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World War I: The Great War
Chapter 11
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Focus: What is the United States’ role in world affairs at the conclusion of the SPAM war?
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Causes of WWI
1.Nationalism
– belief that national interests should be ahead of global consideration. Foreign affairs should be guided by self interest.
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2. Imperialism Germans competed with France
and Britain for colonies Colonies added prestige Small conflicts arose
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3. Militarism
–development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy
Competition with other countries
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4. Alliance System
–treaties of assistance. A commitment to support one another
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Alliances
Triple Entente Allies (France, Great Britain,
and Russia, later Italy & US.)Triple Alliance
Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary)
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Assassination Leads to War
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Heir to Austrian throne was
visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia with wife Sophie.
Bosnia was annexed by Austria-Hungary
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Funeral of Archduke
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Gavrio Princip Shot the Archduke Member of the “Black Hand”
–Group who wanted to unite Serbs under one government
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War Begins
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
Russia supports SerbiaGermany supports Austria-
Hungary Declare war on Russia, France
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Great Britain declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary
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Discussion Questions
1. How did the formation of Alliances contribute to the beginning of World War I?
2. What was Archduke Ferdinand’s role in World War I?
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Focus: Who were the “Black Hand” and what did they want?
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Fighting Begins
Germany invades Belgium on August 4th, 1914 Used the Schlieffen Plan (wait
on Russia, go west first)
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Great Britain and France go to protect. Retreate to the Marne River to stop Germans
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Trench Warfare
Battles were fought inside trenches for yard gain.
Land in-between trenches known as “no man’s land”
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Allied Kitchen
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Food was mostly canned beef, bread and biscuits.
Local VegetablesSoup and Tea
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Trench Periscope
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Trench Periscope
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Eastern Front
Russia vs. GermanyAustria-Hungary vs. ItalyIn Africa: Germany vs. Britain
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American Neutrality
Pacifism – Most Americans didn’t feel the need to get involved. No threat to American lives or property.
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Most sympathized with the Allies, especially after Germany’s aggression in Belgium.
•Common Ancestory, language and literature
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British Blockade
Coast of Germany, neutral ports, mined the North Sea.
Blocked weapons and food (750,000 starved)
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Germans responded with U-boats (submarines) sink any British ship
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“Lusitania”
May 7, 1915 British ship “Lusitania” was sunk 128 Americans aboard Germans said it had weapons
•Americans avoided the sea
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Neutrality
President Wilson still remained neutral despite numerous sinkings
Wilson wins the election of 1916. “He kept us out of war”
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Zimmerman Note
Telegram sent by German foreign minister to Mexico
Intercepted by BritishSaid that Germany would help
Mexico in a fight against the U.S.
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Germany continues to sink American Ships (4 unarmed merchant ships, loss of 36 lives)
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U.S. Enters War “Over There”
War Resolution Passed in April, 1917
Reasons 1. Ensure Allied repayment 2. Prevent Germans from
threatening shipping
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Lack of Manpower
Only about 200,000 men were in service. Many outdated weapons.
Draft - (conscription) Requires men to register for
service
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Who do you think should be eligible for the draft?
A. Males 18-45B. Males and Females 18-45C. Males 18-35D. Males and Females 18-35E. Males and Females 18-25F. Males 18-25
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Who should be excused?
A. Farmers who are needed on the farm.B. Defense plant workersC. Highly skilled defense plant workersD. Single people who are the sole support of their familyE. People who are marriedF. People who are married and have young kidsG. Married people who are the sole support of the familyH. Doctors and DentistsI. Doctors and Dentists who are the only ones in comm.J. Business owners
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Who should be excused?
A. Skilled workers who can’t be replaced.
B. College StudentsC. Students studying to be scientistsD. ScientistsE. Teachers
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Arnold Whipple
A. Yes
B. No
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John Donnell
A. Yes
B. No
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Sam Snell
A. Yes
B. No
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Fred Freiburg
A. Yes
B. No
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Ray Richardson
A. Yes
B. No
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Charles Jenkins
A. Yes
B. No
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Frank Columbo
A. Yes
B. No
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Amos Sadbury
A. Yes
B. No
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Charles Duryea
A. Yes
B. No
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Fred Schmidt
A. Yes
B. No
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Selective Service Act
To call men to serve (18-45)About 3 million were called
(most 21-23)2 million reached Europe13,000 women (non-combat)
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African Americans segregated 369th Infantry saw more
continuous duty on the front lines than any other American Regiment.
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Convoy System
U.S. needed to ship suppliesProtect merchant ships from U-
boats with Navy
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John J. Pershing
Commander of American Expeditionary Force Nicknamed “Doughboys” – white
belts cleaned with clay or “dough” Supposed to be replacements for
Allies
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Tide Turns
June 1918 - Americans fight against Germans at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood.
July – Helped win the Second Battle of the Marne.
Sept- Saint-Mihiel and Argonne Forest.
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With the help of the Americans, the Allies began to win against Germany
48,000 U.S. die in battle62,000 U.S. die of disease
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Alvin York
First a “conscientious objector” opposed the war for religious
reasonsBecame a heroKilled 25 Germans, helped
capture 132
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Discussion Questions
1. Why did the United States elect to remain neutral at the beginning of the war?
2. What were the reasons that the U.S. eventually became involved?
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Focus: What was the convoy system and why was it needed?
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Weapons
Mechanized warfare – warfare that relies on machines powered by gas and diesel engines. (tanks and airplanes)
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Cannons (Germany – Big Bertha) Could shoot 75 miles Zeppelin - gas filled airship
(blimp)•Dropped bombs
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British Artillery
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Calamity Jane
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More Weapons
Machine GunPoison Gas (Chlorine, Mustard Gas)
Mustard Gas – Most lethal of all gases. Almost Odorless, 12 hours to take effect. Once in the soil, remains active for several weeks
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TankAirplane (with machine guns)Observation Balloons
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Canadians
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U.S. Caterpillar Tank
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Poison Gas Drill
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Gas Masks
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Victim of Poison Gas
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Grenade Crossbow
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French Flame Throwers
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Periscope Rifle
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Setting Barbed Wire
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Floating Mine
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Floating Mine Exploding
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German Battleship
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German U14
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Medical Problems
Trench Foot Due to standing in wet trenches
without changing socksTrench Mouth
Infection of gums and mouth
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Cease Fire (Armistice)
November 11, 1918 Germany agrees to a cease fire
after some German soldiers refused to go on. The mutiny spread. They were physically and economically exhausted.
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26,000,000 people deadDirect economic costs
estimated at $350 billion.
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Discussion Questions
1. What were the differences in techniques and weapons between the SPAM war and WWI?
2. What were some of the problems associated with life in the trenches?
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Focus: What were two of the most influential weapons of World War I. Why did you pick them?
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The War at Home
Economy Many women joined the work
force African Americans moved to
get more money
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Increase in productivity Industry wages went up
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War Industries Board
Encouraged companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Price controls at the wholesale level resulted in retail prices soaring to almost double.
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Paying for the War
Spent 33 billion on the War raised taxes Sold War Bonds
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Advertisements (Propaganda)
change public opinion using language, name calling etc.
Promoting support of War effort save food,buy war bonds and
support the draft.
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Four minute men would deliver speeches to encourage support for the war.
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Discrimination in U.S.
Against immigrants from Germany and Austria-Hungary People lost jobs Would not play Mozart Stopped teaching German Changed names of food
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Espionage and Sedition Acts
A person could be fined up to 10,000 dollars and/or 20 years in jail for going against the war effort. (draft, disloyal) Around 6,000 arrests were
made. 1,500 convictions
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Social Changes
Most African Americans backed the war along with WEB DuBois
Great Migration large scale movement of
thousands of Southern Blacks to the North.
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Reasons for Migration
1. Escape discrimination2. Find jobs3. Find Prosperity
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Women
Have men’s jobs cab/truck driver, bricklayers
etc. many volunteered with the
Red Cross
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Flu Epidemic
1918 One fourth of the population
was effected Came from France 500,000 died
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Wilson Wants Peace
Fourteen Points plan for peace called for League of Nations
•place to settle arguments
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Meeting with the “Big Four”
U.S., France, Britain, Italy (who wanted land in Austria-Hungary) The group rejected all the
Fourteen Points except the League of Nations
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Treaty of Versailles
1. End War2. Establish New Nations
(Poland, Czech., Yugo.)3. Demilitarize Germany
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4. Germany must return land to France and pay money to them (reparations)
5. Forced Germany to admit guilt (war-guilt clause)
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Problems with Treaty
1. Humiliated Germany2. Russia was not invited (also
lost territory)3. Germany stripped of
colonies
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Wilson goes Home
Congress will not agree to join the League of Nations (do not want to be involved)
Wilson becomes ill
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The War is Over!!
Germany seeks answers and revenge Economic problems lead to
the rise of Nazism
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Russia is mad about being left out of the BIG FOUR meeting
This will lead to WWII
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Discussion Questions
1. How did Americans on the home front support the war?
2. How did the end of WWI contribute to the beginning of WWII?