DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

Oil Refining

GTL - Gas to Liquids

14.10

22.35

19.6019.95

20.30

North America

14.84

20.78

14.3114.34

14.60

WesternEurope

0.791.672.82

2.93 3.20

Africa4.196.16

5.075.73

6.70

South America

6.84

13.3514.85

12.7510.70

Eastern Europe

2.273.41

4.936.03

6.30

Middle East

5.87

11.9913.09

18.5820.20

Asia and Pacific19701980199019982002

Million Barrels Per DayOil Refining

What is Crude Oil?≈ A huge jumble of Hydrocarbons (Hydrogen + Carbon).

≈Methane (CH4) right through to C60+ (and everything in between).

≈ Contains plenty of Impurities.

Silt

Petrol

Bitumen

Diesel

Jet

Heavy Fuel

Butane

Salts

Water

Organic Acids

Oil Refining

Lytton - 1965105,500 bpd

Kwinana - 1955138,500bpd

Geelong - 1954119,000 bpd

Kurnell - 1956124,500 bpd

Altona - 1949135,000 bpd

Port Stanvac - 196378,000 bpdMOTHBALLED

Clyde - 192886,000 bpd

Oil Refining

Bulwer Is - 196588,000 bpd

jetty

processing plant

finished products tank farm

crude oil tank farm

component tankage

Oil Refining

≈ Separation

≈ Conversion

≈ Purification

≈ Blending

Refining Processes

Oil Refining

Removal of Salts≈ Salts in crude oil will corrode and cause blockage in the

plant

≈ They are removed by washing pure water through the oil in the presence of an electrical current

≈ The salts prefers to be in the water as they are soluble. The electric current coalesces, or joins together, small water droplets into bigger ones so that they can ‘drop out’ of the crude oil and be recovered.

≈ Salts are then removed from the water so that the water can be reused

Separation

Oil Refining

Oil Refining

Distillation (fractionation)

≈Atmospheric occurs in distilling column at or near atmospheric pressure at around 350 - 400OC

≈Vacuum allows the separation of heavy hydrocarbons with boiling points of 450OC and higher without them “cracking”

Separation

Oil Refining

Oil Refining CLICK TO PLAY ANIMATION

Oil Refining

Catalytic (Cat) Cracking - uses heat and acatalyst to “crack” heavy hydrocarbon fractions

Thermal Cracking - uses heat to crack residue fromvacuum distillation

Hydrocracking - cat cracking in the presence of H2

Conversion

Oil Refining

Cracking

in the presence of a catalyst becomes

Oil Refining

Catalytic Cracker

Oil Refining

in the presence of a catalyst becomes

+

- using heat, pressure and a catalyst to change straight molecules into circular molecules to make high octane petrol and petrochemical feedstock

Oil Refining

Catalytic reforming

Catalytic Reformer

Oil Refining

in the presence of a catalyst becomes

- joining lighter molecules together to form higher quality petrol, aviation fuels or petrochemicals

Oil Refining

Alkylation and polymerisation

AlkylationOil Refining

Hydrotreating - mixing of feedstockwith H2 and heating to remove sulphur compounds

Purification

Oil Refining

Oil Refining

GTL – GASTO LIQUIDS

GTL - Gas to Liquids

GTL - Gas to Liquids

GTL - Gas to Liquids

STEP ONESyngas

2CH4 + O2 = 4H2 + 2CO

STEP TWOFischer-Tropsch

CO + 2H2 = -CH2- + H2O

STEP THREESeparation

GTL - Gas to Liquids

1 2 3

4 5 6

GTL - Gas to Liquids

Mossel Bay, South Africa

GTL - Gas to Liquids

Bintulu, Indonesia

GTL - Gas to Liquids

Escravos, Nigeria

GTL - Gas to Liquids

Thank you.Thank you.