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AF 202


Objectives

Intro

Decision MakingRisk AssessmentHazardous AttitudesHazard DetectionDECIDE model


ADM

Aeronautical Decision MakingA systematic approach to risk

assessment and stress management

Helps us understand how personal attitudes influence decision making

Helps us see how we can modify those attutudes


ADM

Progress is being made to improve aircraft equipment and systems along with pilot services.

However the human factor of flight remains the same

80% of all aviation accidents are attributed to the human factor


Percentage of Accidents


Judgment

The FAA believes that good judgment is something you can be taught not just a by-product of experience

Do you think it is possible to be taught good judgment?

If so, what can prevent someone from being taught good judgment?


Decision Making

How to improve your decision makingIdentify personal attitudes hazardous to safe

flyingLearn behavior modification techniquesLearning how to recognize and cope with

stressDeveloping risk assessment skillsHaving the ability to evaluate your ADM

skills (self honesty)


Risk Assessment

The two defining elements of ADM are hazard and risk

Hazard being the condition, event or circumstance encountered

Risk is the assessment of the seriousness of that hazard


Risk Assessment

Pilots can come to different assessments of the same hazardPilot experiencePilot trainingPilot attitude

It is not a guarantee that a, say, less experienced pilot will always under-asses a hazard. The pilot could think it more serious than it really is


Hazardous Attitudes

One of the first risks is pilot attitude

The FAA groups 5 hazardous attitudes

Hazardous attitudes are not as easily dealt with by just reading a book. WHY?


Hazardous Attitudes

Some of these attitudes may be temporary due to a ‘bad day’

However much of the danger behind hazardous attitudes is because they can be rooted in our mentality, personality, and cultural influence

This makes identification very personal


Hazardous Attitude

Anti – AuthorityDon’t like anyone telling you what to doThinks the rules are silly or unnecessaryYou always question authoritySubtly can be present simply by the easy

lack of respect of persons in authority


Hazardous Attitudes

RiskIgnore rules meant for safety or reasons that

you may not know aboutWon’t take seriously the lessons or wisdom

taught by those in authority which could help you in the end

In reality, if it doesn’t kill you or get you in trouble, it will probably get you fired


Hazardous Attitude

ImpulsivityImpulsive shopping may leave you with

credit card debt, but impulsive flying could leave you DEAD!

Reacting to situations without thinking about them

Assessment of the seriousness of the risk is usually wrong


Hazardous Attitudes

RiskIf you over-react to a non-serious risk you

could make a non-serious situation more serious

Improper assessment could lead you to the wrong action for the situation

You basically are ignoring what you have been taught. All wisdom goes out the window


Hazardous Attitudes

InvulnerabilityFalse sense of security

All that ‘stuff’ happens to other people

Could be an over estimation of your ability○ “It happens to them because they’re idiots”


Hazardous Attitudes

RiskToo relaxed on procedures and

precautionary actions (i.e. clearing turns, position reporting)

Not fully prepared when a situation actually does happen to you

A better chance you’ll take more foolish risks


Hazardous Attitudes

MachoThe pilot diseaseProve yourself to others or just to get

attention (or impress a girl so you can have a valentines date)

Think you need to be better than everyone


Hazardous Attitudes

RiskYou do stupid stuff!!The desire to be better, to be liked, to

impress, to be recognized, to be applauded by other people can be stronger than your reason if left unchecked

It can backfire on you quick


Hazardous Attitudes

ResignationGive up because “what’s the use? I can’t

make a difference.”It’s all based on luck, karma, the alignment

of the stars anywayLeave the response to the situation up to

othersYou don’t question others when you should

just because you are a ‘nice guy.’


Hazardous Attitudes

RiskA fixable situation never gets fixed

Other people do things they shouldn’t because you were to ‘nice’ to confront them

You are really an ineffective pilot because the majority of training is not so you can stay level, but deal with hazardous situation.○ After all a computer can stay level so why do

we need you?


Operational Pitfalls

Honestly, though most issues are not able to be summed up by 5 attitudes and many issues are a combination of them

Operational pitfalls are classic behavioral traps which pilots often fall into (Can you see which hazardous attitudes come into play?)



Peer PressureAn emotional response to what others think

about you

Mind SetInability to recognize or cope with changes

that are different from anticipated or planned



Get-There-ItisFixation on the goal or destination impairs

good judgment and disregards any alternative course of action (like not going!)

Duck-Under Syndrome“Sneak a peek” by ducking under minimums

on an approach because you assume there is a ‘fudge’ factor for obstacle clearance



Scud RunningPushing pilot and aircraft limits trying to

maintain visual contact with terrain while trying to avoid it

Continuing VFR into IFRJust stupid (especially if not Instrument

rated)



Getting behind the aircraftAllowing the situation to control you instead

of controlling the situationConstantly surprised. moments of blank

thought since you don’t know what to do

Lost of situation awarenessLike getting behind the aircraft but

specifically related to keeping track of where you are



Operating without adequate fuel reserveSimply ignoring the rules so you don’t have

to stop for refuel and can stretch it that “extra mile.”

Flying outside the envelopeFlying a little overweight or a little out of CG

range. After all there is probably ‘fudge factor’ built in.



Neglect flight planning/preflightIs the plane really safe?Do you really know where you’re goingAre you really prepared for what could

happen?Is the weather really going to cooperate?


PAVE Checklist

P for PilotAm I ready for this trip?Mentally – Hazardous Attitudes, stressPhysically – IMSAFE checklistExperientially – Do I meet proper currency

requirements


PAVE Checklist

A for AircraftAm I familiar with this aircraftIs it equipped properly and functioningDo I have the proper runway lengthIt is weighted properlyCan it make it high enough to clear all

obstacles or terrain?Is the plane properly and sufficiently fueled


PAVE Checklist

V for enVironmentCurrent weather here, enroute, and at

destinationWill a slight change in un-forecasted

weather be hazardousAm I comfortable with the weather situations

I could encounterCan I handle the terrain I am overDo I know all I can about the airportDo I know all airspace I may encounter


PAVE Checklist

E for External PressuresJob pressures (don’t disappoint the

passenger)Desire to prove yourself or impressPersonal goalPride to meet a challenge that may be

above your experience level


ADM

While making decisions is often an automatic process, knowing whether you have the proper thought process is important

Without knowing your thought process you can easily be led into impulsivity


ADM

The DECIDE model with an engine failure during cruise flight

Detect…that something has changedHey my engine has failed on me, that is

different than it was beforeMost people get this part


ADM

Estimate…the severity of the situation and a need to reactI think my engine being failed is pretty

serious and something should be done about it

Again this is usually obvious to people


ADM

Choose…a desirable outcomeWhat would be the best outcome to this

engine failure?Most students show, by their actions, that

the best outcome is to land in a fieldWouldn’t the best outcome be that the

engine starts again???


ADM

Identify…necessary actions to reach the desired outcome previously discussedIf you want the engine to start, do the engine

restart procedure, not look for a fieldIn all honestly this procedure in a 172 takes

7 seconds (assuming you know the engine restart procedure)


ADM

Do…the actions you just identified as necessarySo do the engine restart procedure

Evaluate…The effects of the actionsHey the engine started so we’re ok, maybe I

should go home thoughHey the engine is still dead, go back to

Choose


ADM

While this may seem silly, it is to prove a point. That point being…THINK!!

What outcome is best and if it is in your power to do something about it, then DO IT!

If that outcome does not happen then what is second best.

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Documents

hazard slide

hazardous attitudes

personal slide

model slide

attutudes slide

personal attitudes hazardous

risk hazard

risk assessment skills