dr. ali somily
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Vaginitis. Dr. Ali Somily. Termonology and Pathogenesis. Vulvovaginitis , vulvitis , and vaginitis Are general terms that refer to the inflammation of the vagina and/or vulva Normal flora Lactobacilli - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Ali Somily
Laboratory Diagnosis of
Vaginitis
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Termonology and PathogenesisVulvovaginitis, vulvitis, and vaginitis Are general terms that refer to the
inflammation of the vagina and/or vulva Normal flora Lactobacilli Changes in the vaginal acidity or disturb
the normal bacteria in the vagina may predispose to an infection.
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Characteristics of the Vagina and Cervix in
Women of Reproductive AgeVagina Cervix
pH <4.5 7.0
Epithelial cells
Squamous Columnar
Pathogens/ Syndrome
Bacterial vaginosis Candida species Trichomonas vaginalis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Chlamydia trachomatis
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VAGINOSIS/VAGINITIS
Most common reason for patient visit to OB/GYN.
Three primary infections in order of prevalence:Bacterial vaginosisCandidiasisTrichomoniasis
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Causes of vulvovaginitisBacterial : Bacterial vaginosis (40%)Fungal : Candida vulvovaginitis (25%)Parasitic : trichomonal vulvovaginitis
(25%)Low estrogen levels (called "atrophic
vaginitis")Allergic or irritation or injury response from spermicidal products, condoms, soaps, and bubble bath called “contact vulvovaginitis”.
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History• General
gyneclogical history
• Menstrual history
• Pregnancy• Sexual Hx• Contraception• Sexual
relationship• Prior infection
• General medical Hx–Allergies–DM–Malignancies– Immunodeficiecy
• Medication OCP<steroids, duches
• Symptoms
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Bacterial VaginosisMost common of vaginal syndrom
A change in the balance of normal vaginal bacteria.
Very high numbers of bacteria such as
Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Bacteroides species, and Mobiluncus species.
In contrast, Lactobacillus bacteria are in very low numbers or completely absent.
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Clinical FeaturesItching and burning.Fishy-smelling (specially after sexual intercourse and menses) thin, milky-white or gray vaginal discharge.
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Clinical presentation of BV
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BV SequelaeOB complicationPreterm deliveryPremature rupture of
membranesAmniotic fluid infectionChrorioamnionitisPostpartum
endometritisPremature laborLow birth weight
GYN ComplicationPelvic inflammatory
disease (PID)Postabortal pelvic
inflammatory diseasePosthysterectomy
infectionsMucopurulent
cervicitisEndometritisIncreased risk of
HIV/STD
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DiagnosisRelated symptoms and sexual history.
Examination of introitus may reveal erythema of the vulva and edema of the labia.
Speculum examination. A sample of the vaginal swab.
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Office Diagnostics for VaginitisEmpiric diagnoses often inaccurate and lead to incorrect treatment and management.
Need for rapid, accurate and inexpensive diagnostic tests.
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OFFICE-BASED TESTS FORVAGINITIS ARE UNDERUTLIZED
Simple, inexpensive, office-based tests were underutilized. Microscopy PH measurementWhiff amine test
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CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OFBV
Clinical diagnosis.3 out of 4 of these criteria.
_____________________________________
1. PH greater than 4.52. Positive Whiff test 3. Any clue cells 4. Homogenous discharge.
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Clue cell wet mount
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Gram Stain Diagnosis
Predominance of lactobacilli = normal.
mixed small gram-positive and gram-negative rods ± curved rods = BV.
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Gram Stain Diagnosis (cont.)
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Normal vaginal gram stain
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BV
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Intermediate gram stain
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PH TESTPH indicator strips: pH 3.5 - 7.0Place sample of vaginal secretion on test strip: read while still moist.
PH>4.5 indicates abnormality (i.e. BV-Trichomonas- or menstrual blood).
Be careful not to sample the cervix; cervical secretions and blood have a PH 7.0.
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KOH "WHIFF" TESTSample of vaginal secretions are placed in a test tube with 10% KOH.
KOH alkalizes amines produced by anaerobic bacteria-results in a sharp "fishy odor"
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WET MOUNT PREPARATIONVaginal secretion sample from the anterior fornix and lateral wall
Place swab in test tube with small amount of normal saline and place sample on glass slide with cover slip
Visualize at both low and high powerClue cells, yeast, trichomonas, WBC, bacteria.
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NORMAL-WET MOUNT
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Normal vaginal Gram Stain
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CANDIDIASISOvergrowth of a normal inhabitant of the
vagina.Predisposing factors: Pregnancy , DM,
Immunocompramized conditions, antibacterial treatment .
Clinical Presentation : Irritation, pruritis, soreness, painful sexual intercourse burring on passing urine , and a thick, curdy, white (like cottage cheese) vaginal discharge.
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Diagnosis of VVCWet prep to see clumps of pseudohyphae.
Budding yeast and no pseudohyphae in patients with C glabrata.
KOH prep helpful but not always necessary.
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Yeast-Wet Prep
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Candidiasis
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Vaginal Yeast Cultures
Probably not routinely indicated - many women are colonized with Candida
If obtained must correlate with patient signs and symptoms
For recurrent infections culture and susceptibility testing may be helpful
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TRICHOMONIASISSexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas is the most prevalent
non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) agent.
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Clinical FeaturesVaginal discharge, pruritis in females,
but may be asymptomatic. Painful urination, Painful sexual
intercourseA malodorous smelling yellow-green
to gray, sometimes frothy, vaginal discharge.
Males usually asymptomatic, but can cause Non-gonococcal urethritis .
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Trichomonas Complications
Trichomonas associated with:o Premature rupture of membranes o Preterm labor and birtho Low birth weighto Increased transmission of other STDs
including HIV
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Trichomonas Wet Prep
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Trichomonas-Pap Smear
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Culture is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Its disadvantages include cost and
prolonged time before diagnosis
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Other Methods of Diagnosis
EIASensitivity 91.6% Specificity 97.7%
DNA Probe
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Clinical syndrom
Etiology Treatment
Bacterial vaginosis Malodorous vaginal discharge, pH >4.5
Etiology unclear: associated with Gardenella vaginalis mobiluncus, Prevotella sp.,
MetronidazoleTinidazole
TrichomoniasisCopious foamy discharge, pH >4.5 Treat sexual partners
Trichomonas vaginalis
MetronidazoleTinidazole
CandidiasisPruritus, thick cheesy discharge, pH <4.5
Candida albicans 80-90%.C. Glabrata, C. tropicalis
Oral azole: FluconazoleItraconazole