dr vinod tare professor environmental engineering and management...

Dr Vinod TareProfessorEnvironmental Engineering and Management ProgrammeDepartment of Civil Engineering IIT Kanpur, UP, India

National Training Programme on

Dr Vinod TareProject Investigator

DG, RDSO – Briefing Meeting

Lucknow, November 22, 2007

Dr Vinod TareProfessor, IIT K

Environment Management in IR

Tuesday, May 3, 2016; iCED-Jaipur

Sanitation and Toilets

• Mandate from Indian Railways

• Technology Mission on Railway Safety (TMRS) -2004

• Environment Friendly Passenger Coach Toilets for Indian Railways




Environment-Friendly Toilets

• Why, What and How?

• Review of Earlier Attempts

• Technology of Bio-Toilets

• Issues and Concerns




The toilet system - Attributes

Simplicity: Convenient to a variety of users, robust, and minimum operation and maintenance complications.

Environmental Protection: Losses -Prevent damage to the railway track and

coaches.

Disease Prevention - Maintain hygienic/sanitary conditions, particularly on the railway stations.

Compliance with the environmental regulations/standard/ practices.

Enable Indian Railway to be an ISO 14000 certified organization.

Affordability




Provision for defecation with privacy, dignity and

safetywhile preventing the

environmental contamination

Isolation of human excreta from water bodies (Surface or Under Ground)/air/soil until the

same is converted into safe and usable product

Toilet is a Solution

Toilet poses a biggest Challenge




Alternative Mode: EcoSanEcoSan: A Philosophy, and not a Specific Technology




Characteristics of an Ideal Toilet

Hygienic

Easy To Use

Not many usable parts

No odors

Should be aesthetically pleasing

No insect menace

Require minimum user intervention

Waste should be processed to a usable form




Waste Wealth

Compost

Modern Night Soil Industry

Employment Agriculture boostEnvironmental Protection




Attempts So Far

Water Seal Air Seal

Toilet Seat

Odour

(VOC’s / Gases)

Procurement

Design & Development




Water Seal Air Seal

Toilet Seat

Design & Development

1

Water

Solids

Storage & Discharge Device

2

3Spinning – Centrifuge

Filtration

Heating/Air DryingChemical toilet

Biological toilet

Air

Air

Microbial Action

4

Liquid Waste:

Pathogens Free

Do Nothing

Chemical Treatment (cl2 / O3)

Physical Treatment (UV)

Residue

Disposal

Regeneration

and Utilization

In

Railway

Yards

5

Attempts So Far




Trials Gwaliour-Barauni Express (GWL – BJU; 1056 kms/25 hrs)

Magadh Express

Available Technologies: Technology 1- DRDE Gwalior

Size: 2450x710x610

Volume: 950 L

Material: 5 MM thick SS

Biological:

Anaerobic i.e.

without oxygen




DRDE tank and effluent comparison




DRDE installed tanks

On Trial

Gwaliour-Barauni Express (GWL – BJU; 1056 kms/25 hrs)




Available Technologies: Technology 2- Microphor Systems, USA

Biological:

Aerobic i.e.

requires

oxygen




Available Technologies: Technology 2- MicrophorSystems, USA

Tried First by Ikon, New Delhi Prayag Raj Express (ALBD – NDLS; 634 kms/9 hrs)

AP Express

Subsequently on 2427/2428 Rewa Express




Available Technologies: Technology 2- Microphor Systems, US

Discharge on Tracks




Available Technologies: Technology 2- Microphor Systems, USA




Comparative Evaluation of the Two Technologies

DRDE installed

Common Tank

DRDE installed

Individual Tanks

AIKON installed

Tanks

Feces + Water

Solution

Conclusion

Both Technologies (Technology 1 Developed by

DRDE and Technology 2 Developed by AIKON,

India & Microphor, USA) essentially result in

discharge of fecal matter on track after mixing

with water




DRDE Effluent Analysis Report

Parameter Lucknow Common Tank Single Tank SewageDisposal Standards

Water Land

pH 8.14 8.07 8.10 7 – 8.5 5 – 9 5 – 9

T.S. mg/L 2698 2464 5484

T.S.S. mg/L 832.00 912.00 2732.40 100 - 300 50 100

T.D.S. mg/L 1696 1660 2156

BOD mg/L 770 740 1740 150 – 300 30 100

COD mg/L 998.40 998.40 3072.00 300 – 500 100 250

Alkalinity mg/L 2264 2148 3192

Urea mg/L 51.96 60.98 127.8730 – 70 15 – 20

AN mg/L 37.38 32.71 147.20

Sulfate mg/L 127.21 91.76 210.29

Sulfide mg/L 11.20 25.60 50.40

Total Coliform 5.00E+07 8.00E+07 8.00E+07

Faecal Coliform 3.00E+07 8.00E+07 5.00E+07

Langelier Index +1.07 +1.36




Technology 3- Vacuum Toilets

Is not likely to work under Indian Conditions and is Expensive




Vacuumarator – main principles

3 functions

Creates vacuum

Macerate solids

Pumping liquid

Concept Development




Concept Development




State-of-the-Art

• No System/Concept is available suiting to the IR Requirements

• Complete onboard treatment does not seem to be feasible

• Partial onboard treatment (to prevent nuisance and recycling of

water) appears to be feasible

• Residues to be evacuated and treated in yards/service stations




Approach

Use of

Advanced Technologies

with

Traditional Wisdom




Trials: Design of Prototype

Revised




Design of Prototype




First Prototype




The ZDT – Circuit Diagram

SLS

Auxiliary Tank

Pan

Water Seal

cum Flapper

Valve

Under-slung

(excess flush Sol

Tank)

Hummanure/

Processing

Plant




First Prototype Mounted on SR 08224




Triansh Toilets

Urine

FecesPersonal/Anal

Cleaning Water

TOILET

System Input: Per Person

• Urine: 250 mL

• Feces: 400 mL

• Anal Cleaning Water: 1000 mL

System Output: End Products

• Urine: In-organic fertilizer

• Feces: Organic fertilizer

• Anal Cleaning Water: Treated and Recycled




Urine

FecesPersonal/Anal

Cleaning Water

TOILET

3.5 ft

4 ft

Urine

Feces

Triansh Toilets




Triansh Toilet Complex @ Magh Mela-2016, Allahabad

ZERO DISCHARGE TOILET SYSTEM & URINALS

Magh Mela - 2015

Designed & Developed by Operation & Maintenance by

Samanvay

Foundation

IIT

Kanpur

Supported by

National Mission for Clean

Ganga

Ministry of WR, RD &GR, GoI

ZERO DISCHARGE TOILET SYSTEM & URINALS

Kartik Mela - 2015

Designed & Developed by Operation & Maintenance by

Samanvay

Foundation

IIT

Kanpur

कार्तिक मेला - २०१५

Kartik Mela

Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh

November 24, 2015 – December 17, 2015

Supported by

Water Aid

India




India Today; August 15-31, 2015

Recognition




Recognition

Award for the Best Project by HUDCODeployment of Zero Discharge Toilets

during Kumbh 2012-13 , Allahabad




Recognition Performance Report from

Southern Railway




Triansh Toilets




Concluding• We need inexpensive solutions but should not

compromise on quality and long term objectives

• There are no easy options, either we should have

disciplined life or be ready to use expensive solutions

• Excreta matters can not be just left like that, we have to

engage with it

• Sanitation and agriculture has to be linked

• Large scale use of excreta (properly processed) in

agriculture and not disposing some how

• Opportunity than a burden

• Do not trivialize

• Present realistic picture

dr vinod tare professor environmental engineering and management...

Documents