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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: TV3 BULETIN UTAMA
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx -
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for TV3 BULETIN UTAMA..........................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for TV3 BULETIN UTAMA
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by TV3 Buletin Utama, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was relatively equal.
PR were attacked (75.29%) and covered negatively (61.45%) more then BN, with BNreceiving more positive coverage (76.85%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, thepositive category was used very much the most often (41%), followed by the negativecategory (27%) then the neutral category (26%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed
towards BN (63%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the
neutral category was used the most often (44%), followed by the positive category (24%).
However, of the non-neutral material, more positive and neutral coverage was given to BN,while PR received the most attacks.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often.
BN were used as sources more often (51%) than PR politicians (21%), who were used assources less than independent/other political figures (27%).
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Lim Guan Eng and Muhyiddin Yassin were first and second most commonly engaged in attackpolitics, followed by Najib Razak.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than oppositionpoliticians (27.78% cf. 19.44%), but not as much as independents and others (52.78%).
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Vision Policies and Programmes was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (39.33%), followed by PAS, DAP, Others, then PKR.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
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BN
PASDAP
Other
PKR
UMNO
MCA
PR
MIC
PSM
Gerakan
SAPP
PBB
PBS
PRS
PRM
SPDP
SUPP
UPKO
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
39.33
14.0413.65
12.18
11.95
3.96
1.40
1.24
0.78
0.78
0.23
0.23
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was relatively equal, with the BN coalition receivingslightly more mention-level coverage than PR.
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
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BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
45.93
40.88
1.01
12.18
Volume
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, thepositive category was used very much the most often (41%), followed by the negativecategory (27%) then the neutral category (26%).
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7%
27%
26%
41%Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
Other parties were the most negatively covered (25.91%), followed by DAP (20.48%) andPAS (20.18%), then PKR (19.88%).
PKR were the most attacked (27.06%), followed by DAP (24.71%), Other (20%), PAS(15.29%), then PR (8.24%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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Other
DAP
PAS
PKR
BN
UMNOPR
MIC
PSM
MCA
Gerakan
PBB
PBS
PRS
PRM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UPKO
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (69.84%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed byPAS (8.95%), UMNO (5.06%), PKR (4.67%), then DAP (4.47%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
DAP
PAS
Other
PKR
UMNOMCA
PSM
MIC
Gerakan
PRS
PR
SAPP
PBB
PBS
PRM
SPDP
SUPP
UPKO
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (75.29%) and covered negatively (61.45%) more then BN, withBN receiving more positive coverage (76.85%).
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.24 41%Neutral 1 : 1.1 26%
Negative 1 : 4.64 27%
Attacked 1 : 16 7%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
4.71
13.25
41.25
76.85
75.29
61.45
45.31
18.68
20.00
25.30
13.44
4.47
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(40.48%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (10.73%).
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Guan EngAnwar Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Karpal Singh
Nik Aziz
Hishamuddin Hussein
Hadi Awang
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Chua Soi Lek
Musa Aman
Ng Yen YenTian Chua
Hassan Ali
Liow Tiong Lai
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nurul Izzah
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40.48
10.73
8.657.96
5.88
5.54
3.81
3.11
2.77
2.08
2.08
1.38
1.04
0.69
0.690.69
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed towards BN (63%).
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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63%
34%
2%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(34.25%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (12.64%) then Lim Guan Eng (9.2%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Guan Eng
Anwar Ibrahim
Election Commission Spokesperson
Hadi Awang
Mahathir Mohamad
Nik Aziz
Hassan Ali
Ambiga Sreenevasan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
34.25
12.64
9.20
6.67
5.75
2.76
2.53
1.61
1.38
0.92
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (51%) than PR politicians (21%), whowere used as sources less than independent/other political figures (27%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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51%
21%
27%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (50%), followed by the positive category (27%).
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27%
50%
13%
11%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost negative coverage (18.18%), followed by Lim Guan Eng and Mahathir Mohamad (both12.12%).
Anwar Ibrahim was the most attacked (33.33%), followed by Khalid Ibrahim (18.52%) thenKarpal Singh (14.82%).
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Lim Guan Eng
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Anwar Ibrahim
Karpal Singh
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Nik Aziz
Hadi Awang
Lim Kit Siang
Ng Yen Yen
Khalid Ibrahim
Hishamuddin Hussein
Tian Chua
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred Jabu
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Bernard Dompok
Chong Chieng JenChua Soi Lek
Dzulkefly Ahmad
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (58.82%) and neutral coverage (46.03%%).
Muhyiddin Yassin received the second most positive coverage (16.18%) followed by Lim
Guan Eng (5.88%). Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib RazakLim Guan Eng
Muhyiddin Yassin
Karpal Singh
Anwar Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Hishamuddin Hussein
Lim Kit Siang
Hadi Awang
Mahathir Mohamad
Chua Soi Lek
Musa Aman
Liow Tiong Lai
Rosmah Mansur
Taib Mahmud
Tian Chua
Yong Teck Lee
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Hassan Ali
Mohamad 'Mat' SabuAbdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred Jabu
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more positive and neutral coverage was given to BN, while PR received the mostattacks.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.16 24%
Neutral 1 : 0.51 44%
Negative 1 : 0.94 11%
Attacked 1 : 7.7 9%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
11.11
48.48
65.08
83.82
85.19
45.45
33.33
13.24
3.70
6.06
1.59
2.94
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Lim Guan Eng was the politicians most likely to engage in attack politics (13.89%), followedby Muhyiddin Yassin (11.11%) then Najib Razak (8.33%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Lim Guan Eng
Muhyiddin Yassin
Najib Razak
Mahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Nazri Aziz
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Musa Aman
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
13.89
11.11
8.33
5.56
2.78
2.78
2.78
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than oppositionpoliticians (27.78% cf. 19.44%), but not as much as independents and others (52.78%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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27.78
19.44
52.78
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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46%
54%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development then Religion.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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49%
2%
19%
2%1%
9%
3%1%
14%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Electioneering was given the most coverage, followed bySocioeconomic Status, then Democracy & Human Rights.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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14%
6%
18%
19%
3%2%
38%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 4111
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 416
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 13.4
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
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TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 39.333
DAP 13.654
Gerakan 0.23274
MCA 1.3964
MIC 0.7758
PAS 14.042
PBB 0.07758
PBS 0.07758
PKR 11.947
PR 1.2413
PRS 0.07758
PRM 0
PSM 0.7758
SAPP 0.23274
SPDP 0
SUPP 0
UMNO 3.9566
UPKO 0
Other 12.18
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 39.333
BN 45.92728
Gerakan 0.23274
MCA 1.3964
MIC 0.7758
PBB 0.07758
PBS 0.07758
PRS 0.07758
SPDP 0
SUPP 0
UMNO 3.9566
UPKO 0
PR 1.2413
PR 40.8843DAP 13.654
PAS 14.042
PKR 11.947
PRM 0
Independent 1.00854PSM 0.7758
SAPP 0.23274
Other 12.18 Other 12.18
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 3.5294 10.241 30 69.844 113.6144
DAP 24.706 20.482 18.75 4.4747 68.4127
Gerakan 0 0 0.625 0.19455 0.81955
MCA 0 0.3012 3.75 0.97276 5.02396
MIC 0 0.90361 0.9375 0.38911 2.23022
PAS 15.294 20.181 15.312 8.9494 59.7364
PBB 0 0 0 0.19455 0.19455
PBS 0 0 0 0.19455 0.19455
PKR 27.059 19.88 11.25 4.6693 62.8583
PR 8.2353 0.90361 0 0.58366 9.72257
PRS 0 0 0.3125 0 0.3125
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0 0.60241 1.875 0 2.47741
SAPP 0 0 0 0.58366 0.58366
SPDP 0 0 0 0 0
SUPP 0 0 0 0 0
UMNO 1.1765 1.8072 5.625 5.0584 13.6671
UPKO 0 0 0 0 0
Other 20 24.699 11.562 3.8911 60.1521
Parties &Coalitions
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TABLE 4
BN
A ttacked 4.7059
Negative 13.25301
Neutral 41.25
Posit ive 76.84792
PR
A tta cked 75.2943
Negative 61.44661
Neutral 45.312
Posit ive 18.67706
Attacked 20
Negative 25.30141
Neutral 13.437
Positive 4.47476
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0
Alfred Jabu 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.3841
Anwar Ibrahim 7.9585
Azmin Ali 0
Baru Bian 0
Bernard Dompok 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 1.0381
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0
Hadi Awang 2.7682Hassan Ali 0.34602
Hishamuddin Hussein 3.1142
Ibrahim Ali 0
James Masing 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Karpal Singh 5.5363
Khalid Ibrahim 2.0761
Khalid Samad 0
Lim Guan Eng 8.6505
Lim Kit Siang 2.0761
Liow Tiong Lai 0.34602
Mahathir Mohamad 5.8824
Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.34602
Muhyiddin Yassin 10.727
Musa Aman 0.69204
Najib Razak 40.484
Ng Yen Yen 0.69204
Nik Aziz 3.8062
Nizar Jamaluddin 0
Nurul Izzah 0.34602
Rafizi Ramli 0
Rosmah Mansur 0.34602
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 0.34602
Teresa Kok 0
Tian Chua 0.69204
Tony Pua 0
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0Yong Teck Lee 0.34602
Percentage(mention)
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TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 2.07616
BN 63.32182
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0
Alfred JabuPBB 0.34602
Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 60.89964
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin YassinMusa Aman
Najib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 16.2629
PR 34.25598
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 6.92042
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 11.07266
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 1.3841
2.42216
Hassan Ali Independent 0.34602
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0
Rosmah Mansur 0.34602
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.34602
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0.22989
BN 51.26479
Mahathir Mohamad 2.5287
Muhyiddin Yassin 12.644
Musa Aman 0.45977
Najib Razak 34.253
Nazri Aziz 0.22989
Taib Mahmud 0.91954
Anwar Ibrahim 6.6667
PR 21.37933
Baru Bian 0.22989
Hadi Awang 2.7586
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 9.1954
Lim Kit Siang 0.91954
Nik Aziz 1.6092
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.91954
Independent 27.35654
Hassan Ali 1.3793
Vox Pop Male 12.414
Vox Pop Female 6.8966
0
5.7471
Percentage(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 3.7037 6.0606 0 1.4706
Anwar Ibrahim 33.333 6.0606 5.5556 1.4706Azmin Ali 0 0 0 0
Baru Bian 0 0 0 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 0 1.5873 1.4706
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0
Hadi Awang 0 6.0606 2.381 4.4118
Hassan Ali 0 0 0 1.4706Hishamuddin Hussein 0 3.0303 3.1746 1.4706
Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0 0
James Masing 0 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0
Karpal Singh 14.815 6.0606 7.1429 0
Khalid Ibrahim 18.519 3.0303 0 0
Khalid Samad 0 0 0 0
Lim Guan Eng 11.111 12.121 10.317 5.8824
Lim Kit Siang 0 6.0606 3.1746 0
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.79365 0
Mahathir Mohamad 0 12.121 2.381 4.4118
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0 1.4706
Muhyiddin Yassin 3.7037 9.0909 9.5238 16.176
Musa Aman 0 0 0.79365 1.4706
Najib Razak 7.4074 18.182 46.032 58.824
Ng Yen Yen 0 6.0606 0 0
Nik Aziz 3.7037 6.0606 3.9683 0
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0
Nurul Izzah 0 0 0 0
Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0 0Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.79365 0
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0.79365 0
Teresa Kok 0 0 0 0
Tian Chua 3.7037 0 0.79365 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.79365 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 11.1111
Negative 48.4848
Neutral 65.07965
Positive 83.8236
PR
Attacked 85.1854
Negative 45.4543
Neutral 33.33305
Positive 13.2354
Attacked 3.7037
Negative 6.0606
Neutral 1.5873
Positive 2.9412
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0
BN 27.7777
Mahathir Mohamad 5.5556
Muhyiddin Yassin 11.111
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 8.3333
Nazri Aziz 2.7778
Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 2.7778
PR 19.4446
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 13.889
Lim Kit Siang 2.7778Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 52.7773
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 44.444
Vox Pop Female 8.3333
0
0
Percentage(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 12.705
Policy Issues 26.09291
Environment 0.54645Economy/Development 4.8497
Education 0.54645
Foreign Policy 0.34153
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 2.3907
Oppressive Legislation 0.81967
Health 0.13661
Religion 3.7568
Ethnicity 4.1667
30.39613
Religion 1.9126
Democracy & Human Rights 5.4645
Socioeconomic Status 5.8743
Mudslinging 0.95628
Gender 0.61475
Electioneering 11.407
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other