dr. ewan cameron - swing of the pendulum (1961)

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7/27/2019 Dr. Ewan Cameron - Swing of the Pendulum (1961) http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dr-ewan-cameron-swing-of-the-pendulum-1961 1/5 604 SPECIAL ARTICLE: SWING OF THE PENDULUM THE SWING OF THE PENDULUM* D. EWEN CA-MERON, M.D., F.R.C.P.[C], D.P.M. ( Lond. ),t Alontreal THE GENERAL purpose of this paper is to show how far we have moved with respect to ouir abilitv to do something of therapeutic value for the psychi- atric patient. Thirty years ago, even if by some extraordinary happening, a psychiatric centre were to have had a large increase in staff, had the staff then been provided with the very best of existing facilities, there would have been rela- tively little more that could have been done for most psychiatric patients. A generation ago, men entering the field of psychiatry found that they could do little for their patients save to insist upon and to enforce a policy of humanitarianism. On e could be kind, but one could not greatly help. The depressed patient rang up the long, long, unending days and weeks of his depression-perhaps protected from suicide -perhaps with his insomnia to some extent miti- gated-and with his nutrition maintained at least at a survival level. But there was nothing that the psychiatrist could do to bring the depression to an end-any more than he could bring the excitement of the maniac patient under satisfactory control, let alone bring it to an end. The schizophrenic deteriorated. And until 1918, the general paretic went down his way to certain death in a few short years. The vast numbers of psychoneurotics could look for little from u s, and at that time there were uncounted numbers of people who showed dis- turbances of behaviour because of deficiency dis- eases, which were at that time alike unknown and unnoted. The beginning of the century saw the start of the development of our modern psychotherapeutic procedures. Since the introduction of malarial treatment in 1918, by WVagner von Jauregg, one treatment procedure h as followed another-none of them perhaps perfect: none of them-with the exception of the first mentioned-based on sound etiological knowledge, but all of them contributing something to the cure, and in a few instances, to the actual prevention of mental illness. The entire situation h as been completely reversed, so that, now, had we the staff and the facilities, w%e could do vastly more for the mentally ill than we ar e doing. This h as brought with it a most astonishing change-not only in the practice of psychiatry- but also in the ways and in the places where diag- *Presented in General Session at t he 94thl Annual AlMeting of t he Canadian 'Medical Association, Jtune 21, 1961. tDirector of the Allan IMemorial Institute, McUill niversity. Alontreal. Canad. M. A. J. Sept. 2,1961, vol. 85 nosis and treatment m ay be carried out. We can now bring depressions to an end; we can do much to stop the progress of schizophrenia; we can treat our psychoneurotic patients, attaining alleviation for the majority and complete freedom from symp- toms for many. We have been so successful in our treatment of general paresis and the behavioural disorders dependent upon deficiency diseases that these conditions have all but disappeared. Because of all this, the area of treatment of the psychiatric patient is moving out from the mental hospitals into the psychiatric divisions of general hospitals, and, in many instances, out from there into the area of ambulation. This has resulted in an extraordinarv growth of the psychiatric divisions of general hospitals, of clinics, of outpatient facilities, and of office psychiatry. Furthermore, it is quite fundamentally changing the function and the structure of the mental hospital. Our problem today is, in a word, no longer to find something that we can do for our patients, but to find the psychiatrists, social workers, psychi- atric nurses, occupational therapists and rehabilita- tion centres in numbers sufficiently plentiful to carry out all the psychiatric procedures for all the patients, many of whom can now benefit so re- markably and so dramatically. In an address made in early June of this year before the Third World Congress of Psychiatry, Dr. Walter ]Maclay, former senior medical com- missioner in England, stated that, in consequence of our modern knowledge of psychiatry, in Eng- land they hoped to be able to empty 70,000 mental hospital beds in the near future. With this has come a recognition of the range of psychiatry. There was a time a few decades ago when mental illness was seen as a subdivision of internal medicine; then it acquired status as an independent specialty, and this is its placement in most medical schools today in this country. But as one becomes aware of the multiplicity of forms of deviation in human behaviour and their extra- ordinarv prevalence, the certainty grows that the ultimate place of psychiatry in medicine has by no means acquired so clear-cut a definition as has surgery or internal medicine. As one sees the area of its responsibility unfolding, one begins to sus- pect that the coming decades will show that psy- chiatry does not represent simply another discipline of medicine, but it m ay well prove to be an as yet poorly defined hemisphere. All of us who are in charge of university and hospital departments of psychiatry have become awvare, over the last ten years, of this enormous field in which we must work. The diagnosis, the treatment, the teaching and the necessarv research work wvith respect to the psychoses, neuroses, the organic states, the characterological disorders, might

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Page 1: Dr. Ewan Cameron - Swing of the Pendulum (1961)

7/27/2019 Dr. Ewan Cameron - Swing of the Pendulum (1961)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dr-ewan-cameron-swing-of-the-pendulum-1961 1/5

6 0 4 S P E C I A L A R T I C L E : S W I N G OF THE PENDULUM

THE SWIN G OF THE P E N D U L U M *

D . EWEN CA-MERON, M . D . , F . R . C . P . [ C ] ,D . P . M . ( L o n d . ) , t A l o n t r e a l

THE GENERAL purpose o f t h i s paper i s t o s h o w howf a r we h a v e m o v e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o o u i r a b i l i t v t o

d o s o m e t h i n g o f t h e r a p e u t i c v a l u e f o r t h e p s y c h i -

a t r i c p a t i e n t . T h i r t y years ago, even i f b y some

e x t r a o r d i n a r y h a p p e n i n g , a p s y c h i a t r i c c e n t r e were

t o have h a d a l a r g e i n c r e a s e i n s t a f f , h a d t h es t a f f t h e n b e e n p r o v i d e d w i t h t h e very b e s t o fe x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s , t h e r e w o u l d have been r e l a -t i v e l y l i t t l e more t h a t c o u l d have b e e n d o n e f o rmost p s y c h i a t r i c p a t i e n t s .

A g e n e r a t i o n ago, men e n t e r i n g t h e f i e l d o f

p s y c h i a t r y f o u n d t h a t t h e y c o u l d d o l i t t l e f o r t h e i rp a t i e n t s save t o i n s i s t upon a n d t o e n f o r c e a p o l i c yo f h u m a n i t a r i a n i s m . One c o u l d b e k i n d , b u t one

c o u l d n o t g r e a t l y h e l p . The d e p r e s s e d p a t i e n t

rang up t h e l o n g , l o n g , u n e n d i n g d a y s a n d w e e k s

o f h i s d e p r e s s i o n - p e r h a p s p r o t e c t e d f r o m s u i c i d e-perhaps w i t h h i s i n s o m n i a t o some e x t e n t m i t i -g a t e d - a n d w i t h h i s n u t r i t i o n m a i n t a i n e d a t l e a s ta t a s u r v i v a l l e v e l . B u t t h e r e was n o t h i n g t h a t t h ep s y c h i a t r i s t c o u l d d o t o b r i n g t h e d e p r e s s i o n t o an

e n d - a n y more t h a n he c o u l d b r i n g t h e e x c i t e m e n t

o f t h e m a n i a c p a t i e n t u n d e r s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n t r o l ,

l e t a l o ne b r i n g i t t o an e n d . T h e s c h i z o p h r e n i c

d e t e r i o r a t e d . And u n t i l 1 9 1 8 , t h e g e n e r a l p a r e t i c

went down h i s way t o c e r t a i n d e a t h i n a f e w s h o r t

years. T h e v a s t n u m b e r s o f p s y c h o n e u r o t i c s c o u l d

l o o k f o r l i t t l e f r o m us, a n d a t t h a t t i m e t h e r e were

u n c o u n t e d n u m b e r s o f p e o p l e who s h o w e d d i s -t u r b a n c e s o f b e h a v i o u r b e c a u s e o f d e f i c i e n c y d i s -e a s e s , w h i c h were a t t h a t t i m e a l i k e u n k n o w n a n d

u n n o t e d .

T h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e c e n t u r y saw t h e s t a r t o f t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r m o d e r n p s y c h o t h e r a p e u t i c

p r o c e d u r e s . S i n c e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f m a l a r i a lt r e a t m e n t i n 1 9 1 8 , b y W V a g n e r von Jauregg, one

t r e a t m e n t p r o c e d u r e has f o l l o w e d another-none

o f t h e m p e r h a p s p e r f e c t : none o f them-with t h e

e x c e p t i o n o f t h e f i r s t m e n t i o n e d - b a s e d on s o u n d

e t i o l o g i c a l k n o w l e d g e , b ut a l l o f t h e m c o n t r i b u t i n g

s o m e t h i n g t o t h e cure, a n d i n a f e w i n s t a n c e s , t o

t h e a c t u a l p r e v e n t i o n o f m e n t a l i l l n e s s . T h e e n t i r e

s i t u a t i o n has b e e n c o m p l e t e l y r e v e r s e d , so t h a t ,

now, h a d we t h e s t a f f a n d t h e f a c i l i t i e s , w%e c o u l d

d o v a s t l y more f o r t h e m e n t a l l y i l l t h a n we are

d o i n g .

T h i s has b r o ug h t w i t h i t a most a s t o n i s h i n g

change-not o n l y i n t h e p r a c t i c e o f p s y c h i a t r y -b u t a l s o i n t h e ways a n d i n t h e p l a c e s where d i a g -

*Presented i n General Session a t t he 9 4 t h l Ann ual A l M e t i n g ofthe Canadian ' M e d i c a l Association, J t u n e 2 1 , 1 9 6 1 .

tDirector of t h e Allan IMemorial I n s t i t u t e , McUilln i v e r s i t y .A l o n t r e a l .

Canad. M. A . J .S e p t . 2 , 1 9 6 1 , v o l . 8 5

n o s i s a n d t r e a t m e n t may b e c a r r i e d o u t . We c a n

now b r i n g d e p r e s s i o n s t o a n e n d ; we c a n d o much

t o s t o p t h e p r o g r e s s o f s c h i z o p h r e n i a ; we c a n t r e a to u r p s y c h o n e u r o t i c p a t i e n t s , a t t a i n i n g a l l e v i a t i o nf o r t h e m a j o r i t y a n d c o m p l e t e f r e e d o m f r o m s y m p -

t o m s f o r m a n y . We h a v e b e e n s o s u c c e s s f u l i n o u r

t r e a t m e n t o f g e n e r a l p a r e s i s a n d t h e b e h a v i o u r a l

d i s o r d e r s d e p e n d e n t u p o n d e f i c i e n c y d i s e a s e s t h a tt h e s e c o n d i t i o n s h a v e a l l b u t d i s a p p e a r e d .

B e c a u s e o f a l l t h i s , t h e a r e a o f t r e a t m e n t o f t h e

p s y c h i a t r i c p a t i e n t i s m o v i n g o u t f r o m t h e m e n t a l

h o s p i t a l s i n t o t h e p s y c h i a t r i c d i v i s i o n s o f g e n e r a lh o s p i t a l s , a n d , i n many i n s t a n c e s , o u t f r o m t h e r ei n t o t h e a r e a o f a m b u l a t i o n . T h i s h a s r e s u l t e d i na n e x t r a o r d i n a r v g r o w t h o f t h e p s y c h i a t r i c d i v i s i o n so f g e n e r a l h o s p i t a l s , o f c l i n i c s , o f o u t p a t i e n tf a c i l i t i e s , a n d o f o f f i c e p s y c h i a t r y . F u r t h e r m o r e , i t

i s q u i t e f u n d a m e n t a l l y c h a n g i n g t h e f u n c t i o n a n d

t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e m e n t a l h o s p i t a l .O u r p r o b l e m t o d a y i s , i n a w o r d , n o l o n g e r t o

f i n d s o m e t h i n g t h a t we c a n d o f o r o u r p a t i e n t s ,b u t t o f i n d t h e p s y c h i a t r i s t s , s o c i a l w o r k e r s , p s y c h i -a t r i c n u r s e s , o c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p i s t s a n d r e h a b i l i t a -t i o n c e n t r e s i n n u m b e r s s u f f i c i e n t l y p l e n t i f u l t oc a r r y o u t a l l t h e p s y c h i a t r i c p r o c e d u r e s f o r a l l t h ep a t i e n t s , many o f whom c a n n ow b e n e f i t s o r e -

m a r k a b l y a n d s o d r a m a t i c a l l y .

I n a n a d d r e s s m a d e i n e a r l y J u n e o f t h i s y e a rb e f o r e t h e T h i r d W o r l d C o n g r e s s o f P s y c h i a t r y ,D r . W a l t e r ] M a c l a y , f o r m e r s e n i o r m e d i c a l c o m -

m i s s i o n e r i n E n g l a n d , s t a t e d t h a t , i n c o n s e q u e n c e

o f o u r m o d e r n k n o w l e d g e o f p s y c h i a t r y , i n E n g -

l a n d t h e y h o p e d t o b e a b l e t o e m p t y 7 0 , 0 0 0 m e n t a l

h o s p i t a l b e d s i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e .

W i t h t h i s h a s c o m e a r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e r a n g e

o f p s y c h i a t r y . T h e r e w a s a t i m e a f e w d e c a d e s a g o

w h e n m e n t a l i l l n e s s w a s s e e n a s a s u b d i v i s i o n o fi n t e r n a l m e d i c i n e ; t h e n i t a c q u i r e d s t a t u s a s a n

i n d e p e n d e n t s p e c i a l t y , a n d t h i s i s i t s p l a c e m e n t i nm o s t m e d i c a l s c h o o l s t o d a y i n t h i s c o u n t r y . B u t a so n e b e c o m e s a w a r e o f t h e m u l t i p l i c i t y o f f o r m s

o f d e v i a t i o n i n human b e h a v i o u r a n d t h e i r e x t r a -o r d i n a r v p r e v a l e n c e , t h e c e r t a i n t y g r o w s t h a t t h eu l t i m a t e p l a c e o f p s y c h i a t r y i n m e d i c i n e h a s b y n o

m e a n s a c q u i r e d s o c l e a r - c u t a d e f i n i t i o n a s h a s

s u r g e r y o r i n t e r n a l m e d i c i n e . A s o n e s e e s t h e a r e a

o f i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y u n f o l d i n g , o n e b e g i n s t o s u s -p e c t t h a t t h e c o m i n g d e c a d e s w i l l s h o w t h a t p s y -c h i a t r y d o e s n o t r e p r e s e n t s i m p l y a n o t h e r d i s c i p l i n eo f m e d i c i n e , b u t i t may w e l l p r o v e t o b e a n a s y e t

p o o r l y d e f i n e d h e m i s p h e r e .A l l o f u s w h o a r e i n c h a r g e o f u n i v e r s i t y a n d

h o s p i t a l d e p a r t m e n t s o f p s y c h i a t r y h a v e b e c o m ea w v a r e , o v e r t h e l a s t t e n y e a r s , o f t h i s e n o r m o u s

f i e l d i n w h i c h we m u s t w o r k . T h e d i a g n o s i s , t h et r e a t m e n t , t h e t e a c h i n g a n d t h e n e c e s s a r v r e s e a r c hw o r k w v i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p s y c h o s e s , n e u r o s e s , t h eo r g a n i c s t a t e s , t h e c h a r a c t e r o l o g i c a l d i s o r d e r s , m i g h t

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Canad. M. A . J .S e p t . 2 , 1 9 6 1 , v o l . 8 5

S P E C I A L A R T I C L E : S W I N G OF THE PENDULUM 6 0 5

w e l l s e e m t o c o n s t i t u t e a b a s i s f o r w o r k f o r a l a r g ee n o u g h d e p a r t m e n t i n t h e m s e l v e s , b u t i n t h e s e l a s ts e v e r a l y e a r s , t h e r e a r e o p e n i n g u p o t h e r f i e l d s ,s o m e o f w h i c h p r o m i s e t o b e a l m o s t a s l a r g e a st h o s e t r a d i t i o n a l a r e a s o f p s y c h i a t r y .

O n e may p o i n t t o t h e a r e a o f m e n t a l h a n d i c a p

- r a n g i n g f r o m t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a r e s ob l i g h t e d t h a t t h e y c a n n o t l e a r n t o p r o t e c t t h e m -

s e l v e s a g a i n s t t h e c o m m o n d a n g e r s , c a n n e v e r

l e a r n t o r e a d a n d w ri t e - s o m e o f whom c a n n e v e r

l e a r n e v e n t o t a l k - a l l t h e w a y t o t h o s e who c a n

b e t a u g h t s i m p l e m a n u a l s k i l l s a n d o n t h r o u g h t ot h o s e % v h o w i t h c a r e f u l t r a i n i n g a n d r e a s o n a b l el o c a t i o n c a n t a k e a n i n d e pe n d e n t p l a c e a s mem-b e r s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y .

I h a v e p r e s e n t e d t h i s a r e a o f d e f e c t i n t e r m s

o f s o c i a l a d j u s t m e n t , b u t , a s we e x p l o r e t h i s f i e l d ,we b e g i n t o r e a l i z e t h a t n e w d i s e a s e e n t i t i e s a r eb e g i n n i n g t o t a k e f o r m a s we u n c o v e r n e w f a c t s . I t

h a s l o n g b e e n k n o w n t h a t s o m e d e f e c t s a r e c a u s e db y t r a u m a a t b i r t h . O t h e r d e f e c t s s e e m t o c o m ea b o u t b e c a u s e o f v e r y e a r l v d a m a g e t o t h ee n d o c r i n e s v s t e m . B u t a v a s t n u m b e r o f d e f e c t s a r ed u e t o c o n s t i t u t i o n a l f a c t o r s o f a n e x t r e m e l y s u b t l en a t u r e . We now k n o w t h a t a n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s( t h e s i z e o f t h e n u m b e r i s c o m p l e t e l y u n k n o w n a sy e t ) h a v e w h a t m i g ht b e c a l l e d " s p o t d e f e c t s " . Ono r d i n a r y r a t i n g s c a l e s t h e y d o w e l l , b u t , j u s t a ss o m e p e r s o n s may b e t o n e d e a f o r c o l o u r b l i n d , s o ,f o r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e a s o n s , s o m e i n d i v i d u a l s mays u f f e r f r o m h i g h l y c i r c u m s c r i b e d d i f f i c u l t i e s ; f o r

i n s t a n c e , i n t h e m a n i p u l a t i o n o f s y m b o l s , i n t r a n s l a -t i o n o f w r i t i n g i n t o w o r d s o r w o r d s i n t o w r i t i n g ,i n t h e c a p a c i t y t o f o r m a d e q u a t e b o d y a n d s p a c e

i m a g e s .A g a i n , i f we p a s s f r o m t h e f i e l d o f d e f e c t , we

f i n d y e t a n o t h e r g r e a t t e r r i t o r y , n a m e l y , t h a t o fc h i l d p s y c h i a t r y . I t i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t p e d i a t r i c sh a s l o n g b e e n r e c o g n i z e d a n d o r g a n i z e d a s ad i s c i p l i n e i n i t s e l f . T h i s i s n o t t r u e , s a v e i n a v e r y

f e w c e n t r e s , w i t h r e s p e c t t o c h i l d p s y c h i a t r y , a n d

y e t t h e f i e l d i s c e r t a i n l y n o s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t o fp e d i a t r i c s .

T h e p s y c h o s o m a t i c f i e l d h a s l o n g b e e n r e c o g -

n i z e d . B u t l a r g e l y b e c a u s e o f l a c k o f s t a f f , b e c a u s eo f l a c k o f a n a d e q u a t e d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e f i e l d , a n d

p e r h a p s a l s o b e c a u s e o f a l a c k o f a d e q u a t e t h e r a -p e u t i c p r o c e d u r e s , we h a v e n o t y e t s u c c e e d e d i n

e s t a b l i s h i n g t h i s a s a s e p a r a t e d i s c i p l i n e w i t h i np s y c h i a t r y .

S t i l l o t h e r a r e a s d e e p i n h u m a n b e h a v i o u r a r e

b e i n g o p e n e d u p , a m o n g t h e m b e i n g f o r e n s i c p s y -c h i a t r v , i n d u s t r i a l p s y c h i a t r y a n d t h e p s y c h i a t r yo f t h e o l d e r y e a r s o f l i f e . And I n e e d h a r d l y m e n -

t i o n t h e a l m o s t u n t o u c h e d f i e l d o f t h e r e h a b i l i t a -t i o n o f t h e p s y c h i a t r i c p a t i e n t . Y e t t h o s e e x t r a -o r d i n a r v t h i n g s w h i c h c a n b e d o n e f o r t h e a m p u i t e eo r f o r t h e s i g h t l e s s c a n a l s o b e d o n e b y t h e s a m em e t h o d s o f l o n g p a t i e n c e a n d i m a g i n a t i v e r e t r a i n -

i n g i n t h e c a s e o f t h e p s y c h i a t r i c p a t i e n t w h o h a ss o m i e l a s t i n g d a m a g e .

e * *

T h e p u r p o s e o f d r a w i n g a t t e n t i o n t o t h ee n o r m o u s r a n g e c o v e r e d b y p s y c h i a t r y i s t o d e m o n -

s t r a t e t h e e x c e p t i o n a l n e e d f o r m o r e p e r s o n n e l a n d

m o r e f a c i l i t i e s . T h i r t y y e a r s a g o , i f we h a d t h et o o l s , t h e y w e r e s o w e a k a n d s o i n a d e q u a t e t h a tt h e r e w a s l i t t l e we c o u l d d o e v e n h a d t h e y b e e n

p r o v i d e d t o u s . T o d a y t h e t o o l s a r e s h a r p a n dp o w e r f u l , a n d t h e d o o r i s o p e n f o r t h e d e v e l o p -m e n t t h r o u g h r e s e a r c h o f s t i l l m o r e a d e q u a t e

m e t h o d s o f t r e a t m e n t . I t w a s t r u e t h i r t y y e a r s a g o

t h a t t h e c o m m u n i t y h a d l i t t l e o r n o r e c o u r s e i n t h em a n a g e m e n t o f p s y c h i a t r i c i l l n e s s e s . T o d a y i t i st r u e t h a t t h e c o m m u n i t y h a s r e c o u r s e , i f i t w i l l u s e

i t . I t i s t r u e t o s a y t h a t t h e l o t o f t h e p s y c h i a t r i cp a t i e n t t h i r t y y e a r s a g o w a s m i s e r a b l e a n d l a r g e l yh o p e l e s s . T o d a y t h e f u t u r e o f t h e man o r womanw h o s u f f e r s f r o m p s y c h i a t r i c i l l n e s s c a n b e a l m o s t

a s g o o d a s we w i l l m a k e i t - i f w e a r e d e t e r m i n e d

t o s e e t h a t t h e p r e s e n t r e s o u r c e s o f p s y c h i a t r y a r eu s e d t o t h e u t m o s t a n d t h a t s u c h r e s o u r c e s a r ee x p a n d e d b y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f r e s e a r c h l i n e sw h i c h a r e f a l l i n g o p e n b e f o r e u s w i t h t h e g r e a t e s tp r o m i s e e v e r y d a y , e v e r y m o n t h o f t h e y e a r .

We now c o m e t o a r e v i e w o f t h o s e a r e a s o f o u t -s t a n d i n g n e e d a n d p r o m i s e i n p s y c h ' i a t r y , a n d t h e r ea r e f e w a r e a s m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e a r e a o fe a r l y r e c o g n i t i o n o f m e n t a l i l l n e s s . T h i s i s t r u e o fi l l n e s s i n g e n e r a l , b u t i n t h e c a s e o f m e n t a l i l l n e s sw i t h i t s o f t e n i n s i d i o u s o n s e t , e a r l y r e c o g n i t i o n i s

p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t . I t i s a l s o p a r t i c u l a r l y d i f f i -c u l t , a n d f o r t w o r e a s o n s : f i r s t l y , t h e r e i s r e l u c t a n c eo n t h e p a r t o f r e l a t i v e s a n d t h e p a t i e n t a l i k e t o

r e c o g n i z e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f m e n t a l i l l n e s s , a n d ,s e c o n d l y , i t i s d i f f i c u l t b e c a u s e t h e r e i s a n a s t o n i s h -i n g l a c k o f b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t m e n t a l h e a l t ho r m e n t a l i l l n e s s , o r , m o r e p r o p e r l y s t a t e d , t h e r e i s

a n a s t o n i s h i n g a m o u n t o f m i s i n f o r m a t i o n .T h e r e i s a g r e a t r i f t i n o u r c o n c e p t s a b o u t w h a t

p e o p l e a c t u a l l y d o a n d w h a t t h e y a r e s u p p o s e d t o

d o . T h i s r e s u l t s i n t w o m o s t s e r i o u s c o n s e q u e n c e s .T h e f i r s t i s t h a t m a n y p e o p l e d o n o t r e a l l y k n o w

w h a t i s common e x p e r i e n c e i n c e r t a i n f i e l d s o f

v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e - i n t h e s e x u a l f i e l d , o r w i t h r e -s p e c t t o t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f v a r i a n t b e h a v i o u r - o r

h o w common i t i s t o h a v e p e r i o d s o f d e p r e s s i o n ,p e r i o d s o f s u s p i c i o n , f e e l i n g s o f g u i l t , i m p u l s e s t o

v i o l e n c e , l o n g i n g s f o r s u i c i d e o r d o m i n a t i o n b yc o m p u l s i v e u r g e s . T h e s e c o n d t h i n g i s t h a t i n s o f a ra s i t i s t h e common d e s i r e t o c o n f o r m , m o s t p e o p l ea t t e m p t t o c o n c e a l a n y o f t h e s e e x p e r i e n c e s w h i c h

t h e y t h e m s e l v e s may h a v e h a d a n d h a v e f e e l i n g so f g u i l t a b o u t t h e i r d i s c o v e r y .

A l l t h i s s i m p l y t e n d s t o p e r p e t u a t e a n d e v e n t o

e x t e n d t h e g a p w h i c h l i e s b e t w e e n o u r b e l i e f s o f

w h a t p e o p l ed o a n d h o w

t h e y a c t u a l l yl i v e f r o m

d a y t o d a y . T h e r e i s n o b e t t e r i n s t a n c e o f t h i s t h a n

t h e s e x u a l l i f e o f t h e h u m a n b e i n g . B a r e l y t h r e ed e c a d e s h a v e e l a p s e d s i n c e we w e r e a t a p e r i o dw h e n i t w a s u n i v e r s a l l y b e l i e v e d t h a t m a s t u r b a -

t i o n w a s a s i g n o f d e g e n e r a c y . I t i s o n l y w i t h t h e

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6 0 6 S P E C I A L A R T I C L E : S W I N G OF THE P E N D U L U N I

coming o f t h e g r e a t q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a n d t h e g r e a t

surveys w h i c h h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d out w i t h i n -

c r e a s i n g accuracy t h a t we h a v e l e a r n e d t o recog-

n i z e t h a t m a s t u r b a t i o n i s a u n i v e r s a l p h e n o m e n o n .

T h e range o f h o m o s e x u a l e x p e r i e n c e s was a l s o un-

known u n t i l c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e c e n t l y . T h o s e w h o s e

c o n c e a l m e n t was t o r n a s i d e , a n d who were d i s -c o v e r e d t o h a v e h a d a h o m o s e x u a l e x p e r i e n c e or

t o b e m a s t u r b a t i n g , were a t once made t o f e e le x t r e m e l y g u i l t y , d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e r e s t o fh u m a n i t y a n d somehow p e c u l i a r . N ow much o f t h i s

i s gone, b u t t h e r e s t i l l r e m a i n s a most u n w h o l e -

some c o v e r i n g up o f much p e r f e c t l y n o r m a l s e x u a li n t e r e s t a n d s e x u a l a c t i v i t y .

C o n i t r a r i w i s e , we s t i l l g i v e q u i t e f a v o u r a b l e

d e s c r i p t i o n s t o w h a t are a c t u a l l y p a t h o l o g i c a lp a t t e r n s o f b e h a v i o u r . F o r i n s t a n c e , we n o t i n -

f r e q u e n t l y term an i n d i v i d u a l an i n c i s i v e s t r a i g h t -f r o m - t h e - s h o u l d e r , d o w n - t o - e a r t h s o r t o f person,

who i s a c t u a l l y a d e e p l y s a d i s t i c i n d i v i d u a l who

g e t s h i s p l e a s u r e f r o m i n j u r i n g o t h e r s . A g a i n , we

p o ur o u , t s y m p a t h y on m a r t y r i s t i c i n d i v i d u a l s who

are i n r e a l i t y i n f l i c t i n g t h e i r d a m a g i n g b e h a v i o u r a l

p a t t e r n s on t h e i r c h i l d r e n - r e n d e r i n g t h e m g u i l t ya n d l a c k i n g i n c o n f i d e n c e .

I t i s common k n o w l e d g e t h a t o u r much a d m i r e d

t y c o o n s are o f t e n t h e p o o r e s t o f f a t h e r s a n d our

s o c i a l l y p r o m i n e n t h o s t e s s e s are, s o m e t i m e s ,

m o t h e r s whom t h e i r c h i l d r e n never s e e .

T h e e a r l y s c h i z o p h r e n i c , h o w e v e r , i s s o m e t i m e s

seen as a r a t h e r r e t i r i n g , o t h e r - w o r l d l y person a t

t h e very t i m e when t h e r e are s i g n s o f h i s d i s e a s ec l e a r l y e v i d e n t t o t h e i n f o r m e d eye. S o c i e t y g i v e s

a k i n d w o r d f o r t h e o v e r l y n i c e woman who w i l l

n e i t h e r d o , n o r s p e a k , n or see any wrong. E q u a l l y

w e l l r e c e i v e d i s t h e person who k e e p s e v e r y t h i n g

t o h i m s e l f or t o h e r s e l f . T h e p u b l i c i s q u i t e o b l i v i -o u s t o t h e f a c t t h a t t o t a l k t h i n g s o u t i s one o f t h es u r e s t ways t o preserve o n e ' s e q u a n i m i t y . I n d e e d ,

a l l o f t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s are h e a d i n g sooner or l a t e r

t o w a r d s d i s a s t e r s , m i n o r or m a j o r .

H e n c e , I w o u l d say t h a t , a b o v e a l l , we n e e d

c o n t i n u a l p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n . T h i s s h o u l d s t a r t i n t h e

s c h o o l s w i t h a p r e s e n t a t i o n t o t h e s c h o o l c h i l d o ft h e b a si c f a c t s o f r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p e o p l e , o ft h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e e m o t i o n a l l i f e , t o g e t h e r w i t h

a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e k i n d s o f h e a l t h y p e o p l e a n d

u n h e a l t h y p e o p l e h e i s l i k e l y t o m e e t .

T h i s m a t t e r o f p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n i s p l a c e d f i r s t i n

t h e l i s t o f areas w h e r e we n e e d p e r s o n n e l , s i n c e

we have b e f o r e u s a r e m a r k a b l e r e c o r d o f what

h a s b e e n a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h e d u c a t i o n r e g a r d i n g

p u b l i c h e a l t h - e d u c a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e d e s i r a b i l i t yo f a c l e a n water s u p p l y , proper c l o t h i n g , d i e t , c l e a nf o o d s u p p l i e s a n d a d e q u a t e l i v i n g q u a r t e r s . T h e

i l l n e s s e s , b o t h m i n o r a n d m a j o r d i s o r d e r s , w h i c h

p l a g u e d e a r l i e r g e n e r a t i o n shave

n o t b e e nso

muchc u r e d as s i m p l y s w e p t away b y a b e t t e r d e s i g n f o rl i v i n g .

N o w h e r e i s t h i s more g r e a t l y n e e d e d t h a n i n t h e

f i e l d o f human b e h a v i o u r . We a l l s u f f e r f r o m u n -

necessary d e g r e e s o f a n x i e t y , unnecessary t e n s i o n s

C a n a d . M . A . J .S e p t . 2 , 1 9 6 1 , v o l . 8 5

a n d g u i l t f e e l i n g s . We a r e a l l a t t h e m e r c y o f c o n -

t a c t w i t h d a m a g e d p e r s o n s f r o m d a y t o d a y . O u r

c h i l d r e n a r e s t i l l e x p o s e d t o t h e d a n g e r o f b e i n g

b r o u g h t u p b y p e r s o n s w h o a r e u n f i t t e d b e c a u s e

o f s e r i o u s p e r s o n a l i t y d e f e c t s : a n d , e v e r y w h e r e ,

t h r o u g h o u t o u r e v e r y d a y l i f e , p e o p l e who h a v e

e m o t i o n a l p r o b l e m s o f v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f s e r i o u s -n e s s , m a k e j u d g m e n t s w h i c h g r e a t l y a f f e c t u s .

We now h a v e t h e b e g i n n i n g s o f k n o w l e d g e o fhow t o d e a l w i t h t h e s e p r o b l e m s , b u t we d o n o t

h a v e t h e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n n e l n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e s ep u b l i c e d u c a t i o n p r o g r a m s , n o r d o we a s y e t h a v e

t h e n e c e s s a r y s u p p o r t .T u r n i n g t o t h i s i n a r a t h e r m o r e s p e c i f i c w a y ,

o u r n e x t n e e d i s t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e f i e l d o f s o c i a lp s y c h i a t r v i n t e r m s o f p r o v i d i n g c h a i r s a t t h e u n i -v e r s i t y i n s o c i a l p s y c h i a t r y a n d a d e q u a t e f i n a n c i n go f s u c h d i v i s i o n s . W h i l e we d o h a v e c o n s i d e r a b l e

i n f o r m a t i o n - w h i c hw o u l d

a l l o wu s t o s t a r t no w -

o n p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n , t h e r e d o r e m a i n g r e a t p r o b -l e m s , s u c h a s t h e i m p a c t o f v a r i o u s k i n d s o f s o c i a l

s a n c t i o n s a n d s o c i a l m o t i v a t i o n w h i c h r e q u i r e p r o -l o n g e d r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s f o r t h e i r s o l u t i o n .

T h e n e x t f i e l d w h i c h I w o u l d l i k e t o d i s c u s s i s

o n e i n w h i c h we c o u l d d o a g r e a t d e a l m o r e i f we

g a v e l e a d e r s h i p t o e x i s t i n g p u b l i c s u p p o r t a n d t h u so b t a i n e d t h e n e c e s s a r y r e s o u r c e s f o r b o t h m a t e r i a la n d p e r s o n n e l . I t i s t h a t o f r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . I h a v e

a l r e a d y r e f e r r e d t o t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y f i n e w o r k

w h i c h h a s b e e n d o n e i n t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o fp h y s i c a l d e f e c t s a m o n g i n d i v i d u a l s who h a v e l o s t

a n a r m o r a l e g , i n r e t r a i n i n g t h e s i g h t l e s s , i nd e v e l o p i n g o c c u p a t i o n s f o r t h o s e w h o h a v e c a r d i a co r p u l m o n a r y d a m a g e , b u t r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e i s b e i n gd o n e i n r e t r a i n i n g t h o s e w h o s e a c u t e p s v c h o t i ci l l n e s s h a s g o n e b y b u t w h o h a v e r e s i d u a l d e f e c t .F o r i n s t a n c e , we h a v e w i t h i t s a t t h e A l l a n Mem-

o r i a l I n s t i t u t e a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e a y o u n g man o f

e x c e p t i o n a l a b i l i t y w h o h a s s u f f e r e d f r o m a s c h i z o -p h r e n i c b r e a k d o w n . T h e s c l h i z o p h r e n i a , f o r a l l

p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s , i s o v e r , b u t s o m e d e g r e e o f

d a m a g e r e m a i n s . And b e c a u s e h i s i l l n e s s h a s g o n e

o n f o r a l o n g t i m e , h e i s o n l y t o o a p t t o f a l l i n t o

d e p e n d e n c y u p o n o t h e r s . O u r p r o b l e m e s s e n t i a l l yi s o n e o f r e t r a i n i n g h i m , o f f i n d i n g a c e n t r e w h i c h

w o u l d t a k e h i m i n a n d , s t a r t i n g w i t h s i m p l e t h i n g s ,r e t r a i n h i m t o a p o i n t w h e r e h e c o u l d u n d e r t a k e

a j o b c o m m e n s u r a t e w i t h h i s r e a l a b i l i t i e s . B u t

w h e n we l o o k f o r a s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n , o r w h e n we

l o o k f o r a n a d e q u a t e l y t r a i n e d p s y c h i a t r i s t f o r t h i s

p u r p o s e , t h e r e a r e r e l a t i v e l y f e w . M o s t o f o u r

p s y c h i a t r i s t s a r e s t i l l b e i n g t r a i n e d p r i m a r i l y f o r

s h o r t - t e r m i n t e n s i v e w o r k o r f o r l o n g - t e r m w o r k

w i t h p s y c h o n e u r o t i c p a t i e n t s .I s h o u l d l i k e now t o t u r n t o a d i f f e r e n t k i n d o f

s i t u a t i o n , a n d t h a t i s o u r r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e f a c t

t h a t , d e s p i t e many o f t h e t h e o r i e s o f t h e e x t r a -o r d i n a r y b e g i n n i n g s o f n e u r o s e s - t h e o r i e s w h i c h

h a v e b e c o m e a l m o s t f a r c i c a l i n t h e i r i n s i s t e n c et h a t t h e b e g i n n i n g s may a c t u a l l y b e i n t h e u t e r u s -i n a c t u a l i t y many o f t h e p r a c t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a tt h e p s v c h o n e u r o t i c p a t i e n t h a s a f t e r l e a v i n g h o s -

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Canad. M. A . J .S e p t . 2 , 1 9 6 1 , v o l . 8 5

S P E C I A L A R T I C L E : S W I N G OF THE PENDULUM 6 0 7

p i t a l a n d g o i n g b a c k home a f t e r t r e a t m e n t , stem

f r o m h i s own home. I t i s t h e r e t h a t t h e a t t i t u d e so f t h e p e o p l e w i t h whom he h a s l i v e d d u r i n g t h e

b e g i n n i n g s o f h i s i l l n e s s are o n l y t o o a p t t o pro-

v o k e h i s o l d n e u r o t i c b e h a v i o u r a l p a t t e r n s i n t o

o p e r a t i o n a g a i n . I n o t h e r w o r d s , many o f our m e n t a lp a t i e n t s are s e n t b a c k t o what may b e t e r m e d

" n e u r o t o g e n i c h o m e s " .

We h a v e , f o r e x a m p l e , a n o t h e r young man w i t h

u s who s u f f e r e d a h e a d i n j u r y , was u n c o n s c i o u s f o ra p e r i o d o f t i m e , a n d t h e n d e c l a r e d ' t h a t h e h a d

f o r g o t t e n e v e r y t h i n g . I t was not j u s t a matter o ff o r g e t t i n g e v e n t s s u b s e q u e n t t o or f o r a s h o r t t i m e

p r i o r t o t h e a c c i d e n t , i t was a matter o f f o r g e t t i n gw h e r e he h a d b e e n b o r n some 2 5 years ago, h i s

s c h o o l d a y s , h i s e a r l y g i r l f r i e n d s , h i s f i r s t s e t o flo ng p a n t s , a n d a l l t h e f a c t s o f t h o s e f i r s t 2 5 years.

We were c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h i s was a p s y c h o l o g i c a lp h e n o m e n o n a n d n o t an o r g a n i c one, a n d very soon

we were a b l e t o i l l u s t r a t e t h i s . By g i v i n g him i n t r a -

ve no us s o d i u m a m y t a l , we were a b l e t o b r i n g b a c k

a l l o f h i s r e c o l l e c t i o n s . S u b s e q u e n t l y , however, a n d

p a r t i c u l a r l y when i t was t i m e t o s e n d him home,

we f o u n d t h a t h i s mother was a b s o l u t e l y d e -

t e r m i n e d t h a t h e r so n was h e r l i t t l e b a b y b o y a n d

t h a t sh e was g o i n g t o t r e a t h i m a c c o r d i n g l y .

To o f f s e t t h i s k i n d o f t h i n g what we n e e d are

p l a c e m e n t h o m e s where i n d i v i d u a l s w h o are g e t t i n g

over t h e i r p s y c h o n e u r o t i c i l l n e s s e s , a n d are l e a r n -i n g more s o c i a l l y a c c e p t a b l e ways o f b e h a v i o u r ,

c an l i v e u n t i l t h e s e new a n d more a d e q u a t ep a t t e r n s are f u l l y r e - e s t a b l i s h e d .

* * *

D u r i n g t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s paper, I have empha-

s i z e d t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f d i a g n o s i sa n d t r e a t m e n t have o p e n e d up t o u s our g r e a t n e e d

f o r f u r t h e r e x p a n s i o n o f o u r m e t h o d s o f a p p l y i n g

w h a t we k n o w . I n a l l h o n e s t y , i t must b e s t a t e dt h a t some o f t h e r e m e d y l i e s i n t h e h a n d s o f t h ep s y c h i a t r i s t s t h e m s e l v e s . C o n s i d e r t h e s e two p o i n t s :We s t i l l f i n d a n u m b e r o f p s y c h i a t r i s t s who are

q u i t e u n p r e p a r e d t o u se t h e f u l l a r m a m e n t a r i u m o f

d i a g n o s t i c a n d t h e r a p e u t i c a g e n t s a v a i l a b l e t othem. So me o f them, f o r i n s t a n c e , are not w i l l i n g

t o u se p s y c h o l o g i c a l t e s t s , o t h e r s are n o t p r e p a r e d

t o carry o u t p h y s i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s , s t i l l o t h e r s are

n o t p r e p a r e d t o u se p s y c h o t h e r a p e u t i c p r o c e d u r e s

a n d o t h e r s are n o t p r e p a r e d t o u se a n y t h i n g e l s eb u t p s y c h o a n a l y t i c or p s y c h o t h e r a p e u t i c pro-

c e d u r e s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e y are n o t w i l l i n g t o

a c c e p t t h e i r f u l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s as p s y c h i a t r i s t s .

T h i s i s a m a t t e r w h i c h must b e t a k e n most

s e r i o u s l y , a n d t h e A m e r i c a n P s y c h i a t r i c A s s o c i a -

t i o n i s t a k i n g t h e m a t t e r i n h a n d t o t h e e x t e n t t h a tt h e w h o l e p r o c e d u r e o f p o s t g r a d u a t e t r a i n i n g i n

p s y c h i a t r y i s t o b e r e v i e w e d i n 1 9 6 2 a t a s p e c i a ls e r i e s o f c o n f e r e n c e s .

W h i l e t h e s e c r i t i c i s m s are most o f t e n l e v e l l e d a t

p s y c h i a t r i s t s w o r k i n g i n p r i v a t e p r a c t i c e , t h e y are

e q u a l l y t r u e o f p s y c h i a t r i s t s w o r k i n g i n c e r t a i n

m e n t a l h o s p i t a l s . I n d e e d , t h e r e are m e n t a l hos-

p i t a l s w i t h w h i c h I h a v e a c q u a i n t a n c e , w h e r e i t i s

a l m o s t u s e l e s s t o s e n d p a t i e n t s s i n c e - d e s p i t e t h el i m i t a t i o n s o f s t a f f - t h e y a r e u n d e r - t r e a t e d o rt r e a t e d b y o n l y o n e m e t h o d a n d n o t b y o t h e rm e t h o d s e q u a l l y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p s y c h i a t r i s t .

T h e s e c o n d c r i t i c i s m w h i c h I w o u l d m a k e i s t h a twe s h o u l d b e a w a r e o f t h e f a c t t h a t w h e t h e r i t i s

i n p s y c h i a t r y o r i n s u r g e r y , i n m e d i c i n e o r i ng y n e c o l o g y , a r e l a t i v e l v u n k n o w n f a c t o r may m a k e

a g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e t o t h e o u t c o m e o f a c a s e . T h i s

f a c t i s n o t t h e s u i t a b i l i t y o f t h e t r e a t m e n t t o t h ed i s e a s e , n o r t h e c o - o p e r a t i o n o f t h e p a t i e n t , n o r

t h e s k i l l o f t h e p h y s i c i a n , b u t l i e s i n t h e d e t e r m i n a -

t i o n , t h e p a t i e n c e , a n d t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e p h y s i c i a nf o r l o n g a n d s u s t a i n e d e f f o r t . T o o o f t e n o n e s e e st h a t t h e p s y c h i a t r i s t f e e l s t h a t h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t ot h e p a t i e n t e n d s a s s o o n a s t h e m a j o r s y m p t o m s

d i s a p p e a r . T h e r e i s l i t t l e r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e f a c t

t h a t m o s t p s y c h i a t r i c p a t i e n t s r e q u i r e l o n g , c o n -t i n u e d s u p p o r t , w h e t h e r p s y c h o t h e r a p e u t i c o ro t h e r w i s e .We h a v e f o u n d a t t h e A l l a n M e m o r i a l I n s t i t u t e

t h a t we h a v e b e e n a b l e g r e a t l y t o i n c r e a s e t h ee f f i c a c y o f o u r p s y c h o t h e r a p e u t i c p r o c e d u r e s a n d

s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e o u r r e a d m i s s i o n r a t e b y t h ed e v e l o p m e n t o f f o l l o w - u p s e r v i c e s . T h e s e f o l l o w - u ps e r v i c e s a r e , i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e , a p p l i e d t op s y c h o n e u r o t i c p a t i e n t s who a r e d i s c h a r g e d f r o m

t h e I n s t i t u t e a n d a r e f o l l o w e d i n g r o u p a n d i n d i -v i d u a l p s y c h o t h e r a p y o v e r p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d s o f

t i m e .We

a l s o h a v e a f o l l o w - u p s e r v i c e f o r t h o s ew i t h r e c u r r e n t d e p r e s s i o n s . A n y i n d i v i d u a l w h o

h a s h a d a t l e a s t t h r e e d e p r e s s i o n s i n h i s l i f e i s g i v e nt h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f b e i n g p u t o n a f i v e - y e a r f o l l o w -u p p l a n , w h e r e b y h e r e t u r n s o n c e a m o n t h d u r i n gt h e f i r s t t h r e e y e a r s , o n c e e v e r y s e c o n d m o n t h

d u r i n g t h e f o u r t h y e a r , a n d o n c e e v e r y t h r e e o rf o u r m o n t h s d u r i n g t h e f i f t h y e a r , t o t h e DayS e r v i c e s o f t h e I n s t i t u t e a n d h e i s g i v e n o n e

e l e c t r o s h o c k t r e a t m e n t a t s u ch t i m e s . T h i s we h a v e

f o u n d t o b e o f e x c e p t i o n a l v a l u e i n c u t t i n g d o w n

r e l a p s e s a n d , a p p a r e n t l y , i n t e r m i n a t i n g o r g r e a t l yr e d u c i n g t h e t e n d e n c y t o h a v e f u r t h e r m a n i c o r

d e p r e s s i v e a t t a c k s a t t h e e n d o f t h e f i v e - y e a r f o l l o w -u p p l a n . T h e s a m e we h a v e f o u n d t o b e t r u e o f o u r

s c h i z o p h r e n i c p a t i e n t s w h o a r e f o l l o w e d a t m o n t h l yi n t e r v a l s f o r t w o y e a r s a f t e r d i s c h a r g e , a n d

t h e i r r e - a d m i s s i o n r a t e h a s b e e n r e d u c e d g r e a t l y .F o l l o w - u p t h e r a p y i n t h e c a s e o f t h e s c h i z o -p h r e n i c s o m e t i m e s i n v o l v e s e l e c t r o s h o c k , s o m e -

t i m e s c h e m o t h e r a p y a n d s o m e t i m e s a c o m b i n a t i o n

o f b o t h . We a r e p r e s e n t l y e x p l o r i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t yo f d e v e l o p i n g a f o l l o w - u p s e r v i c e f o r o u r a g e dp a t i e n t s o n t h e s a m e b a s i s .

W i t h t h i s , o f c o u r s e , g o e s a p a r t i c u l a r c o n c e r n

o v e r t h e p a t i e n t ' s s o c i a l a d j u s t m e n t , a n d o u r S o c i a lS e r v i c e D e p a r t m e n t , a s w e l l a s o u r m e d i c a l

d i v i s i o n s , r e m a i n s a c t i v e l y i n v o l v e d i n p r o v i d i n ga s s i s t a n c e t o t h e p a t i e n t o v e r t h e p e r i o d s o f t i m e

a l r e a d y s p e c i f i e d .We h o p e t h a t t h e s e f o l l o w - u p t e c h n i q u e s w i l l b e

s t i l l f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n e d i n c o m i n g y e a r s w i t h t h e

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6 0 8 C A S E R E P O R T : R E A D I N G E P I L E P S Y C a n a d . M. A . J .S e p t . 2 , 1 9 6 1 , v o l . 8 3

d e v e l o p m e n t o f s h e l t e r e d w o r k s h o p s a n d f o s t e rh o m e s f o r d i s c h a r g e d c a s e s a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t

o f w h a t w a s m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r , n a m e l y , a d e q u a t e

r e h a b i l i t a t i o n c e n t r e s f o r p s y c h i a t r i c p a t i e n t s .

* * *

D e s p i t e t h e s e f i n a l c r i t i c i s m s , we s h o u l d k e e p

b e f o r e u s t h e f a c t t h a t a t l o n g l a s t t h e d o o r i s

o p e n t o u s t o d o f a r m o r e f o r o u r p a t i e n t s t h a n

we c o u l d p o s s i b l y d o i n p r e v i o u s y e a r s ; t h a t m a n yo f t h e i l l n e s s e s w hi c h w e r e v i e w e d a s c o n d e m n i n g

t h e i n d i v i d u a l t o a h o p e l e s s f u t u r e c a n now b e

g r e a t l y m i t i g a t e d a n d s o m e t i m e s e n t i r e l y o v e r c o m e .

We c a n b e a w a r e t h a t we s t a n d now a t a m o s t

f a v o u r a b l e p e r i o d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p s y c h i a t r i cs e r v i c e s f o r t h e m e n t a l l y s i c k . T h e p u b l i c i s c l e a r l yd e e p l y a n d w i d e l y c o n c e r n e d t o s e e t h a t s u c h

s e r v i c e s a r e p r o v i d e d . No c l e a r e r d e m o n s t r a t i o n

o f t h i s c o u l d b e g i v e n t h a n t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r i l ys t r o n g s u p p o r t g i v e n t o t h e p r o p o s a l b y M r . A l a n

M a c n a u g h t o n b e f o r e P a r l i a m e n t o n D e c e m b e r 5 ,

1 9 6 0 , w h i c h w a s t h a t " t h e g o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d c o n -

s i d e r t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y o f c o - o p e r a t i n g w i t h t h ep r o v i n c i a l a u t h o r i t i e s a n d s u c h p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d

o t h e r g r o u p s a s may b e i n t e r e s t e d , i n m a k i n g a

n a t i o n a l s u r v e y o f t h e e x t e n t o f m e n t a l i l l n e s s , i t sc a u s e s , p r o b l e m s a n d m e t h o d s o f t r e a t m e n t " . T h el e a d e r s o f a l l p a r t i e s i n t h e H o u s e s p o k e i n e n d o r s e -m e n t o f t h e m o t i o n , a n d many o t h e r m e m b e r s w e r e

m o v e d t o s p e a k o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r own o b s e r v a -

t i o n s a n d t o s u p p o r t t h i s w i s e s u g g e s t i o n .M o r e o v e r , a t t h i s m o m e n t , t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f

C a n a d a h a s b e f o r e i t a r e p o r t o f a c o m m i t t e e s e tu p b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t i t s e l f t o s t u d y t h e f i n a n c i n go f m e d i c a l r e s e a r c h b y G o v e r n m e n t d e p a r t m e n t s .

T h i s d o c u m e n t , k n o w n a s t h e F a r q u h a r s o n R e p o r t ,

s h o w s v e r y c l e a r l y t h a t t h i s c o u n t r y l a g s f a r b e h i n do t h e r s m a l l e r a n d l e s s p r o s p e r o u s c o u n t r i e s i n t h ed e v e l o p m e n t o f i t s m e d i c a l r e s e a r c h a n d t h a t ,among o t h e r m a j o r f a c t o r s , i s t h e l a c k o f a d e q u a t e

f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t .

T h e t i m e s a r e p r o p i t i o u s . T h e p e n d u l u m h a s

s w u n g . B u t i n o r d e r t h a t t h e p a t i e n t may r e a p t h ef u l l e s t p o s s i b l e b e n e f i t f r o m m e a s u r e s now a v a i l -a b l e a n d f r o m t h e p r o m i s e h e l d b e f o r e u s b y t h ef o s t e r i n g o f r e s e a r c h , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t m e d i c a l

men e v e r y w h e r e - p s y c h i a t r i s t s a m o n g t h e m - g i v e

t h e m o s t v i g o r o u s p o s s i b l e l e a d e r s h i p t o t h e f o r m a -

t i o n o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n i n t h i s c o u n t r y .

. . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . ,. . . . . . . . . .

MS

R E A DI NG EPILEPSY

G . FORSTNER, M . D . , R . FERGUSON a n d

D . P . JONES, M . D . , F . R . C . P . [ C ] ,V a n c o u v e r , B . C .

I N 1 9 5 6 B I C K F O R D a n d o t h e r s r e p o r t e d e i g h t c a s e s

o f e p i l e p s y p r e c i p i t a t e d b y r e a d i n g , a n d 1 8 e x -

a m p l e s o f t h e d i s o r d e r c a l l e d " r e a d i n g e p i l e p s y "

h a v e now b e e n d e s c r i b e d . ' - 6 T h i s i s a r e p o r t o fa n o t h e r i n s t a n c e o f t h i s u n u s u a l c o n d i t i o n .

T h i s p a t i e n t , a 2 6 - y e a r - o l d s t u d e n t o f a r c h i t e c t u r e( r e f e r r e d b y D r . C . A . B r u m w e l l ) , i s t h e f o u r t h o fe i g h t c h i l d r e n . One o l d e r a n d t w o y o u n g e r s i b l i n g sh a v e s u f f e r e d f r o m s e i z u r e s , a n d a n o th e r y o u n g e r

s i b l i n g h a s m o n g o l i s m . T h e p a t i e n t ' s f i r s t a t t a c k o f l o s so f c o n s c i o u s n e s s o c c u r r e d a t t h e a g e o f 2 4 y e a r s , a n di t w a s h i s f i r s t i l l n e s s . He w a s t h e n a t t h e h e a d o f t h e

t h i r d - y e a r c l a s s b u t h a s s i n c e f a i l e d t h r e e t i m e s t oc o m p l e t e t h e f o u r t h y e a r . A t t a c k s h a v e o c c u r r e d a ti r r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s , a l w a y s w h i l s t r e a d i n g a n d u s u a l l y

w h e n h e w a s t i r e d o r s t u d y i n g h a r d .A s h e r e a d s , c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e c o m e s d i f f i c u l t , a n d

t h e n h i s l o w e r j a w b e g i n s t o j e r k ; w i t h f u r t h e r r e a d i n g

t h e j e r k s i n c r e a s e a n d c o m p r e h e n s i o n l e s s e n s . He k n o w st h a t a n a t t a c k w i l l o c c u r i f h e p e r s i s t s , a n d y e t h eu s u a l l y d o e s s o . T h e n f o l l o w s a moment w h e n e v e r y -

t h i n g s e e m s w o n d e r f u l , a f t e r w h i c h h e l o s e s c o n s c i o u s -

n e s s . A f t e r w a r d s h e f e e l s d u l l a n d d e p r e s s e d f o r s e v e r a ld a y s .

P r o f e s s i o n a l r e a d i n g i s u s u a l l y t o b l a m e , n o v e l sr a r e l y . T e l e v i s i o n , b r i g h t l i g h t s , w r i t i n g a n d d e s i g n i n gh a v e n e v e r p r e c i p i t a t e d s u c h a t t a c k s , t o h i s k n o w l e d g e .He s u f f e r s t o o f r o m p e r i o d s o f d u l l n e s s l a s t i n g o n e

o r t w o d a y s d u r i n g w h i c h h e i s l i s t l e s s , u n a b l e t o c o n -

c e n t r a t e , a n d p r o n e t o s l e e p f o r many h o u r s . I f h et r i e s t o r e a d , j a w j e r k s q u i c k l y a p p e a r . T h e r e may b e

s e v e r a l s u c h e p i s o d e s i n a m o n t h o r h e may b e f r e ef r o m t h e m f o r t h r e e m o n t h s a t a - t i m e .

A t h i r d c o m p l a i n t i s o f i n c r e a s i n g d i f f i c u l t y w i t h h i sw o r k , i n c o n t r a s t w i t h h i s e a r l i e r a c a d e m i c s u c c e s s .T h i n k i n g a l o n g b r o a d l i n e s h a s b e c o m e d i f f i c u l t f o rh i m , d e s i g n s m u s t b e m a d e s t e p b y s t e p , a n d t h e p o i n to f a n a r g u m e n t i s l o s t i n i t s e v o l u t i o n . T h e s e d i f f i c u l t i e s ,h e m a i n t a i n s , a r e n o t d u e t o n e r v o u s n e s s a n d h e i s m o r ee f f i c i e n t w h e n n e r v o u s .On e x a m i n a t i o n t h e r e w e r e n o a b n o r ma l n e u r o l o g i c a l

s i g n s . T h e c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d w a s n o r m a l , a s w e r es k u l l r a d i o g r a p h s . E l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a m s w e r e a b -n o r m a l ( s e e F i g s . 1 a n d 2 ) . D u r i n g t h e r e s t i n g r e c o r d -i n g , t h e a l p h a r h y t h m w a s d o m i n a n t , w i t h o n l y o c -c a s i o n a l s l o w e r w a v e s . D u r i n g o v e r b r e a t h i n g , s l o wa c t i v i t y w a s i n c r e a s e d a n d r a n d o m s h a r p w a v e s o c -

c u r r e d . P h o t i c s t i m u l a t i o n w a s w i t h o u t e f f e c t . A r o t a t -i n g d r u m e v o k e d o p t o k i n e t i c n y s t a g m u s b u t n o e l e c t r o -e n c e p h a l o g r a p h i c ( E E G ) c h a n g e . On t h r e e o c c a s i o n st h e E E G w a s r e c o r d e d d ur i n g l o ng p e r i o d s o f r e a d i n g ,t w o w i t h o u t e f f e c t , a n d t h e o t h e r f o l l o w e d b y i n c r e a s e dE E G a b n o r m n a l i t y . A f t e r t h r e e h o u r s o f r e a d i n g , i r r e g u l a rj e r k s o f t h e l ow e r j a w a n d t w i t c h i n g o f t h e u p p e r l i p