Slide 1

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS., Forest Utilization Officer, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Chennai - 600 006 Carbon Management A prime agenda of 21 st century in Indian Forestry

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Carbon occupies a central position, whether it is a simple sugar, starch, amino acid, protein, lipids and complex alkaloids DNA

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Significance of Carbon in Plants Greek philosopher Aristotle period Plants being fed by soil Joseph Priestly (1772) Plants take CO 2 and release O 2 Melvin Calvin (1954) - Calvin cycle or C3 cycle Hatch and Slack (1964) Hatch -Slack cycle or the C4 cycle Late 20th Century C sequestration by plants - well established Kyoto Protocol (1997) C sequestration Low cost emission reduction tool

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Carbon sequestration

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Kyoto Protocol (KP) 1997 at Kyoto Japan KP proposes legally binding commitments for emission reduction to the developed countries to levels relative to their 1990 level. 1.Joint in implementation 2.Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 3. Emission trading (carbon trading) 1.Joint in implementation 2.Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 3. Emission trading (carbon trading) KP identifies three possible mechanisms

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Facilitate carbon sequestration and storage investments in Afforestation Reforestation Afforestation Reforestation The concept is that it does not matter where the emission reduction occur in the world for the global benefit Low cost emission reduction tool

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 11 10 00 11 30 00 N 78 15 00 78 30 00 E A Pilot study

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Sl. No. Forest cover types Area in hectares 1 Very dense Semi- Evergreen 1984.23 2Dense Semi- Evergreen978.42 3Open Semi- Evergreen851.74 4 Degraded Semi- Evergreen 147.84 5Very dense Deciduous1772.34 6Dense Deciduous4471.51 7Open Deciduous6440.89 8Secondary Deciduous2960.28 9Southern thorn6676.15 10Euphorbia scrub304.4 11Barren rocky515.8 Total 27103.6 Area occupied by different forest cover types in Kolli hill - 2005

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 BIOMASS CARBON

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 20 x 20 m Trees and lianas 5 x 5 m Shrubs 1 x 1 m Herbs 20 m 5 m 1 m 1m1m 5 m Dimension of Nested quadrate No. of quadrates studied Semi-evergreen 50 Dry deciduous 25 Secondary Dry deciduous 25 Southern thorn 25 Euphorbia scrub 12 Total No. of Quadrates - 137

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 BIOMASS CARBON ESTIMATION - METHODS 1.Smalians Formula is used to estimate merchantable timber volume 2.Applied a regression equation that directly converts physical measurement (GBH and Height) to total tree timber biomass 3.Biomass expansion factor (BEF) is applied to calculate the Foliar, Root and Stump biomass 4.Wood density for individual species calculated 5.Conversion factor of 49.1% is applied for calculating carbon content

Slide 12

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Forest types Volume (m 3 /ha) Timber Bioma ss (Tons/ ha) Branch and Foliage (Tons/h a) Stumps and Root (Tons/ha ) Biomas s (Tons/h a) Area of each forest (ha) Total Biomas s (M Tons) TOC A/G (Tg) Semi- Evergreen forest 428.229 196.98 8 47.27763.036307.3023962.231.220.60 Deciduous forest 316.060 161.31 6 38.71651.621251.653 12684.7 4 3.191.57 Sec. deciduous 216.673 154.98 3 37.19649.595241.7732960.280.720.35 Southern thorn 73.02542.28210.14813.53065.9606676.150.440.22 Euphorbia scrub 52.7236.8598.84611.79557.500304.400.020.01 1086.70 7 592.42 8 142.183189.577924.188 26587.8 0 5.582.74 Growing stock, biomass and biomass carbon in Kolli hill

Slide 13

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 SOIL ORGANIC CARBON SOC

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 SOC Soil aggregationWater holding capacity Liberates minerals Increases auxin content SOIL ORGANIC CARBON (SOC) Fulvic Fumic Provides Microbial inoculums to sub-soil Root prolifereatio n

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 29 30 28 2719 18 17 16 15 14 1322 2131 3239 38 4350 5155 56 44 5257 62 63 64 65 66 6773 74 72 71 70 69 26 25 24 23 33 34 35 46 47 48 494136 42 11 12 37 4045 53 54 58 59 60 6168 ORGANIC CARBON SAMPLE GRID KOLLI HILL Total No of pits-145 EG-42, Dec-29, S.dec-19, ST-44, SE-11

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 ORGANIC CARBON ESTIMATION (Walky & Black) method

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Soil organic carbon content (%) of different forest types of Kolli hill Forest typesArea (ha) Soil Organic Carbon content (%) Confidence Interval (%) ( =0.05) Surface (0 to 30 cm) Middle (30 to 60 cm) Bottom (60 to 90 cm) Surface (0 to 30 cm) Middle (30 to 60 cm) Bottom (60 to 90 cm) FromToFromToFromTo Very Dense Semi - Evergreen 1984.23 3.70 (2.73) 2.21 (1.64) 1.82 (1.68) 1.925.481.143.280.732.92 Dense Semi - Evergreen978.42 3.43 (2.91) 1.62 (1.49) 1.39 (1.45) 1.285.590.512.720.322.46 Medium Semi - Evergreen851.74 1.83 (0.76) 1.13 (0.36) 0.76 (0.45) 1.302.350.881.380.441.07 Degraded Semi - Evergreen 147.84 2.40 (1.04) 1.10 (0.50) 0.91 (0.33) 1.493.310.661.530.621.20 Total Evergreen3962.23 2.90 (2.21) 1.58 (1.24) 1.27 (1.23) 2.093.701.132.030.821.72 Very Dense Deciduous1772.34 1.72 (0.52) 1.31 (0.48) 0.98 (0.50) 1.402.041.021.610.671.29 Dense Deciduous4471.51 1.45 (0.73) 0.89 (0.41) 0.66 (0.32) 1.141.770.711.060.530.80 Medium Deciduous6440.89 1.14 (0.85) 0.66 (0.57) 0.42 (0.48) 0.641.650.331.000.130.70 Total Deciduous12684.74 1.44 (0.74) 0.93 (0.52) 0.67 (0.45) 1.211.660.771.090.540.81 Secondary Deciduous2960.28 0.92 (0.49) 0.60 (0.36) 0.39 (0.29) 0.711.140.440.760.260.52 Southern Thorn6676.15 0.78 (0.54) 0.55 (0.43) 0.44 (0.34) 0.620.940.420.670.340.54 Euphorbia Scrub304.40 0.68 (0.67) 0.40 (0.38) 0.37 (0.24) 0.281.070.170.620.230.51 Total Kolli Hills26587.80 1.40 (1.38) 0.86 (0.78) 0.66 (0.71) 1.21.630.730.990.550.78 Value within the parenthesis is standard deviation of respective layers

Slide 18

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Percentage of organic carbon distribution in surface layer of Kolli hill < 0.25 0.25 0.5 0. 5 0.75 0. 75 0.1 1. 0 1.5 1. 5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 < 5.0 Barren rocky Tank Non-forest Hamlets River Road LEGEND

Slide 19

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Soil organic carbon distribution in Kolli hill Minimum threshold Surface carbon content = 1.2% Degradation Surface to middle carbon ratio = 1.66 Gap between SOC and potential SOC = 0.16 Tg

Slide 20

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Area below minimum threshold (SOC) Area less than minimum threshold = 9285.08 ha

Slide 21

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Fertility status of different forest types in Kolli hill Fertility status of different forest types in Kolli hill Forest types Soil Carbon (t/ha) Available N (t/ha) Available P (t/ha) Available K (t/ha) Semi- Evergreen 184.001.010.050.33 Deciduous 114.490.420.060.64 Secondary deciduous 84.370.340.040.87 Southern thorn 76.850.390.030.38 Euphorbia scrub 63.190.420.030.17

Slide 22

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Estimates of biomass and soil carbon in different forest types in Kolli hill Estimates of biomass and soil carbon in different forest types in Kolli hill Forest types Area (ha) TOC A/G (Tg) SOC stock (Tg) Semi- Evergreen 3962.23 0.601.01 Deciduous12684.74 1.571.63 Secondary deciduous 2960.28 0.35 Southern thorn 6676.15 0.220.47 Euphorbia scrub 304.40 0.010.03 Total26587.802.743.48

Slide 23

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Present status of Carbon stock The total biomass carbon is 2.74 Tg and total SOC is 3.48 Tg. The ratio between biomass carbon and SOC is 1 : 1.3 The normal tropical forests have the ratio of 1: 2.5 to 3 times more SOC The lesser ratio in SOC stock indicates heavy degradation of forest and soil due to anthropogenic interferences such as Past management practices Heavy grazing Man made fire The lesser ratio in SOC stock indicates heavy degradation of forest and soil due to anthropogenic interferences such as Past management practices Heavy grazing Man made fire

Slide 24

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Remedial measures To enhance SOC status Import fertile soil Addition of organic manure to 1/4 th of the pit size Addition of biofertilizers to enhance N Planting N fixer tree species sequester 0.05 0.12 kg/m 2- y C than non-nitrogen fixers Planting C 4 plant species Indigenous deciduous species are preferable

Slide 25

Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006 Conclusion Carbon inventories and data bank at National level Temporal carbon stock to enhance biodiversity and soil health An exclusive National Carbon Directorate (NCD) to monitor Urgent Need of a.Carbon sequestration potential in forest and agriculture b. Controlling carbon investments and credits, etc. a.Carbon sequestration potential in forest and agriculture b. Controlling carbon investments and credits, etc.

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Dr. A. Ramachandran, IFS, Proposed policy reforms to remove the barriers to CDM A/R Projects 14 th & 15 th Sep. 2006