transmitted among these people and arising from high pressure on social and health services such as medical services.

• During the construction of water supply schemes located in the forest areas adverse impacts may occur due to the felling of trees, soil erosion due to trenching, loss of top soil, damage to flora and fauna and the setting in of man-animal conflicts. Since no major construction works are involved the impacts are expected to be minimal, yet, forest land must be avoided and where imperative, the sub project must confirm to the policies and guidelines as laid down by the Forest Department.

4.5.2 Environmental Impacts:

Overall, the project is environmentally beneficial. The sub-project components involve simple, appropriate,

low cost technologies that do not pose any significant environmental consequences.

The provision of safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities is expected to have a significant positive

impact on the improvement of livelihoods and the environment, including reduction in groundwater pollution.

Some minor and temporary negative environmental impacts may occur, resulting mainly from the construction

activities. The positive impacts include (i) improved quantity and quality of safe drinking water (ii) reduction in

water related diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid and thereby minimizing the cost of

healthcare in households (iii) reduction in infant, child and maternal mortality and morbidity due to improved

health and sanitation services in the health units (iv) reduced distances to water points which will lead to gain

in productive time for women and girls (v) better and properly sited sanitation facilities will reduce the risk of

contamination of surface and groundwater resources. The negative impacts include (i) risk of industrial

accidents during construction (ii) management and disposal of waste generated from construction activities

(iii) increased risk of HIV/AIDs and STDs due to interactions of contractor staff and the local population.

Implementation of the environmental mitigation measures will be undertaken as an integral part of the

community empowerment and infrastructure construction activities.

The Project will require small areas of land for the location of small groundwater pumping stations and, in

some cases, small storage tanks.

Access to potable water and increased sanitation awareness among the rural population will improve health and sanitation. Improved health conditions will contribute to reduction of the child mortality rate and incidence of waterborne and skin diseases. The number of hours spent on collecting water will be reduced significantly by the establishment of water points and public water standpipes closer to public institutions and homesteads. This will allow women to spend time in productive activities and family welfare. Children, especially girls, will have more time for school work and welfare activities. The steps taken will focus on the need to adopt proper sanitary practices and lead to environmental improvements, health benefits, and increased productivity, resulting in direct socio-economic development. Community-based organizations for water management can help women by empowering them for leadership and networking opportunities and building solidarity among themselves.



CHAPTER-5

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

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5. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

This section presents a summation of the key environmental concerns contextual to the water Supply & Sanitation Sector in Jharkhand which would help Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation (DDWS) of Jharkhand proposed, develop & implement the Environment Management Framework (EMF). The presented issues and the EMF should help the Government of Jharkhand in preparing a strategy which is responsive to the foreseeable environmental pitfalls in the design of the project.

5.1.1 Key Environmental Issues

5.1.1.1 Water Availability

Groundwater has been the major source of water for drinking, irrigation (and also industrial) sectors in Jharkhand. However, extraction of groundwater for drinking and irrigation in the state of Jharkhand is amongst the lowest in India, compared to availability and recharge potential (the current Ground Water utilization is 20% of the recharge potential). The aquifers are therefore under no stress. The sustainability of exploitation of ground water in Jharkhand is afflicted by following factors:

o The general rocky strata make it difficult to bore wells. o Quality of water in many areas not being within norms of acceptability. o Possible pollution of ground water by disposal of fecal matter on open land. o Difficulty in locating proper places where to bore wells. o Short life of hand pumps and tube wells because of reported caving in of the assembly pipe.

About 90% of DDWS schemes in Jharkhand are based on groundwater. There are complaints from the community that some of these sources go dry during summer season (dry period). The remaining few rural schemes (around 7%) in Jharkhand are based on surface water from rivers or dams.

5.1.1.1.1 Estimation of additional water requirement

The DDWS World Bank supported project will involve augmentation, rehabilitation and implementation of Single Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS), as per details indicated in the Table-27:

Table-27 S NO

DISTRICT

DIVISION

NO OF SCHEMES PROPOSED

SVS MSVS MVS MMVS TOTAL

1 GARHWA * GARHWA 476 22 5 2 505

2 GIRIDIH GIRIDIH-1 111 68 10 2 191

GIRIDIH-2 285 19 18 2 324

3 GODDA GODDA 18 458 31 0 507

4 SAHIBGANJ SAHIBGANJ 72 42 16 14 144

5 PAKUR PAKUR 134 228 19 10 391

6 DHANBAD DHANBAD-1 430 0 0 2 432

DHANBAD-2 15 47 5 5 72

7 EAST SINGHBHUM * JAMSHEDPUR 889 51 7 2 949

8 PALAMU * PALAMU 455 5 16 12 488

9 DUMKA * DUMKA 72 334 64 27 497

10 JAMTARA * JAMTARA 146 162 24 10 342

11 KHUTI * KHUTI 308 224 56 2 590

12 SAREIKELA * SAREIKELA 78 29 23 1 131

TOTAL 3489 1689 294 91 5563


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The additional estimated water requirement for this project is as worked out in the table below:

5.1.1.1.2 Additional Water Requirement

Table-28

S. No.

Scheme Design Population in lakhs

Total Daily Requirement in MLD; (@70 lpcd)

Total Annual Requirement of drinking water in MCM

Source Name (Aquifer/ River)

Groundwater Surface Water

Annual Replenishable Groundwater; MCM

Net Annual Groundwater Availability; MCM

Annual Groundwater

Draft; (Industrial

and Drinking) MCM

Total Requirement Annually (6) as % of availability (9)

Total land area, sq km

Average annual rainfall

Estimated surface water available annually MCM

Total Requirement Annually (5) as % of Flow (14)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 Garhwa * 5.99 46.1 17 Acquifer/ River 283.08 266.34 53.27 6.32 4044 1193 482.45 3.49

2 Giridih 7 53.9 20 Acquifer/ River 339.71 319.62 63.92 6.16 4853 1200 582.36 3.38

3 Godda 11.04 85.0 31 Acquifer/ River 141.92 133.53 54.14 23.24 2110 1063 224.29 13.83

4 Sahibganj 7.68 59.1 22 Acquifer/ River 112.00 105.38 21.08 20.48 1600 1575 252.00 8.57

5 Pakur 8.27 63.7 23 Acquifer/ River 142.36 133.94 17.31 17.35 1805 1399 252.52 9.20

6 Dha’bad 8.97 69.1 25 Acquifer/ River 143.11 134.65 34.4 18.72 2042 1241 253.41 9.95

7 E.S’bhum* 10.76 82.9 30 Acquifer/ River 247.31 232.68 46.54 13.00 3533 1100 388.63 7.78

8 Palamu * 8.31 64.0 23 Acquifer/ River 341.03 320.86 64.17 7.28 5247 1163 610.23 3.83

9 Dumka * 10.77 82.9 30 Acquifer/ River 260.12 244.74 48.95 12.37 3716 1100 408.76 7.41

10 Jamtara 3.09 23.8 9 Acquifer/ River 144.01 135.49 21.4 6.41 1792 1294 231.88 3.75

11 Khunti * 4.91 37.8 14 Acquifer/ River 182.77 171.96 34.39 8.02 2611 1111 290.08 4.76

12 Saraikela * 2.71 20.9 8 Acquifer/ River 190.89 179.60 35.92 4.24 2727 1176 320.70 2.37

89.5 689.15 251.54 2528.32 2378.79 495.49 36080.00 14615.00 4297.31


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JHARKHAND STATE (CGWB)

1. Surface Water - M.C.M. 25876.98

2. Allocation for irrigation required by fields - M.C.M. 3813.17

3. Industry Requirement - M.C.M. 4338 4. Urban area requirement - lakh gallons 1616.35

5. Availability in urban area - lakh gallons 734.35

NOTES/ ASSUMPTIONS

1 Figures about ground water in columns 7, 8 and 9 for districts for which data is not available has been worked out on proportionate basis from the CGWB data.

2 Figures about surface water in columns 11, 12 and 13 for districts for which data is not available has been worked out on proportionate basis from the CGWB data.

3 Total requirement worked out in Col-5 is included in the draft worked out in Col-9.

4 The ground water potential of the state is grossly underutilised at 20% at present.

5 In Col-13 the estimated quantity of water available has been taken as 10% of the annual rainfall

6 In Col-10 the percentages shown are for all the schemes utilising ground water resource

7 In Col-14 the percentages shown are for all the schemes utilising surface water resource

8 The design populations in Col-3 are as per the information available from SWSM

9 No waste water will be allowed to flow into the rivers from sanitation units proposed under the project.

10 Most of the drinking water in rural areas of Jharkhand is being drawn presently from ground water sources The drinking water requirement worked out here is (smaller or larger part of it) included in the ground water draft figures of the CGWB

JHARKHAND STATE (CGWB)

Area Sq km 79714

Rainfall 917

Annual replenishable GW resource, BCM 5.58

Net annual GW availability, BCM 5.25

Annual GW draft, BCM 1.06

Stage of GW development 20%

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The total requirement of water for the proposed schemes is 516 million litres per day, which is equal to nearly 190 million cubic metres per year. Against this requirement the Annual Replenishable Groundwater Resources in Jharkhand are more than 22000 mcm. The ground water draft is only 2.8% of the available (replenishable) quantity of ground water.

5.1.1.1.3 Measures to Augment Water Supplies

In the interest of resource conservation and optimization of national assets, it is essential to first improve on the existing resources; therefore the emphasis should be on:

Rehabilitation/ Upgrading of existing water supply schemes should be a priority wherever feasible.

Rehabilitation of reservoirs for storing rainwater and augmenting groundwater recharge, recycling and reuse of treated water are to be implemented.

In case where water supply from surface source schemes is affected during the lean periods, the schemes should be designed either with enhanced storage.

Distant sources will have to be tapped to augment water supply with simple treatment (Slow Sand Filters or conventional Rapid Sand Filters), chlorination drinking water of desired quality

Box-6

JHARKHAND

Issues

Drinking water

A Quality issues

Water quality problems due to mining activities, Arsenic, Iron, Chromium, Fluoride etc. High turbidity in groundwater.

Water quality problems due to indiscriminate waste water discharges.

High MPN count in a majority of tube wells possibly due to soak pits leachate finding its way through fissures: Lack of disinfection.

Lack of perception amongst inhabitants on quality criteria.

Water supplies drying up due to limited storage in inter rock voids through fissures and crevices.

Soil contamination in areas near mining.(especially radio activity)

Preference for surface water which is qualitatively poorer but easily accessed.

B Quantity issues

Hand pumps installed in contaminated areas do not ensure quality.

Installation of hand pumps and tube wells is done on land availability criteria rather than water availability.

Short life span of tube wells became either of the strata drying up or the caving in of the tube wells due to suspected corrosivity.

C Mitigation Measures

Appropriate fluoride treatment units should be provided with the hand pumps. In case of a treatment unit being out of order standby hand pumps may be used till the units are brought back into operation.

Expertise in hydrogeological investigations may be developed in house and teams may be built and set up at the block or district level as the need may be. Alternatively the task of investigations and deciding proper locations for hand pumps or tube wells and assessing yield may be out sourced or contracted on a long term basis.

The state govt of Jharkhand has been paying substantial amounts of money to the JSAC from time to time for mapping various resourced in the state and for estimating yield or availability of these resources. The DWSD may organize training of selected officials of the rank of assistant engineers and junior engineers who stay close to the field, in interpreting the maps and in actually using them for pin-pointing exact locations of hand pumps and tube wells and estimating their yields.

To the extent mining agencies are responsible for discharging polluted water into the natural drainage system, they can be compelled under provisions of law to provide appropriate treatment to their spent water, and , in addition, should fund detailed scientific investigation for identifying and demarcating the area in which the quality of ground water is affected. Agencies can be taxed on the basis of damage they cause to environment. (The principal of polluter pays)

If test results are credible the presence of high MPN in waters extracted from deep tube wells should be taken serious note of. The first thing that needs to be done is verification of the results. Second a thorough investigation should be made of the causes of this bacterial pollution of ground water since large number of people is using ground water. If investigations trace the source of pollution to current sanitation practices, then another team of investigators will need to work out changes needed in the sanitation practices.

Tampering of long conveyance mains.

The team investigating degraded quality of water from tube wells will also investigate reasons for high turbidity. If it is contributed by minerals present in the available geological formations appropriate treatment will need to be provided. If turbidity is caused by caving in of tube well assembly because of corrosion of the mild steel pipe used in the assembly there could be two alternatives: Either glass reinforced plastic pipe (GRP), or fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) pipe or some other non-metallic pipe could be used in the sembly, as it is being widely used at many places, or devices to protect assembly pipe from corrosion, like cathodic protection, could be used.

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standards (especially in Uranium affected areas). In cases where the drinking water supply source involves extraction from a critical or overexploited

aquifer the emphasis must be on water conversation (including ground water recharge and rainwater harvesting).

Efficiency of use of water should be promoted through awareness & regulation.

5.1.1.2 Water Quality

5.1.1.2.1 Surface Water Quality

The major sources of surface water in Jharkhand are the rivers, impounding structures such as dams and bunds built across rivers for holding rain water.

Surface sources are more open to pollution than the ground water sources because they receive domestic waste directly, without passing through filtering media like the ground water does; and then the surface water receives both the liquid and the solid waste. Washeries from coal mines and other mines, which are abundant in Jharkhand, discharge into the surface drainage system. The quality of surface water sources is therefore more acutely affected. During periods when the flow in the river is not sufficient to cause adequate dilution of the discharged effluents pollution is more severe.

5.1.1.2.2 Environmental Concerns:

1. Non point sources of pollution in the catchment areas due to the widely prevalent practice of open defecation, washing, bathing and other human activities in rivers serving as water supply sources

2. Discharge of untreated or inadequately treated municipal and industrial wastes in receiving water bodies or on land

3. Breakage/ leakage in rising mains, distribution lines and valve chambers 4. Streams & Water bodies are affected due to Ore- Waste, Coal Washeries, and detritus. 5. Improper collection, storage and handling of water at the individual household level

5.1.1.2.3 Ground Water Quality

The groundwater quality in many parts of Jharkhand is poor owing to natural presence of iron, fluorides, arsenic, nitrates and even bacteriological pollutionin concentrations exceeding permissible levels for drinking water use. In addition, the quality of groundwater also indicates contamination due to inadequate treatment and disposal of sullage, effluent from septic tanks or industrial effluents. According to RWSS department estimates, about 80% of villages in Jharkhand suffer from poor water quality conditions.

5.1.1.2.4 Environmental Concerns

Presence of iron, fluoride, arsenic & nitrates at concentrations exceeding the permissible levels for drinking water use;

Bacteriological or chemical contamination due to inadequate treatment and disposal of sullage, effluent from septic tanks or industrial discharges.

Operational problems including inefficient and irregular disinfection

5.1.2 Implications for the Design & Implementation:

The emergent concern be addressed by the EMF include the siting, planning, design, and operation of the schemes. Further, the EMF should ensure that the implementation ensures the water quality of the source, and that water quality at household delivery level meets the drinking water norms. More specifically:

1. Source Selection for the water supply should be done after investigation of potential sources. Selection should be based on the guidelines provided in Annexure 5. The water quality testing should be done prior to source selection of water supply schemes (refer Annexure 3). Further a sanitary survey needs to be taken up in accordance with the guidelines given in Annexure 6. Sanitary protection of water supply

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sources is prescribed in Annexure 11. Annexure 13 presents guidelines for sustainability of groundwater sources.

2. For fluoride affected and other contaminated viz Arsenic etc villages the strategy should be distant safe groundwater (SVS) or distant surface water (MVS) as detailed in Annexure 12.

3. In case quality of available water is very poor and no distant surface water source is available, advanced treatment options like iron removal units, Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants can be opted. Dual water supply can be adopted, supply of limited quantity of safe, potable water (say 10-15 Lpcd) from systems which are expensive to build operate and maintain (eg. RO Plant) and continue with existing supplies after ultra filtration for not potable purposes.

4. Effective and regular disinfection, as well as preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution systems should be ensured.

5. Water supply sources need to be protected as per the guidelines given in Annexure 11.

6. A protocol for regular water quality testing and control (refer Annexure 3) will have to be developed by DDWS, which will be implemented through the operations phase of the water supply schemes. Water quality testing for chemical contaminants shall be conducted by the DDWS, in a phased manner based on an initial sampling of groundwater and surface waters in the districts of the state before taking up subprojects in that area.

5.1.3 Environmental Sanitation

The present level of sanitation coverage in the rural areas of the state is only 8%. Only less than half of the rural households with latrines are using them regularly. This implies that still more than 90% of rural population resort to open defecation with its associated risk to water supply sources. Open defecation constitutes a major nonpoint source of pollution of surface and ground waters. Poor environmental sanitation conditions and lack of adequate supply of safe water are factors responsible for high incidence of water borne/

Box-7

Sanitation Issues

More than 90% rural population defecates in open. Fixed mind set in favour of open defecation.

Most areas near water bodies.

Inability to pay for toilets.

Disposal of excreta is not proper.

Only soak pits installed. Low sensitivity on advantages of septic tanks. Coupled with hard rock. They could be a source of bacterial contamination of groundwater.

Lack of awareness on importance of sanitation.

Lack of standard designs.

Waste water from households including cowshed wastes etc flow freely in village drains or stagnate. This seeps to ground water.

Stagnant waste water leads to poor personal hygiene and results in contagious and other infectious diseases.

Solid waste being indiscriminately disposed.

Mitigation Measures

A continuous, prolonged awareness campaign will need to be organized in a professional manner to make a worthwhile impact.

First of all the basic cost of unit could be made to have options, considering that certain items of work could be done by beneficiaries themselves, like construction of superstructure, or construction of roof which could be dispensed with if needed or improvised. The issue of affordability could also be dealt with by having tie up with banks for providing credit facilities to beneficiaries with repayment schedules to suit their pockets.

Good practices in sanitation should be propagated and disseminated and people motivated to emulate such practices through organized publicity campaigns covering other aspects of sanitation as well.

Procedural handicaps will need to be overcome in order to make the sanitation programme fruitful. Easier and hassle-free procedure could be thought of for this purpose.

Experience has been that if the entire latrine unit could be pre-

fabricated with minimum material and labour required to be used at

site, it will substantially enhance credibility of the product to be

delivered, and perhaps also considerably help the prospects of the

programme.

Looking to the variety of situations and site conditions in different parts of the state and in view of the fact that sanitation is so important to health, and therefore to the productivity of the state, it is necessary to assign the task of designing sanitation units along with arrangements for disposal of effluent for different conditions to a team of researchers and people drawn from field. This team should come out with the designs, drawings, specifications, estimates and take action for standardization of these designs etc first of all within the state and then the BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), NBO (National Building Organization), CPHEEO (Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organization) and BMTPC (Building Material & Technology Promotion Council).

Location of toilets should follow good sanitation, environmental and pollution control practices as per uniform guidelines.

Drinking water, sullage and sewer lines should be kept away as per standard practices.

Remodeling of existing ponds in order to assimilate or obviate sullage flows.

Treating sewage and sullage and utilization in horticulture, agriculture, aquaculture, etc. Designing and commissioning treatment systems.

Disinfection of ponds and drains.

Community solid waste management schemes to be drawn up.

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water related diseases in the rural areas.

5.1.3.1 Environmental Concerns

1. Rampant open field defecation due to inadequate latrines, low usage of latrines and low levels of awareness.

2. Wastewater generated by the households, including the wastewater from cattle sheds, flows into open surface drains leading to stagnation in the lanes and bylanes. There are instances of effluent from latrines or septic tanks finding its way to the drainage system, if there is any, or on to open land.

3. Without adequate arrangements for treatment and disposal, the wastewater often seeps into hand pumps, open dug wells and pipelines, and the village ponds leading to contamination of aquifers and loss of productive uses.

4. The presence of stagnant water in the villages combined with poor personal hygiene leads to the incidence of malaria and other vector borne diseases, diahorreal diseases, etc.

5. Solid wastes of decomposable and nondecomposablenatue are collected together and disposed by mere dumping along streets and public places leading to stinking and vector breeding.

5.1.3.2 Suggestions for Design & Implementation:

1. Construction of latrines and awareness creation for increased usage. Selection of safe sanitation technologies and environmental considerations in location of toilets is given in Annexure 14. Annexure 15 presents recommended construction practices and pollution safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines.

2. Efficient design of surface sullage drains and adoption of good construction practices, along with a system of regular maintenance can ensure that stagnant pools of sullage are eliminated. The guidelines for safe sullage disposal at household and community levels are given in Annexure 16.

3. Adopting the recommended practice of laying water and sullage lines on different sides of the road reduces the risk of cross contamination.

4. Existing ponds can be remodelled to accommodate increased sullage flow. 5. Adequate treatment and gainful utilization of the treated effluent/ sullage is possible in agriculture,

aquaculture and agro forestry. The treatment system could be any of the following: o Stabilization ponds, o Duckweed ponds, o Constructed wetlands, etc.

Suitable consultants may be commissioned to do the required studies, preparation of detailed project

reports and for construction supervision for these schemes.

6. Vector control to the ponds and drains carrying sullage should be ensured by way of avoiding stagnation and spraying with nonhazardous insecticides in conformity with OP 4.09.

7. Solid waste management including segregation of wastes at source, collection at door step, recycling of nondegradable wastes, composting of biodegradable wastes, safe disposal of hazardous wastes, demarcated land fill sites, etc. Guidelines for community solid waste management are given in Annexure 17.

5.1.4 Construction Stage Environmental Impacts

The implementation phase of the project and the construction activities are likely to cause environmental

impacts and these which may be transient and negative in nature would need to be addressed. Some of the

likely issues are the following:

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During the construction of components of water supply schemes, underground drainage, drains and sanitation facilities, significant earth work may be involved, which may cause erosion of land and cutting of trees.

Possible damage to places of cultural, heritage and recreational importance.

Impact on human health and safety due to dust and noise pollution, and inadequate safety measures. The safety provisions (Building) convention 1937 (No. 62) is given at the end of annexures under Annexure 24.

5.1.4.1 Mitigation Measures

All schemes should be designed to have minimal adverse environmental impacts and an environmental mitigation and management plan with dedicated funding drawn up and monitored for compliance.

5.1.5 Environmental Management Framework

5.1.5.1 Objectives of EMF

The Jharkhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project will finance investments in rural water supply and sanitation improvement schemes to serve the rural populations in Jharkhand. The project interventions are, therefore, expected to result in benefits to the rural communities, through improved quality and delivery levels of RWSS services. Some of the main environmental health benefits expected under the project include: increased and better quality water for drinking and other domestic uses; drudgery reduction (time and energy savings through providing water supply closer to homes) improvements in personal hygiene and village sanitation levels; and reduced fecal & oral contamination of drinking water resulting in lower occurrence of diseases.

The project interventions are expected to result in environmental and public health improvements in the state, however, adverse environmental impacts can occur if the schemes are not properly designed, implemented, and maintained. To ensure that the identified environmental issues are addressed in the various stages of the implementation of subprojects, an Environment Management Framework (EMF) has been developed for this project. The objectives of the EMF are as follows:

To provide a systematic approach for identifying the various possible environmental impacts at the different stages of the scheme.

To identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identified environmental impacts.

To devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming environmental management in project implementation processes.

Box-8

POSSIBLE SOURCES OF

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The project activities will chiefly

generate environmental impacts during

implementation and operation because

of the following reasons:

• The civil works for new structures will

sometimes involve construction on

virgin land thereby affecting the forests,

animals and other natural resources;

• The rehabilitation works will require

demolition of existing infrastructure

and will generate rubble and waste that

will need to be disposed of properly;

both the new civil works and the

rehabilitation works may require new

land; civil works for new structures as

well as rehabilitation works will affect

the communities.

• both physically (air and water pollution,

nuisance and contamination etc.); and

socio- economically (land use, income

generation, mobility and community

association);

• the water supply services will require

additional water abstraction, resulting

in changes in ground and surface water

regimes, both inside and outside the

project impact areas;

• additional use of water will result in

increases in waste water generation;

• water supply activities and other civil

works may cause water stagnation and

sanitation problems;

• The increase in numbers of people

within the project location/areas will

result in depletion of natural resources,

pollution of public waters and

degradation of soils. Consequently,

several environmental components

may be affected in one way on another

by such activities; and

• The increase in interaction of different

types of people will result in social and

health problems caused by various

diseases transmitted among these

people and arising from high pressure

on social and health services such as

medical services.

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5.1.5.2 Key Elements of the EMF

The key elements of the EMF as applied to a project sponsored scheme are discussed below:

1. Collection of Basic Environmental Data:

The EMF requires that basic environmental data pertaining to the proposed scheme be compiled at the field data collection stage. For this purpose, an Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) has been formulated for schemes on water supply, sanitation, solid and liquid waste management, etc. The formats for the EDSs for different types of schemes are furnished in Annexure 18. The AEE/ EE of the DDWS will fill up the EDS in consultation with the GPWSC and with the facilitation support of the NGO/ SO.

The EDS will be submitted to the Environmental Specialist at the DPMU along with the analysis note for a decision on the scheme classification.

2. Classification of Schemes for Environmental Screening:

At the Detailed Project Report (DPR) preparation stage, the available environmental information in the EDS will be evaluated and based on the level of expected environmental and public health impacts, the proposed scheme would be classified as Category 1 and Category 2, based on the potential impacts, whether limited or significant The EDS formats are given in Annexure 18. The screening tool for the categorization of schemes is furnished in Annexure 19. The environmental classification of schemes by using the screening tool is done by the ES of the DPMU and submitted to Project Manager DPMU and then to EE of the concerned division of DDWS, who will also ensure that the scheme is evaluated in terms of applicability of the various policies, laws and guidelines and necessary procedures followed to ensure compliance and obtain necessary clearances and permissions should also be obtained.

3. Environmental Appraisal and Approval:

For category 2 schemes, a detailed environmental appraisal of the proposed scheme is required. This will be done by the district level environmental expert attached to DPSU. In extreme cases, where the district level resources are not sufficient for conducting the environmental appraisal and designing the appropriate mitigation measures, support from the environmental experts of state level PSU may be requested. The environmental appraisal for category 2 schemes shall not take more than 30 days.

For all category 1 schemes, there shall be no separate environment appraisal other than filling up of EDS included in the DSR.

The Detailed Scheme Report (DSR) for Category 1 schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet (EDS). The EE of the DDWS will ensure this. The Detailed Scheme Report (DSR) for Category 2 schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) as well as the Category 2 environmental appraisal. The EE of the DDWS will ensure this.

Each scheme could be accorded technical clearance only after getting an Environmental clearance from the Environmental Specialist.

4. Environmental Compliance Monitoring during Implementation and O&M phases:

The EMF will ensure that:

1. Each scheme will have to draw up an environmental mitigation and management plan and allocate suitable funds. Integrate environmental considerations in operation phase.

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2. The management plan, drawn up for all the phases of the project shall be reviewed at predecided intervals by various authorities and certificates of compliance generated. Third party compliance monitoring and auditing could be in built.

3. The prescribed environmental mitigation measures (including construction stage measures) as identified through the environmental appraisal process are adequately implemented. The Implementation Completion Report of each scheme will include an Environmental Compliance Certificate given by the GPWSC for SVS and MWSC for MVS indicating that the mitigation measures identified in the appraisal have been implemented.

4. Capacity building and IEC activities are undertaken to enable effective implementation of the EMF including assessment procedures, supervision, monitoring, etc. as well as for community awareness and sensitization on personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, water conservation, etc.

5. Monitor external environmental parameters once a year and draw up State of Environmental Reports for the village on an annual basis for monitoring impacts and build up into a state data base.

6. Create appropriate institutional capacities to implement schemes and manage the project at various levels.

7. Design and implement a comprehensive plan for training at various levels and provide adequate funding support.

5.1.6 Application of EMF to Project

In order to mainstream environmental management and to ensure that the EMF is systematically implemented

for all the project sponsored schemes, the EMF needs to be integrated in the scheme cycle. The below table

provides an overview of various EMF activities in the preplanning, planning, implementation and O&M phases

of the proposed scheme cycle for the project sponsored schemes. The responsibilities are indicated in the

table, against the respective tasks.

Table-29 Environmental Management Framework

Phase EMF Activity Objectives Process Responsibility Result

Initial Screening Phase / Planning

Village identification & filling up of Environmental Data Sheet

To collect basic information on the proposed scheme, source environmental status

Public consultation with community and identification environmental issues of Complete EDS with supplementary notes if required.concern.

SOs, with DPMU JE/AE/DDWS with assistance from SO and NGOs.

EDS prepared and attached to DPR.

Classification of the scheme vis a vis

To ensure that schemes with potentially significant environmental or public health issues are identified at an early stage for detailed environmental appraisal.

Evaluate all the available information on environmental scheme is Category 1 or Category 2 based on screening criteria.

EE/DWSD with Environmental Expert, DPMU.

Scheme classified as 1 OR 2 Category using the screening criteria.

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Environmental assessment and approval of classification

To ensure that identified environmental issues and appropriate mitigation measures have been incorporated

For category 1 schemes, there shall be no separate environmental appraisal but environmental aspects shall be included in the normal appraisal and evaluation process for the proposed scheme, based on the EDS included in the DPR. For category2 schemes, a detailed environmental appraisal of the proposed scheme is required, (including evaluation of environmental and public health impacts, risk assessment if needed, and design of mitigation measures.)

Environmental Expert, DPMU.

Environmental appraisal of the Category 2 scheme is made using the Checklist for Environmental Appraisal as per Annexure 19 and an appropriate environmental management plan developed

Addition of all Environmental issues & concerns by approved mitigation measures

To ensure that mitigation measures and their cost are incorporated in the DPR

Technical Sanction for the scheme will not be accorded without Environmental Clearance from PSU

As per the Financial Handbook of the Government of Jharkhand

Technical Sanction for scheme with environmental mitigation measures and its costs are integrated in the DPR.

Implementation Implementation of Environmental mitigation measures.

To ensure that the mitigation measures at construction stage are implemented.

Construction supervision will ensure compliance at different stages of implementation progress. Implementation Completion Report (ICR) for schemes will need to include compliance certificate that all (prescribed) environmental mitigation measures have been implemented.

WSC for Schemes, SOs, CS Agency

ICR with Progress Reports and environmental compliance information.

O&M Environmental supervision, monitoring, and evaluation IEC and capacity building on hygiene and environmental issues.

To ensure that environmental aspects are integrated in the O&M phase.

Check if all safeguards are met. 10%schemes at 6 monthly intervals -- Water quality monitoring will be conducted as per project water quality monitoring protocol. = Internal supervision will

By a team from DWSC - State Level Environmental Expert supported by District Level Environmental Experts.

Issues for redressal = Water quality monitoring reports. - Periodic

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be conducted for 20% of the schemes completed once in a year. All UGD/ Sewerage schemes will be supervised twice a year. - Monitoring of external environmental parameters relevant to the project will be conducted once in a year. Environmental Audit through external agency will be conducted once in a year by selecting about 10% of schemes completed. IEC on (i) need for drainage improvement/ sullage treatment in villages, (ii) personal and public hygiene, and (iii) need for water conservation. - Environmental audit, once a year of 5% of schemes -

- State Level Environmental Expert (SPSU) with assistance from State Level Technical Expert (SPSU)-State Level Environmental Expert (SPSU) with assistance from State Level Technical Expert (SPSU). - External Agency to be nominated by the SPSU -

environmental supervision, monitoring and audit reports. - Training and IEC activity reports and report on environmental status. Mid way corrections in EMF - Audit reports and evaluation -

5.1.7 Environmental Supervision and Monitoring

The organizational set up of the Government of Jharkhand that would manage the environmental framework has been shown in the diagram below:

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The EMF requires detailed supervision, monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the project on the environment. This includes:

Environmental supervision: A sample of 10% of the completed schemes will be visited at six monthly intervals by a team from the DWSC (including the District Resource Persons – Environmental Management) to check if all safeguard requirements are met and to identify any issues that need to be addressed. The selected sample will have representation of both 1 and Category 2schemes in water supply, sanitation and waste management. Annexure 20 gives details of the sampling procedure for the supervision and Annexure 21 gives the format of the supervision report. However, internal environmental monitoring will be done as part of the regular monitoring by the DWSS.

Monitoring of relevant external environmental parameters: Once every year, the state Project Support Unit (PSU) will prepare a report of the environmental situation in the state including data and analysis of relevant parameters such as rainfall, depth to water levels, status of groundwater basins, incidence of water borne diseases, etc., as well as a listing of relevant new legislation and regulations that have a bearing on the environmental performance of the project. The EMF will be suitably revised annually on the basis of this document by the PSU.

Environmental audit: Once every year, the SPSU will appoint an external agency to undertake an independent audit of the environmental performance of the project. 5% of the completed schemes will be covered in the audit having representation of both Category 1 and Category 2 schemes in water supply, sanitation and waste management. The Annexure 22 presents details of sampling and the Annexure 23 gives a list of performance indicators to be used in these audits.

5.1.8 Institutional Arrangements

5.1.8.1 Village Level GPWSC and SOs

GPWSC is a local level institution set up as a subcommittee of the Gram Panchayat which is expected to shoulder full responsibilities for all activities related to RWSS at the village level. They will be supported by (non government) Support Organizations (SOs), selected for a cluster of villages within a particular

RWSS-SWSM SECRETARIAT M& E UNIT FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT UNIT

PMU

DWSMDPMUs

VWSC SCHEME LEVEL COMMITTEEFOR MVS

RWSS STATE LEVELOFFICES

RWSS DISTRICT LEVELOFFICERS OF DWSD

RWSS STATE LEVELOFFICERS OF DWSD

RWSS RELATEDDISTRICT LEVEL OFFICERS

OF DWSD

RWSS SWSM(Apex Committee)

GOVERNMENT OFJHARKHAND

GRAM PANCHAYAT

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geographical boundary. SOs will primarily be responsible for providing community development and external liaison support to the GPWSCs on a day to day basis.

The responsibility of facilitating planning and implementation of EMF activities at the village level is vested with the GPWSC and SOs. One SO is expected to service 10-20 GPs. The TOR for the SO would include specific responsibilities pertaining to the EMF including facilitation of the GPWSC's participation in filling up the EDS, in certifying the implementation of the environmental mitigation measures, in identifying and meeting capacity building needs, etc. The AEE/ AE, DDWS will support the GPWSC and SOs in the execution of these functions. The project will develop capacities of both GPWSC and SO through training and other information sharing measures to execute these functions effectively. .

5.1.8.2 Scheme Level Committee (SLC) for MVSs

Keeping in view the complexity of MVSs, the decisions regarding environmental appraisal, implementation of mitigation measures, supervision will be jointly taken up by the ZP RWSS department in consultation with the SLC. SLC will have one member from each of GPWSCs related to GPs of the MVSs. The EE, DDWS will be the chair person of the SLC.

5.1.8.3 Disrtict Level

Similar arrangements are envisaged in DWSMs through District Water and Sanitation Committee (DWSC) to ensure all RWSS plans follow and are in conformity with the EMF, and to ensure proper planning and monitoring of EMF activities at the district level, and coordination between the District and SWSM.

The EE will be responsible for ensuring EMF implementation within the district. He will also select the external experts for appraisal of Category II schemes, if required. There will be a District Support Unit at the district level under the control of the EE. This DSU will be responsible for implementation of the environmental management activities in accordance with the EMF at the district level. The DSU will have a District Level Environmental Expert in the unit. The DSU will have number of District Resource Persons (DRPs) in the cadre of Executive Engineer (EE) and one of the DRPs will be trained in environmental management (EM).

5.1.8.4 State Level

At the State level the EC committee prepares the environment policy and sets the guidelines for the EMF implementation, monitoring and evaluation. This committee also liaises with other departments with regard to environmental issues.

The Project Director, SWSM will be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the EMF across the state. One State Level Environmental Expert in the state PSU will ensure that environmental management activities are in conformity with the EMF and that necessary guidance and budget is provided to implement these plans.

Table-30 Role and responsibilities of the major players in implementing the EMF

Institutional Arrangement for Implementation of the EMF

Level Institution Function Responsibility

State State water Sanitation Mission (SWSM)/ PSU

Ensure overall implementation of the EMF in the project.

Arrange funds required for implementing the provisions of EMF.

Ensure availability of required human resources for implementation of EMF.

Ensure that recommendations from supervision and monitoring are integrated into the project and the EMF is updated periodically as necessary.

Recruit external experts for conducting Environmental Audit once in

PD, PMU supported by the State Level Environmental Expert

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a year and ensure that the relevant recommendations are integrated into the project.

Conduct environmental supervision of all Under Ground Drainage/ Sewerage schemes on a half yearly basis.

District District Water and Sanitation Mission (DWSM)/ DWSC

Training and Capacity Building of SOs, GPWSC, Environmental Management (EM) and District Resource Person – Environmental Management (DRP-EM)on EMF.

Coordination between various players and actors involved in EMF.

Coordinate with other line departments on environment related issues; in particular with State Ground Water Directorate for water level monitoring.

EE, DWSM supported by the

District Level Environmental Expert, DPSU

DPMU Day-to-day management, responsible for undertaking all activities necessary for implementation of the EMF.

Carry out regular monitoring and supervision of the EMF implementation through appropriate mechanisms (and report the same to SWSM and DWSM as necessary).

Supervising the accuracy of the environmental appraisal conducted by AEE/AE, DDWS as part of the scrutiny of the schemes – including checking if the screening is accurate, if the Environmental Data Sheet has been filled in as required etc.

Evaluation of EDS and categorize the scheme into one of the categories A, B & C.

Conduct Category A environmental appraisal using the Detailed Appraisal Sheet, if required or in cases where external technical support is required for conducting Category A appraisal – forwarding to the EE for decision on selection of suitable expert for conducting detailed appraisal for category A schemes and preparation of Detailed Appraisal Sheet (DAS) to identify the environmental impacts and designing mitigation measures. The mitigation measures are included in Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be implemented along with various components of the scheme.

Conduct supervision visits to 20% of the completed schemes twice in the year (in coordination with the PSU).

Provide technical advice and guidance on environmental management to SO, GPs & GPWSCs.

Provide inputs to DWSC on relevant environmental policies.

Ensure capacity building of all stakeholders in environmental management.

Design and implement IEC campaigns on environmental management.

Maintain a database consisting of relevant baseline environmental information of the district, environmental appraisal of the various ongoing and completed schemes, findings of supervision, etc.

Coordinate with institutions, agencies and individuals relating to environmental management including the regional offices of the JSPCB, Forest Department, etc.

Collect, collate and publish data and information on EMF

SE, DWSM,

District LevelEnvironment Expert, DPMU,

DRP-EM

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implementation in the project.

Village GP Water and Sanitation Committee (GPWSC) with the support of Support Organization (SO)

Participation in preparation of Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) to be enclosed to Detailed Scheme Report (DSR).

The committee shall deliberate on environmental safeguards relevant to the schemes and adopt the same during construction and implementation

Certifying the implementation of environmental mitigation measures as part of the implementation completion report.

Facilitate IEC activities regarding water conservation, sanitation and hygiene among the villagers.

President, GPWSC,

SO,

EE/ AE, DDWS

Support Organization (SO)

Provide support to the EE/AE DDWS in preparing the EDS.

Facilitating participation of the community in preparation of EDS as part of the DSR preparation and in certification process (for environmental mitigation measures) for implementation completion report.

Liaison with forest department, JPCB, and other related departments at scheme level for ensuring implementation of identified mitigation measures (permissions, technical support, etc.).

Provide support in execution of the IEC activities on EMF.

Provide support to the DDWS in the supervision, monitoring and audit activities of the EMF.

Train the GPWSC/ MWSC in conforming to EMF requirements in operation and maintenance of Under Ground Drainage/ Sewerage schemes.

Directors of SO

Scheme Level Committee (SLC) (wherever multiple schemes are proposed in IGP)

Participation in EDS preparation of MVS.

Participation in certification process for implementation of environmental mitigation measures as part of implementation completion report.

To make efforts for spreading awareness regarding sanitation and hygiene among the member villages of the MVSs.

President, GPWSC,

SO,

EE/ AE, DDWS

5.1.9 Performance Indicators

A list of environmental performance indicators which can be integrated with the overall project indicators for

monitoring and evaluation of the project performance are given in Annexure 23.

5.1.10 Training and Capacity Building

The DDWS Jharkhand at present has limited capacity for environmental management. The capacity building

and IEC strategy has been outlined as part of the EMF program developed for the project aims at building

environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project administration structure as

well as in the intended target communities. Capacity building for environmental management will be

integrated with overall capacity building component of the project.

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5.1.10.1 Objectives

The objectives of the capacity building initiatives are:

To build and strengthen the capability of rural water and sanitation service delivery institutions (PRIs and DDWS) and other partners (NGOs, Contractors, Consultants) to integrate sound environmental management into water and sanitation service delivery.

To orient the service delivery staff and elected PRI representatives to the requirements of the project’s environmental management framework.

5.1.10.2 Approach

Systematic capacity building initiatives will be introduced only after completion of Institutional Analysis &

training needs assessment. The training will be of cascade mode. All the trained staff and others will in turn

conduct further trainings at state, district, mandal and village levels. However, since capacity building goes

beyond mere imparting training, institutionalization of best practices becomes a prerequisite for improved

service delivery.

5.1.10.3 Institutions for Training

In view of the specialized training and capacity building envisaged under the EMF of the project, it is necessary to identify nodal training institutes that will work closely work with capacity building wing of PSU for conceptualizing, designing, conducting and managing training programs on the EMF. Some such specialized institutions are:

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD)

Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI)

National Academy of Construction (NAC)

Visvesvaraya Sanitation and Water Academy, Ranchi

State Institute of Rural Development, Ranchi

Administrative Training Institute, Ranchi

Indian Institute of Mines, Dhanbad

BITS MESRA, Ranchi

Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad

5.1.10.4 Details of Training Programmes

5.1.10.5 Training on the Environmental Management Framework

5.1.10.5.1 Purpose of the Training:

To equip with knowledge and skills necessary for undertaking environmental appraisal as per the requirements of the EMF

To prepare for undertaking periodic supervision of environmental performance of schemes To prepare for implementing Community Based System for Water Quality Monitoring and

Surveillance

5.1.10.5.2 Participants:

Key officials of the project including JE/AE, EE, SE as well as State and District Level Environmental Experts and District Resource Persons – Environmental Management. The Superintending Engineer of the district will be responsible for selection of suitable candidates for the training, and the expense will be borne by the overall project capacity building budget.

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5.1.10.5.3 Schedule:

The training will include an initial orientation workshop, a main and annual refresher training workshops on environmental assessment. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 days each, whereas the initial orientation workshop will be of one day duration. 10 Training programs will be conduced during the first year and 5 refresher programs per year will be conducted for the next 4 years. This will total to 30 programs.

The detais of Management Action Plan are appended as Annexure 35.

5.1.10.6 Details of Training Programmes

T1. Training on the Environmental Management Framework

Purpose of the training:

To equip with knowledge and skills necessary for undertaking environmental appraisal as per the requirements of the EMF

To prepare for undertaking periodic supervision of environmental performance of schemes To prepare for implementing Community Based System for Water Quality Monitoring and

Surveillance

Participants: Key officials of the project including JE/AE, EE, SE as well as State and District Level Environmental Experts and District Resource Persons – Environmental Management. The Superintending Engineer of the district will be responsible for selection of suitable candidates for the training, and the expense will be borne by the overall project capacity building budget.

Schedule: The training will include an initial orientation workshop, a main and annual refresher training workshops on environmental assessment. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 days each, whereas the initial orientation workshop will be of one day duration. 10 Training programs will be conducted during the first year and 5 refresher programs per year will be conducted for the next 4 years. This will total to 30 programs.

T2. Training on Environmental Management


To equip with knowledge and skills necessary for meaningful participation in the environmental appraisal as per the requirements of the EMF

To prepare for planning and monitoring implementation of environmental mitigation measures identified through the appraisal process

To equip with skills necessary for water quality testing using the field kits under the Community Based System for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance

Participants: SOs, members of GPWSC and Block Resource Persons – Environmental Management.

The Superintending Engineer of the DWSM will be responsible for selection of suitable candidates for the training, and the expense will be borne by the overall project capacity building budget.

Schedule: The training will include an initial orientation workshop, a main and annual refresher training workshops on environmental assessment. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 days each, whereas the initial orientation workshop will be of one day duration. There will be about 1200 GPWSCs, about 150 SOs and about 50 Block resource persons totaling to about 1400. At about 50 per batch there will be about 28 training programs. Considering that an equal number of refresher trainings will be conducted, the total T2 training programs will be about 56 for the project duration.

T3.Environmental Awareness and Sensitization

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To build awareness on safe drinking water, water conservation, environmental sanitation and personal hygiene.

Participants: JEs/ AEs, SOs, Members of GPWSC and NGOs. Schedule: The training will involve oneday workshops at the mandal level. There will also be one day refresher workshops organized annually. There will be about 1200 GPWSCs, about 150 SOs and about 50 resource persons totaling to about 1400. At about 50 per batch there will be about 28 training programs. Considering that an equal number of refresher trainings will be conducted, the total T3 training programs will be about 56 for the project duration.

T4. Quality Construction Practices for Artisans

Purpose:

To equip with knowledge and skills for quality construction and maintenance of water and sanitation structures (including aspects of environmental conservation, human health and safety, etc.)

Participants: Masons, mechanics, electricians, plumbers etc., and for the contractors’ workforce involved in the project.

Schedule: The training will involve one day workshops at the block level. There will also be one day refresher workshops organized annually. There will be about 2500 artisans and about 100 resource persons totaling to about 2600. At about 50 per batch there will be about 52 training programs. Considering that an equal number of refresher trainings will be conducted, the total T4 training programs will be about 104 for the project duration.

The number of suggested training programs is presented in table below:

Table-31 Number of Training Programs

No. Topics Number of Trainings

1 T1 - Environmental Management Framework 30

2 T2 - Environmental Management 56

3 T3 - Environmental Awareness and Sensitization 56

4 T4 - Quality Construction Practices for Artisans 104

Total 246

About 40 to 50 trainees would participate in each of the training programs. It is intended that these trained

persons will in turn provide onsite training to DWSD staff, SOs, GPWSCs, NGOs, Contractor staff, etc. onsite at

village level.

5.1.10.7 Budget

The total estimated cost of training on environmental management for members of GPWSCs, NGOs/SOs,

Engineers of DWSD, and artisans, is presented in the table below:

Table-32 Estimated cost of Training

S. No. Training No. of Programs Estimated Unit Cost in lakhs of Rs.

Total Cost In lakh of Rs.

1 T1 30 1.25 37.5

2 T2 56 0.75 42

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3 T3 and T4 160 0.30 48

4 Workshops (State) 3 0.75 2.25

5 Workshops (District) 12 0.30 3.6

Total 133.35

The total budget for environmental management activities under the proposed project has been worked out

as Rs. 3.39 crore. The detailed breakup of the budget is presented in the table below.

Table-33 Budget for Environmental Management

S No. Activity Amount in lakhs of Rs.

1 Training and workshops (as estimated) 133.35

2 Internal supervision visits @ 10 lakhs per year for 5 years 50

3 Environmental Audit by the external agency once in a year (5 Nos) @ Rs. 10.0 lakhs per year

50

4 Preparation of specific environment related community awareness materials @ 1.0 lakh per district and 3 lakh at state level

15

5 EA for Category 2 Schemes @ 10 lakhs per year for 5 years 50

6 External Environmental Monitoring @ Rs. 2.0 lakhs per year for 5 years 10

SubTotal 308.35

Contingencies @ 10% 30.83

Total 339.18

5.1.11 Guidelines / Environmental Code of Practices

Guidelines/ Environmental Code of Practices (ECOP) have been prepared for addressing the following

environmental issues and are furnished in the Annexures as indicated.

1. Guidelines for Identification and Selection of water supply sources: The criteria for the selection of source for water supply are specified in Annexure 4.

2. Guidelines for Sanitary survey of water supply sources: Periodic survey of the source is necessary to identify if any new pollution sources are emerging. The guidelines for Sanitary Survey of groundwater/surface water sources are detailed in Annexure 5 to Annexure 9.

3. ECOP for sanitary protection of water supply sources: The well to tap groundwater sources and intake arrangements to tap surface water sources are located at certain distance away from the pollution existing sources and the structures are protected with certain measures to protect the quality of water from getting contaminated. The detailed guidelines are furnished in Annexure 10.

4. Differential Pressure Bleach Powder Solution Dosing Equipment: The disinfection is an important treatment of both surface and ground water to ensure safe water supply. A simple disinfection method with bleaching powder applicable to small water supplies is sufficient.

5. Guidelines for Sustainability of Sources: The yield from the sources in general and ground water source in particular is likely to decrease during summer. In order to ensure sustainable yield throughout the year certain measures such as artificial recharge of the groundwater source with rainwater harvesting structures are necessary. These measures are furnished in Annexure 12.

6. Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance: The water quality of the sources and in the distribution system is deteriorating due to contamination especially after rains in surface water sources and in summer months in groundwater sources. Water quality monitoring should be undertaken periodically

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in order to take corrective measures if the quality changes. The procedure and protocol for water quality monitoring and surveillance are described in Annexure 2.

7. Selection and installation of safe sanitation technologies; the checklist for choice of technology and selection of location is furnished in Annexure 14.

8. Recommended Construction Practice and Pollution Safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush toilets: Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines (TPPFL) is the most commonly adopted sanitation technology which is suitable in most of the environmental conditions except coastal areas with high groundwater table. Recommended construction practice and Pollution Safeguards for TPPFTs are described in Annexure 13.

9. A format for attachment to the contracts of contractors/ consultants is given in Annexure 24. This format need to be filled for each contract package and signed by the respective contractor/ consultant for conforming to the EMF and implementing the measures suggested under the EMF.

10. Guidelines identifying possible hazards and the management and mitigation actions for both workers in the various project stages on site and public who may be in the vicinity of the activities are discussed in Annexure 36.

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5.2 SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Description of the project and key components

The proposed Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project will address to the problems of sustainable water

supply and sanitation in rural area of Jharkhand and shall be implemented in 06 selected districts of the state

by the State Drinking Water and Sanitation Mission, Drinking Water and Sanitation Department, Ranchi,

Jharkhand. The overall goal of the project is to promote decentralised service delivery arrangements with

increased Panchayati Raj Institutions (P.R.I.) and community participation, improved financial sustainability

and enhanced accountability at all levels.

The vision of the Jharkhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector is to ensure safe, adequate and

sustainable drinking water and sanitation services, cost effectively to all households, establishments and

institutions in Jharkhand with a view to ensure a healthy and dignified life to all citizens through community

participation at all levels.

The project is expected to increase access to safe water supply and improved sanitation through rehabilitation

of existing works and creating new schemes in the six selected districts and covering a population of about

1.13 million. The project will be implemented in 05 years. The main components of the project are provision of

drinking Water, Water Quality Management, Environmental Sanitation and support organisation costs

(capacity building).

The proposed water supply infrastructure includes new schemes and rehabilitation of SVS (single habitation),

SVS (multiple habitation within same GP), Simple MVS (2TO 3 GP’s) and Large MVS (more than 03 GP’s).The

sanitation infrastructure includes drainage schemes/lane improvement schemes and household sanitation.

Development of Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure is likely to generate site specific environmental

impacts especially during the construction phase.

A capacity building program has been outlined as part of the EMF, aiming at building environmental awareness

and environmental management capacity in the project implementation structure at all levels including

communities. Capacity building for environmental management will be integrated with overall capacity

building component of the project.

The project will directly benefit an estimated 1.13 million people with access to safe water and improved

hygiene and sanitation habits through improved sanitation facilities and awareness building.

B. Major environmental impacts

Overall, the project is environmentally beneficial. The environmental evaluation suggests that the sub-project

components involve simple, appropriate, low cost technologies that do not pose any significant environmental

consequences. The project has been classified as Category B as per the World Bank Operational Policy 4.01.

The provision of safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities is expected to have a significant positive

impact on the improvement of livelihoods and the environment, including reduction in groundwater pollution.

Some minor and temporary negative environmental impacts may occur, resulting mainly from the construction

activities.

The positive impacts include (i) improved quantity and quality of safe drinking water (ii) reduction in water

related diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid and resultant low cost of healthcare in

households (iii) reduction in infant, child and maternal mortality and morbidity due to improved health and

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sanitation services in the health units (iv) reduced distances to water points which will lead to gain in

productive time for women and girls (v) better and properly sited sanitation facilities will reduce the risk of

contamination of surface and groundwater resources.

The negative impacts include those arising out of tree felling, soil erosion, loss of top soil, loss of flora and

fauna, danger to wild life, air (including noise), water and soil pollution due to construction activities and

disposal of construction wastes, leachates from toilets, sludge from treatment plants, backwash from Arsenic,

fluoride and iron and other treatment units, overuse of water and depletion of source, loss of agricultural land.

C. The Environmental Management Framework

To ensure that the identified environmental issues are addressed in the various stages of the subproject, an

EMF has been developed for the project which proposes to evaluate the impacts by filling and analysing the

EDS, screening and classifying the subprojects, conducting detailed EA of projects with significant impacts,

evaluating the applicability of various laws and policies to the subprojects and ensuring compliance,

implementing the EMP for all subprojects and monitoring the environmental performance indicators. This EMF

also provides several environmental codes of practice with technical specifications as guidelines for

implementation. These guidelines given as annexure in the report, respond to the environmental priorities

analysed as part of the EA. The EMF has prescribed the institutional arrangements for monitoring and

implementation and a capacity building program aimed at training, building environmental awareness and

environmental management capacities. For the achievement of the EMF related capacity building, a budget of

Rs. 40 million has been proposed.

D. Mitigation Measures:

The EMF has through the guidelines also suggested mitigation measures as follows:

1. Various options for disposal of reject brine from R.O. plants including salt recovery.

2. Procedures for selection of sustainable sources for water supplies including quality assessments

3. Spacing criteria between wells

4. Sanitary protection of water supply sources and other measures for maintaining quality of drinking

water

5. Fluoride mitigation

6. Guidelines for water harvesting and conservation including roof top, percolation tanks, check dams,

ponds/tanks, Bandharas, gully plugging contour bunds and erosion control

7. Environmental criteria for location of toilets

8. Location specific construction practices and pollution safeguards for twin pit pour flush latrines

9. Guidelines for safe sullage disposal along with low cost treatment options

10. Guidelines for community solid waste management

11. Guidelines for internal supervision

12. Checklists for supervision and audits

13. Environmental performance indicators

14. Safety provisions in the construction of buildings

These mitigation measures would generally include also ensuring that:

1. Construction and operation activity is planned in adherence to Legal and Regulatory norms, as

prescribed in EMF.

2. Minimal damage is caused to trees and other vegetation

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3. Top Soil is stored separately and reused for vegetation after the construction phase. All excavated soil

to be properly stockpiled

4. Construction activities are avoided in Forest areas. Where imperative, they should be as per legally

permissible norms and procedures.

5. Avoid spillage of oil and grease on soil or in water. Store containers to isolate and treat spillages.

6. Provide adequate protective gear for workers health and safety; isolating and barricading work areas

to make them accident free and free from exposure to air pollutants.

7. Implement dust suppression measures like spraying with water and ensuring that plant, machinery

and vehicles conform to prescribed standards.

8. Construction waste to be safely stored and in no case be allowed to go into storm water or other

drains.

9. Ensure safe distance between toilets and water sources.

10. Sludge from treatment plants and waste oil and grease to be properly treated. Any hazardous waste

to be treated through specialised agencies authorised by the Jharkhand Pollution Control Board.

11. Back wash from treatment units is properly treated through solar evaporation ponds and recovered

residue properly disposed.

12. Monitoring and fixing leakages to prevent wastages and water logging

13. Preventing non domestic use of water supply including bathing of animals.

14. Recharge of ground water harvesting rain water.

15. For multi village schemes, evaluate both surface water and ground water sources for sustainability.

16. Polluted sources and sources downstream of polluting stream should be avoided

E. Monitoring and Audit

The EMF requires the project proponent to prepare a monitoring plan and undertake regular internal and external auditing. Monitoring is needed to check if and to what extent the impacts are mitigated, benefits enhanced and new problems addressed. The key objective of monitoring is to ensure that the EMP is implemented as per the guidelines. The EMF has prescribed guidelines for project supervision and monitoring, institutional arrangements, water quality monitoring and surveillance including responsibilities, frequencies and standards and formats for data collection.

F. Implementation Schedule and Reporting

All mitigation and enhancement measures will be implemented along side with the implementation of program subprojects as required and planned in the subproject implementation schedules. Progress on the implementation of the safeguards is included in the overall periodic progress reports, midterm review and monitoring and evaluation reports as prescribed in the EMF.

G. Conclusion and Recommendations

The anticipated negative impacts will be short-term, site specific, confined and reversible and can be managed

through the application of mitigation and monitoring measures to enhance the benefits of the project. The

successful implementation of the scheme will improve the quality of life of about 1.13 million people living in

rural areas of 06 districts of Jharkhand. This summary generic EMP has been prepared from the EA report and

has suggested comprehensive generic mitigation measures. Implementing such mitigation measures and

management interventions will reduce the adverse environmental impacts and increase the environmental

acceptability of the project with regards to National and State laws and procedures and the World Banks

safeguard policies.

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