dr vincent gollain, iaurif, paris
DESCRIPTION
Dr Vincent GOLLAIN, IAURIF, Paris. Economic performance of the major european metropolises : the Role of Clusters. Dr Brendan WILLIAMS, DIT, Dublin. SUMMARY. Cluster and Regional Competitiveness Emergence and Development Conditions Study Methodology Synthesis of Case Studies - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Economic performance of Economic performance of the major european the major european
metropolises : the Role of metropolises : the Role of ClustersClusters
Dr Vincent GOLLAIN, IAURIF, Paris
Dr Brendan WILLIAMS, DIT, Dublin
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• Cluster and Regional CompetitivenessCluster and Regional Competitiveness
• Emergence and Development ConditionsEmergence and Development Conditions
• Study MethodologyStudy Methodology
• Synthesis of Case StudiesSynthesis of Case Studies
• RecommendationsRecommendations
SUMMARY
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CLUSTER CLUSTER AND AND
REGIONAL REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESSCOMPETITIVENESS
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• This idea can be traced back to Alfred Marshall (1890).
• A cluster is a geographically proximate group of interconnected companies and associated institutions in a particular field, linked by commonalities and complementarities (M. Porter).
• A cluster can contain :
- a small or a large number of enterprises,
- small and large firms in different proportions.
- Firms with local or foreign origin. • Different clusters involve varied degrees of interaction
among the firms involved, ranging from loose network of association to multifaceted forms of co-operation and competition
• Clusters can vary considerably in spatial extent.
What is a Cluster ?What is a Cluster ?
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EMERGENCE AND EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
CONDITIONS CONDITIONS
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Elements that influence the growth Elements that influence the growth of clustersof clusters
We find that every large European Region has not the same chance to develop a certain cluster.
Key factors :• Technology transfer,• Knowledge transfer,• Skilled labour force in related industries,• agglomeration economies• social infrastructure.
Cluster development is more appropriate in areas where there is already an existing diverse economic base
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Two Types of ClustersTwo Types of Clusters1. The « natural » Cluster (most of cases studies ) :1. The « natural » Cluster (most of cases studies ) :• Cluster development is attributable to several key factors,
including technology transfer, knowledge transfer, development of a skilled labour force in related industries, the benefits of agglomeration economies, and social infrastructure.
• Researchers differ on how these factors promote cluster growth.
2. The « Public sector created » Cluster :2. The « Public sector created » Cluster :• Some clusters have been created or developed by policy makers
(Regional development agencies, planners, …).• These Cluster policies focus on developing a strategy that will
encourage an efficient allocation of limited resources available for urban and regional economic development.
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STUDY STUDY METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
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1. Identification of 5 target activities :1. Identification of 5 target activities :• 3 common sectors / clusters : I.C.T, Pharmacy
- biotechnology, Creative industries.• 2 own sectors / clusters such as banking and
insurance or logistics.
2. Methodology :2. Methodology :• Cluster / sector analysis• Policy toward clusters• Interregional comparisons
General PrinciplesGeneral Principles
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- ICT- Biotech- Creative- Finance serv.- Tourism
- ICT- Biotech- Creative- Logistics- Serv. to elderly- Environment ind.
- ICT- Biotech- Creative- Media- Tourism
- ICT- Biotech- Creative- Banking - insu.- R & D
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SYNTHESIS OF CASES SYNTHESIS OF CASES STUDIES : EXAMPLESSTUDIES : EXAMPLES
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Strengths :
• Dublin : Low corporation tax ; leader in software
• London : European leader ; strong demand ; proximity to clients
• Paris : (inter)national leaders companies , proximity to clients
• RhineRuhr : national leaders, multimedia
ICTICTNumber of employees of ICT companies
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
Dublin London Paris RhineRuhr
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• Dublin : International Finance Services Centre
• London : One of the worlds leading financial centres
• Paris Ile-de-France : european and international financial centre
• RhineRuhr : national leaders
FinanceFinanceThe finance industry in European regions
1,5%
5,4%
0,8%
2,2%
3,6%2,7%
8,3%
0,0%1,0%2,0%
3,0%4,0%5,0%6,0%
7,0%8,0%9,0%
Brussels Ile-de-France
Dublin Frankfurt RhinRuhr Randstad London
Share of European employment
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CLUSTERS POLICIESCLUSTERS POLICIES
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• State investment.
• Public services.
• Entrepreneurship.
• Subsidies / Incentives.
Direct Intervention MeasuresDirect Intervention Measures
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• Creation of a favourable business environment.
• Urban planning.
• Education and training.
• Soft and hard infrastructure provision.
• Streamlining regulation.
• Public office / safety / crime reduction.
• Access to capital.
Indirect Intervention MeasuresIndirect Intervention Measures
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• International.
• Regional.
• Local.
• Customers and clients.
• Suppliers and associated businesses.
Linkage and networksLinkage and networks
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Public Infrastructure and Public Infrastructure and InvestmentInvestment
• Hard infrastructure.
• Communications.
• Soft infrastructures.
• Environmental Issues.
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RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
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Recommendations from cases Recommendations from cases studiesstudies
• Initial identification of sectors.
• Support and development.
• Role of state agencies.
• Future development.