dp-sosi

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

1/170

DYNAMIC PLANET:

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

Presented by: Linder Winter

Earth Science Rules CommitteeMember

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

2/170

Disclaimer

This presentation was prepared using draft

rules which may vary slightly from those to be

published in the final 2011 Coaches Manual.

The rules as they appear in the 2011 NSO

Coaches and Student Manuals will serve as

the official rules for this event.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

3/170

Goals for this PPT Presentation

Provide tips on how to coach the event

Provide a brief preview of each event topic

Provide an introductory resource forparticipants

A number of websites recommended for both

participants and event supervisors are listed atthe end of this PowerPoint.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

4/170


Should you choose to have a parent or

community member coach this event, you

may provide a copy of this presentation to

that individual so he/she may have an

opportunity to preview expectations.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

5/170


Participants should resist the temptation touse this presentation as their sole source ofinformation.

Participants may develop their own PowerPoint presentations in a manner similar to thisone as doing so provides an excellent outline.

Once participants are satisfied with their ownPPT presentations, they may use these todevelop their resource pages.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

6/170

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

Earths Fresh Waters is one of four rotating, two-year events of the Dynamic Planet event.

2011-1012: Earths Fresh Waters2013-2014: Glaciers

2015-2016: Oceanography

2017-2018: Earthquakes & VolcanoesShare your thoughts on replacing Glaciers with

Earths Surface Features in the next segment.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

7/170

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

Earths Fresh Waters extends its predecessor,

Rivers and Lakes, to include the vast

groundwater resources.

With the addition of groundwater most major

sources of Earths fresh waters are addressed

in the Dynamic Planet events.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

8/170

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

1. DESCRIPTION: Students will use process

skills to complete tasks related to Earths fresh

waters

A TEAM OF UP TO: 2

APPROXIMATE TIME: 50 Minutes

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

9/170

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

TEAM SELECTION SUGGESTIONS:

a. Since this is the first of a two-year event,coaches may consider selecting participants who

are quite likely to be competing the followingyear as well.

b. Road Scholar, Awesome Aquifer, and/orRemote Sensing are good companion events to

accompany this event.c. Earths Fresh Waters is an excellent entry-levelevent.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

10/170

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

2. EVENT PARAMETERS: Each team may bring

up to four 8.5 x 11 double-sided pages of

notes containing information in any form from

any source and bring up to two non-graphing

calculators.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

11/170

EARTHS FRESH WATERS:

RESOURCE PAGES

Two suggestions for participants to meet with

success in this event require that they

develop:

1. A thorough knowledge of all topics listed

within the event rules

2. Thorough and well organized resource

pages

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

12/170


Resource Pages

Resource pages play a crucial role in this event.

a. Encourage participants to review a vast array of

published materials from credible sources

USGS, Groundwater Association

b. Serve as a tool for coaches to monitor

participant preparation

c. Should be continuously updated as participantsbecome more knowledgeable through study, and

experience at various levels of competition

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

13/170


Resource Pages

Suggestions regarding resource pages:

a. Choose a font large enough to permit rapid

visual scanning

b. Organize notes for efficient use

c. Include diagrams, tables, charts, definitions

d. Remember that the contents of this PPT aresimply an outline and must be expanded

upon.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

14/170

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

3. THE COMPETITION: Participants will bepresented with one or more tasks, manyrequiring the use of process skills (i.e.

observing, classifying, measuring, inferring,predicting, communicating, and using numberrelationships) from the following topics:

Note: Topics are very specific to avoidconfusion as to what participants shouldknow.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

15/170

INTERPRETATION OF FRESH WATER

FEATURES

a. Interpretation of fresh water features

appearing on USGS topographic maps

Reference: USGS Topographic Map Symbols

sheet

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

16/170

STREAM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

b. Stream drainage systems: drainage

patterns, main channel, tributaries, V-shaped

valleys, watersheds

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

17/170

STREAM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS: Main

Channel

In rivers and hydrology, the main stem is

defined as the principal channel within a given

drainage basin, into which all of the tributary

streams in a drainage basin flow.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

18/170

STREAM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

A drainage system is the pattern formed by thestreams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage.They are governed by

1. the topography of the land,

2. whether a particular region is dominated byhard or soft rocks,

3. and the gradient of the land.

Be aware that different sources use differentnames for the various drainage systempatterns, in addition tosome sources includingadditional patterns.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

19/170

STREAM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS:

Drainage Patterns: Dendritic

A dendritic drainagepattern develops inregions underlain byhomogeneous material.

That is, the subsurfacegeology has a similarresistance toweathering so there is

no apparent controlover the direction thetributaries take.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

20/170


Drainage Patterns: Parallel

Parallel drainage

patterns form where

there is a pronounced

slope to the surface. Tributary streams tend

to stretch out in a

parallel-like fashion

following the slope ofthe surface.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

21/170


Drainage Patterns: Trellis

Trellis drainagedevelops in foldedtopography like thatfound in the

Appalachian Mountainsof North America.

Down-turned foldscalled synclines formvalleys in which themain channel of thestream resides.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

22/170


Drainage Patterns: Rectangular

The rectangulardrainage pattern isfound in regions thathave undergone

faulting.

Streams follow the pathof least resistance andthus are concentrated

in places whereexposed rock isweakest.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

23/170


Drainage Patterns: Radial

The radial drainage

pattern develops

around a central

elevated point. This pattern is common

to such conically shaped

features as volcanoes.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

24/170


Drainage Patterns: Centripetal

The centripetal drainagepattern is just theopposite of the radial asstreams flow toward a

central depression. This pattern is typical in

the western andsouthwestern portions of

the United States wherebasins exhibit interiordrainage.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

25/170


Drainage Patterns: Contorted

Deranged or contorted

patterns develop from

the disruption of a pre-

existing drainagepattern.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

26/170


Tributaries

A tributary is a stream or river which flowsinto a main stem river.

A tributary does not flow directly into a sea,

ocean, or lake. Tributaries and their main stem river serve to

drain the surrounding drainage basin of its

surface water and groundwater by leading thewater out into an ocean or some other largebody of water.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

27/170

STREAM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS: V-

Shaped Valleys

A V-shaped valley is a narrow valley withsteeply sloped sides that appear similar to theletter "V" from a cross-section.

They are formed by strong streams, whichover time have cut down into the rock througha process called downcutting.

These valleys form in mountainous and/orhighland areas with streams in their"youthful" stage.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

28/170


Watersheds

A drainage basin is the topographic regionfrom which a stream receives runoff,throughflow, and groundwater flow.

Drainage basins are separated from eachother by topographic barriers calledwatersheds.

A watershed represents all of the streamtributaries that flow to some location alongthe stream channel.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

29/170

CHANNEL TYPES

c. Channel types: braided, meandering,

straight

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

30/170

CHANNEL TYPES: Defined

A stream is a body of water that transports

rock particles and dissolved ions and flows

downslope along a clearly defined path, called

a channel.

Thedeepest part of a channel occurs where

the stream velocity is greatest.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

31/170

CHANNEL TYPES: Straight Channel

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

32/170

CHANNEL TYPES: Meandering Channel

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

33/170

CHANNEL TYPES: Braided Channel

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

34/170

SEDIMENT

d. Sediment: weathering, erosion, forms and

sizes, transportation, deposition

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

35/170

SEDIMENT : Erosion by Streams

Stream flow can be

either laminar, in which

all water molecules

travel along similarparallel paths, or

turbulent, in which

individual particles take

irregular paths.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

36/170

SEDIMENT: Erosion by Streams

Streams erode because they have the ability

to pick up rock fragments and transport them

to a new location.

The size of the fragments that can be

transported is dependent upon the velocity of

the stream and whether the flow is laminar or

turbulent.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

37/170

SEDIMENT: Erosion by streams

Turbulent flow can keep fragments in

suspension longer than laminar flow.

Streams may erode by undercutting their

banks resulting in mass-wasting processes like

slumps or slides.

When the undercut material falls into the

stream, the fragments can be transportedaway by the stream.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

38/170

RIVER VALLEY FORMS AND PROCESSES

e. River valley forms and processes: geology,

gradient, base level, floodplain features,

dynamic equilibrium, nick points, waterfalls,

stream capture, deltas and fans

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

39/170

RIVER VALLEY FORMS AND

PROCESSES: Gradient

Long Profile - a plot of

elevation versus

distance.

Usually shows a steepgradientnear the

source of the stream

and a gentle gradient as

the stream approachesits mouth.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

40/170


PROCESSES: Gradient

When a natural or

artificial dam impedes

stream flow, the stream

adjusts to the new baselevel by adjusting its

long profile.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

41/170


PROCESSES: Gradient

Erosion takes place

downstream from the

dam.

Just upstream from thedam the velocity of the

stream is lowered so

that deposition of

sediment occurscausing the gradient to

become lower.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

42/170


PROCESSES: Base Level Base Level- base level is

defined as the limiting levelbelow which a stream cannoterode its channel.

For streams that empty into

the oceans, base level is sealevel.

Local base levels can occurwhere the stream meets aresistant body of rock, where anatural or artificial dam

impedes further channelerosion, or where the streamempties into a lake.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

43/170


PROCESSES: Floodplain features As a stream overtops its banks

during a flood, the velocity ofthe flood will first be high, butwill suddenly decrease as thewater flows out over thegentle gradient of thefloodplain.

Because of the suddendecrease in velocity, thecoarser grained suspendedsediment will be deposited

along the riverbank, eventuallybuilding up a natural levee.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

44/170


PROCESSES: Floodplain Features

Terraces are exposedformer floodplaindeposits that result whenthe stream begins down

cutting into its floodplain.

This is usually caused byregional uplift or by

lowering the regionalbase level, such as a dropin sea level.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

45/170



When a steep mountainstream enters a flatvalley, there is a suddendecrease in gradient

and velocity. Sediment transported in

the stream willsuddenly become

deposited along thevalley walls in an alluvialfan.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

46/170



When a stream enters a

standing body of water

such as a lake or ocean,

again there is a suddendecrease in velocity and

the stream deposits its

sediment in a deposit

called a delta.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

47/170

STREAM FLOW

f. Perennial and intermittent stream flow,

stream gauging and monitoring, stream flow

calculations, discharge, load, floods,

recurrence intervals, and for C-Division onlyChezy and Manning equations

ST EAM FLOW M i E i (C

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

48/170

STREAM FLOW: Manning Equation (C-

Division only) One the most commonly used

equations governing OpenChannel Flow is known as theMannings Equation.

It was introduced by the Irish

Engineer Robert Manning in1889 as an alternative to theChezy Equation.

Mannings equation is anempirical equation thatapplies to uniform flow in

open channels and is afunction of the channelvelocity, flow area and channelslope.

STREAM FLOW
http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Open_Channel_Flow.htmhttp://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Open_Channel_Flow.htmhttp://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Open_Channel_Flow.htmhttp://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Open_Channel_Flow.htmhttp://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Open_Channel_Flow.htmhttp://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Open_Channel_Flow.htm

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

49/170

STREAM FLOW:

Open Channel Flow Defined The analysis of flow patterns of water surface shape,

velocity, shear stress and discharge through a stream reachfalls under the heading Open Channel Flow.

Open Channel Flow is defined as fluid flow with a freesurface open to the atmosphere. Examples include streams,

rivers and culverts not flowing full. Open channel flowassumes that the pressure at the surface is constant andthe hydraulic grade line is at the surface of the fluid

Steady and unsteady flow depend on whether flow depthand velocity change with time at a point. In general, if the

quantity of water entering and leaving the reach does notchange, then the flow is considered steady.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

50/170

STREAM FLOW: Chzy Formula

In fluid dynamics, the

Chzy formula

describes the mean

flow velocity of steady,turbulent open channel

flow.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

51/170

STREAM FLOW: Discharge

Discharge - The discharge of a stream is the

amount of water passing any point in a given

time.

Q = A x V

Discharge (m3/sec) = Cross-sectional Area

[width x average depth] (m2) x Average

Velocity (m/sec).

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

52/170

STREAM FLOW: Discharge

As the amount of water in a stream increases,

the stream must adjust its velocity and cross

sectional area in order to form a balance.

Discharge increases as more water is added

through rainfall, tributary streams, or from

groundwater seeping into the stream.

As discharge increases, generally width, depth,and velocity of the stream also increase.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

53/170

STREAM FLOW: Load

The rock particles and dissolved ions carried

by the stream are called the stream's load.

Stream load is divided into three parts:

1. Suspended load

2. Bed load

3. Dissolved load

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

54/170

STREAM FLOW: Suspended Load

Suspended Load- particles that are carried

along with the water in the main part of the

streams.

The size of these particles depends on their

density and the velocity of the stream.

Higher velocity currents in the stream can

carry larger and denser particles.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

55/170

STREAM FLOW: Bed Load

Bed Load- coarser and

denser particles that

remain on the bed of

the stream most of thetime but move by a

process of saltation

(jumping) as a result of

collisions betweenparticles, and turbulent

eddies.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

56/170

STREAM FLOW: Dissolved load

Dissolved Load- ions that have been introduced

into the water by chemical weathering of rocks.

This load is invisible because the ions are

dissolved in the water. The dissolved load consists mainly of HCO3

-

(bicarbonate ions), Ca+2, SO4-2, Cl-, Na+2, Mg+2, and

K+

. These ions are eventually carried to theoceans and give the oceans their salty character.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

57/170

STREAM FLOW: Floods

Floods occur when the discharge of thestream becomes too high to beaccommodated in the normal stream channel.

When the discharge becomes too high, thestream widens its channel by overtopping itsbanks and flooding the low-lying areassurrounding the stream.

The areas that become flooded are calledfloodplains.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

58/170

STREAM FLOW: Recurrence Intervals

Statistical techniques, through a process called

frequency analysis, are used to estimate the

probability of the occurrence of a given event.

The recurrence interval is based on theprobability that the given event will be

equaled or exceeded in any given year.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

59/170

GROUNDWATER

g. Groundwater: zone of aeration, zone of

saturation, water table, porosity, permeability,

aquifers, confining beds, hydraulic gradient,

water table contour lines, flow lines,capillarity, recharge and discharge

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

60/170

GROUNDWATER: Fascinating Facts

Groundwater makes up about 1% of the water on Earth (mostwater is in oceans).

But, groundwater makes up about 35 times the amount of water inlakes and streams.

Groundwater occurs everywhere beneath the Earth's surface, but isusually restricted to depths less that about 750 meters.

The volume of groundwater is equivalent to a 55 meter thick layerspread out over the entire surface of the Earth.

The surface below which all rocks are saturated with groundwater isthe water table.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

61/170

GROUNDWATER: Zone of Aeration

Rain falling on the

surface seeps down

through the soil and

into a zone called the

zone of aeration or

unsaturated zone

where most of the pore

spaces are filled withair.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

62/170

GROUNDWATER: Zone of Saturation

As water penetrates

deeper it eventually

enters a zone where all

pore spaces and

fractures are filled with

water.

This zone is called the

saturated zone.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

63/170

GROUNDWATER: Water Table

The surface beneath the

saturated zone in which

all openings in the rock

are filled with water is

called the water table.

GROUNDWATER: Porosity vs

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

64/170

GROUNDWATER: Porosity vs.

Permeability

The rate of groundwater flow is controlled by

two properties of the rock: porosityand

permeability.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

65/170

GROUNDWATER: Porosity

Porosity is the percentage of the volume of

the rock that is open space (pore space). This

determines the amount of water that a rock

can contain.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

66/170


Well-rounded, coarse-

grained sediments

usually have higher

porosity than fine-

grained sediments,

because the grains do

not fit together well.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

67/170


Poorly sorted

sediments usually have

lower porosity because

the fine-grained

fragments tend to fill in

the open space.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

68/170


Since cements tend to

fill in the pore space,

highly cemented

sedimentary rocks have

lower porosity.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

69/170


In igneous andmetamorphic rocksporosity is usually lowbecause the minerals

tend to be intergrown,leaving little free space.

Highly fracturedigneous and

metamorphic rocks,however, may have highporosity.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

70/170

GROUNDWATER: Permeability

Permeability is a measure of the degree to

which the pore spaces are interconnected,

and the size of the interconnections.

Low porosity usually results in lowpermeability, but high porosity does not

necessarily imply high permeability.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

71/170


It is possible to have a highly porous rock with

little or no interconnections between pores.

A good example of a rock with high porosity

and low permeability is a vesicular volcanicrock, where the bubbles that once contained

gas give the rock a high porosity, but since

these holes are not connected to one anotherthe rock has low permeability.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

72/170


A thin layer of water will

always be attracted to

mineral grains due to

the unsatisfied ionic

charge on the surface.

This is called the force

of molecular attraction.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

73/170


If the size ofinterconnections is notas large as the zone ofmolecular attraction,

the water can't move. Thus, coarse-grained

rocks are usually morepermeable than fine-

grained rocks, andsands are morepermeable than clays.

Porosity vs Permeability: Possible

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

74/170

Porosity vs. Permeability: Possible

Activity

Gather a sampling of slate, vesicular basalt,

clay, sand, small pebbles, etc.

Ask participants to classify the materials as

having high or low porosity, high or lowpermeability, and explain why they classified

the materials as they did.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

75/170

Groundwater: Aquifers

An aquifer is a large body of permeable material where

groundwater is present in the saturated zone.

Good aquifers are those with high permeability such as

poorly cemented sands, gravels, and sandstones or highly

fractured rock.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

76/170

Groundwater: Confining Beds

A layer of geologic material which hampers the movement of

water into and out of an aquifer. Examples are unfractured

igneous rock, metamorphic rock, and shale, or unconsolidated

sediments such as clays. This is also known as a confining bed.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

77/170

GROUNDWATER: Hydraulic Gradient

The rate at whichgroundwater movesthrough the saturatedzone depends on the

permeability of the rockand the hydraulicgradient.

The hydraulic gradient isdefined as the differencein elevation divided bythe distance between twopoints on the water table.

GROUNDWATER:

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

78/170

GROUNDWATER:

Water Level Contour Maps

Contours are lines on 2-dimensional maps representingequal values of a parameter

You are probably used to looking at topographic mapswhich show contour lines of ground surface elevation

When a map is made with equal interval contour lines(every 1 ft, or every 2 ft, or every 5 ft, etc.), the spacing ofcontour lines provides visual clues to the change in slope

Closely spaced contour lines would represent steep slopes

Widely spaced contour lines would represent gentle slopes

Water level contour maps provide the same information onwater level slopes (hydraulic gradients)

GROUNDWATER:

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

79/170

GROUNDWATER:

Water Table Contour Lines

Besides surface water,topography of the land

surface also determines

the general direction of

groundwater flow.

Topography influences

groundwater recharge

and discharge.

GROUNDWATER:

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

80/170

GROUNDWATER:


In an unconfinedaquiferlike the one coveringmost of Portage County,recharge areas usually

occur in high topographicareas.

In Portage County, agroundwater divide isformed by glacialmoraines that run fromnorth to south throughthe center of the County.

GROUNDWATER:

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

81/170

GROUNDWATER:


As shown on this map,groundwater flowing

west of this divide

discharges into the

Wisconsin River system.

Groundwater flowing

east of the divide

discharges into theTomorrow River system.

GROUNDWATER Fl Li

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

82/170

GROUNDWATER: Flow Lines

Water table contour lines (or flow lines) are

similar to topographic lines on a map. They

essentially represent "elevations" in the

subsurface. Water table contour lines can be used to tell

which way groundwater will flow in a given

region.

GROUNDWATER Fl Li

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

83/170

GROUNDWATER: Flow Lines

GROUNDWATER C ill i

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

84/170

GROUNDWATER: Capillarity

Plants pull water upward from the water tableinto open spaces through capillary action.

Capillarity refers to the rate at which this

water is pulled upward.

Soils containing large open spaces have high

permeability and low capillarity.

GROUNDWATER R h A

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

85/170

GROUNDWATER: Recharge Areas

Areas where waterenters the saturated

zone are called

recharge areas,

because the saturated

zone is recharged with

groundwater beneath

these areas.

GROUNDWATER Di h A

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

86/170

GROUNDWATER: Discharge Areas

Areas wheregroundwater reaches

the surface (lakes,

streams, swamps, &

springs) are called

discharge areas

because the water is

discharged from thesaturated zone.

KARST FEATURES

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

87/170

KARST FEATURES

h. Karst features: sinkholes, solution valleys,springs, disappearing streams, caves developed

as a consequence of subsurface solution.

Karst topography: a distinctive landform

assemblage developed as a consequence of the

dissolving action of water on carbonate bedrock(usually limestone, dolomite, or marble).

KARST TOPOGRAPHY Si kh l

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

88/170

KARST TOPOGRAPHY: Sinkholes

Sinkholes are commonly funnel-shaped and broadly openupward.

Sinkholes may be a few feet to more than 100 feet in depth,

though usually ranging from 10 to 30 feet.

Sinkhole diameter sizes range from a few square yards toseveral acres in area.

KARST TOPOGRAPHY Si kh l

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

89/170

KARST TOPOGRAPHY: Sinkholes

KARST TOPOGRAPHY S l ti V ll

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

90/170

KARST TOPOGRAPHY: Solution Valleys

Solution valleys (or Karst valleys) are theremains of former surface stream valleys

whose streams have been diverted

underground as karst developed. They may develop a series of sinkholes in the

valley floor.

KARST TOPOGRAPHY S i

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

91/170

KARST TOPOGRAPHY: Springs

Karst springs occur where the groundwater flow

discharges from a conduit or cave.

Karst springs or "cave springs" can have large openingsand discharge very large volumes of water.

Sinkholes and sinking streams that drain to a large karst

spring can be many miles away from the spring.

KARST TOPOGRAPHY:

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

92/170

Disappearing Streams

Streams flowing along the surface may enter asinkhole as a "disappearing stream" and flow

underground for some distance to reappear at

the surface.

KARST TOPOGRAPHY: Disappearing

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

93/170

pp g

Streams

KARST TOPOGRAPHY: Caves

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

94/170

KARST TOPOGRAPHY: Caves

Caves (or caverns) are large, openunderground areas occurring in massivelimestone depositions at or near the surface.

Two stages of cavern formation:1. Initial excavation, when water dissolves thelimy bedrock and leaves voids.

2. Decoration stage, when water leavesbehind the compounds it had been carrying insolution (stalactites and stalagmites).

LAKE FORMATION AND TYPES

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

95/170

LAKE FORMATION AND TYPES

i. Lake formation and types: faulting, rifting,volcanic action, glaciation, damming of rivers,

changes over time

LAKE FORMATION AND TYPES: Faulting

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

96/170

LAKE FORMATION AND TYPES: Faulting

A significant lake-forming force is movement ofthe tectonic plates that form the Earths crust.

These lakes typically form at fault lines where

plates meet and earthquakes are more common. When adjacent plates separate at fault lines, the

steep, narrow gap between them can result in

the formation of a graben.

Some of the largest, deepest, and oldest lakes on

Earth are graben lakes.

LAKE FORMATION AND TYPES: Rifting

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

97/170

LAKE FORMATION AND TYPES: Rifting

A rift lake is a lake formed as a result ofsubsidence related to movement on faults

within a rift zone, an area of extensional

tectonics in the continental crust. They are often found within rift valleys and

may be very deep.

Rift lakes may be bounded by large steep cliffsalong the fault margins.

LAKE FORMATION AND TYPES:

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

98/170

Volcanic Action

Lakes formed by volcanic activity tend to berelatively small.

These lakes may form within the crater of an

active but quiet volcano, in a calderaproduced by explosion and collapse of anunderground magmachamber, on collapsedlava flows, and in valleys dammed by volcanic

deposits.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

99/170

Glaciation

Lakes tend to be largest and most abundant inhigh latitude areas in the Northern

Hemisphere that were once occupied by

glaciers.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

100/170

Damming of Rivers

Deposits of eroded glacial debris may disruptdrainage patterns.

New York state's Finger Lakes formed by

glacial sediment damming rivers and streams.

Kettle lakes, common in the Midwest, formed

as ice blocks melted in-place within glacial

sediment.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

101/170

Changes over Time

Lake size and depth can change over time, owingto various reasons.

Through natural processes, lakes will ultimately

fill with sediment, thereby "evolving" into aterrestrial ecosystem.

Human influences can accelerate the process

through diversion of water for irrigation.

The salinity of a lake can change over time.

LAKE FEATURES

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

102/170

LAKE FEATURES

j. Lake features: inflow and outflow, physicaland chemical properties, stratification,

shorelines, waves

LAKE FEATURES: Inflow and Outflow

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

103/170


Changes in the level of a lake are controlled bythe difference between the input and outputcompared to the total volume of the lake.

Significant input sources include precipitationonto the lake, runoff carried by streams andchannels from the lake's catchment area,groundwater channels and aquifers, and

artificial sources from outside the catchmentarea.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

104/170


Output sources include evaporation from thelake, surface and groundwater flows, and any

extraction of lake water by humans.

As climate conditions and human waterrequirements vary, these will create

fluctuations in the lake level.

LAKE FEATURES: Physical and Chemical

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

105/170

Properties

Lakes vary physically in terms of light levels,temperature, and water currents.

Lakes vary chemically in terms of nutrients,

major ions, and contaminants.

LAKE FEATURES: Stratification

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

106/170

LAKE FEATURES: Stratification

Due to the unusual relationship betweenwater temperature and its density, lakes form

layers called thermoclines, layers of drastically

varying temperature relative to depth.

LAKE FEATURES: Shorelines

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

107/170

LAKE FEATURES: Shorelines

Shorelines are forever changing in response totides, nearshore currents, sea level changes

and the supply of sediment from rivers.

The end result is that existing shorelines willbe modified overtime.

LAKE FEATURES: Waves

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

108/170

LAKE FEATURES: Waves

Wave size is dependent upon wind speeds,duration and the distance the wind blows over

a continuous water surface or fetch.

Lakes and rivers have less surface area so theyhave less fetch and smaller waves than the

oceans.

WETLANDS

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

109/170

WETLANDS

k. Wetlands: bogs and marshes, interactionsbetween surface and groundwater

WETLANDS: Bogs and Marshes

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

110/170

WETLANDS: Bogs and Marshes

Marshes form near ponds and lakes. Reeds,grasses and other soft-stemmed plants growthere.

Bogs begin as shallow ponds that slowly fill withrotting leaves and plants. Then mosses and otherplants grow spreading out from the shore acrossthe surface of the bog, forming a thick mat. Thereis little air under the mat and the acids fromplants build up. This slows decay, so things, whichfall into bogs, take a long time to rot.

WETLANDS: Interactions between

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

111/170

Surface and Groundwater

EFFECTS OF LAND USE CHANGES

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

112/170

EFFECTS OF LAND USE CHANGES

l. Effects of land use changes, dams andlevees: sedimentation, diversion of water,

flooding, ecological changes

EFFECTS OF LAND USE CHANGES:

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

113/170

Dams and Levees

Dams alter the flow, temperature, and sedimentregime of lotic systems. Additionally, many riversare dammed at multiple locations, amplifying the

impact. Dams can cause enhanced clarity and reduced

variability in stream flow, which is due to anincrease in periphyton abundance.

Invertebrates immediately below a dam can showreductions in species richness due to an overallreduction in habitat heterogeneity.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

114/170

Dams and Levees

Thermal changes can affect insect development,with abnormally warm winter temperatures

obscuring cues to break egg diapause and overly

cool summer temperatures leaving too fewacceptable days to complete growth.

Dams fragment river systems, isolating previously

continuous populations, and preventing the

migrations of anadromous and catadromous

species.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

115/170

Sedimentation

Direct participants tothe Background link

on this website - Rolling

Down the River:Sediment in Streams

http://faculty.msmary.edu/simmons/CAWS/L

abs/Sediment/Sediment_SET.html


f
http://faculty.msmary.edu/simmons/CAWS/Labs/Sediment/Sediment_SET.htmlhttp://faculty.msmary.edu/simmons/CAWS/Labs/Sediment/Sediment_SET.htmlhttp://faculty.msmary.edu/simmons/CAWS/Labs/Sediment/Sediment_SET.htmlhttp://faculty.msmary.edu/simmons/CAWS/Labs/Sediment/Sediment_SET.htmlhttp://faculty.msmary.edu/simmons/CAWS/Labs/Sediment/Sediment_SET.htmlhttp://faculty.msmary.edu/simmons/CAWS/Labs/Sediment/Sediment_SET.htmlhttp://faculty.msmary.edu/simmons/CAWS/Labs/Sediment/Sediment_SET.htmlhttp://faculty.msmary.edu/simmons/CAWS/Labs/Sediment/Sediment_SET.htmlhttp://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/inhsreports/may-jun97/streams.html

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

116/170

Diversion of Water


l d

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

117/170

Flooding

Hundreds of years ago, the Delaware River Basin wascovered by forests. This maximized the infiltration ofrainfall and slowed the movement of runoff.

As the land was cleared for agriculture, infiltration

rates were reduced and runoff rates increased. Theincrease in runoff rates widened flood plains andstream channels in many of the basin's watersheds.

With gradual urbanization and the increasing use of

asphalt and concrete paving, in addition to denselyspaced buildings, infiltration rates were furtherreduced with corresponding increases in runoff rates.


l i l Ch

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

118/170

Ecological Changes

The following human activities, performed on land, bring about majorecological changes in river and stream environments:

Dams

Channelizing

Development

LoggingUrban Runoff

Disappearing Streams

Mining and Minerals

Invasive Species

For more information on each of these topics, visit http://chamisa.freeshell.org/ecology.htm

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE & WATER

BUDGETS
http://chamisa.freeshell.org/ecology.htmhttp://chamisa.freeshell.org/ecology.htm

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

119/170

BUDGETS

m. Hydrologic cycle and water budgets:precipitation, runoff, evaporation


BUDGETS H d l i C l

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

120/170

BUDGETS: Hydrologic Cycle


BUDGETS W t B d t

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

121/170

BUDGETS: Water Budget

Every drainage basin has inputs and outputs ofwater.It is possible to measure these and, by using a simpleequation, work out the waterbudget for the basin

Runoff = precipitation - evaporation + changes in storage

The river flow out of a drainage basin depends uponthree main factors:

1. The amount of precipitation

2. The losses by evaporation or evapotranspiration

3. The gains or losses from the storage areas: surfacestorage, soil moisture and groundwater stores.

POLLUTION

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

122/170

POLLUTION

n. Pollution: types, sources and transport

POLLUTION: types, sources, transport

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

123/170

yp , , p

A lotic ecosystem is the ecosystem of a river,stream or spring. Included in the environment are

the biotic interactions (amongst plants, animals

and micro-organisms) as well as the abiotic

interactions (physical and chemical).

Note: the definition of a lotic ecosystem has

been included to assure that the reader can

better understand the contents of the next slide.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

124/170

yp , , p

Pollutant sources of lotic systems are hard tocontrol because they derive, often in small

amounts, over a very wide area and enter the

system at many locations along its length. Agricultural fields often deliver large

quantities of sediments, nutrients, and

chemicals to nearby streams and rivers.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

125/170

yp , , p

Urban and residential areas can also add to thispollution when contaminants are accumulated on

impervious surfaces such as roads and parking lots

that then drain into the system.

Elevated nutrient concentrations, especially nitrogen

and phosphorus which are key components of

fertilizers, can increase periphyton growth, which can

be particularly dangerous in slow moving streams.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

126/170

yp , , p

Another pollutant, acid rain, forms from sulfurdioxide and nitrous oxide emitted from factoriesand power stations.

These substances readily dissolve in atmospheric

moisture and enter lotic systems throughprecipitation.

This can lower the pH of these sites, affecting alltrophic levels from algae to vertebrates (Brown

1987). Mean species richness and total species numbers

within a system decrease with decreasing pH.

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

127/170

4. REPRESENTATIVE TASKS:

a. Analyze and interpret features and actions

of a stream or river appearing on a

topographic map including contour intervals,elevation, gradient, direction of flow, drainage

pattern, valley shapes, erosional landscapes,

and depositional features

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

128/170


b. Construct a water table contour map and

indicate the direction of groundwater

movement.

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

129/170


Analyze data on the thermal structure of a

lake and determine how the stratification

changes seasonally.

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

130/170

5. SCORING: Points will be awarded for thequality and accuracy of responses. Ties will be

broken by the accuracy and/or quality of

answers to pre-selected questions.

EARTHS FRESH WATERS

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

131/170

RECOMMENDED RESOURCES: Websites:http://water.usgs.gov/;

http://www.fgmorph.com/;http://www.filter.ac.uk/database/insightrecord.php?id

=48; www.epa.gov/watertrain/pdf/limnology.pdf;http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgw.html;http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/. Books: Tarbuck, Edward J.and Frederick K. Lutgens, Earth Science. Prentice Hall,2006.ISBN-10: 0131258524; Leopold, Luna B., Water,Rivers and Creeks. University Science Books, ISBN 978-1-891389-66-5

EARTHS FRESH WATERS
http://www.filter.ac.uk/database/insightrecord.php?id=48http://www.filter.ac.uk/database/insightrecord.php?id=48http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgw.htmlhttp://water.usgs.gov/ogw/http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgw.htmlhttp://www.filter.ac.uk/database/insightrecord.php?id=48http://www.filter.ac.uk/database/insightrecord.php?id=48

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

132/170

NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATION STANDARDS:Middle School/Junior High: Content Standard

D: Structure of the Earth System; Earths

historySenior High School: Content Standard D:

Energy in the earth system; Geochemical

cycles; Origin and evolution of the earthsystem

EARTHS FRESH WATERS: Helpful

Websites by Topic

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

133/170

Websites by Topic

Stream drainage systems:http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/streams.htm

Hydrologic Cycle:

http://www.srh.weather.gov/jetstream/atmos/hydro_cycle.htm

Lotic ecosystems:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystems#cite_note-Gill-2


Websites by Topic
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/streams.htmhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/streams.htmhttp://www.srh.weather.gov/jetstream/atmos/hydro_cycle.htmhttp://www.srh.weather.gov/jetstream/atmos/hydro_cycle.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystemshttp://www.srh.weather.gov/jetstream/atmos/hydro_cycle.htmhttp://www.srh.weather.gov/jetstream/atmos/hydro_cycle.htmhttp://www.srh.weather.gov/jetstream/atmos/hydro_cycle.htmhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/streams.htmhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/streams.htm

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

134/170

Websites by Topic

Basics of Stream Ecology:

http://chamisa.freeshell.org/ecology.htm

Earth's Water Groundwater topics:

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/mearthgw.html

Lake Formation:

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Formation.html

Mannings Equationhttp://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Manning_s_Equation.htm
http://chamisa.freeshell.org/ecology.htmhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/mearthgw.htmlhttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Formation.htmlhttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Formation.htmlhttp://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Manning_s_Equation.htmhttp://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Manning_s_Equation.htmhttp://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Manning_s_Equation.htmhttp://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Manning_s_Equation.htmhttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Formation.htmlhttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Formation.htmlhttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Formation.htmlhttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Formation.htmlhttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Formation.htmlhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/mearthgw.htmlhttp://chamisa.freeshell.org/ecology.htm

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

135/170


Websites by Topic

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

136/170

Websites by Topic

Lake origins

http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.html

Bogs and Marshes

http://exploringnature.org/db/detail.php?dbID=44&detID=591

Interactions between surface and groundwater

http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/htdocs/natural_processes_of_ground.htm#interact


Websites by Topic
http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://exploringnature.org/db/detail.php?dbID=44&detID=591http://exploringnature.org/db/detail.php?dbID=44&detID=591http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/htdocs/natural_processes_of_ground.htmhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/htdocs/natural_processes_of_ground.htmhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/htdocs/natural_processes_of_ground.htmhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/htdocs/natural_processes_of_ground.htmhttp://exploringnature.org/db/detail.php?dbID=44&detID=591http://exploringnature.org/db/detail.php?dbID=44&detID=591http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.htmlhttp://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/how-lakes-differ/lake-originssss.html

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

137/170

Websites by Topic

Meandering rivers: lots of diagrams andactivities (Outstanding/PDF)

http://www.chemcool.com/earth%20science/

W%20%20aim%203.pdf

Workshop Activity # 1
http://www.chemcool.com/earth%20science/W%20%20aim%203.pdfhttp://www.chemcool.com/earth%20science/W%20%20aim%203.pdfhttp://www.chemcool.com/earth%20science/W%20%20aim%203.pdfhttp://www.chemcool.com/earth%20science/W%20%20aim%203.pdf

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

138/170

The next five slides show five different kinds ofdrainage patterns.

The drainage patterns illustrated, in mixed

order, are: annular, radial, dendritic, trellis andderanged.

Write these names onto a piece of scratch

paper for use in identifying the five drainagepatterns that follow.

1. Identify this drainage pattern.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

139/170

1. TRELLIS

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

140/170

A pattern of channelsresembling a vine

growing on a trellis.

Develops where tilted

layers of resistant and

nonresistant rock form

parallel ridges and

valleys.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

141/170

2. RADIAL

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

142/170

Channels radiateoutward like spokes of a

wheel from a high

point.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

143/170

3. DENDRITIC

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

144/170

Irregular pattern ofchannels that branch

like a tree.

Develops on flat lying or

homogenous rock.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

145/170

4. DERANGED

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

146/170

Channels flow randomlywith no relation to

underlying rock types or

structures.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

147/170

5. ANNULAR

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

148/170

Long channels form apattern of concentric

circles connected by

sort radial channels.

Develops on eroded

domes or folds with

resistant and

nonresistant rock types.

URL for Drainage Pattern Images

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

149/170

http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/slaymaker/Archives/Geol10L/landforms.htm#Streams

Note: This URL is not included on the

PowerPoint on the CD you have been given.

Choose the term to the right that

identifies this stream feature.
http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/slaymaker/Archives/Geol10L/landforms.htmhttp://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/slaymaker/Archives/Geol10L/landforms.htmhttp://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/slaymaker/Archives/Geol10L/landforms.htmhttp://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/slaymaker/Archives/Geol10L/landforms.htm

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

150/170


A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar

D. Cut Bank E. Delta

F. Meander



8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

151/170


A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander



8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

152/170


A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander



8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

153/170


A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander



8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

154/170


A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander



8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

155/170


A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander



8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

156/170

A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander



8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

157/170

A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander


identifies the stream feature.

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

158/170

A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander



8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

159/170

A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander



8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

160/170

A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander



8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

161/170

A. Alluvial fan

B. Braided stream

C. Channel Bar


F. Meander

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

162/170

Evolution of a Meandering River

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

163/170

A meandering river hasa ________ cross

section

1. Symmetrical.

2. Asymmetrical.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

164/170

Deposition is expectedon

1. the outside of a

meander bend.

2. the inside of a

meander bend.

3. all along a meander

bend.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

165/170

Deposition is expectedon

1. the outside of a

meander bend.

2. the inside of a

meander bend.


bend.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

166/170

Erosion is expected on_______

1. the outside of a

meander bend.

2. the inside of a

meander bend.


bend.


8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

167/170

Erosion is expected on_______

1. the outside of a

meander bend.

2. the inside of a

meander bend.


bend.

Recommended Resource for Division C

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

168/170

by American GeologicalInstitute (AGI)

National Association of

Geoscience Teachers

(NAGT)Richard M. Busch,

Editor

Recommended Resource for Division C

(Companion Website)

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

169/170

http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_busch_labmanu

al_8/79/20253/518499

5.cw/index.html

Companion Website Index

8/2/2019 DP-SOSI

170/170

Chapter 11: Stream Processes, Landscapes,

Mass Wastage, and Flood Hazards

Chapter 12: Groundwater Processes,

Resources, and Risks
http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_busch_labmanual_8/79/20254/5185086.cw/index.htmlhttp://wps.prenhall.com/esm_busch_labmanual_8/79/20254/5185086.cw/index.htmlhttp://wps.prenhall.com/esm_busch_labmanual_8/79/20254/5185097.cw/index.htmlhttp://wps.prenhall.com/esm_busch_labmanual_8/79/20254/5185097.cw/index.htmlhttp://wps.prenhall.com/esm_busch_labmanual_8/79/20254/5185097.cw/index.htmlhttp://wps.prenhall.com/esm_busch_labmanual_8/79/20254/5185097.cw/index.htmlhttp://wps.prenhall.com/esm_busch_labmanual_8/79/20254/5185086.cw/index.htmlhttp://wps.prenhall.com/esm_busch_labmanual_8/79/20254/5185086.cw/index.html

dp-sosi

Documents