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The United States and WWIThe United States and WWI
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Causes of the War
M M MMilitarismilitarism
AA AAllianceslliances
II IImperialismmperialism
NN NNationalismationalism
MilitarismMilitarism 1.
• Germany was competingwith the UK to buildbattleships.
• The British feared anattack on their Empire
Militarism 2.
• Germany wascompeting withRussia and France toexpand their armies
1880 1914
• Germany 1.3m 5.0m
• France 0.73m 4.0m
• Russia 0.40m 1.2m
What What is an is an
alliance?alliance?
A close association
of nations or other groups,
formed to advance common
interests or causes.
Alliances
By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances.
The alliances made it more likely that a war would start.
Once started, the alliances made it more likely that it would spread.
Triple EntenteTriple Entente
Alliances
•Germany•Italy•Austria-
Hungary
•Great Britain
•France •Russia
Triple Alliance
Imperialism
• All the great powers were competing for colonies/territories around the world to claim as their own.
• The British feared that Germany would expand into Africa.
• The Austrians feared Serbia and Russia would expand into the Balkans.
Nationalism• Defined as...
– Devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation.
– The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals.
• Political or social philosophy in which the welfare of the nation-state is considered paramount.
• A collective state of mind or consciousness in which people believe their primary duty and loyalty is to the nation-state.
• Often nationalism implies national superiority and glorifies various national virtues. Thus love of nation may be overemphasized; concern with national self-interest to the exclusion of the rights of other nations may lead to international conflict.
Question 1
• If so many nations are connected through alliances in Europe at this time, what do you think will happen if there is a conflict between any two nations? How could the other causes intensify this conflict?
• (2 paragraphs)
The SparkThe Spark
The SPARK of WAR (June 28, 1914)The SPARK of WAR (June 28, 1914)– Assassination of Archduke Franz FerdinandAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand– Next in line for the throne of Austria Next in line for the throne of Austria
Hungary is killed by a Serbian terrorist Hungary is killed by a Serbian terrorist group known as the Black Hand.group known as the Black Hand.
– Group sought to reunite Bosnia with the Group sought to reunite Bosnia with the independent nation of Serbia to form a large independent nation of Serbia to form a large Slavic state on the southern border of Slavic state on the southern border of Austria-Hungary.Austria-Hungary.
On the Way to World WarOnce Austria-Hungary had assurance of German support, it
made HARSH demands on Serbia.
• Austria Serbia
• Russia and France Austria Hungary
• Germany Russia and France
• Germany Belgium
• Britain Germany
Declares War
Invades
Declares War
Declares War
Declares War
The Start of WWI
The Schlieffen Plan
• Germany’s militaryplan to defeat Franceand Russia.
• “Knock out blow”aimed at France first.
• Avoid Frenchdefences by invasionof Belgium.
• Germans thoughtBritain would notintervene.
Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
ASSUMPTIONS WERE WRONG...DEAD WRONG!
1. Resistance in Belgium Invasion of Belgium
2. France holds line near Paris3. Russians mobilized QUICKLY!4. Britain declares war on Germany
Question 2
• What German assumptions caused the Schlieffen Plan to fail?
• (1 paragraph)
As alliances begin to call nations to war,
each nation must decide which side it will
support or declare neutrality.
Choosing SidesChoosing Sides
• Austria-Hungary• Germany• Turkey• Bulgaria
Central Powers Allied Powers
• Great Britain• France• Russia• Japan• Italy (1915)• United States (1917)
Question 3
• What do you notice about the location of the Axis Powers in reference to the Allied Powers?
• (1 or 2 sentences)
Neutral, But Not Impartial
• Wilson called for the US to be “Neutral in facts as well as in name, impartial in thought as well as in action”.
• Americans were unable to “be” neutral and in fact did select a side to support. Most Americans favored the Allies over the Central Powers.
• Propaganda was used by both sides to influence public opinion.
• Allied propaganda was more effective because it convinced Americans that the Allies were fighting to defend more than politics, but civilization itself.
Supplying the Allies
Trading Countries
1914 1917
Allies 500 million 3.5 billion
Germany 169 million 1.1 billion
Neutral 187 million 280 million
Total 856 million 4.88 billion
Neutrality stopped when $$$ came into the picture!! Although the US supplied materials to both sides, it supplied MUCH more to the Allies.
Overall the increase in trade greatly helped “neutral” America.
This is a $4 BILLION
increase
Question 4
• How was trade a telling sign for whom the United States would support in the Great War, while staying officially, “neutral?”
• (1 paragraph)
“Important” WWI Battles
Tannenberg
Marne
Verdun
Jutland
Somme
St. Mihiel
Tannenberg
Counties Involved
ALLIED:Russia
CENTRAL: Germany
Dates August 22-29, 1914
Location East Prussia (west of Russian territory)
Outcome Disastrous loss for the Russians, only 10,000/150,000 escaped
Interesting Facts
•During the battle the Russians were forced to use fallen soldiers as human shields to gain cover.
•The British hid the story from the public…WHY???
Marne
Counties Involved
ALLIED: France
CENTRAL: Germany
Dates September 6-9, 1914
Location France (on the Marne River)
Outcome France was able to prevent Germany from a swift victory but were unable to defeat the army. They held them outside of Paris.
Interesting Facts
6,000 men came in taxis from the reserves to the front lines in Paris.
Verdun
Counties Involved
ALLIED: FranceCENTRAL: Germany
Dates February 21-December 18, 1916
Location Verdun, France (a fortified garrison town)
Outcome France regained Verdun, but suffered huge casualties
Interesting Facts
•1 million Germans vs. 200,000 French soldiers•Longest battle of WWI
JutlandJutlandCounties Involved
ALLIED: Britain
CENTRAL: Germany
Dates May 1916
Location Off the coast of Denmark, Norway and Scotland
Outcome German naval victory
Interesting Facts
Most believe that Germany was able to win because their position put the sun directly in front of the British
SommeCounties Involved
ALLIED: France and Britain
CENTRAL: Germany
Dates July 1-November 13, 1916
Location France
Outcome Small allied gain of 12 km but a HUGE loss of life
Interesting Facts
•58,000 casualties in one day for the British (worst day ever)
•Introduction of tanks
TOTAL CASUALTIES
•British=420,000
•France=200,000
•Germany=500,000
Over 1 million deaths
St. Mihiel
Counties Involved
ALLIED: United States and France
CENTRAL: Germany
Dates September 12-16, 1917
Location France
Outcome HUGE Allied victory
Interesting Facts
•First offensive attack by the Allied forces.
•Led by General PershingGeneral Pershing with 300,000 troops.
•AMERICA ROCKS!!!
A New Type of Combat: The Cause and Effect of
Technological Innovations
Question 5
• Advancements in technology and trench warfare created what effects during the Great War?
• (1 paragraph)
Why does the US stop being neutral?
•Zimmerman Zimmerman TelegramTelegram
•LusitaniaLusitania
•Ties to BritainTies to Britain
Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram
Propaganda to Win Support
The US entry into WWI
Question 6
• Using the powerpoint presentation, textbook, or internet:Describe the events of the Lusitania and Zimmerman Telegram,
• and the effect they had on US opinion of entering the war.
• (3-5 paragraphs)
On the Home Front
• In order to collect a large fighting force, Congress passed Selective Service Act in 1917.
• Men between 21-31 must register for military. (24 million total)
• 3 million called, by 1918, 4.8 million in services
The Cost of War
The cost of war was pushed to the taxpayer.
1. Increase in taxes
2. Liberty and Victory loans
(Government Bonds)
Government taking control at home
Government takes over the RR, telegraph, telephone..
War Industries Board– Bernard Baruch
• decide what goods to be produced
Council of Defense– Food Administration– Herbert Hoover
• “War gardens”
Effects on the Work Force
Women
African-Americans
Farmers
Unions
Question 7
• Using your text: What effects did the war bring to the following groups:
• African Americans, women, farmers, unions
• (3-4 paragraphs)
Land of the Free? Attacks on Civil Liberties
• Espionage Act of 1917
• Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
• Sedition Act of 1918
Jailing and internment of those who criticize government actions or positions
Suspending Civil Liberties
Outcome of the War
Allied victory but at a large cost!
Casualties• British, French, and
Russian– 4 million
• United States – 50,280
THE END OF WWITHE END OF WWI January 8, 1918- Wilson delivers his 14 Points Speech to Congress and calls for a “League of Nations” to prevent future wars in the world. Fourteen Points
October 5, 1918- Germans send a note of peace to Wilson
November 11, 1918- Germany signs an armistice and World War I ends
BACK TO THE END OF WWI
In attendance... the BIG four
France (Premier Georges Clemenceau)
Britain (PM David Lloyd George)
Italy (Premier Vottorio Orlando)
US (President Woodrow Wilson)
Question 8
• Beyond peace, Wilson sought what at the end of the war? What was the name of the proposal “package”? What about this lofty idea made it problematic for the US?
• (5-6 sentences)
Signing for Peace in Signing for Peace in Europe: Europe:
The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles
Outcomes for Outcomes for GermanyGermany
•Accept responsibility for starting the war•Abolish mandatory military service and cut
army to 100,000•Demilitarize French/German border•No colonial expansion•Pay $33 billion in reparations•German leaders forced to sign document
New countries are formed in Europe out of warring nations
Poland (independence)Poland (independence) LithuaniaLithuania FinlandFinland EstoniaEstonia LatviaLatvia RomaniaRomania CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia YugoslaviaYugoslavia
Problems with ratification of the Treaty of Versailles
• Wilson only took Democrats to negotiate treaty
• Congress opposed Article 10 (League of Nations)
• Public opinion turned against involvement in foreign affairs
Ratification fails in Congress and the US Ratification fails in Congress and the US never becomes a permanent part of the never becomes a permanent part of the
League of NationsLeague of Nations
Question 9
• What effect did the treaty of Versailles have upon Germany?
• (2 paragraphs)
The End of WWI