Dr. Nazik M. Zakari. Ph.D, M.Sc.N, B.Sc.NDr. Olfat Salem. Ph.D, M.Sc.N, B.Sc.N L. Nada El-Khamis. M.Sc.N, B.Sc.N

Nursing Administration & Education Dept.College of Nursing. KSU

Module (1) Major concepts in nursing management theory

MANAGEMENT:“ The process concerned with MANAGEMENT:“ The process concerned with the implementation of plans through direction the implementation of plans through direction and guidance of personnel, and the optimum and guidance of personnel, and the optimum use of the required resources to attain the use of the required resources to attain the predetermined objectives".predetermined objectives".

ADMINISTRATION: “ The process concerned ADMINISTRATION: “ The process concerned with determining goals, objectives, policies with determining goals, objectives, policies and plans for operation of health and plans for operation of health organization”organization”

What is "Management"?

NURSING MANAGEMENT: Is the body of NURSING MANAGEMENT: Is the body of knowledge related to performing the knowledge related to performing the functions of planning, organizing, functions of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling staffing, directing and controlling (evaluating) the activities of a nursing (evaluating) the activities of a nursing inin departmental subunits.departmental subunits.

NURSE MANAGERNURSE MANAGER: person who is : person who is responsible for translating the responsible for translating the administration's vision into operating administration's vision into operating plans and acting in the plans and acting in the middle and middle and first-line levels of hierarchy.first-line levels of hierarchy.

An organization is a collection of people working together under a division of labor and a hierarchy

of authority to achieve a common goal .

The nature of organizational theory

organizational theory is the process of creating knowledge to understand organizational structure so that we can predict and control organizational effectiveness or productivity by designing organizations.

The Three major theories of organizational and management, namely:

1.Classical Theory.2.Contingency/decision theory3.Modern systems Theory.

1.1. Classical Theory:Classical Theory: (Scientific management theory) (Scientific management theory)

It is a theory of management that It is a theory of management that analyzes and and synthesizes workflows, with the objective of workflows, with the objective of improving labor productivity. improving labor productivity. Scientific management Scientific management has been thought of broadly as the application of has been thought of broadly as the application of the scientific method of the scientific method of studystudy, , analysisanalysis,, and and problem solving to the problem solving to the organizational problemsorganizational problems..

General approach Shift in decision making from employees to

managers Develop a standard method for performing each

job Select workers with appropriate abilities for each

job Train workers in the standard method previously

developed Support workers by planning their work and

eliminating interruptions

ContributionsContributions Scientific approach to business management Scientific approach to business management

and process improvementand process improvement

Importance of compensation for performanceImportance of compensation for performance

Began the careful study of tasks and jobsBegan the careful study of tasks and jobs

Importance of selection criteria by Importance of selection criteria by managementmanagement

ElementsElements Labor is defined and authority is legitimizedLabor is defined and authority is legitimized

Positions placed in hierarchy Positions placed in hierarchy

Selection is based upon technical competenceSelection is based upon technical competence

Managers follow rules/procedures to enable Managers follow rules/procedures to enable reliable/predictable behaviorreliable/predictable behavior

CriticismsCriticisms

Did not appreciate the social context of work and Did not appreciate the social context of work and higher needs of workers.higher needs of workers.

Did not acknowledge variance among individuals.Did not acknowledge variance among individuals.

Tended to regard workers as uninformed and Tended to regard workers as uninformed and ignored their ideas and suggestions.ignored their ideas and suggestions.

Contingency TheoryContingency Theory Basically, contingency theory asserts that when Basically, contingency theory asserts that when

managers make a decision, they must take into managers make a decision, they must take into account all aspects of the current situation and act on account all aspects of the current situation and act on those aspects that are the key to the situation at hand. those aspects that are the key to the situation at hand.

Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisionsdecisions..

The optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) The optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situationupon the internal and external situation

Systems TheorySystems Theory

A system can be looked at as having inputs, A system can be looked at as having inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes. processes, outputs and outcomes.

S.tS.t is an is an interdisciplinary interdisciplinary theory about the theory about the nature of nature of complex systemscomplex systems in in nature, society, nature, society, andand science science, ,

This could be a single organism, any organization This could be a single organism, any organization or society, or any electro-mechanical or or society, or any electro-mechanical or informational artifact. informational artifact.

Nature of work Nature of work

It is concerned about the determination of It is concerned about the determination of objectives and major policies of an objectives and major policies of an organization. organization.

It puts into action the policies and plans laid It puts into action the policies and plans laid down by the administration down by the administration

Administration

Management

Type of function Type of function

It is an executive function. It is an executive function.

It is a determinative function.It is a determinative function.

Scope Scope It takes decisions within the framework set by the It takes decisions within the framework set by the

administration. administration.

It takes major decisions of an enterprise as a whole. It takes major decisions of an enterprise as a whole.

Management

Administration

Administration

Management

Level of authority Level of authority It is a top-level activity It is a top-level activity

It is a middle level activity.It is a middle level activity.

Nature of status Nature of status It is a group of managerial personnel who use It is a group of managerial personnel who use

their specialized knowledge to fulfill the their specialized knowledge to fulfill the objectives of an enterprise objectives of an enterprise

It consists of owners who invest capital in and It consists of owners who invest capital in and receive profits from an enterprise receive profits from an enterprise

Management

Administration

Administration

Management

Difference between Administration and Management in Nursing

Basis of difference

Administration Management

Nature of workIt is concerned about the determination of objectives and major policies of an organization.

It puts into action the policies and plans laid down by the administration.

Type of function It is a determinative function. It is an executive function.

Scope It takes major decisions of an enterprise as a whole.It takes decisions within the framework set by the administration.

Level of authority

It is a top-level activity. It is a middle level activity.

Nature of statusIt consists of owners who invest capital in and receive profits from an enterprise.

It is a group of managerial personnel who use their specialized knowledge to fulfill the objectives of an enterprise.

Nature of usageIt is popular with government, military, educational, and religious organizations.

It is used in business enterprises.

Decision makingIts decisions are influenced by public opinion, government policies, social, and religious factors.

Its decisions are influenced by the values, opinions, and beliefs of the managers.

Main functions Planning and organizing functions are involved in it.Motivating and controlling functions are involved in it.

Abilities It needs administrative rather than technical abilities. It requires technical activities.

Difference between Administrator & ManagerDifference between Administrator & Manager

Definition Definition is the person who is responsible for forming the is the person who is responsible for forming the

strategic vision of the organization (top-level of strategic vision of the organization (top-level of hierarchy). hierarchy).

is the person who is responsible for translating the is the person who is responsible for translating the administration's vision into operating plans and administration's vision into operating plans and acting in the middle and first-line levels of acting in the middle and first-line levels of hierarchy hierarchy

Administrator

Manager

Activities Activities Concerned with forming a strategy of the Concerned with forming a strategy of the

organization organization

Concerned with forming the operation of the unit(s).Concerned with forming the operation of the unit(s).EventsEvents Inside the unit(s) Inside the unit(s)

Inside and outside the organization and how it affect Inside and outside the organization and how it affect work. work.

Plan Plan long term plans long term plans

short term plans short term plans

Administrator

Manager

Manager

Administrator

Manager

Administrator

Difference between Administrator & ManagerDifference between Administrator & Manager

Basis of difference

Administrator Manager

Definition

Administrator is the person who is responsible for forming the strategic vision of the organization (top-level of hierarchy).

Manager is the person who is responsible for translating the administration's vision into operating plans and acting in the middle and first-line levels of hierarchy

ActivitiesTo formulate organizational structure.

To direct, supervise personnel working in the formulated organizational structure.

EventsInside and outside the organization and how it affect work.

Inside the unit (s)

Plan long term plans short term plans

AuthorityTo formulate organizational structure.

To direct, supervise personnel working in the formulated organizational structure.

Definemission, philosophy, goals, and policies governing the organization

goals and objectives governing the unit/department

Leadership Leadership is a process of getting things done is a process of getting things done through people. Leadership is not a science. through people. Leadership is not a science. Leadership means responsibility. The leader is Leadership means responsibility. The leader is look to get the job done. look to get the job done.

Leadership is guiding a person or group toward Leadership is guiding a person or group toward the best results. It is having sound the best results. It is having sound understanding to determine and ability to understanding to determine and ability to articulate visions and goals.articulate visions and goals.

What is the Difference between Leadership and What is the Difference between Leadership and Management?Management?

1 Based on influence Based on authority

2 Formally designated position An informal designation

3 An achieved position An assigned position

4 Independent of managementDependent and improved by use of effective leadership skills

5 Part of every nurse's roleNurse's role in the assigned managerial positions

6Focusing on service, based on position power

Focusing on people, inspiring and motivating followers, based on personal power

7 Acting as a facilitator, and coach Acting as a boss

8 Aimed to change for improvement Aimed to maintain stability

ManagementLeadership

LeadershipManagement

Leadership Management

LeadershipManagement

ManagementLeadership

LeadershipManagement

ReferencesReferences

Rigolosi, E. (2005). Management and Rigolosi, E. (2005). Management and leadership in nursing and health care: An leadership in nursing and health care: An experiential approach. (2experiential approach. (2ndnd ed.). New York: ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.Springer Publishing Company, Inc.

Whetten, D. A. & Cameron, K. S. (2005). Whetten, D. A. & Cameron, K. S. (2005). Developing management skills. Upper Developing management skills. Upper Saddle River,NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Saddle River,NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.