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Emotion, Stress,and Health
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Overview Nature of emotion
Emotion and culture
Nature of stress Stress and emotion
How to cope
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Emotion
A state of arousal involving facial and
bodily changes, brain activation,
cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings,
and tendencies toward action, all shaped
by cultural rules
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The body
Primary emotions
Emotions considered to be universal and
biologically based, usually thought to include
fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust,and contempt
Secondary emotion
Emotions that develop with cognitive maturityand vary across individuals and cultures
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Your turn
Which of the following is a primaryemotion?
1. Love
2. Suspicion
3. Joy
4. Jealousy
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Your turn
Which of the following is a primaryemotion?
1. Love
2. Suspicion
3. Joy
4. Jealousy
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Universal expressions of
emotion Facial expressions for primaryemotions are universal.
Even members of remote culturescan recognize facial expressions inpeople who are foreign to them.
Facial feedback Process by which the facial muscles send messages to
the brain about the basic emotion being expressed
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The brain and emotion
The amygdala Responsible forassessing threat
Damage to theamygdala results inabnormality inprocessing fear.
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The brain and emotion
Mirror neurons
A class of neurons, distributed throughout the brain, that
fire when an animal sees or hears an action and carries
out the same action on its own Far more evolved and varied in humans
than in other animals
Help us recognize others’ intentions
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Hormones and emotion
When experiencing an intenseemotion, two hormones are released. Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Results in increased alertness andarousal
At high levels, can create sensation of being out of control emotionally
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The autonomic nervous
system
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How thoughts create
emotions Perceptions and attributions areinvolved in emotions.
How one reacts to an event dependson how he/she explains it.For example, how one reacts to being ignored or winning thesilver instead of the gold medal
Philosophy of life is also influential.
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Culture and emotion
Culture determines what people feel angry, sad,lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about.
Some cultures have words for specific emotions
unknown to other cultures..E.g., schadenfreude
Some cultures don’t have words for emotionsthat seem universal to others.Tahitian and sadness
Differences in secondary emotions appear to bereflected in differences in languages.
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Rules of emotional
regulation Display rules
When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed orwhen they should be squelched
Emotion work
Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to createthe right emotion for the occasion
Body language The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture, andgaze that people constantly express
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Gender and emotion
In North America women. . .
smile more than men.
gaze at listeners more.
have more emotionally expressive faces.
use more expressive body movements.
touch others more.
acknowledge weakness and emotions more.
Compared to women, men only express anger to
strangers more.
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Factors influencing
emotional expressiveness Gender roles
Cultural norms
The specific situation
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The physiology of stress
General Adaptation SyndromeAlarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Goal is to minimize wear and tearon system.
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Your turn
During which phase of the General
Adaptation Syndrome is a person
most vulnerable to disease?
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
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Your turn
During which phase of the General
Adaptation Syndrome is a person
most vulnerable to disease?
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
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Current approaches
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Stressors and the body
Work-relatedproblems
Noise Bereavementand loss
Poverty,powerlessness,and low status
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Explanatory styles
Optimists: Take better care of themselves when sick
Cope better
Draw on friends in hard times
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The sense of control
Locus of control A general expectation about whether the results of your actions
are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your
control (external locus)
Feelings of control can reduce or even
eliminate the relationship between
stressors and health.
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Your turn
Suppose you have several difficult exams
coming up soon. If your thought is
“There’s no way I can study enough to
get an A in psychology,” then what isyour locus of control?
1. Internal
2. External
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Your turn
Suppose you have several difficult exams
coming up soon. If your thought is
“There’s no way I can study enough to
get an A in psychology,” then what isyour locus of control?
1. Internal
2. External
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Benefits of control When exposed to cold viruses, those who are out of control are more likely to develop colds.
Low-income individuals with high levels of controlreport similar quality of life to high-income
individuals.
Managers and executives have fewer illnesses.
African-Americans reporting more control have fewerproblems with hypertension.
Nursing home residents with greater control aremore alert, happier, and live longer.
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Limits of control
Primary control: an effort to modify reality bychanging other people, the situation, or eventsA “fighting back” philosophy
Western cultures
Secondary control: an effort to accept reality bychanging your own attitudes, goals, or emotionsA “learn to live with it” philosophy
Eastern cultures
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Emotions and illness
Hostility and heart disease Type A personality: determined to achieve, sense of timeurgency, irritable, quick to respond to threat or challenge,impatient with obstacles.
Type B personality: calmer, less intense
Cynical or antagonistic hostility is a majorrisk factor for heart disease
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Positive emotions
Longitudinal study of 180 Catholic nuns foundthat longevity was related to frequency of positive emotionsHappiness
Interest
Love
Hope
Etc.
Nuns whose life stories contained the mostpositive emotion words lived an average of nine years longer.
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Emotional inhibition
A personality trait involving a tendency to
deny feelings of anger, anxiety, or fear;
stressful situations cause heart rate and
blood pressure to rise sharply
People with this trait are more likely to fall
ill than people who can acknowledge
feelings.
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Letting grievances go
Confession: divulging
private thoughts and
feelings that make you
ashamed or depressed
Can also give up
thoughts that produce
grudges and replace
them with different
perspectives.
Forgiving thoughts
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Cooling off
Relaxation trainingLearning to alternately tense and relax muscles, lie or sitquietly, or meditate by clearing the mind
Lowers stress hormones, enhances immune function
Massage therapy
Exercise
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Solving the problem
Emotion-focused and problem-focused coping
Effective cognitive copingmethods Reappraising the situation
Learning from the experience
Making social comparisons
Cultivating a sense of humor
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Looking outward
Friends can help People who have network of close connections live longerthan those who do not.
After heart attack, those with no close contacts weretwice as likely to die.
Relationships can also cause stress.
Giving support to others can be avaluable source of comfort.
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When friends aren’t
helpfulMany are stressed by the responsibility of caring for others.
In close relationships, the support personmay also be the source of stress.Married couples who argue in a hostile way have increasedelevations of stress hormones and weakened immune systems.
Friends may be unsupportive or block your
progress toward a goal.