Alternative feed ingredients – real options or just a nice idea?

Dr. Brian Richert

Department of Animal Sciences

Background• Biofuels: Is it the savior?

• Reduce Dependency on Foreign Oil

• Improve the Environment

• Reinvest in rural America

• Decrease Government subsidies to Farmers due to higher grain prices

Energy and Amino Acid Sources

• Pigs don’t require corn & SBM

• Corn-SBM diets typically provide the “best” nutrition at the lowest cost

• In times of high corn and SBM prices, producers can make $ using alternate feed ingredients

Ingredient Substitutions

Is the nutrient composition suited to swine feeding?

• Check composition tables & lab analyses

• Are the nutrients available to the pig? If not, why bother feeding it?

• Is there a palatability issue?

• Potential for nutrient imbalances–Ca-P or Amino Acids?

• Mycotoxins or other anti-nutritional factors

Are there added costs of utilizing the by-product?

• Added transportation

• Storage

• Processing equipment

• Facility modifications

• Additional labor

• Feed wastage

• Reduced facility & equipment life

• More mgnt time

• Manure problems

• Increased health risk

• Reduced performance due to product variability

Energy Replacement Options for CornIngredient $/ton ME / lb Cost/1000 ME

Corn 240-250 1550 0.0790

Sorghum 228-233 1515 0.0759

Wheat-feed grade 300-325 1455 0.1074

Wheat Midds 166-174 1370 0.0620

Barley 196 1322 0.0741

Oats 256 1230 0.1041

Pulverized Oats 140-145 1230 0.0578

Soybean hulls 145-190 1064 0.0775

DDGS 195-210 1560 0.0657

Corn Gluten feed 142-160 1180 0.0636

Hominy Feed 180-190 1455 0.0636

Bakery By-product 260-280 1680 0.0804

Choice White Grease 880-920 3608 0.1247

Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs March, 2011

Energy Replacement Options for CornIngredient $/ton ME / lb Cost/1000 ME

Corn 206-216 1550 0.0671

Sorghum 204-218 1515 0.0696

Wheat-feed grade 202-215 1455 0.0716

Wheat Midds 145-175 1370 0.0584

Barley 219 1322 0.0741

Oats 212 1230 0.0862

Pulverized Oats 138-145 1230 0.0575

Soybean hulls 150-205 1064 0.0705

DDGS 175-190 1560 0.0593

Corn Gluten feed 145-190 1180 0.0742

Hominy Feed 195-205 1455 0.0687

Bakery By-product 260-280 1680 0.0804

Choice White Grease 800-860 3608 0.1109

Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs Jan.2-Jan.13, 2012

Digestible Lysine Replacement Options for Corn

Ingredient $/ton dLys , % Cost / lb Lys

Corn 206-216 .203 51.72

Sorghum 204-218 .178 59.27

Wheat-feed grade 202-215 .275 37.57

Wheat Midds 145-175 .507 15.78

Barley 219 .324 33.80

Oats 212 .304 34.87

Pulverized Oats 138-145 .304 23.19

Soybean hulls 150-205 .419 20.80

DDGS 175-190 .484 19.11

Corn Gluten feed 145-190 .416 21.03

Hominy Feed 195-205 .247 40.49

Bakery By-product 260-280 .208 64.90

SBM, 48% 295-315 2.718 5.61

Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 2011

How much Alternative Feed Ingredients to Use?

• It depends!

• Stage of Production / Age of Pig– Carcass implications

• What is your ingredient costs– $4-4.50 or $6-7 corn

• What is your environmental status?– Can you use more manure N and P?

Low Quality, Less Digestible DDGS

High Quality, Highly Digestible DDGS

Effect of Processing Method on DDGS Quality

DDGS Nutrition Options

• Energy

• Amino Acids (Protein)

• Phosphorus

Variations in Distillers Dried Grains w/solubles from 36 New Generation Plants

Swine Digestibility• Protein 63.5 – 84.3% - 72.8 Avg.• Lysine 43.9 – 77.9% - 62.3 Avg.• Threonine 61.9 – 82.5% - 70.7 Avg.• Tryptophan 54.2 – 80.1% - 69.9 Avg.• Methionine 73.7 – 89.2% - 81.9 Avg.

• Phosphorus– .77 - .90% Tot.P vs Corn at .28% Tot.P (15% Dig.)– 35-85% Digestible; Avg. 59%

• Stein, 2007

Quick Check on AA Availability

• Use the ratio of total lysine to CP of 2.80

• Example: DDGS has 0.83% Lys and 30% CP– 0.83 / 0.30 = 2.76– 0.83 / 0.28 = 2.96– 0.78 / 0.30 = 2.60

• As CP goes up so should analyzable lysine

Nursery: Performance 12-20 lbsExp. 2 (Phase 2)

0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00

ADG 0.57 0.58 0.49 0.50 0.45 0.47

ADFI 0.72 0.83 0.67 0.64 0.67 0.62

G:F 0.65 0.62 0.65 0.59 0.62 0.62

0% DDGS

5% DDGS

10% DDGS

15% DDGS

20% DDGS

25% DDGS

Gain P = 0.57

Feed Intake P = 0.05

G:F P = 0.70 Whitney and Shurson, 2004

20 or 25% DDGS

Gain = 1.5 lb lighter after 2 weeks

Consumed 2 lb less Feed

Nursery: Performance 25-50 lbsExp. 5

11.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8

ADG 1.32 1.32 1.28 1.22 1.23

ADFI 1.79 1.76 1.72 1.65 1.65

F:G 1.35 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.34

Control10%

DDGS20%

DDGS30%

DDGS40%

DDGS

Gain P < 0.01

Feed Intake P < 0.01

F:G P = 0.79

a aba bb

aa bab b

Gaines et al. 2006

30 or 40% DDGS

Gain = 1.5 lb lighter after 2 weeks

Consumed 2 lb less Feed

Feeding DDGS to Finisher Pigs

Increasing levels of DDGS on Grower pig ADG

1.972.032.072.042.06

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

2.3

0 5 10 15 20

0

5

10

15

20

Percent Distillers

Linneen et al., 2007; KSU

lb/d

DDGS, P < 0.06

SE=0.033

Increasing levels of DDGS on Grow-Finish pig ADG

1.841.831.891.87

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

0 10 20 30

0

10

20

30

Percent DistillersDiets balanced on an Avail. AA Basis

Linneen et al., 2005, KSU

lb/d

DDGS linear, P < 0.10

2.162.182.23

2.27

1.8

2

2.2

2.4

0 10 20 30

0

10

20

30

DDGS linear, P < 0.01

Fu et al., 2004, Univ. of Missouri

lb/d

Effect on Carcass Weight

180

190

200

210

220

0% DDGS 10% DDGS 20% DDGS 30% DDGS

DDGS treatment

Ca

rca

ss

we

igh

t, lb

s

Diet, P = 0.04

- 6.0 lbs- 6.5 lbs

- 9.5 lbs

Fu et al. 2003

a ab ab b

Increasing levels of DDGS on Finishing pig Variability

10.4

8.37.156.92

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30

0

10

20

30

Percent DistillersWhitney et al., 2006

CV, %

DDGS, P < 0.02SE=0.74

40% DDGS and 5% Fat• 40% DDGS decreased ADG 11% (2.27 vs 2.04

lb/d), ADFI 6.3%, FE 4.3% in Exp. 1 – 40% DDGS decreased Carcass Wt 19.2 lb over

a 69 day feeding period.

• Decreased ADG 6.2% (1.80 vs 1.69 lb/d), ADFI 4%, FE 2.3% and 10 lb carcass wt. in Exp. 2 over 70 days.

• Added Beef Tallow , Palm oil, coconut, or stearic fat could not restore growth

Feoli, et al., 2008

60% DDGS in GF20% DDGS 60% DDGS P<

B G B G DDGS

D 0-78

ADG 1.96 1.91 1.85 1.83 0.001

ADFI 5.22 4.89 5.17 4.84 NS

FG 2.67 2.56 2.79 2.64 0.001

BW, lb 233.4 226.8 223.4 221.2 0.001

Jowl IV 69.9 72.5 80.7 83.8 0.001

Switch 60% to 20% d 78-99

ADG 2.40 2.30 2.54 2.47 0.01

Final BW 281.7 273.5 275.9 271.3 0.02

Carcass Wt

210.3 203.1 204.7 199.6 0.01

Jowl IV 71.1 74.4 80.2 82.2 0.05

Bergstrom et al., 2010

Sow Research

• Hill et al., 2005 (Lactation)– 15% DDGS vs 5% BP– No effect on Lactation performance– Slight reduction in fecal P

• Urinary P?

• Univ. of Kentucky (1995)– Can go as high as 40% DDGS in Gestation

• 80% DDGS decreased litter size by about 1 pig

– Can go as high as 80% CGF in Gestation

Sow Research

• Univ. of Minn.– Can go as high as 50% in Gestation

• Sows eat slowly at 50%, but will consume allotment

– 20% in Lactation – Warning – need to start Gestation DDGS before

Lactation or Lactation FI will be Decreased

– Up to 30% DDGS or HP DDGS, No prefeeding DDGS in Gestation - 2010

– High DDGS feeding can lead to discounts on cull sows due to poor fat quality

DDGS and Pork Quality

• Processing/Handling issues– Fat firmness (IV values increase to 75-80)– Shelf-life– Export marketing- decrease in marbling score and

increase in fat separation from the lean– Increased problems with processed products

• Potential human health issues– n-6:n-3

• n-6 increases drastically (doubles)

– Fatty acid composition – high linoleic (18:2)

Impact of DDGS on Iodine Value

• Increase in IV for each 10% DDGS– Backfat - 2.4 units– Jowl - 1.6 units– Belly - 3.0 units

KSU Summary, 11/2007

Different Levels of DDGS on Belly Quality

0%, no Added Fat

30% DDGS

20% DDGS

10% DDGS

0% DDGS + ~ 3% Added Fat (CWG)

Iodine Value

P < 0.0001

62.54c ± 0.607

71.15b ± 0.600

79.64a ± 0.600

Bacon Slice Yield

Dietary treatment

Percent relative change from dietary

treatment1,2 SE

Corn-SBM Control 0.0a ----

25% DDGS -2.95a 2.64

25% DDGS + 5.3% RG -18.46b 2.64

1 n=40 per dietary treatment2 Means followed by different superscripts differ, P<0.01

Consumer Purchase Intent

Corn-SBMControl

25% DDGS

25% DDGS+ 5.3% RG

Uncooked bacon

Would purchase 70.68 72.18 47.32

Might or might not purchase 21.05 20.30 29.46

Would not purchase 8.27 7.52 23.21

Cooked bacon

Would purchase 68.65 67.67 50.45

Might or might not purchase 24.63 24.81 28.83

Would not purchase 6.72 7.52 20.72

Increasing levels of DDGS on Pork Quality

Cont. NF

Cont. +

~ 3% CWG

10% 20% 30%

Belly bending, %

Barrows 100ax 96ax 91ax 59bx 49bx

Gilts 80ax 82ax 67aby 44bcy 27cy

%BF – loin Separation

25.0 16.7 66.7 75.0 91.7

abcMeans within a row are significantly different (P< 0.05).xyMeans within a column are significantly different (P< 0.05). Weimer et al., 2007

Can the Belly and Loin problems be fixed?

• Withdrawal Programs?• 3-4 or 6-8 week DDGS withdrawal• Interaction with Ractopamine

feeding?• Increased Tallow feeding 4 or 8

weeks?• Combinations of withdrawal, Fats,

CLA?

Effect of 30% DDGS withdrawal time on dressing percent

77.1

75.976.5

77.1

72.0

74.0

76.0

78.0

80.0

Control none 3 wk 6 wk

30% DDGS

Yei

ld, %

JBS United 2007

Impact of 25% DDGS Withdrawal and Ractopamine

DDGS 0 0 25 25 25-4 25-4

RAC - + - + - +

Mkt Wt. 267.4 285.4 260.4 274.6 270.5 280.9

Yield, % 74.7 75.5 74.4 75.3 74.3 75.9

Carcass Wt. 199.7 215.4 193.5 206.8 200.2 213.2

Purdue University 2007

Sows and Brat Quality

Taste Panel Evaluation

Consumer Preference on Fresh Bratwurst Purchase

Gestation DDGS

Lactation DDGS

Purchase UndecidedWould not purchase

0

0 80.49 12.20 7.3215 71.43 23.81 4.7630 68.29 24.39 7.32

15

0 73.17 21.95 4.8815 65.00 30.00 5.0030 65.85 29.27 4.88

30

0 52.50 27.50 20.0015 53.84 20.51 25.6430 42.50 45.00 12.50

P<0.016

Possible Sow Body Fat Changes

• Assume sows are 65 IV points, sold two weeks after farrowing.– Fed 20% DDGS, now 71.4– Fed 30% DDGS, now 74.6– Fed 40% DDGS, now 77.8– Fed 50% DDGS, now 81.0

• Long Term use of DGGS may create a change in CWG FA profiles – reflective of the DDGS fed to slaughter animals!

Other Economic concerns• IF PERFORMANCE IS REDUCED

• What is time worth?– Need time to put on more weight– 3 lbs in nursery, 10-25 lb GF– 1-2 more weeks – extra $0.70-$1.50– Another 6.5 lb/d feed = 40-100 lb more feed (at

0.11/lb = $4.40-11 more feed)– OR 4-15 lb less carcass X $0.75 = $3.00 - $11.25 less

Income / pig– How much feed cost did you save?

How much DDGS to Use?• It depends!

• Stage of Production / Age of Pig– Carcass implications

• What is your ingredient costs– $4-4.50 or $6-7 corn

• What is your environmental status?– Can you use more manure N and P?

Recommended Use of DDGS in Swine Diets

My Maximum Use RecommendationsNursery – 0, 5, 10, 20%Grow-finish – 30, 40, 40, 10%Lactation – 25%Gestation – 50%

Increased Lysine use

DecreasedThreonine,MethionineDical or Monocal

My Optimal Use RecommendationsNursery – 0, 0, 7.5, 15%Grow-finish – 20, 25, 25, 0%Lactation – 10%Gestation – 30%

Increasing Wheat Midds in Nursery pig diets

Corn Soy –Control 0% WM

5% WM 10% WM 20% WM Linear P<

26-52 lb

ADG, lb 1.27 1.25 1.25 1.21 0.05

ADFI, lb 2.08 2.08 1.99 1.97 0.004

F/G 1.64 1.66 1.60 1.63 0.36

D 21 wt, lb 52.90 52.43 52.25 51.53 0.01

Bulk Density lb/bu

53.09 50.69 47.80 43.18

De Jong et al., 2011

Wheat midds replaced about 1.2% SBM and 3.8% Corn for every 5% inclusion

Wheat midds (%): 0 10 20 40 60

Light or clean midds Daily gain, lb 1.81 1.78 1.72 1.70 1.59 Daily feed, lb 5.93 6.12 5.99 5.99 5.85 Feed:gain 3.27 3.42 3.49 3.54 3.70Heavy or starchy midds Daily gain, lb 1.83 1.76 1.83 1.72 1.65 Daily feed, lb 5.99 5.81 5.94 5.72 6.17 Feed:gain 3.27 3.29 3.25 3.35 3.74

Increasing wheat midds in Grow-finish pig diets

Light midds – 18-20 lb/cu ft; Heavy midds – 22-24 lb/cu ft Cromwell, 1997

20% DDGS and increasing Wheat Midds in Grow-finish

Corn Soy -Control

DDGS + 0% WM

DDGS + 10% WM

DDGS + 20% WM

Linear P<

100-295 lb

ADG, lb 2.32 2.29 2.22 2.19 0.01

F/G 3.00 3.06 3.09 3.11 0.01

HCWT 220.7 216.3 210 206.4 0.01

Barnes et al., 2010

Increasing DDGS and increasing Wheat Midds in Grow-finish

Corn Soy –Control + 2.4% CWG

15% DDGS +6.25% WM +1.2%CWG

30% DDGS +12.5% WM

Linear P<

106-270 lb

ADG, lb 2.22 2.17 2.12 0.001

F/G 2.86 2.91 3.01 0.001

HCWT 201.3 196.9 192.5 0.001

Yield, % 73.4 73.0 72.4 0.01

Bulk Density -8.2% -16.3%

Barnes et al., 2011No effect of 4,000 units xylanase to improve growth performance

Hominy Feed in Grow-finish

Hominy 0 12.5% 25% 37.5% Linear P<

D0-84

ADG, lb 2.24 2.13 2.11 2.05 0.01

ADFI, lb 6.32 5.90 5.91 5.72 0.01

F/G 2.82 2.78 2.80 2.78 0.35

D0 Wt., lb 79.4 78.8 79.4 79.6 0.68

D84 Wt., lb 268.2 257.8 258.9 253.3 0.01

Potter et al., 2010

Hominy is the corn bran, germ, and some starch from corn grits/flour industryCP=9.5%, Fat = 4.5%, CF = 2.8%

Soyhulls in Finishing pig dietsSoyhulls 0 3 6 9 9 + 4%

FatSignif.

Wk 0-4

ADG, lb 2.05 2.19 1.85 1.92 2.14 L 0.04

G:F .310 .326 .310 .306 .337 Q.10

Wk 4-8

ADG, lb 2.02 1.98 1.93 1.90 1.97 L 0.10

G:F .279 .274 .271 .252 .275 L 0.03

Wk 0-8

ADG, lb 2.03 2.08 1.89 1.91 2.05 L 0.01

G:F .294 .295 .288 .276 .302 L 0.02

Bowers et al., 2000

Extrusion of Corn, Sorghum, Wheat or Barley for finishing pigs

Corn Sorghum Wheat Barley

Grd Ext Grd Ext Grd Ext Grd Ext

ADG,lb 2.22 2.22 2.19 2.13 2.12 2.09 1.97 1.95

ADFI, lb

6.58 6.29 6.83 6.05 6.80 6.34 6.54 6.30

F/G 2.96 2.83 3.12 2.84 3.21 3.03 3.32 3.23

F/G % Improv.

4.4 9.0 5.6 2.7

DM Dig 86.7 91.4 88.8 90.2 86.0 85.9 75.9 82.4

N Dig 81.8 88.0 79.7 84.4 85.4 85.4 70.5 78.8

Hancock et al., 1992

Enzyme Use with By-products • Match enzyme to substrate• Increase energy and or AA digestibility• Denature anti-nutritional factors

– Xylanase – Glucanase– Mannanase– Galactosidases– Amylase– Proteases– Cellulase and Hemi-cellulases

Recommend Inclusion rates of alternative feed stuffs

• Range based on composition– Energy (lipid and fiber limits)– Amino acids– Cost of the nutrients – Feed Flowability and processing– Bulk density – deliver only 20 or 21 tons vs

25 tons?– Consistency – eg. Low or high fat DDGS – Lowest in Nursery

Adding Feed Ingredients to the Mill

• Space / Electrical

• Feed System capabilities

• 35 ton tank - $10,000

• Product availability?– Sourcing through

marketers or nutritionists

• Product fit?

• Return on investment

Economics of Swine Nutrition • Cost per ton of feed• Cost per unit of lysine• Cost per unit of digestible lysine• Cost per unit of digestible energy• Total feed cost per pig marketed• Cost per lb of gain• Cost per lb carcass sold

• For Every 0.01 improvement in F:G will decrease total feed costs by $0.28-0.30/pig

Boyd, 2008

Thank you!

Questions?

Swine Nutrient Excretion Issues with DDGS

• N excretion increases 15-200+%– Ammonia emissions?

• P can be managed by decreases MCP/DCP• Increased DM excretion/Increased solids?

Increased Sludge?• Crust formation? Flies? Ammonia?• Increased Sulfur – Hydrogen sulfide

Emissions?

New Fractionation Processes will change DDGS and it’s nutritional value

• Degerming– Press the oil to human or Bio-diesel– Reduces oil and may reduce P

• Dehulling– Reduces fiber

• Seperation post-fermentation– Fiber and/or oil removed

• Syrup levels used and fractioning or recycling

Comparison of Conventional DDGS and Fractionated Products

Conventional Fractionation Process

Ethanol 2.8 gal 2.8 gal

DDGS 17 lb 7 lb

Germ --- 4 lb

Fiber/ hull

--- 4 lb

Corn Oil

(2 lb) 2 lb

Dakota Gold Products• Distillers wet Grains• Dakota Gold - DDGS• Dakota Gold – HP

– Endosperm fraction• Corn Germ Dehydrated

– Germ fraction• Dakota Bran

– Fiber plus solubles in a wet cake, dry or pellet• Modified Distillers Grain• Corn Condensed Distillers Solubles

• Using BPX™ and BFrac™ Technologies

Dakota Gold Product Profiles(As Fed)

DDGS DDGS-HP

Corn Germ

Dakota Branb

SBM, 48% CP

CP 26.6 41.0 15.6 13.7 47.5

Lys 0.89 1.19 0.82 ? 3.02

M+C 1.25 1.81 0.74 ? 1.41

Thre 1.01 1.63 0.57 ? 1.85

Tryp 0.28 0.36 0.20 ? 0.68

Fat 9.7 3.0 17.8 8.1 0.5

Fiber 6.1 6.9 5.1 ??? 3.4

MEa 1647 1695 1844 ??? 1533

Phos 0.79 0.37 1.40 0.61 0.69 a Corn ME = 1505b only 52% DM

Rapid Lab Tests for QualityStein, Pahm, and Pedersen, 2005

• One-Step pepsin digest – R2 = 0.52• Two-Step pepsin-pancreatin digest – R2 = 0.79• Color – R2 = 0.53-0.67 • KOH Solubility – R2 = 0.47• Furosine – R2 =0.71• Reactive lysine – R2 = 0.66

• IDEA Value (Novus) vs. True Lys Dig. (Poultry) – R2 = 0.88

• Urriola et al., 2007• Include Color, ADF, NDF, Hemicell., Starch (tot, insol, and sol.),

Part. Size, Sol CP, CP, Insol CP– Dig. CP R2=.78-.80– Dig. Lys R2= .57-.44

SBM vs DDGS• DDGS contains 57% of the protein of SBM

– (27.3/47.5)

• DDGS contains 28% of the total lysine of SBM– (.84/3.02)

• DDGS contains 20% of the available lysine– (.52/2.57)

• This is why it replaces a greater percentage of Corn in the diet than SBM in monogastric diets (65 Corn:22 SBM:11 Fat) + Lysine

Replacement ratio strategies with DDGS + Lysine

• 65 Corn : 22 SBM : 11 Fat : 1 Dical– PU

• 57.0 Corn : 42.5 SBM– Univ. ILL

• 88.5 Corn : 10 SBM : 3 Dical– Univ. of Missouri

• It comes down to the quality of DDGS and AA availability!