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WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR
Understanding ESP Controls
© 2004, General Electric Company
By John Knapik
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GE Proprietary
22
CollectionEfficiency(Percent)
99.999.9
99.099.0
80.080.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Efficiency vs. Specific Corona PowerKNOW WHERE YOUR ESP RUNS ON
THE CURVE
Corona Power – Watts/1000 ACFM
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GE Proprietary
33
AVC Cabinet, CLR & T/R Set
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GE Proprietary
44
Typical SCR-CLR Electrical System
FiringCircuit
Microprocessor(s)ControlModule
Current LimitingReactor (CLR)
Transformer/Rectifier(T/R) Set
SCR Stack
A
mA
SignalResistor
SecondaryCurrentMaster
PrecipitatorField
SecondaryVoltageMeter
KV
+ +-
PrimaryCurrent Meter
AutomaticVoltage Control
Primary VoltageMeter
VCT
L - 1
L - 2
mA
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GE Proprietary
55
Just Remember, the Primary of a T-R Set is Rated in Units of RMS, the Secondary is in Average
• 400 V AC RMS• 120 A AC RMS• 45 KV DC Average• 750 mA DC Average
Therefore use an RMS Reading Meter to Calibrate the Primary Meters
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GE Proprietary
66
Iron Vane Movement
RMS
D’Arsonval
Average
Note! How Do You Tell The Difference?
The Meter Scale Distance is not the Same on the RMS Meter.
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GE Proprietary
77
Primary Current Meter
FiringCircuit
Microprocessor(s)ControlModule
Current LimitingReactor (CLR)
Transformer/Rectifier(T/R) Set
SCR Stack
A
mA
SignalResistor
SecondaryCurrentMaster
PrecipitatorField
SecondaryVoltageMeter
KV
+ +-
PrimaryCurrent Meter
AutomaticVoltage Control
Primary VoltageMeter
VCT
L - 1
L - 2
mA
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GE Proprietary
88
Finding the Primary Current Waveform
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GE Proprietary
99
Primary Current – A Chopped Sine Wave
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Primary Current Waveform - Positive and Negative Half-Cycles = SCR 1 and SCR 2
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GE Proprietary
1111
Secondary Current Meter
FiringCircuit
Microprocessor(s)ControlModule
Current LimitingReactor (CLR)
Transformer/Rectifier(T/R) Set
SCR Stack
A
mA
SignalResistor
SecondaryCurrentMaster
PrecipitatorField
SecondaryVoltageMeter
KV
+ +-
PrimaryCurrent Meter
AutomaticVoltage Control
Primary VoltageMeter
VCT
L - 1
L - 2
mA
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GE Proprietary
1212
Finding the mA Signal
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GE Proprietary
1313
Secondary Current – Pulsating DC
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GE Proprietary
1414
Typical Primary and Secondary Current
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GE Proprietary
1515
Secondary Voltage Meter
FiringCircuit
Microprocessor(s)ControlModule
Current LimitingReactor (CLR)
Transformer/Rectifier(T/R) Set
SCR Stack
A
mA
SignalResistor
SecondaryCurrentMaster
PrecipitatorField
SecondaryVoltageMeter
KV
+ +-
PrimaryCurrent Meter
AutomaticVoltage Control
Primary VoltageMeter
VCT
L - 1
L - 2
mA
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GE Proprietary
1616
Current Limit - mA & KV
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GE Proprietary
1717
Secondary Voltage Waveforms – True Negative
KVmin
KVpeak
mA
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GE Proprietary
1818
Next – The Automatic Voltage Control
FiringCircuit
Microprocessor(s)ControlModule
Current LimitingReactor (CLR)
Transformer/Rectifier(T/R) Set
SCR Stack
A
mA
SignalResistor
SecondaryCurrentMaster
PrecipitatorField
SecondaryVoltageMeter
KV
+ +-
PrimaryCurrent Meter
AutomaticVoltage Control
Primary VoltageMeter
VCT
L - 1
L - 2
mA
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The AVCAVC
is the BRAINSBRAINS
of the ESP
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GE Proprietary
2020
Older Analog AVC
![Page 21: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
GE Proprietary
2121
Microprocessor Based
AVC
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GE Proprietary
2222
• Control the amount of sparking in the ESP.• If a T/R set is not sparking, then its AVC
should be pushing that T/R set to one of its pre-set, healthy limits (volts, amps, KV, ma, or firing angle).
• I’ll explain what is meant by “healthy” in a minute
The AVC has 2 Jobs to Execute
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The AVC has 2 Jobs to Execute…
But how does the AVC know what’s happening in the ESP?
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GE Proprietary
2424
The mA signal is its eyes!
Positive & Negative Ions =
Charged Particles =
Free Electrons =
+
ee
e
e
ee
e
e
e
e
ee
e
e
e
ee
e
e
ee
ee
ee
e
e
ee
e
ee
e
e
e
e
ee
e
e
e
e
e
ee
e
ee
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
ee
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
+
+
+
+
+
e
e
e
ee eee
e
ee
e e
e e
e
GroundReturn
Leg
Transformer Rectifier Set
Plate(+)
Electrode
KVKV Meter(Precipitator
Voltage)
mA Meter(Precipitator
Current)mA
e
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GE Proprietary
2525
AVC Cabinet, CLR & T/R Set
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GE Proprietary
2626
AVC Spark Response
SETBACK
QUENCH FAST RAMP SPARK RATE
SPARK
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GE Proprietary
2727
Good Initial Settings for an AVC
1. Quench = 1 Full Cycle
2. Fast Ramp = 5 or 6 Half Cycles
3. Setback = 15 to 20%
4. Spark Rate = 30SPM
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GE Proprietary
2828
Proper AVC Response to Sparking
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GE Proprietary
2929
Spark Response - Secondary Current Waveform
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GE Proprietary
3030
Spark Response - Secondary Current and Voltage Waveforms
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GE Proprietary
3131
Typical Spark Response - mA & KV
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GE Proprietary
3232
Further Control – A Search Ramp Rate
New Spark Threshold or T/R LimitSearch Ramp
Spark Threshold
POW Setback Slow Ramp (determined by spark rate)
ER
Fast Ramp Quench (Response to Spark)
T I M EINTERRUPTINTERRUPT
PEDESTALPEDESTAL
RAMPRAMPPHASE BACKPHASE BACK
AUTO PRCS FLWRAUTO PRCS FLWR
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GE Proprietary
3333
Spit Spark Response (mA)
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GE Proprietary
3434
Spit Spark Response - Secondary Current and Voltage Waveforms
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Examples of AVC ‘s at a Limit
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GE Proprietary
3636
AVC SPARK LIMITED – DOING IT’S JOB
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GE Proprietary
3737
T/R Current Limited with Sparking
![Page 38: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
GE Proprietary
3838
T-R CURRENT LIMITED WITHOUT SPARKING
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GE Proprietary
3939
T-R VOLTAGE LIMITED WITH SPARKING
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GE Proprietary
4040
What is meant by “Healthy Limits?”
• Primary or Secondary Limit is not healthy when accompanied by a Primary Voltage level < 90 VAC or a Secondary level < 12KV. It usually indicates a short circuit.
• Secondary Voltage Limit is not healthy when there is very little Secondary Current. It usually indicates an open circuit.
• Neither condition is aiding in particle capture
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GE Proprietary
4141
The T-R Set
FiringCircuit
Microprocessor(s)ControlModule
Current LimitingReactor (CLR)
Transformer/Rectifier(T/R) Set
SCR Stack
A
mA
SignalResistor
SecondaryCurrentMaster
PrecipitatorField
SecondaryVoltageMeter
KV
+ +-
PrimaryCurrent Meter
AutomaticVoltage Control
Primary VoltageMeter
VCT
L - 1
L - 2
mA
![Page 42: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
GE Proprietary
4242
Transformer Rectifier (T/R) Set
![Page 43: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
GE Proprietary
4343
Inside T/R Tank
![Page 44: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
GE Proprietary
4444
High Voltage Transformer
![Page 45: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
GE Proprietary
4545
Diode Stack
![Page 46: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
GE Proprietary
4646
T/R Set -Low Voltage Junction Box
![Page 47: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
GE Proprietary
4747
Low Voltage Junction Box
![Page 48: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
GE Proprietary
4848
T/R Nameplate
![Page 49: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
GE Proprietary
4949
The KV Meter
FiringCircuit
Microprocessor(s)ControlModule
Current LimitingReactor (CLR)
Transformer/Rectifier(T/R) Set
SCR Stack
A
mA
SignalResistor
SecondaryCurrentMaster
PrecipitatorField
SecondaryVoltageMeter
KV
+ +-
PrimaryCurrent Meter
AutomaticVoltage Control
Primary VoltageMeter
VCT
L - 1
L - 2
mA
![Page 50: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
GE Proprietary
5050
Voltage Divider
![Page 51: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
GE Proprietary
5151
SCR’S
FiringCircuit
Microprocessor(s)ControlModule
Current LimitingReactor (CLR)
Transformer/Rectifier(T/R) Set
SCR Stack
A
mA
SignalResistor
SecondaryCurrentMaster
PrecipitatorField
SecondaryVoltageMeter
KV
+ +-
PrimaryCurrent Meter
AutomaticVoltage Control
Primary VoltageMeter
VCT
L - 1
L - 2
mA
![Page 52: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
GE Proprietary
5252
SCR
![Page 53: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
GE Proprietary
5353
+-
Time
SCRFiringAngle(90°)
PowerOn
ConductionAngle(90°)
Zero Crossings
90°0° 180° 270° 360°
8.33 milliseconds
Typical Sine Wave
![Page 54: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
GE Proprietary
5454
SCR: Low Voltage to T-R Set
Firing Angle 140°Conduction angle 40°
![Page 55: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
GE Proprietary
5555
SCR: High Power to T-R Set
Firing Angle 40°Conduction angle 140°
400
![Page 56: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
GE Proprietary
5656
The CLR
FiringCircuit
Microprocessor(s)ControlModule
Current LimitingReactor (CLR)
Transformer/Rectifier(T/R) Set
SCR Stack
A
mA
SignalResistor
SecondaryCurrentMaster
PrecipitatorField
SecondaryVoltageMeter
KV
+ +-
PrimaryCurrent Meter
AutomaticVoltage Control
Primary VoltageMeter
VCT
L - 1
L - 2
mA
![Page 57: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
GE Proprietary
5757
Current Limiting Reactor (CLR)
![Page 58: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
GE Proprietary
5858
Current Limiting Reactor
![Page 59: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
GE Proprietary
5959
Current Limiting Reactor at T-R Set
![Page 60: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
GE Proprietary
6060
90° 90°
SCR’s are why CLR’s are Needed
• The diagram would represent the waveform with the SCRs turning on at 90°.
• If this waveform were applied to the T/R set, very inefficient operation would occur.
• Output power from the T/R set would be greatly reduced.
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GE Proprietary
6161
To increase the efficiency of the T/R set, a device called a CLR (current limiting reactor) is used. A CLR is an inductor. Recall that the property of an inductor is to oppose a change in current. Because of this property, the shape of the current waveform is changed and it starts looking more like a sine wave.
Electrical Basics: CLR
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GE Proprietary
6262
CLR Function
• Limit short circuit current• Shape T/R secondary wave to be more
sinusoidal• Provide proper form factor• Protect SCRs and T/R diodes from steep
current rise• Increase precipitator voltage and current• Not to be confused with air core reactor
![Page 63: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
GE Proprietary
6363
CLR – Waveform Changes with Impedance
![Page 64: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
GE Proprietary
6464
Proper CLR Sizes for Common T/R Sets
All T/R primaries are rated at 400V
PRI Current Sec. Current Minimum(Amps) (mA) (mH)
40 250 13.080 500 6.6
120 750 4.4160 1000 3.3200 1250 2.6 240 1500 2.2
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Basic Troubleshooting
GE Energy
![Page 66: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
GE Proprietary
6666
TR Nameplate Values(For this exercise)
Primary Current 160 Amps
Primary Voltage 480 Volts
Secondary Current 1200 mA
Secondary Voltage 45 kV
![Page 67: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
GE Proprietary
6767
First Indication
Second Indication
Short
160 480 1200 45
![Page 68: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
GE Proprietary
6868
Close Clearance160 480 1200 45
![Page 69: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
GE Proprietary
6969
Conductive Dust, Outlet Field
160 480 1200 45
![Page 70: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
GE Proprietary
7070
Bad KV Return160 480 1200 45
![Page 71: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
GE Proprietary
7171
Open160 480 1200 45
![Page 72: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
GE Proprietary
7272
Normal Running Condition
160 480 1200 45
![Page 73: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
GE Proprietary
7373
SCRs Not Firing160 480 1200 45
![Page 74: WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINARwpca.info/pdf/presentations/Ameren_Aug2008/WPCA... · WPCA – AMEREN ESP SEMINAR ... Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) Set SCR Stack A mA Signal Resistor Secondary](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052607/5a733bb17f8b9a93538e8f80/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Questions?
Thank You.