dr resende 2011
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TEACHING METHODOLOGY. DR RESENDE 2011. EAST MEETS WEST at the threshold of a worldwide revolution in learning. GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY. PROBLEM: A new electronic learning environment is replacing the linear, text-bound culture of conventional schools. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
DR RESENDE2011
EAST MEETS WESTEAST MEETS WESTat the threshold of a worldwide revolution in learningat the threshold of a worldwide revolution in learning
TEACHING TEACHING METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
PROBLEM:A new electronic learning environment
is replacing the linear, text-bound culture of conventional schools.
SOLUTION:We need to free ourselves from the
conventional education model.
GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURYCHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
1800 world's population = 1 billion1927 world's population = 2 billion1959 world's population = 3 billion1974 world's population = 4 billion1987 world's population = 5 billion1999 world's population = 6 billion2011 world's population = 7 billion
To meet the education needs of this demographic explosion, we must think outside the box of conventional schooling.
GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURYCHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
DEMOGRAPHIC EXPLOSIONDEMOGRAPHIC EXPLOSION
HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS LECTUREHIGHLIGHTS OF THIS LECTURE
NEW LEARNING AGE: DIGITAL ERA新学习时代:数字时代 NEW TEACHING METHODOLOGY: 4 SKILLS新教学法: 4 种技能 EAST AND WEST FACE SAME CHALLENGES IN THE
21ST CENTURY 21 世纪东西方共同面临的挑战 OVERVIEW OF THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE教学法综述:过去,现在和未来
CONTENTS OF THIS LECTURECONTENTS OF THIS LECTURE
PRESENT: Education in China and America – similarities and differences.
PAST: Foundations of Education in the East and West - Confucius and Socrates.
FUTURE: Common Challenges for the East and West in the 21st century.
WHAT IS THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM LIKE IN CHINA? AND IN
AMERICA?
EAST MEETS WESTEDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICA
PRESENT
Personal ExperiencePersonal Experience
HierarchyThe hierarchy of China education system can be illustrated in the following figure.
HierarchyThe hierarchy of China education system can be illustrated in the following figure.
EDUCATION IN AMERICA
DO STUDENTS HAVE SIMILAR
EXPERIENCES?
EAST MEETS WESTEDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICA
PRESENT
EDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICACompare and Contrast
EXAM-ORIENTED
EDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICACompare and Contrast
SKILLS-ORIENTEDGROUP STUDY
SELF STUDY
MEMORIZATION
DISCUSSION
TEACHER CENTERED
STUDENT CENTERED
COMPARISON COMPARISON AND CONTRASTAND CONTRAST
STUDENTS ARE FORCED TO STUDY FOCUS ON COGNITIVE SKILLS ROTE MEMORIZATION REPETITION AND IMITATION EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES GOAL: REALIZING PARENTS’ DREAM
CHINA
COMPARISON COMPARISON AND CONTRASTAND CONTRAST
STUDENTS ARE FREE TO STUDY FOCUS ON ANALYTICAL SKILLS CREATIVE PROGRAMS SELF-STUDY ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION GOAL: REALIZING ONE’S POTENTIAL
AMERICA
LET’S LOOK AT THE FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION:
SOCRATES AND CONFUCIUS
PAST
EAST MEETS WESTFOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
CONFUCIUS ON LEARNINGCONFUCIUS ON LEARNING Confucius' pedagogical method: asking questions, citing
the classics, using analogies.
Learning as a process of observation of some type of subject matter - books, objects, or people - followed by reflection and inner change.
LEARNING = MATURATION
SOCRATES ON LEARNINGSOCRATES ON LEARNING Socrates' pedagogical method: seeking truth requires
questioning and interpreting the wisdom and knowledge of others.
Learning as a process of observation of the wise, examining their lives, examining oneself and attaining moral knowledge.
LEARNING = SEEKING TRUTH
CONFUCIUS’ METHODOLOGYCONFUCIUS’ METHODOLOGY Set a good example
and inspire students
Guide students to practise self-control and self-analysis
Explain the present in the light of the past
Combine theory and practice
Encourage independent thought
Welcome criticism and accept correction
SOCRATES’ METHODOLOGYSOCRATES’ METHODOLOGY Discover knowledge
Use a dialectic method, investigate problems through dialogue discussions - Socratic method
Use critical inquiry
Know your limitations
Know your weaknesses and control negative tendencies.
Life-long pursuit of self-improvement and moral standards
SIMILARITIES Learning as a personal and highly individual activity. Learning as the seeking of virtue and self-control; thus,
raising individual moral standards. Learning is not for an elite but for all and it encourages
competence through meritocracy. Learning has a profound effect on society; it promotes
intellectual and moral development. Learning fosters critical thinking which is laborious
work.
学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆Study without thought is labor lost; thought without study is dangerous.
EAST MEETS WESTAT THE THRESHOLD OF A
WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING
WHAT COMMON CHALLENGES DO THE WEST AND EAST FACE
IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
FUTURE
EAST MEETS WESTAT THE THRESHOLD OF A
WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING
FACTSFACTSFewer of us are reading books and more of us are surfing the internet.
Current education system clearly shows that thestandardized testing regime and the outdated
curricula are wasting the potential of our youth.
EAST MEETS WESTAT THE THRESHOLD OF A
WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING
Can we blend Confucius and Socrates’ wisdom with the current digital culture?
Can we adapt the outdated educational systems to a rapidly changing world?
How do we align the flexible cognitive frameworks with the age of electronic learning?
HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS
EAST MEETS WESTAT THE THRESHOLD OF A
WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING
Is technology propelling
a new age of enlightenment
or a faulty set of trivialities?
DILEMMADILEMMA
“The Internet culture facilitates
egocentric, sociocentric and ethnocentric views which are profoundly
anti-intellectual.”
MARK BAUERLEIN’S BOOKThe Dumbest Generation (2008)
NEGATIVE
SIDE
GERALD HUFF AND BROR SAXBERG “Full immersion - How will 10-year-olds learn?”(2009)
“Technology Is an extension of our minds. Immersive technologies such as
multitouch displays; telepresence ; 3-D environments; intelligent software;
and simulations—will transform teaching and learning by 2025.”
POSITIVE
SIDE
BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING METHODOLOGY?
Learning would take place both in and out of school.
Teachers would no longer manage learning but would facilitate learning, creatively adapting curriculum to their students' needs.
Like any creative effort, this collective journey would include errors, lack of good information, and false starts but the learning process would be a continuum.
Teachers could act as guides and focus on 21st century thinking skills of critical reflection, empirical reasoning, collective intelligence, and metacognition, thus developing a new approach to education.
FINDINGSFINDINGS
CRITICAL REFLECTION CRITICAL REFLECTION 批判性反思批判性反思 It is essential to distinguish fact from factoid, reality It is essential to distinguish fact from factoid, reality
from fiction, and truth from liesfrom fiction, and truth from lies.Critical reflection enables us to see the world from Critical reflection enables us to see the world from
multiple points of view multiple points of view and imagine alternate outcomes.and imagine alternate outcomes.
NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION
EMPIRICAL REASONING EMPIRICAL REASONING 实证推理实证推理 It is essential to base our methods of inquiry on direct It is essential to base our methods of inquiry on direct
observation, objective analysis, scientific spirit and pragmatic observation, objective analysis, scientific spirit and pragmatic
outlook. We need a healthy and viable approach to tackle the outlook. We need a healthy and viable approach to tackle the
world’s problems and live harmoniously.world’s problems and live harmoniously.
NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION
COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE 集体智慧 集体智慧 All knowledge is social; we are not educational All knowledge is social; we are not educational
islands. Therefore, we need teamwork, we need to islands. Therefore, we need teamwork, we need to
think collectively to solve common problems.think collectively to solve common problems.
NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION
METACOGNITIONMETACOGNITION 元认知元认知 We need metacognitive skills that lead to self-We need metacognitive skills that lead to self-
disciplined, self-monitored and self-corrective thinking. disciplined, self-monitored and self-corrective thinking.
We need to We need to align these flexible, expansive and align these flexible, expansive and
adaptive cognitive frameworks adaptive cognitive frameworks
with with the age of electronic learning.the age of electronic learning.
NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION
THE FUTURE OF THE FUTURE OF TEACHING METHODOLOGYTEACHING METHODOLOGY
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
We need to stop thinking of schools as buildings and start thinking of learning
as occurring in many different places; we need to free ourselves from the
conventional education model that still dominates our thinking.
REFERENCES Cookson Jr., Peter (2009) “What Would Socrates Say?” Teaching for
the 21st Century, Volume 67(1), 8-14. Howe, N, Strauss, W, Matson, R.J. (2000) Millennials Rising: The
Next Generation. Vintage Books, N.Y. Huff, G., & Saxberg, B. (2009) “Full immersion—How will 10-year-
olds learn?”Education Next, 9(3), 79–82. Reynard, Ruth (2008) “21st Century Teaching and Learning: Assessing New Knowledge” The Journal Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1999) “Schools as knowledge
building organizations.” In D. Keating & C. Hertzman (Eds.), Today's children, tomorrow's society: The developmental health and wealth of nations.
Siemens, G. (2004). “Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age.”
Soloman, G; Schrum, L. (2007) “Web 2.0: new tools, new schools.” International Society for Technology in Education OR, USA.