dr. althea r. arenajo. calcium both plants and animals contain calcium in some combined form in...
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GROUP II METALSDr. Althea R. Arenajo
CALCIUMBoth plants and animals contain calcium in
some combined form In animals it is the primary element in
bonesReduction in the amount of ionized
calcium n the blood causes a hypocalcemic tetany characterized by an increase irritability of all types of nerves and muscles
CALCIUMSerum calcium in excess has the opposite
effect and from the pharmacological point of view may be considered as sedative
Calcium has a cardiac action similar to digitales The cardiac effects of calcium are related
to the delicate balance between calcium and potassium ion
CALCIUMEither one in excess when in excess
causing cessation of the heartExcess potassium causes a diastolic arrest,
whereas excess calcium causes systolic arrest
Oral administration of calcium salts durimg calcium therapy is not necessarily contraindicated because it is difficult to achieve a significant rise in blood calciun by this route
CALCIUMIt is necessary to observe great care if
large doses of vit D or parathyroid extract are being administered simultaneously
Calcium decreases the permeability of the capillaries and thereby prevents edemas
Cacium has a role in blood clotting however, calcium deficiency is the cause of prolonged clotting
CALCIUMNutritional deficiency of calcium lead to
faulty growthThe need for calcium therapy in this
condition may result from insufficient intake, insufficient Vit D
Vit D is essential for the maximum absorption of dietary calcium
Insufficient calcium in the diet together with too little calcium in the skeleton
CALCIUM results in rickets in children and
osteomalacia in adultsNew use of calcium salts is in the control
or relief of various allergic manifestations – eczema, pruritis, and urticaria
Some of the insoluble calcium salts are used as gastric anatacids and do not cause systemic alkalosis
CALCIUM Official calcium compounds:1. Calcium Carbonate The most distributed calcium salts Used as antacid but is not well absorbed, patients
treated with CaCO3 show alkalosis and hypercalemia
2. Precipitated chalk (Creta Preparata, drop Chalk) Is a native form of calcium carbonate that has
been freed from most of its impurities
CALCIUM3. Calcium Chloride USPThe chloride part decreases the alkali
reserve of the bodyOften administered to produce an acid urine
or a definite acidosis4. Calcium Gluconate USPIt is a source of calcium ion both for oral,
intravenus and intramuscular useIt is much superior to calcium chloride, it
has a better taste and less irritating
CALCIUM4. Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked Lime)Internally, used as antacidThe sol’n is added to babies formula to prevent curding of milk in the presence of acid gastric contentsThis promotes the digestibility of milk5. Calcium Lactate NF Used orally and parenterally for the action of calcium ions
CALCIUM6. Calcium Oxide ( Lime, Quicklime)It is not used internally, but in making
various insecticides and a constituent of many fertilizers
7. Sulfurated Lime (Vlemincx’s Sol’n, Vlem-Dome) Useful as scabicide, acne and many other skin diseases
CALCIUM8. Dibasic Calcium PhosphateContains a ratio of 1:1 calcium to phosphorus, used for oral consumption as
electrolyte replenisherThis salt supply both calcium and
phosphorus, valuable for bone growth in children, pregnant women and lactating mothers
It is supplied with or without Vit D
CALCIUM9. Tribasic Calcium Phosphate(Precipitated
Calcium Phosphate) Use: gastric antacid Dose: 1 Gm10. Calcium Phosphate (Plaster of Paris,
Exsiccated Calcium Sulfate, Dried calcium Sulfate)
Used: for preparing bandages that will set up into a rigid form when wet with tepid water and wound onto a limb
CALCIUM10. Bleaching Powder (Chlorinated Lime,
Chloride of Lime) CaOCl . H2OIs a white or grayish – white, granular
powder, having a distict odor of chlorineIt is partially soluble in water and alcohol,
not deliquescentUsed for disinfecting and as bleaching
agents
CALCIUM10. Calcium Bromide NF It is a white granular salt, bitter taste, and very deliquescentIt is used as same purpose as any other
bromideHas sedative action of bromide ion, by
virtue of its being central depressant It has a synergistic action with calcium
bromide since both are nerve sedative
BERYLLIUMObtained from the mineral beryl , the chief
ore where it got its name Also contain a little chromium silicate, thus
also called as emeraldIt is a hard, white, ductile and malleable
mineralPharma Action of Berullium ion:There is a nutritional disturbances with
loss of nitrogen, sulfur an dphosphorus
BERYLLIUMIntravenously, it is toxic disturbing the
respiration, circulation & tempiseraturePoisoning results from cuts obtained by
glass of broken fluorescent light tubesThe metal is now regarded as one of the
most toxic in common useIt is never employed in medicineIt is used to make wire for pianos, musical
instruments, artificial precious stones and scientific instruments
MAGNESIUMThe salt was obtained by evaporating the
water of a mineral spring at Epsom, tus the name Epsom Salt
Closely related to calcium and occurs widely and abundantly distributed
Mg is present in chlorophyll, Mg salts is associated with Ca compds in plants
Mg3 (PO4)2 occurs in bones and is one of the organic physiological constituent of urine
MAGNESIUMMagnalium is an alloy composed of
aluminumIt is used in photographyFlash-light is mixture of powdered Mg and
KClO3 or BaO2 This is also used in pyrotechniques, tracer
bullets, fire bombs, night flaresThe metal is soluble in acids with the
evolution of H and formation of salts
MAGNESIUMPharma Action of Mg ion:Mg ion is vital to life in the human bodyIt is present to about 20 g in the body with
bones contg 11.0 g, muscle 6.0 g, and the remaining widely dustributed in tissues and fluids
A daily intake of 7 to 10 mg /kg is sufficient to maintain Mg balance
The daily requirement is closer to 5mg/kg
MAGNESIUMIt is obtained mainly from keafy green
vegetables, milk and meatIts most impt function is activator of many
enzyme systems such as splitters of peptides and phosphate cmpdsIt is a powerful anaesthetic IM and IVThe depressant action is on the cellular
portion of the neuron and the neuromuscular junction
MAGNESIUMAn excess of Mg decreases the amount of
tranmitter subs, acetylcholine, liberate at the end plate
It is used as central nervous system depressants in obstetrics, convulsant states, and symptoms of tetanus
Its absorption in the GIT is retarded by alkaline and increased by acid media
Most absorption is in the acid media of duodenum
MAGNSIUMIt is used as saline laxative It is also used internally for its anti
inflammatory action when applied as a hypertonic sol’n (sitz bath)
Magnesium Compounds: 1. Magnesium Carbonate Used as antacid, it is contraindicated only when the stomach must not be burdened with CO2
MAGNESIUMIt acts as a laxative in the alimentary tract
since it is converted into soluble magnesium carbonate
The soluble salts also acts as saline cathartics and acts by the absorption of water
Alkaline preps are used as clarifying or filtering agent (Tolu Balsam Syrup, Aromatic Eriodictyon Syrup)
MAGNESIUMIt is also used as abrasive in some tooth
powders, as a cosmetic and ingredient in some silver polishes
2. Magnesium Hydroxide NF (Milk of Magnesia, Magnesia Magma)
It is an efficient anatacid and the MgCl formed in the stomach exerts a ‘salt action’ in the intestinal tract causing mild laxative action
MAGNESIUMA blue - colored glass bottle enhances the
white character and is usually used to dispense milk of magnesia
It should be stored at temperature not exceeding 350 C and should not be permitted to freeze
3. Magnesiun Oxide It is of two types: light and heavy The label should indicate whether it is light or heavy
MAGNESIUMLight MgO is finely ground and mix with
MgCl and set to hard, strong and durable cement. Known as magnesia cement, oxychloride cement, Sorel’s cement and zylolith
Heavy MgO obtained by heating to white heat MgCO3
Aromatic Cascara Sagrada Fluidextract USP – is allowed to react for 48 hours with the bitter principle of cascara bark
MAGNESIUMDose: antacid = 250 mg 4X day; laxative = 4 gUniversal Antidote: mixture of tannic acid, and
charcoal4. Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salts) Uses: saline cathartic; as antidote for
barium, barbiturate, and other types of poisoning
Intravenous and intramuscular injection is used mostly as depressant