Adventure Activity Standards (AAS)

Guidelines for commercial and non- commercial

Dependent Groups

Paddling in Inland Waterways AAS

Canoeing

Kayaking

River Rafting

Published by the Outdoors Victoria Ltd

PO Box 101 0 Templestowe 3106

Supported by the Victorian outdoor sector and the Victorian Government

DRAFT at 30 Oct 2013

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Disclaimer

The information contained in this publication has been gathered through widespread sector consultation. All

reasonable attempts have been made to ensure that it is accurate, relevant and current at the date of publication.

The Adventure Activity Standards (AAS) are advisory and general in nature, and should not be relied upon to meet

individual or specific requirements. The AAS should be used as a guide only.

The AAS provides recommendations for application to outdoor adventure activity providers and participants.

While the AAS are NOT statutory standards imposed by law, some agencies/organisations may make application of

the AAS mandatory i.e. Crown land licenses, insurers and Worksafe.

Whenever using the information contained in this publication or any AAS, all outdoors adventure activity

providers should carefully evaluate the specific requirements of the intended activity and the persons

participating in it. If necessary, further advice should be obtained from a suitably experienced and qualified

professional person.

The information in this AAS is made available on the express condition that Outdoors Victoria Ltd, the authors,

consultants and advisors who have assisted in compiling and drafting this publication and the AAS are not

rendering professional advice to any person or organisation and make no warranties with respect thereto and, to

the maximum extent permitted by law, disclaim all liability and responsibility for any direct or indirect loss,

damage or liability which may be suffered or incurred by any person as a consequence of reliance upon anything

contained in or omitted from this publication.

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Contents

1. Introduction to the AAS 2. The Paddling in Inland Waterways AAS

3. Risk Management Planning 3.1 Incident reporting 3.2 Severe weather 3.3 Pre-activity documentation 3.4 Activity Plan 3.5 Emergency strategy 3.6 Pre-activity briefing 3.7 First Aid

4. Supervisory Ratios

4.1 Group size

4.1.1 Group ratios: Canoes & Kayaks

4.1.2 Group ratios: Rafts (guided & self-guided)

4.2 Leader ratios for paddling in Inland Waterways (Flat water)

4.3 Leader ratios for paddling on moving rivers up to Grade 4

5. Competencies

6. Leaders responsibilities

7. Definition of terms and Further information

Appendix 1 - International River Grading System with Victorian examples

Appendix 2 – Units of Competency

Appendix 3 – Equipment standards

Appendix 4 - Environmental considerations

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1. Introduction to the AAS

The Adventure Activity Standards (AAS) have been developed to assist commercial and non- commercial

organisations and their leaders to plan and safely undertake outdoor adventure activities with

dependent participants.

The AAS have been prepared with the involvement of a wide cross-section of Victoria's outdoor sector,

and reflect commonly accepted practices for planning and undertaking outdoor adventure activities

with dependent participants.

The AAS are guidelines for undertaking outdoor adventure activities in a manner that:

promotes safety for both participants and providers

provides assistance for providers against legal liability claims and criminal penalties

provides assistance in obtaining insurance cover and operator crown land licenses.

The likelihood of injury and loss can be minimised by having suitable risk management programs in place

and applying the advice provided in the AAS to suit the particular circumstances of the activity or

organisation. Each organisation and leader has a duty of care to the participants to have completed a

risk analysis of the activity and developed strategies to address possible risks.

Participants may already have a degree of skill and experience in the particular outdoor adventure

activity and so be less dependent upon the leader for guidance and instruction. In these situations the

AAS should be adapted to reflect the experience of group members and the particular circumstances of

the adventure activity.

The AAS are not fixed documents. They are reviewed periodically in the light of changing knowledge or

practices i.e. new equipment or technology, changing understanding of the environment, reports of

incidents or near misses in Australia or overseas.

2. The Paddling in Inland Waterways AAS

The Paddling in Inland Waterways AAS is for canoeing, kayaking and river rafting in inland waterways. Inland waterways include dams, lakes, rivers, creeks and protected estuaries.

This AAS is based on the inland components of the Canoeing, Kayaking and River Rafting AAS. It does not specifically cover paddling activities in bays and coastal environments.

The craft covered by this AAS include kayaks, canoes and rafts.

Paddling in inland waterways ranges from canoeing or kayaking on a lake or slow moving water to the more challenging experience of paddling in rapids. It can also include self-sufficient trips on rivers or lakes over several hours or days and can take the paddler into areas not readily accessible.

Paddling in inland waterways also includes river rafting which is the navigation of moving water in or on bailing and/or self-bailing rafts or any other purpose built inflatable craft.

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3. Risk Management Planning

Risk management is a series of ‘well-defined steps which, taken in sequence, support better decision

making by contributing a greater insight into risks and their impacts' (Australian Standard AS/NZS 4360

Risk Management). The five step approach is:

Step 1 -Identify all hazards

Step 2 -Assess and prioritise the risks these hazards create, deal with highest priority

risk first

Step 3 -Decide on measures to control the risks (e.g. eliminate the risk, substitute a

venue, use personal protective equipment)

Step 4 -Implement appropriate control measures

Step 5 -Monitor the control measures and review the process.

The identification of risks could be considered under the headings of ‘people’, ‘equipment’ and

‘environment’ i.e.:

risks associated with ‘people’ could be the lack of necessary skills or inadequate fitness

risks associated with ‘equipment’ could include inadequate clothing for the area, and insufficient or

incorrect equipment

risks associated with ‘environment’ could include adverse or unseasonal weather, sudden changes in

river levels or high winds.

For the activity being undertaken and the group involved, foreseeable risks should be noted and

strategies should be developed to avoid or minimise these risks. The strategies should be included in the

organisation’s Activity Plan (see section 3.4 – Activity Plan).

3.1 Incident reporting

Any incidents or accidents that result in injury or have the potential to result in injury should be

documented. Incident documentation should include time, date, relevant details of the incident, and the

response to the incident. Incident documentation should be treated with appropriate confidentiality and

should be stored safely and easily accessible.

3.2 Severe weather

The risk of severe weather must be taken into account in the planning and running of all outdoor

adventure activities. Advice on managing risks of severe weather can be found in the Guidance Note,

‘Management of Outdoor Activities for Severe Weather Conditions’ which can be found at

www.outdoorsvictoria.org.au

3.3 Pre- activity Documentation

There are certain details that a leader and/or organisation must document to maximise safety. The

following information must be documented, taken on the activity and a copy must be made available to

a non-participating contact.

Activity Plan (see section 3.4)

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Emergency strategy (see section 3.5)

Name, address and emergency contact details for all participants and staff

Any medical conditions of participants, including teachers and supervisors, that is likely to affect

performance. For example asthma (details of management plan including medication), diabetes,

epilepsy, fainting/dizziness, specific allergic reactions, blood conditions which may affect bleeding/

blood clotting, conditions affecting balance, recent or long-standing injuries (e.g. back, knee, ankle),

disability or other relevant medical conditions (e.g. pregnancy, repetitive strain injury (RSI), heart

and any relevant medication. Throughout the activity, the leader must take reasonable steps to

manage any known specific participant medical requirements

After a full explanation/briefing participants should be asked to sign an acknowledgement of the

inherent risks involved in the specific activity. The signature of a parent/guardian for participants

under the age of 18 authorising participation.

In cases where the activity and conditions around the activity have changed at point of activity as much

practical the leader should document, recorded the change of activity and advise their organisation

where possible.

3.4 Activity Plan

An Activity Plan should be prepared for all activities.

The leader(s) selected for the activity must have the required skills, experience and competency to

conduct the activity, effectively manage incidents and satisfy the planned objectives.

At least one leader should be suitably familiar with the area being visited (the level of familiarity will

vary according to the objectives and circumstances of the group).

Leaders must hold a current Working with Children Check if independently supervising participants

under 18 years of age www.justice.vic.gov.au/workingwithchildren.

The following is a list of factors that should be addressed in preparing a plan.

People

objectives of the activity (desired outcomes) and participant expectations

duration of activity

age, experience, fitness, skill level, disposition, and known medical conditions of participants

size of group

standard of care (education, commercial or community organisation)

leader to participant ratio.

Equipment

group equipment including first aid and communication equipment

personal equipment including clothing, food and dietary requirements, and personal medication

availability of specific activity equipment for participants

condition and suitability of all equipment (meeting equipment standards i.e. PFDs)

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support/ evacuation resources and access of emergency medical assistance (e.g. ambulance, SES,

etc.)

Environment

area and route selection and intended route

availability and suitability of maps and other area specific information

ability of site to withstand visitation with minimal impact

terrain (route characteristics) and associated implications including remoteness and access

land managers requirements (access restrictions, group sizes, permit requirements, booking

requirements)

seasonal factors (snow, fire, availability of drinking water, tides, river levels, track conditions, other

users)

expected weather conditions and implications i.e. Hypothermia - the condition of having an

abnormally low body temperature typically one that is dangerously low. Hyperthermia - the

condition of having a body temperature greatly above normal.

3.5 Emergency strategy

An emergency strategy must be devised from the risk assessment to manage foreseeable incidents and

minimise escalation. The Activity Leader(s) and a non-participating contact must be aware of the

emergency strategy and have a copy of it.

The emergency strategy for an activity must be specific to each activity and will contain:

emergency access and emergency escape routes (where possible)

assembly points where appropriate

emergency contact details for key organisations (land manager and police) and how they are best

contacted (mobile phone, satellite phone, radio)

planned start and finish time of the activity

the emergency trigger time for the non-participating contact to inform emergency services (on

failure of group to return/check-in)

specific communication being carried by group

relevant aspects of the land manager’s emergency strategy

strategies adopted peculiar to specific areas being visited (e.g. the rock scramble or river crossings)

a strategy for maintaining supervision ratios should any changes to the planned activity eventuate

(adverse conditions, injured leader, participant(s) pull out of activity).

A communication and trigger point plan should be develop as part of the emergency strategy to enable

the emergency strategy to be implemented if required.

3.6 Pre-activity briefing

It is essential that all information be accurately disseminated to potential participants in adequate time

for an informed decision to be made about their participation.

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Groups and organisations may have their own preference for how the pre-activity briefing will be

delivered and the method may depend on the length and complexity of an activity.

The briefing should be delivered in a way that ensures that all participants are aware of the following:

identity and role of Activity Leader(s)

an outline of the activity plan and objectives

the nature of the activity and its inherent risks

essential equipment and clothing

correct use and/or fit of equipment

recommendations on the type of food, the amount of food and water required and the availability

of water

strategies for conservation including protection of flora and fauna, rubbish removal and sanitation

a summary of the emergency strategy, including methods of emergency communication

explanation of what is expected of participants and the participant’s responsibility to act as

requested

any restrictions to participation

agreed methods of communication within the group (signals and calls) devised before the activity

commences

final check that all documentation is completed and submitted.

Leaders should receive acknowledgment that participants have understood the content of the briefing

and must offer participants the opportunity to voice any concerns.

Safety Talk

• personal safety equipment

• safety in the craft

• safety out of the craft, getting someone back in

• further away from the craft (out of reach),

• catching a throw bag

• active swimming

• flipped raft

• appropriate signals

Crew Drill

guide calls

paddle strokes

hold ons

highside/overs

Participants are responsible for their own actions both in relation to obvious risks that may be

encountered and also in following the directions/instruction of the leader on any activity.

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Participants may be excluded or removed from an activity (or an activity may be modified) at any time prior to departure at the leader’s discretion. This may also be done during the activity if safe to do so.

Participants may be excluded for reasons that include (but are not limited to) being under the influence of alcohol or drugs (including prescription drugs which may affect performance), being unable or unwilling to follow instructions, lacking suitable equipment, having an inadequate level of fitness, physical ability and experience for the particular activity.

3.7 First Aid

To lead any activity a leader of a group (or a delegated other) must have a level of first aid training that is relevant to the situation. The factors that determine the level of first aid training and support include:

the size of the group

the age of the group

the remoteness of the activity

the ease with which the emergency services can be contacted; this may depend on the remoteness

of the activity and the type of communication equipment available

the likely time for emergency services to reach the injured person

the nature and severity of likely injuries

for participants with disabilities, for multi day activities and/or walks in remote areas, more

specialised first aid knowledge may be required.

A common approach is given below. The time limits are guidelines only and the leader needs to make a judgement, based on the circumstances of each activity, about the level of first aid training required. The codes refer to the Health Training Package available from www.training.gov.au

Urban This applies in parks and urban areas supported by an emergency or medical service. Distance from road heads should be at no time more than 15 minutes.

It is recommended that a leader should at least be able to care for someone who is unconscious or who is choking, treat for shock, manage severe bleeding and provide CPR. After consideration of such factors listed above it may be judged that first aid training equivalent to Apply First Aid HLTFA311A is necessary.

Standard This applies to any situation where access to medical care is less than one hour. It is recommended that leaders have a level of first aid training equivalent to Apply First Aid HLTFA311A.

Remote This applies to any situation where access to professional medical care is greater than one hour. It is recommended that leaders have a level of first aid training equivalent to Apply Advanced First Aid HLTFA412A.

For further information visit:

Ambulance Victoria www.ambulance.vic.gov.au

Red Cross Victoria www.redcross.org.au

Life Saving Victoria www.lifesavingvictoria.com.au

St Johns Ambulance www.sjaa.com.au

Wilderness Medicine Institute www.wmi.net.au

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4. Supervisory Ratios

The ratio of participants to leaders is determined by a number of factors. In some circumstances the

leader may judge that a smaller number of participants per leader/Assistant Leader is necessary.

The leader should consider the supervision ratio based upon the:

experience of the leader

expected capabilities of participants (experience, competence, fitness, etc.)

conditions (environment, remoteness, weather)

land manager's requirements

planned duration of the activity

remoteness of the activity

suitability and availability of equipment.

Note: Land managers or relevant authorities may reduce the group size due to environmental and

other factors.

4.1 Group size

Group size is an essential component of group management. Maximum and minimum group size must

be carefully decided based upon the following:

the safety of the group and individuals

the objectives of the activity

specific restrictions imposed by the land manager (e.g. Parks Victoria)

expected environmental impact of the activity

experience of the leader and participants

the potential impact of other users

conditions (environment, remoteness, weather)

equipment available.

4.1.1 Group ratios: Canoes & Kayaks

The maximum group size on flat water is 30 participants

The maximum group size on white water grade one is 24 participants

The maximum group size on white water grade two is 16 participants

The maximum group size on white water above grade two is 12 participants.

4.1.2 Group ratios: Rafts (guided and self-guided)

The maximum group size on white water to grade two is 30 participants

The maximum group size on water above grade two is 24 participants in rafts

to 12 foot and 30 participants in larger rafts

The maximum group size for self-guided rafts is 18 participants.

Where a large group is split into a number of smaller groups each group must be capable of operating

independently, and must have its own leader(s) and adhere to AAS.

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4.2 Leader ratios for paddling in Inland Waterways (Flat water)

Flat water here refers to still bodies of water and to water that is moving no faster than a slow walking

pace. In adverse weather, the conditions on a large body of inland water can be similar to those found at

sea. Water temperatures, even in summer, may be much lower than equivalent sea temperatures.

Control of a group can be rapidly lost as conditions deteriorate and capsizes occur. Under such

conditions it can be difficult to keep the group together unless they are able to respond skillfully and

effectively to instructions – the larger the group, the more so.

The minimum leader ratio for conducting group paddling activities on small, enclosed bodies of inland

flat water, where craft and people are always within 50m of shore such as small dams or pools, is -

1 activity leader: 14 participants

The minimum leader ratio for conducting group paddling activities on larger bodies of inland flat water,

including where the water is moving no faster than a slow walking pace, is-

1 activity leader: 12 participants

Supervision may need to be increased towards a higher ratio of participants/ leaders, or two or more

leaders being provided with a group, based upon risk management considerations based upon risk

management considerations of the potential influence/ presence of factors such as:

participants have special needs including behavioral, physical and intellectual disability

Low skill levels

Use craft that is difficult to paddle

participants include a large percentage of younger children

weather conditions are poor (existing or forecast), unpredictable winds and/or cold water

planned trip is along a shoreline with few safe egress points

the area is remote from observation/ rescue.

4.3 Leader ratios for paddling on moving rivers up to Grade 4 white water

Communication problems caused by water noise, helmets covering ears, and a shortage of safe,

‘assembly points’, will always make the management of a large group extremely difficult.

The value of a competent assistant (to bring up the rear, or pre-shoot a rapid, or deal with individual

problems) cannot be over-emphasised when paddling on moving water.

The Activity Leader is responsible for the decision to self-guide a river section. There must be at least

two craft at all times on every trip (this may be one raft and one safety kayak provided the safety kayak

is paddled by an appropriately qualified person).

The minimum leader ratio for conducting paddling activities in moving water up to Grade 1

(see Appendix 1) is:

1 activity leader: 8 participants in Canoes or Kayaks

I activity leader: per Raft

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The minimum leader ratio for conducting paddling activities in moving water up to Grade 2

(see Appendix 1) is :

1 activity leader: 6 participants in Canoes or Kayaks

1 activity leader: per Raft

Self-Guiding in rafts is an option up to Grade 3, white water with each raft being supported by an

experienced white water leader in kayak or suitable craft.

Every trip on Grade 1 white water or above must have a minimum of two leaders, one of whom must be

a designated Activity Leader.

The minimum leader ratio for conducting paddling activities in moving water up to Grade 3 and/or 4

(see Appendix 1) is:

1 activity leader: 4 participants in Canoes or Kayaks

1 activity leader: per Raft

In the case of Grade 4 and above are not recommended for self-guided rafting.

Guidance notes:

It is not recommended to conduct self-guiding with dependent groups when using rafts over four

metres, as it takes a higher level of competence and experience to steer and control.

Where grade three or larger rapids occur on a river portage self- guiding is not recommended.

It is recommended that when self-guiding above grade one white water, practice / training and

assessment of participant crews and participant "Raft leaders" needs to be undertaken prior to

traversing higher grade or more challenging stretches of river / complex rapids.

If a raft crew or leader is not deemed as capable for a particular grade or specific rapid then

alternatives such as using the designated leader in the craft as a coach or portaging should be

considered to manage the risk.

5. Competencies

To lead activities a leader must be confident of having the skills and experience at least equivalent to that described in Appendix 2 – Units of Competency.

A leader can acquire these skills and experience through training with community organisations such as clubs, via employers, TAFE colleges, universities, registered training organisations (RTOs), in-house training and by attaining international qualifications.

Details of these Units of Competency can be found at the training.gov.au website. These competencies

are used to describe the skills required to undertake a specific role within the outdoor sector.

In non-commercial activities participants are often peers/club members with known experience/skills.

Where this is the case, the leader may not require all of the skills listed below but may prefer to

delegate some aspects to other members of the group.

It is recommended that leaders keep a diary record of activities they participate in and/or are

responsible for as relevant experience is also extremely important.

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6. Leaders responsibilities

The leader has a range of responsibilities for the duration of the activity including:

take reasonable steps to ensure that the level of knowledge, ability, skill and equipment of each

participant is adequate for the level of difficulty and complexity of the activity

ensure that a process has been undertaken to research and plan for likely hazards, and that the

leader is familiar with the measures required

introduce themselves as leader and introduce any other key people

ensure that minimal environmental impact message is conveyed and adhered to

manage and minimise the impact to the environment that may be caused by the activity

where considered necessary nominate an Assistant Leader (or Assistant Leaders) who has/have

known skills and experience relevant to the activity and are willing to perform defined duties

ensure a briefing is conducted and understood by all participants

undertake headcount before, during and immediately following the activity

maintain awareness of the physical and psychological condition of the group

control the pace of the group

delegate responsibility to other group members as necessary (whip, navigation, first aid, etc.)

notify relevant people of safe completion of the activity

ensure that any incidents are managed, reported and recorded

manage the group to avoid or minimise the effects of hazards

ensure land manager’s requirements are followed

confirm the Activity Plan

ensure that the group has access to safe drinking water

check suitability, condition and use of all group equipment prior to departure and on return

ensure group equipment is secured and stored correctly at all times

ensure to the best of their ability that group members do not get into situations beyond their

capabilities

check first aid kit equipment prior to activity

check communication equipment prior to activity

frequently check weather forecasts prior to the activity and, if possible and relevant, during the

activity

ensure all documentation has been completed and collated

arrange for the signing of waivers where these apply

check river levels and weather reports prior to trip and every day on a multi-day trip.

Individual tasks may be delegated to other leaders but the responsibility remains with the Activity

Leader.

If an assistant to the leader is appointed, they must be familiar with the requirements of the activity in

order to be able to assume an effective Assistant Leader role including undertaking activity-specific tasks

delegated by the leader, and being able to safely manage the group, including in an emergency, if the

leader is incapacitated.

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7. Definition of terms and further information

In the AAS the following terms are used:

Inland Waterways Inland water includes dams, lakes, rivers, creeks and protected estuaries. It does not cover paddling activities in coastal environments

Organisation or activity provider This is a commercial body (for profit) or non-commercial body (not-for-profit / community group) which undertakes to provide an activity

Participants A person whose welfare is the responsibility of leader or Assistant Leader and/or who participates in an activity for recreational or educational purposes but not in a leadership role

Terminology Some activities have specific terminology for various roles e.g. ‘trip leader’. In the AAS the roles are related to the skills, not the title

Guide A person who assumes responsibility for a group of participants on an adventure activity with the intention to offer the experience of the activity and to satisfy the objectives of the activity (Commercial or not)

Instructor A person who facilitates skill transfer or development to participants in order that they may act independently or with minimal supervision. This requires the instructor to be able to critique technique, apply a variety of appropriate instructional strategies and may require them to assess participant’s skill acquisition at the end of a program or session

International river grading Accepted worldwide, this is the system that grades the technical difficulty of navigating the most challenging rapids on a river. Grade 1 is gently flowing water and Grade 6 is generally considered to be un-runnable or present a likely chance of death or serious injury

Further information Canoeing Victoria

Email: cvoffice@canoevic.org.au

Web: www.vic.canoe.org.au/

PO Box 1010 Templestowe 3106

Ph: 03 884 64120

Australian Canoeing Inc.

Phone: 02 8116 9727

Email: info@canoe.org.au

Web: www.canoe.org.au

PO Box 6805 Silverwater, NSW 2128

Ph: 02 8116 9727

River information at www.adventurepro.com.au/paddleaustralia

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Appendix 1

River Grading based on the International River Grading System

with Victorian examples

Grade 1

Slow flowing rivers, pebble races and small rapids with a few riffles or low regular waves. Channels are wide and clear with little or no maneuvering require to avoid obstacles. Examples include:

Murray River*, main channel (below 3.5m Yarrawonga gauge)

The Lower Glenelg River

Grade 2

Easy Rapids with waves up to 1 metre. Clear channels obvious without scouting, some maneuvering maybe required to avoid obstacles. Examples include:

Goulburn River @ Pumpkins (down to Boat Ramp) (below 10000megs)

Mitchell River, Angusvale South Rapid (below 2.0m Glenaladale Gauge)

Grade 3

Semi-complex sections of rapids with high or irregular waves, broken water, eddies and stoppers. Maneuvering will be required to follow the correct path which may be technical in nature and which is not easily recognizable. Inspection from the bank often required. Examples include:

Mitchell River, Amphitheatre Rapid (below 2.0m Glenaladale Gauge)

Mitta Mitta River, Waterfall (below 1.8m Hinnomunjie Gauge)

Grade 4

Long and extended stretches of rapids with high irregular waves, stoppers and eddies. The path must be inspected from the bank and it is often very technical.

A high level of skill will be required to perform technical maneuvers while maintaining line. Generally, features will become more powerful and hazards will become more difficult to avoid. Examples include:

Murray Gates*, Sharks Tooth Rapid (between 1.0m - 1.8m Murray Gates Gauge)

Snowy River, Gentle Annie (@ 2.0m McKillops Bridge Gauge)

Grade 5

Very difficult, long and violent rapids. Close inspection is mandatory. Definite risks in the event of a mishap. Requires a series of controlled, precise, ‘must make’ moves to navigate successfully.

Grade 6

All the above features increased to a level where the river cannot be paddled without severe risk to life.

* Please note that the waters of the Murray River are in NSW. All relevant NSW guidelines should therefore be

considered.

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Appendix 2

Guide to Units of Competency

5.1 Units

The following is the list of units for flat water, white water and river rafting:

Flat Water

SISSS00018 - Canoeing Guide Flat Water

SISSS00021 - Canoeing Instructor Flat Water

SISSS00064 - Kayaking Guide Flat Water

SISSS00067 - Kayaking Instructor Flat Water

White Water

SISORAF404A - Coordinate and manage white water rafting trips

SISOWWR201A - Demonstrate self-rescue skills in white water

SISOWWR302A - Demonstrate white water rescues and recoveries

SISOWWR404A - Instruct white water rescue

SISSS00019 - Canoeing Guide White Water Grade 2

SISSS00020 - Canoeing Guide White Water Grade 3

SISSS00022 - Canoeing Instructor White Water Grade 2

SISSS00023 - Canoeing Instructor White Water Grade 3

SISSS00066 - Kayaking Guide White Water Grade 2

SISSS00065 - Kayaking Guide White Water Grade 3

SISSS00068 - Kayaking Instructor White Water Grade 2

River Rafting

SISORAF404A - Coordinate and manage white water rafting trips

SISORAF505A - Instruct rafting skills

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Appendix 3

Equipment standards

Equipment requirements vary with the objectives of the activity plan and the environmental conditions

likely to be encountered. It is the responsibility of leader(s) to ensure that all participants carry with

them all necessary equipment for the activity.

Leaders should ensure that they have adequate supplies to handle any likely emergency situation.

Kayaks and Canoes

Kayaks and canoes used in all activities shall be of a type that is suitable for the nature and duration of

the activity, the conditions expected during the activity and the skill levels of all participants. All craft

should:

provide a stable platform allowing strokes to be performed effectively

possess the strength to withstand all foreseeable forces

not sink, but remain horizontal, when swamped and remain suitable as buoyancy for its crew

be capable of being towed by rope and grasped by hand

allow for easy exit in the event of capsize

not be designed, made of a material or finished in a way that could cause injury or impede exit

be fitted with end loops or toggles

fitted with footrests that will not allow feet to become entrapped and that will not break in the

event of foreseeable paddling forces or impacts

preferably of a colour that is clearly visible to other water users or rescue authorities

All craft should conform to the following buoyancy requirements:

Positive buoyancy at each end or sturdy, waterproof bulkheads, front and back, with water tight

hatch covers or integrated cockpits with watertight hatch covers or fixed flotation bags or being a

‘sit on top’ self-draining kayak. It is recommended that kayak and decked canoe paddlers wear

spray decks on white water.

Rafts

Rafts must be:

selected for their suitability to the appropriate river conditions and conditions reasonable to assume

may occur during the rafting trip

constructed in accordance with International Standards ISO 6185 – 1982, Shipbuilding and Marine

Structures – Inflatable boats – Boats made of Reinforced Elastomers or plastomers or Australian

Standard AS 2677 – 1983, inflatable boat

in serviceable condition

Rafts must also include or carry:

a bailer system

spare paddles

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an inflation pump (one per 5 rafts to be kept in the last or ‘sweep’ boat)

a bow line and stern line

a throw bag or rescue line

a repair kit.

Note: Soft –shelled open craft vs. hard enclosed shelled rafts

It is important to recognise the differences between ‘hard enclosed shelled rafts’ (craft) and ‘soft open

shell rafts’ (craft).

Soft-shelled - is craft that requires inflation

Hard-shell - is craft has a fixed solid shape

Enclosed -the participants is surrounded and close off at all sides

Open – the participants is unobstructed for entry or extra.

The impact that each of these craft has in both guided and self-guided environment in relation to risk

can vary greatly. For example ‘soft shelled craft’ is more buoyant and remains on top of the water

surface. They have less pungent bow and stern also decreasing the craft‘s ability to be pinned or dive

deep into weak air rated whitewater.

Paddles

Paddles are to be appropriate for the type of craft and the build and skill levels of the participants. One

or more spare paddle(s) shall be carried by the group as appropriate for the activity.

Navigation equipment

Maps and compasses, and GPS receivers shall be carried as deemed appropriate for the navigational

requirements of the activity, and shall be treated and/or stored in such a way as to make them water

resistant. Where an electronic system such as a GPS is used, spare batteries and another position fixing

method should be available.

Communication equipment

Communication equipment should be matched to the nature of the activity and include at least one of

the following:

whistle, mobile phone, signaling mirror, marine VHF radio (operators should hold the VHF Certificate

of Proficiency), flares (red, smoke, parachute), marine 27MHz radio, torch, strobe light, UHF radio,

V-sheet, satellite phone, chemical light stick (or electronic equivalent), EPIRB (or PLB)

Electronic and other equipment that can be damaged by water is to be carried in water resistant

containers. Instructors are responsible to determine the equipment to be carried by all participants.

Safety and rescue equipment

Basic rescue equipment, especially throw bags, should be carried where they are quickly and easily

accessible

Any activity involving moving water, throw bags must be carried by all leaders. All participants

should be trained in their use

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All leader(s) should consider having an appropriate towing system easily accessible so that it can be

deployed quickly when needed

In white water all towing systems must be quick-release, and should be set up so that they do not

restrict the maneuverability of the towing boat

It’s recommended that all leaders carry a rescue (safety) knife and be quickly and easily accessible

A basic repair kit should be available in the event of an incident or emergency. A roll of duct tape is

considered a minimum requirement. A comprehensive group repair kit appropriate for the boats

that are being used should be carried on all expeditions, particularly in remote areas.

Rescue equipment including slings, karabiners and pulleys are highly recommended to be available

to the leader on rivers above Grade 1.

Basic emergency equipment such as waterproof matches, a fuel stove, a small tent, bivvy bag or

space blanket, an insulated mat, a sleeping bag, emergency shelter, etc. should be carried as

appropriate for the activity, the participants, and the expected weather conditions.

Participant’s equipment

The following equipment requirements apply to all participants:

Personal flotation devices (PFDs)-

o At all times while on the water, all participants must wear a PFD that complies with

Australian standard specification for type 1 (AS1512), type 2 (AS1499) or type 3 (AS2260)

(type 3 must be a buoyancy vest and cannot be a wet suit)

o The PFD should be the correct size for the wearer. Type 1 PFDs are not suitable for Canoe or

Kayak activities because they impede paddling ability and restrict correct posture

o A PFD shall be deemed appropriate by marking, which shall identify that the PFD complies

with a recognised standard

o A pea-less whistle attached to the buoyancy aid for emergency use is recommended to

enable a person to attract attention

o Rescue PFDs should comply with the previously mentioned standards for type 3 PFDs.

o Towing cowtails must be quick release. The PFD must not contain any pocket or other

component that may impede paddling, normal rescue practices or exit from craft.

www.transportsafety.vic.gov.au/maritimesafety/safety equipment

Helmets

o A paddling helmet must be strong, yet lightweight, and cover the head in order to provide

ample protection to the forehead, temples, and back of head. It must fit correctly and have

an effective fastener, which must keep it securely in place. It must be able to absorb shock

from impacts and provide separation distance between the outside of the helmet and the

paddler’s head.

o A paddling helmet which meets the above requirements must also be worn while paddling

in white water during rescue practice. A helmet is optional for flat water activities. Helmets

must be securely fixed if worn.

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Helmets worn by leaders should be clearly distinguishable from those worn by the rest of the

group.

Paddles must be of a material that will not shatter or crack leaving sharp edges and single

blazed paddles must have a specifically designed ‘T’ grip

Clothing- all participants must have appropriate clothing for the duration and objectives of

the trip

Footwear - all participants must have suitable footwear with enclosed toes that cannot

come off during a capsize or washed off by currents

Personal medication and their requirements must be understood by the trip leader and

guide/s

Leader’s equipment

All guides and leaders should carry:

whistle

flip line or tape

appropriate knife

Rock climbing Locking Carabiners

throw bag

PFD

helmet

The trip leader should also carry:

rescue or recovery kit (which you use to perform a z-drag or many other options)

appropriate first aid kit and emergency communication equipment

Trip leaders and guides must be quickly and easily identifiable. For example they may choose to wear

helmets which distinguish them from participants wherever possible.

Storage and maintenance

All equipment used in kayaking/canoeing activities should be used, maintained and stored according to

manufacturer’s specifications where applicable.

All equipment used must be checked before and after each session/activity

All issued equipment must be carefully washed after each activity; wetsuits and helmets must be

disinfected after each use.

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Appendix 4

Environmental considerations

The leader and organising body should be satisfied that participants are aware of their responsibilities as

members of the group in respect to the environment and the community by following principles of

minimal impact practices.

Parks Victoria has a ‘Camping Code’ to help you minimise your impact regardless of the type of camping

or activity you undertake. See it at www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1process_details.cfm?note=19

The following recommendations draw on the principles of Leave No Trace Australia www.lnt.org.au.

Paddling specific considerations

• Always utilise recognised access (put in), egress (take out) and rest locations. If this is not possible,

access and egress should occur only at locations with a robust bank or beach on which the landing and

launching of craft will have minimal impact

• Tying craft to trees or other vegetation should always be avoided. If this is not possible, extreme care

must be taken to eliminate damage from rope movement

• Do not cross private land to access/ egress rivers without permission of the owner/farmer – all paddlers

need to foster good relationships for future paddlers

• Contact with the riverbank should always be minimised and care must be taken when setting up rescue

points to minimise riverbank erosion

• By law, all plants, animals, historical and archaeological sites and geographic features are protected so

disturbing any of these is illegal and must be avoided

• Do not disturb riverbank vegetation as you will encourage erosion and promote the spread of pest plant

species

• Comply with local Land Manager requirements regarding campsites, toileting and campfires.

Travel and camping

Stay on track

Stay on durable surfaces, which include established tracks, rock, gravel and dry grasses

Do not create new tracks

Always walk on the track even if wet and muddy, on narrow paths walk in single file as much as

possible to avoid widening it (with the exception of Phytophthora areas where one should avoid

mud)

Do not disturb vegetation as this will encourage erosion and promote the spread of pest plant

species

Avoid revegetation areas altogether

Find out about local vegetation to learn about those that are fragile and those that are resilient

Try to unload gear and take breaks on large flat rocks or other durable ground to avoid

damaging vegetation

In natural areas spread out and walk carefully to avoid trampling

Avoid steep areas that are more prone to erosion once disturbed

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Use established campsites. Take care not to create new ones. Otherwise camp on rock, sands, or

gravel where impact is smallest. When these can't be found, then on areas with durable grasses

or weeds

Actively manage the group at the site to minimise trampling and damage to the surrounding

vegetation. (The leader might choose to educate the group and select tent sites for them)

Keep campsites small. Focus activity in areas where vegetation is absent

Good campsites are found, not made. Altering a site is not necessary

Avoid digging, landscaping and trenching around tents

When leaving a campsite, "naturalise it". Fluff up flattened grasses, brush away boot prints and

replace any rocks that have been kicked or moved

Avoid damaging live shrubs, woody plants or branches

Protect water sources by camping at least 100 metres from rivers and billabongs

Keep the group size small

Disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites and tracks

Choose durable surfaces for tents and cooking areas

Avoid places where impacts are just starting to appear

Stay only one night.

Disposal of waste

Pack and carry out all packaging rubbish and leftover food including organics in sturdy bags

Inspect the campsite and rest areas for rubbish and spilled food before leaving

Do not burn rubbish

Be careful not to drop rubbish while walking on tracks

When available, use established toilet facilities

In other situations, carry a trowel and deposit solid human waste in shallow holes dug in topsoil

– usually 10-15 centimetres deep and at least 100 metres from water, camp and tracks. If toilet

paper use is necessary, use it sparingly and bury it deeply or preferably, carry it out. Cover and

disguise the hole when finished. (In water catchment areas, human waste should be carried out)

Urinate on bare ground away from vegetation, routes and tracks

Pack out all hygiene products in a suitable container

For personal washing or dishes, carry water 100 metres from streams and pools. Avoid using any

soaps or detergents; if they must be used, use only small amounts of biodegradable soaps and

detergents. Scatter strained dishwater

Hand sanitisers are a good alternative for personal hygiene

All campsites must be located at least 20 metres from any waterway.

Do not disturb

Preserve Nature/Respect Culture

It is illegal to excavate, disturb or remove archaeological, historical and cultural artifacts from

any public or wilderness lands

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Avoid bushwalking close to Indigenous sites out of respect for the culture and to ensure their

longevity. Land managers can advise on these locations. Seek appropriate permission

Do not touch rock art, which can be damaged by the natural oils from human skin

Preserve the past: observe but do not touch cultural or historic structures and artifacts

Avoid bushwalking in areas where rare and vulnerable plants or animals are found. Land

managers can advise you of these locations

Leave rocks, plants and other natural objects as they are

Do not build structures, furniture or dig trenches.

Introduced Species

Avoid spreading non-native plant and animal species that are generally impossible to eradicate

once they are introduced. Do not transport flowers, weeds, wood or aquatic plants into or out

of the wilderness

Avoid spreading diseases like Giardia (a human bacterial parasite causing chronic diarrhoea) or

Cryptosporidium (a single-celled organism that can cause gastro-intestinal illness with diarrhoea

in humans) by properly disposing of human waste at least 100 metres from water

Know non-native species and report sightings of them to appropriate sources

Do not travel through Quarantine Areas

If a trip crosses areas known to contain pathogens (bacteria or viruses), visit the un-infected

area first

Avoid transporting mud in boots, equipment and tyre treads which may contain Phytophthora

(dieback fungal spores) by washing thoroughly before and after travelling. Use wash stations

immediately where provided

Check clothing and all gear and burn or dispose of all hitchhiker type seeds before and after

travelling in different areas

Help landowners and managers initiate control efforts by alerting them to infested areas.

Fire impact

Fires can cause devastating and lasting impacts to the bush

Check area regulations for fire bans. No fire (including a fuel stove) may be lit on a day of Total Fire Ban

Total Fire Bans may be implemented regionally so be sure to check daily and be aware of fire regions that cover the route

If a Total Fire Ban has been declared, consider cancelling your trip to the area for safety reasons

Leaders MUST know applicable fire regulations in advance of the trip, as fire regulations are the LAW

Contact your local fire authority or local land manager for details regarding your local responsibility

Preferably use a lightweight fuel stove for cooking and enjoy a candle or gas lantern for light Consider using candles standing in sturdy clear plastic bags or containers for light instead of fire (non-drip church candles are recommended). Don't leave wax residue

Avoid lighting an open fire (even if permitted).

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Where fires are permitted, use established fire rings, fire pans, or mound fires. Dismantle and naturalise any extra fire rings

Do not dig fire-pits

Judge the wind, weather, location and wood availability

Do not make a fire if fuel is scarce. Choose small dead pieces of wood that are found on the ground. Do not break off branches from trees or bushes

At least three metres around the fire must be clear of flammable vegetation

Keep fires to a minimum size necessary for cooking and minimise disturbance to the surrounding area

Manage your fire. Do not leave it unattended

Burn wood down to ash. Fires must be completely extinguished with water before leaving the campsite

Clean out campfires rings after use

Fires should not be used to create heat unless it is an emergency. Carry enough warm clothing so that fires for warmth are unnecessary

Be careful of improper cigarette butt disposal. Take butts with you.

Wildlife

Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not follow or approach them

Understand through education the role each species plays in each environment in order to

realise the importance of its position within an ecosystem

Avoid wildlife during sensitive times: mating, nesting, and raising young. Touching nests or

young animals may cause their parents to abandon them

Never feed wild animals or birds. Feeding wildlife damages their health, alters natural

behaviours, and exposes them to predators and other dangers. Store food and rubbish securely

Control pets at all times or better yet, leave them at home. All National Parks restrict pets so

check regulations first

Report any injured animals to the local land managers. Do not attempt to handle the animal.

Consider others

Take the responsibility to ensure that your group behaves with respect for the hosts and other

users. Set out reasons and expectations early in the trip

Learn about the cultural history of the land. Recognise, acknowledge and respect local

knowledge

Respect the wishes and regulations of all hosts. (e.g. Indigenous, pastoral, land managers and

locals)

Never visit places where you have not obtained permission. Seek permission and/or a permit

Respect others' wilderness experience by examining the group’s behaviours to minimise any

negative impact

Make reasonable efforts to minimise the impact of the group on others

Assist other parties in difficulty provided that this action does not adversely affect the safety of

your group

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Respect other visitors and protect the quality of their experience. Be diplomatic with other

groups and other recreational users of the area

Be courteous. Give way to others on tracks and roads

Do not block paths or tracks with people or equipment. Have rest breaks in discreet places to

minimise impact on other groups

If possible camp out of sight and sound of other visitors

Let everyone enjoy nature's sounds. Keep noise to a minimum. Talk quietly especially when in

large groups

Avoid the use of bright lights, radios, electronic games, mobile phones and other intrusive urban

devices.