Dr. Engr. Sami ur RahmanAssistant Professor

Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of Malakand

Visualization in Medicine

Course Introduction

Introduction

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 2

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 3

Medical visualization

Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg

Scientific visualization

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 4

Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg

Scientific vs. Medical Visualization

SciVisData exploration

(undirected)Testing a hypothesis and its

visualizationPresenting results

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MedVisCheck-up examinationVerifying/extending a

diagnosis made based on symptoms

Providing visualizations for treatment

Medical Visualization –what for?

„The purpose of visualization is insight, not pictures...“ (McCormick, 1987)

DiagnosisTherapeutic decisions Intraoperative informationMedical education

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Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg

Medical visualization system

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Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg

2D vs. 3D visualization

Medical imaging started with X-ray 2D projection image of the body Tomographic techniques provide 2D slices Radiologists are familiar with 2D images

Mental fusion to a 3D data set Inspection of each voxel in 2D slices

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 8

2D vs. 3D visualization

3D visualization related to progress in hardware development

Better overview with 3D rendering 3D visualization for radiologists in case of:

Abnormal spatial relations (e.g., vessels) Difficult scenery (e.g., fractures) 3D visualization for therapy:

Surgical operation target is naturally three-dimensional

Dosis in radiation therapy is applied to a volume

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Medical Image Modalities

Image Acquisition Techniques/Modalities X-Rays Imaging FluoroscopyEndoscopyComputed Tomography (CT)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Functional MRIUltrasound ImagingNuclear Imaging

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X-Rays Imaging

First Medical Image

Image Courtesy: University of Freiburg , Germany

Most common medical imaging modalityUses high energy radiation that penetrates

through skin and tissue but not through bones. This produces a radiograph (2D X-rays image)

Areas like bone that absorb more radiation appear whiter while areas that the radiation passes through appear dark

https://docs.google.com/a/uom.edu.pk/presentation/d/1sd8Qqro2ESxD-yueHtPG0AcpWYSRX6EcAhVgriEcOHY/edit#slide=id.p8

Wilhem RotengenUniversity Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 11

Fluoroscopy

An imaging technique used to visualize internal organs while they are in motion

If an X-ray is a still image,fluoroscopy is like a movie

The images are projectedonto a monitor

Very helpful for doctorsbecause they can seeexactly how an organ is functioning

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Endoscopy

Endoscopy refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an endoscope

Unlike most other medical imaging devices, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ

Endoscope: A device using fiber

optics and powerful lens systems to

provide lighting and visualization of

the interior of an organ

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Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

Also known as Computer Assisted Tomography scans (CAT scans)

Uses x-ray equipment to produce 3D images by taking a series of pictures from different angles

http://12000.org

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Using hydrogen atoms of water present

in body tissues

Excitation using radio waves

Image formation from the de-excitation

Useful for imaging brain, liver, soft tissues

Used for diagnosing cancer,

brain diseases, cardiovascular diseasesen.wikipedia.org

http://12000.org

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Functional MRI

Technique for measuring brain activity

Can be used showing which parts of the brain are involved in a particular mental process

Uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure

FMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world

fMRI of the brain listening to sounds (blue) and seeing pictures (orange)Courtesy: Hannah Devlin, Oxford University

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Ultrasound Imaging

Uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of soft tissuesA transducer produces sound waves that enter the body and are reflected back. This reflection creates an imageUltrasounds are commonly used during pregnancy tostudy the developing fetus3D ultrasound, 4D ultrasound:Uses the 2D ultrasound imagestaken at various angles

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NI looks at physiological processes (not anatomical structures)Radioactive drugs that emit gamma rays are injected into a patient's bloodstreamThe nuclear camera takes a "photograph" of the gamma rays Tells about the biological activity Used for diagnosing cancer, heart disease and kidney malfunctionNI scanners: PET and SPECT

Nuclear Imaging (NI)

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